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Home , Abisara fylla, Aeromachus, Aeromachus jhora, Ancema, Ancema ctesia, Athyma cama

A Field Survey on of Wangchuck Centennial National Park

Wangchuck Centennial National Park Department of Forest and Park Services Ministry of Agriculture and Forests i i This publication was made possible with the financial support from Bhutan Trust Fund for Environment Conservation

First Illustration Guide to Identification and Practical Use

Published by: Wangchuck Centennial National Park, Department of Forest and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Bhutan

Copyright: ©2016 Wangchuck Centennial National Park

Layout & design: Thinley Zangmo KUENSEL Corporation Limited

Printed @ KUENSEL Corporation Limited, 2017

iiiii iiiii Contributors

1. Mr. Tshering Dhendup, Chief Forestry Officer, Wangchuck Centennial National Park. 2. Tashi Dorji, Deputy Chief Forestry Officer, WCNP 3. Mr. Tenzin (Sr. Ranger II), Head Management and Research Section 4. Mr. Karma Wangdi (Sr. Forester) UWICER, 5. Mr. Sonam Wangmo (Forester) Head, Information and Data Management Section, 6. Mr. Ngada Lham (Forester) Central Park Range, Thangbee 7. Mr. Rinzin (Forester) Western Park Range 8. Mr. Tilak Bdr. Ghalley, Eastern Park Range 9. Mr. Kabita Tamang, Eastern Park Range

iiiii iiiii ivv ivv FOREWORD

Wangchuck Centennial Park, the biggest Park in the country is bestowed with wide arrays of butterly species. The necessity was therefore felt profoundly for the timely documentation of the butterfly of Wangchuck Centennial National Park.

Over the last few years, documentation and discoveries of butterfly species has been made better progress given their roles in ecosystem maintenance and also as an attraction for the general public and tourists. Till now, Bhutan has recorded 728 species of butterfly and yet to discover more in future. During the Biodviersity of WCNP has recorded 48 species of butterfly but recent surey the park had recored 256 species of butterfly and yet to record more hereafter.

Since this is the first field guide on butterfly, I hope it will serves as useful guide for tourists, butterfly lovers, general public, Scientists and educationists.

Conservation of environment is one of the 4th pillars of Gross National Happiness and also strong commitiments from the beloved monarch, Bhutan will preserve it rich flora and fauna all times to come. I appreciate and commend the efforts put in by the Wangchuck Centennial National Park management in coming up with this informative publication on field guide on Butterfly of Wangchuck Centennial National Park.

It is in this spirit that I on behalf of management humbly dedicate this publication to as part of our efforts to commenmorate the Gyaltshen the first Birthday Celebration, th5 February,

(Phento Tshering) DIRECTOR Department of Forests and Park Services

ivv ivv viivi viivi Acknowledgement

The management of Wangchuck Centennial National Park would like to thank Mr. Karma Wangdi,UWICER for his contribution as resource person for the entire field. Nevertheless management would like also to thank all the field staffs who have made their contributions to complete the entire field survey on preliminary Butterfly study. We also would like to thank the park residences WCNP for participating in the survey and providing valuable information during the field survey and for the oral interview. Mr. Tenzin (Sr. Forest Ranger II) of Species Management and Research Section Head deserved our special appreciation in taking initiative and completing the report on time. We also would like to thank the Donor, Bhutan Trust Fund for Environment Conservation (BTFEC) for their financial support in carrying out this field study.

viivi viivi viiiix viiiix CONTENTS 01 09 Introduction Checklist 02 10 Study Area Recommendations 03 11 Biology Reference made 04 12 Methodology Glossary 07 The status of the species as per the family 08 Description of butterfly family wise  Hesperiidae   Papilionidae  viiiix viiiix 1x 1x Introduction1

angchuck Centennial the ecosystem such as pollination, National Park (WCP) indicator of climate change and was declared in 2008 serves as prey for the predators. Was tribute to the visionary, selfless They are also the indicators of a leadership of the Wangchuck healthy environment and healthy dynasty. Located in north- central ecosystems. They indicate a wide Bhutan, it is also the country’s range of other invertebrates, largest park, covering 4,914 square which comprise over two-thirds kilometers. The vegetation ranges of all species. The ecologist used from warm broadleaf forest to butterfly as model organisms to alpine meadows, spanning an study the impact of habitat loss altitudinal range from 2500 to and fragmentation, and climate 5100m. Over 693 species of change. vascular plants, 41 mammal species, and 250 bird species, 46 Even though, the Butterfly is being species of butterfly and have been spotted in the WCNP, the detail recorded from the park and its information on various aspects buffer zone. of biology, ecology, status and distribution of butterfly species With the recent butterfly survey are yet not known and need to do in WCNP from 1st May to 23rdJune more study in future. 2015-2016, WCNP management recorded 150 species of butterfly The management had conducted within three ranges. The survey butterfly survey in 2009 t0 2010 was conducted from 1st May till during the biodiversity survey but 23rd June 2016, under the support very little is known its existence of High Altitude and Northern and distributions, with the recent Areas (HANAS).The butterfly has survey management hope that this got its roles and responsibilities in report will serves as base line data

1x 1x for field staff and will useful as habitat conserved. During the guide book during the day to day survey the team observed that it field visits. feeds on dead ’s remains, fecal, flowering plants, herbs, In WCNP, it inhabits temperate grasses, shrubs, vines and trees. and tropical broad-leaved forests, with vegetation ranging from The main objective of publishing deciduous woodlands to alpine this hand book is not only to share meadows. It was observed that scientific information with the less species of butterfly is recorded conservationists, but also want to in alpine, coniferous forests share it with the general public comparing to temperate forests. to understand the status of the The area extends from Kazhi, butterfly and possible protection Dangchu and Sephu in the west schemes for the future. The park to Kurtoe and Gangzur in the east authorities strongly believe that and as far as Gomthang, Tsampa in since this is the first hand book the north and Tang and Choekhor on butterfly in WCNP,follow-up in the south of the park. studies based on this report will improve the knowledge about The main food and its host’s plants the existence of Butterfly and for butterfly the WCNP need to so its distribution and behavior in further research in the future Wangchuck Centennial National to ensure that its species and Park.

23 23 Study Area2 Fig. I: Map of Wangchuck Centennial National Park showing survey sites

23 23 Biology3 Let’s explore a butterfly’s life Depending on the type of cycle in detail, including all four butterfly, the life cycle of a stages of life. All have butterfly may take anywhere from “complete metamorphosis.” one month to a whole year. You To grow into an adult they go can print out this Butterfly Life through 4 stages: egg, larva, Cycle coloring page to follow pupa and adult. Each stage has along as we talk about the 4 a different goal - for instance, stages. - See more at: http://www. caterpillars need to eat a lot, thebutterflysite.com/life-cycle. and adults need to reproduce. shtml#sthash.8zXL61to.dpuf3.

Butterfly Life Cycle

45 45 Methodology4 Fixed-route transects (Pollard Walks): Our survey follow the transact the beginning of April until the walk within the WCNP areas end of September yielding, ideally, and recorded the direct sighting 26 counts per year. Transect walks with GPS coordinates and are undertaken between 10.45am elevations against each species. and 3.45pm and only when This methodologies is named after weather conditions are suitable Ernie Pollard who helped design for butterfly activity. Weather and pilot the methodology with conditions have a considerable colleagues, these transect walks effect on the numbers of provide the highest quality data butterflies seen. To ensure that the within the UKBMS as they are counts are standardised as much walked weekly during a 26-week as possible:- period between 1st April and 29th  Transects are not walked September each year. In case of when the temperature is our survey we have started from below 13°C (in northern 1st May till 30th May 2016. Since upland areas this may be we do not have enough time for reduced to 11°C)  the survey, we might have missed Between 13-17°C, a transect the species. The team would like may be walked providing there is at least 60% sun to recommend detail field survey  Above 17°C, a transect may on butterfly in future to add the be walked in any conditions, present lists. providing it is not actually raining As per the Pollard Walks the  When wind speeds are above Butterflies are recorded in a fixed 5 on the Beaufort scale, width band (typically 5m wide) transects should not be along the transect each week from walked

45 45 Due to the vagaries of the British number of missing values can and Irish weather, it is rare in be estimated using other counts practice to achieve a full set of 26 during the season. weekly counts. However, a small

67 67 The status of5 the species as per the family

SL. Un-com- Very Total Family Common Rare No mon common species

1 HESPERIIDAE 14 1 2 0 17 2 LYCAENIDAE 24 1 0 0 25 3 NYMPHALIDAE 50 10 0 6 66 4 PAPILIONIDAE 17 0 0 1 18 5 PIERIDAE 20 1 0 1 22 6 RIODINIDAE 8 0 0 0 8 Total 133 13 2 8 156

During the survey we have Un-common, 2 rare and 8 very recorded 6 family and 156 species common. of butterfly, 133 common, 13

67 67 Hespiriidae Family

Common Name: Grey Scrub Hopper Scientific Name: Aeromachusjhora Status : Un-common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Bevan's Swift Scientific Name: Borbobevani Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Blue-spotted Hopper Scientific Name: kali Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common Grass Dart Scientific Name: Taractroceramaevius Status : Common Region : Thangbi Dzongkhag : Bumthang

89 89 Common Name: Garhwal Ace Scientific Name: Thoressaaina Status : Common Region : Dugkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Grass Demon Scientific Name: Udaspesfolus Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Green Awlet Scientific Name: Buraravasutana Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Hairy Angle Scientific Name: Dharpahanria Status : Rare Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

89 89 Common Name: Himalayan Darter Scientific Name: Ochlodes brahma Status : Common Region : Dunkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Indian Awlking Scientific Name: Choaspesxanthopogon Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Lucas Ace Scientific Name: Solvialucasii Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Mussoorie Bush Bob Scientific Name: Pedestamasuriensis Status : Common Region : Nubi Dzongkhag : Trongsa

1011 1011 Common Name: Northern Chequered Scientific Name: Cartercephalussilvicola Status : Rare Region :Nganglakha Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Spotted Demon Scientific Name: Notocryptafeisthameli Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Straight Swift Scientific Name: Parnaraguttatus Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Yellow -spot Swift Scientific Name: Polytremiseltola Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

1011 1011 Lycaenidae family

Common Name: Blue Tit Scientific Name: kina Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Bright Sunbeam Scientific Name: Curetiabulis Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Chapman’s cupid Scientific Name: Everesargiades Status : Common Region : Nubi Dzongkhag : Trongsa

Common Name: Common Cerulean Scientific Name: Jamidesceleno Status : Common Region : Nubi Dzongkhag : Trongsa

1213 1213 Lycaenidae family Common Name: Common Copper Scientific Name: Lycaenaphlaeas Status : Common Region :Thangbi Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Common Hedge Blue Scientific Name: Acytolepsispuspa Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Forget-me-not Blue Scientific Name: Catochrysopsstrabo Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Golden Sapphire Scientific Name: brahma Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

1213 1213 Common Name: Gram Blue Scientific Name: Euchrysopscnejus Status : Common Region : Dunkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Green Sapphire Scientific Name:Heliophorusandrocles Status : Common Region : Sephu Dzongkhag : Wangdue

Common Name: Indian Cupid Scientific Name: sidonis Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Large Hedge Blue Scientific Name: Celastrinahuegelii Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

1415 1415 Common Name: Large-4-Lineblue Scientific Name: Nacadubapactolus Status : Common Region : Tampetsho Dzongkhag : Wangdue

Common Name: Metallic Caerulean Scientific Name: : Jamidesalecto Status : Common Region : Chokhortoe Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Pale Grass Blue Scientific Name: Pseudozizeeriamaha Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Pale Hedge Blue Scientific Name: Udaradilecta Status : Common Region : Nubi Dzongkhag : Trongsa

1415 1415 Common Name: Peablue Scientific Name: Lampidesboeticus Status : Common Region : Dunkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Powdery Green Sapphire Scientific Name: Heliophorustamu Status : Common Region : Nubi Dzongkhag : Trongsa

Common Name: Purple Sapphire Scientific Name: Heliophorusepicles Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Tailless Lineblue Scientific Name: Prosotasdubiosa Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

1617 1617 Common Name: Transparent 6-Lineblue Scientific Name: Nacadubakurava Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Zebra Blue Scientific Name: Leptotesplinius Status : Common Region : Nubi Dzongkhag : Trongsa

1617 1617 Nymphalidae family

Common Name: Autumn Leaf Scientific Name: Doleschalliabisaltide Status : Un-common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Banded Tree brown Scientific Name: Lethe Confusa Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Bhutan Sergeant Scientific Name: jina Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Blue Pansy Scientific Name:Junonia orithya Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

1819 1819 Nymphalidae family Common Name: Blue-Tail Jester Scientific Name: Symbrenthia niphanda Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Broad-banded Sailer Scientific Name: Neptis sankara Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Camber wall Beauty Scientific Name: Nymphalis antiopa Status : Common Region : Tang Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Chestnut Tiger Scientific Name: Parantica sita Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

1819 1819 Common Name: Chinese Nawab Scientific Name: Charaxes narcaus Status : Un-common Region : Dunkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Chocolate Pansy Scientific Name: Junonia iphita Status : Very Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name:Chocolate Tiger Scientific Name: Parantica melaneus Status : Un-common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Circe Scientific Name: nama Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

2021 2021 Common Name: Commodore Scientific Name: Auzakia danava Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Common Bushbrown Scientific Name: perseus Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common Five-ring Scientific Name: baldus Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common Forester Scientific Name: Lethe insana Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

2021 2021 Common Name: Common Glider Scientific Name: Neptis sappho Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common Jester Scientific Name: Symbrenthia Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common Leopard Scientific Name: phalantha Status : Un-common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common map Scientific Name: Cyrestis thyodamas Status : Very Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

2223 2223 Common Name: Common Sailer Scientific Name: Neptis hylas Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Common Tiger Scientific Name: Danaus genutia Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common Woodbrown Scientific Name: Lethe sidonis Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Dark Blue Tiger Scientific Name: Tirumala septentrionis Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

2223 2223 Common Name: Dusky Labyrinth Scientific Name: Neope yama Status : Un-common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Eastern Courtier Scientific Name: chandra Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: French Duke Scientific Name: Euthalia franciae Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Great Satyr Scientific Name: padma Status : Common Region : Tang Dzongkhag :Bumthang

2425 2425 Common Name: Great Yellow Sailer Scientific Name: Neptis radha Status : Common Region : Rabung Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Himalayan Five- ring Scientific Name: Ypthima sakra Status : Very Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Himalayan Pale Forester Scientific Name: Lethe latiaris Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Indian Fritillary Scientific Name: Argyreus hyperbius Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

2425 2425 Common Name: Indian Purple Emperor Scientific Name: Apatura ambica Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name:Indian Red Admiral Scientific Name: Vanessa indica Status : Very Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Indian Tortoiseshell Scientific Name: Aglais cashmirensis Status :Very Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Large Silver stripe Scientific Name: Childrena childreni Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

2627 2627 Common Name: Large Three-ring Scientific Name: Ypthima nareda Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Leopard Lacewing Scientific Name: Cethosia cyane Status : Very Common Region : Jongthang Dzongkhag : Trongsa

Common Name: Lilacine Bushbrown Scientific Name: Mycalesis francisca Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Long-branded Bush brown Scientific Name: Mycalesis visala Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

2627 2627 Common Name: Moore’s Bush brown Scientific Name: Mycalesis heri Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Orange -Backed Freak Scientific Name: buddha Status Un-common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Orange Oak leaf Scientific Name: Kallima inachus Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Orange Staff Sergeant Scientific Name: Athyma cama Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

2829 2829 Common Name: Painted Lady Scientific Name: Vanessa cardui Status : Very Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Pale Hockey-stick Sailor Scientific Name: Neptis manasa Status : Un-common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Pallid Argus Scientific Name: Callerebiascanda Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Panther Scientific Name: Neurosigma siva Status : Un-common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

2829 2829 Common Name: Popinjay Scientific Name: Stibochionanicea Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Red Lacewing Scientific Name: Cethosiabiblis Status: Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Small Silver fork Scientific Name: Lethe jalaurida Status : Un-common Region : Tampei Tsho Dzongkhag : Wangdue

Common Name: Small Tawny Wall Scientific Name: Raphiceramoorei Status : Common Region : Sephu Dzongkhag : Wangdue

3031 3031 Common Name: Stately nawab Scientific Name: Polyuradolon Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Straight-banded Tree brown Scientific Name: Lethe verma Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Striated Satyr Scientific Name: Aulocera saraswatti Status : Common Region : Jongthang Dzongkhag : Trongsa

Common Name: Striped Blue Crow Scientific Name: Euploea mulciber Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

3031 3031 Common Name: Tabby Scientific Name: Pseudergoliswedah Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Tailed Labyrinth Scientific Name: Neope bhadra Status: Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Treble Silverstripe Scientific Name: Neptis zaida Status : Un-common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Variable Sailor Scientific Name: Neptis zaida Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

3233 3233 Common Name: Veined Labyrinth Scientific Name: Neope pulaha Status : Common Region : Chuti Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: White Commodore Scientific Name: Parasarpa dudu Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Wood-Mason’s Bushbrown Scientific Name: Mycalesissuaveolens Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Yellow Coster Scientific Name: Acraeaissoria Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

3233 3233 Common Name: Yellow Pansy Scientific Name: Junoniahierta Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Yellow Woodbrown Scientific Name: Lethe nicetas Status: Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

3435 3435 Papilonidae Family

Common Name: Blue Peacock Scientific Name: Papilioarcturus Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Chinese Windmill Scientific Name: Byasaalcinous Status : Common Region :Sephu Dzongkhag : Wangdue

Common Name: Common Blue Scientific Name:Parnassiushardwickii Status : Common Region : Tang Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Common Bluebottle Scientific Name: Graphiumsarpedon Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

3435 3435 Common Name: Punchinello Scientific Name: Zemerosflegyas Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Common Peacock Scientific Name: Papiliobianor Status: Very Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Common Windmill Scientific Name: Byasapolyeuctes Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Common Yellow Swallowtail Scientific Name: Papiliomachaon Status : Common Region : Khagtang Dzongkhag : Bumthang

3637 3637 Common Name: Glassy Bluebottle Scientific Name: Graphiumcloanthus Status : Common Region : Nubi Dzongkhag : Trongsa

Common Name: Great Mormon Scientific Name: Papiliomemnor Status : Common Region : Tang Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Great Windmill Scientific Name: Byasadasarada Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Paris Peacock Scientific Name: Papilioparis Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

3637 3637 Common Name: Queen of Spain Fritillary Scientific Name: oriaisaea Status : Common Region : Thangbe Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Redbreast Scientific Name: Papilioalcmenor Status: Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Red Helen Scientific Name: Papiliohelenus Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Spangle Swallowtail Scientific Name: Papilioprotenor Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

3839 3839 Common Name: Tailed Jay Scientific Name: Graphiumagamemnon Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Tailed Redbreast Scientific Name: Papiliobootes Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Rose Windmill Scientific Name: Byasalatreillei Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Tailless Lineblue Scientific Name: Prosotasdubiosa Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

3839 3839 Common Name: Transparent 6-Lineblue Scientific Name: Nacadubakurava Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Tailless Lineblue Scientific Name: Prosotasdubiosa Status: Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

4041 4041 Peridae Family

Common Name: Asian Green-veined White Scientific Name: Pieriserutae Status : Localily Common Region : Dhur Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Bhutan Blackvein Scientific Name: Aporiaharrietae Status : Un-common Region : Nasiphel Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Common Grass Yellow Scientific Name: Euremahecabe Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Common Emigrant Scientific Name: Catopsiliapomona Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

4041 4041 Common Name: Common Brimstone Scientific Name: Gonepteryxrhamni Status : Common Region : Thangbe Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Common Gull Scientific Name: Ceporanerissa Status: Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Dark Clouded Yellow Scientific Name: Coliasfieldii Status : Common Region : Jasabi Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Dark Jezebel Scientific Name: Deliasberinda Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

4243 4243 Common Name: Great Orange Tip Scientific Name: Hebomoiaglaucippe Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Hill Jezebel Scientific Name: belladonna Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Indian Cabbage White Scientific Name: Pieriscanidia Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Large Cabbage White Scientific Name: Pierisbrassicae Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

4243 4243 Common Name: Lesser Brimstone Scientific Name: Gonepteryxmahaguru Status : Khagtang Region : Chokhor Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Lesser Gull Scientific Name: Gonepteryxmahaguru Status: Common Region : Khagtang Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Mottled Emigrant Scientific Name: Catopsiliapyranthe Status : Common Region : Tang Dzongkhag : Bumthang

Common Name: Pale Jezebel Scientific Name: Deliassanaca Status : Common Region : Ney Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

4445 4445 Common Name: Plain Puffin Scientific Name: Appiasindra Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Plain Sulphur Scientific Name: Dercaslycorias Status : Common Region : Nubi Dzongkhag : Trongsa

Common Name: Spot Puffin Scientific Name: Appiaslalage Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Spotted Sawtooth Scientific Name: Prioneristhestylis Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

4445 4445 Common Name: Yellow Orange Tip Scientific Name: Yellow Orange Tip Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

4647 4647 Riodinidae Family

Common Name: Dark Judy Scientific Name: Abisarafylla Status : Localily Common Region : Jasabe Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Lesser Punch Scientific Name: dipoea Status : Common Region : Gangzur Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

Common Name: Mixed Punch Scientific Name: Dodona ouida Status : Common Region : Jasabe Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Orange Punch Scientific Name: Dodona egeon Status : Common Region : Jasabe Dzongkhag : Lhuentse

4647 4647 Common Name: Punchinello Scientific Name: Zemerosflegyas Status : Common Region : Jasabe Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Striped Punch Scientific Name: Status: Common Region : Rabang Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Tailed Judy Scientific Name: Abisaraneophtron Status : Common Region : Jasabe Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

Common Name: Tailed Punch Scientific Name: Status : Common Region : Dungkar Dzongkhag : Lhuntse

4849 4849 Checklist6 of Butterflies An annotated Checklist of Butterflies from Wangchuck Centennial National Park, Bumthang

a) HESPERIIDAE Family:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag Grey Scrub Hop- Un-com- Gangzur Lhuntse per mon Blue-spotted Aeromachus kali Common Nye Lhuntse Hopper Borbo bevani Bevan’s Swift Common Ney Lhuntse Burara vasutana Green Awlet Common Dungkar Lhuntse Cartercephalus Northern Che- Ngang Rare Bumthang silvicola quered Skipper Lakha Choaspes xantho- Indian Awlking Common Dungkar Lhuntse pogon Dharpa hanria Hairy Angle Rare Dungkar Lhuntse Notocrypta feist- Spotted Demon Common Gangzur Lhuntse hamelii Himalayan Ochlodes brahma Common Dungkar Lhuntse Darter Parnara guttatus Straight Swift Common Dungkar Lhuntse Pedesta masur- Mussoorie Bush Common Nubi Trongsa iensis Bob Ngangl- Polygonia agnicula Comma Common Bumthang hakhang Polytremis eltola Yellow -spot Swift Common Dungkar Lhuntse Solvia lucasii Lucas Ace Common Dungkar Lhuntse

4849 4849 Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag Taractrocera mae- Common Grass Common Thangbi Lhuntse vius Dart Thoressa aina Garhwal Ace Common Dungkar Lhuntse Udaspes folus Grass Demon Common Nye Lhuntse b) LYCAENIDAE FAMILY:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag Common Hedge Acytolepsis puspa Common Gangzur Lhuntse Blue Un-Com- ctesia Bi-Spot Royal Gangzur Lhuntse mon Forget-me-not Catochrysops strabo Common Gangzur Lhuntse Blue Celastrina huegelii Large Hedge Blue Common Gangzur Lhuntse Blue Tit Common Dungkar Lhuntse Curetia bulis Bright Sunbeam Common Gangzur Lhuntse Euchrysops cnejus Gram Blue Common Dungkar Lhuntse Everes argiades Chapman’s cupid Common Nubi Trongsa Everes lacturnus Indian Cupid Common Ney Lhuntse Heliophorus an- Green Sapphire Common Sephu Bumthang drocles Heliophorus Golden Sapphire Common Jasabi Lhuntse brahma Purple Sapphire Common Gangzur Lhuntse Powdery Green Heliophorus tamu Common Nubi Trongsa Sapphire Metallic Caeru- Jamides Common Chokortoe Bumthang lean Common Ceru- Jamides celeno Common Nubi Wangdue lean Lampides boeticus Peablue Common Dungkar Lhuntse plinius Zebra Blue Common Nubi Trongsa Libythea lepita Common Beak Common Gangzur Lhuntse Lycaena phlaeas Common Copper Common Thangbi Lhuntse

5051 5051 Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag Transparent Nacaduba kurava Common Gangzur Lhuntse 6-Lineblue Nacaduba pactolus Large-4-Lineblue Common Tampi tsho Trongsa Prosotas dubiosa Tailless Lineblue Common Ney Lhuntse Pseudozizeeria Pale Grass Blue Common Gangzur Lhuntse maha Udara dilecta Pale Hedge Blue Common Nubi Trongsa

c) NYMPHALIDAE FAMILY:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag Acraea issoria Yellow Coster Common Jasabi Lhuntse Indian Tortoise- Very com- Aglais cashmirensis Gangzur Lhuntse shell mon Indian Purple Apatura ambica Common Gangzur Lhuntse Emperor Argyreus hyperbius Indian Fritillary Common Jasabi Lhuntse Orange Staff Athyma cama Common Gangzur Lhuntse Sergeant Athyma jina Bhutan Sergeant Common Gangzur Lhuntse Aulocera padma Great Satyr Common Tang Bumthang Aulocera saraswatti Striated Satyr Common Jongthang Trongsa Auzakia danava Commodore Common Dungkar Lhuntse Orange -Backed un-com- Calinaga buddha Gangzur Lhuntse Freak mon Callerebia scanda Pallid Argus Common Dungkar Lhuntse Cethosia biblis Red Lacewing Common Jasabi Lhuntse Leopard Lace- Cethosia cyane Common Jongthang Trongsa wing un-com- Charaxes narcaus Chinese Nawab Dungkar Lhuntse mon Childrena childreni Large Silverstripe Common Dungkar Lhuntse Very com- Cyrestis thyodamas Common map Gangzur Lhuntse mon Danaus genutia Common Tiger Common Gangzur Lhuntse

5051 5051 Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag Doleschallia un-com- Autumn Leaf Gangzur Lhuntse bisaltide mon Striped Blue Euploea mulciber Common Gangzur Lhuntse Crow Euthalia franciae Franch Duke Common Ney Lhuntse Hestina nama Circe Common Gangzur Lhuntse Junonia hierta Yellow Pansy Common Gangzur Lhuntse Very com- Junonia iphita Chocolate Pansy Gangzur Lhuntse mon Junonia orithya Blue Pansy Common Jasabi Lhuntse Kallima inachus Orange Oakleaf Common Gangzur Lhuntse Treble Silver- Lethe baladeva Common Tang Bumthang stripe Banded Tree- Lethe Confusa Common Jasabi Lhuntse brown Common For- Lethe insana Common Gangzur Lhuntse ester un-com- Lethe jalaurida Small Silverfork Tampi tsho Wangdue mon Himalayan Pale Lethe latiaris Common Jasabi Lhuntse Forester Yellow Wood- Lethe nicetas Common Jasabi Lhuntse brown Common Wood- Lethe sidonis Common Gangzur Lhuntse brown Straight-banded Lethe verma Common Jasabi Lhuntse Treebrown Mycalesis francisca Lilacine Bush- Common Jasabi Lhuntse sanatana brown Moore’s Bush- Mycalesis heri Common Jasabi Lhuntse brown Common Bush- Mycalesis perseus Common Jasabi Lhuntse brown Wood-Mason’s un-com- Mycalesis suaveolens Jasabi Lhuntse Bushbrown mon Long-branded Mycalesis visala Common Ney Lhuntse Bushbrown

5253 5253 Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag Veined Laby- Neope pulaha Common Chuti Bumthang rinth Neope bhadra Tailed Labyrinth Common Jasabi Lhuntse un-com- Neope yama Dusky Labyrinth Jasabi Lhuntse mon Neptis hylas Common Sailer Common Jasabi Lhuntse Pale Hockey- un-com- Neptis manasa Jasabi Lhuntse stick Sailor mon Great Yellow Neptis radha Common Rabung Lhuntse Sailer Broad-banded Neptis sankara Common Dungkar Lhuntse Sailer Neptis sappho Common Glider Common Jasabi Lhuntse Neptis zaida Variable Sailor Common Jasabi Lhuntse un-com- Neurosigma siva Panther Gangzur Lhuntse mon Camberwall Nymphalis antiopa Common Tang Bumthang Beauty un-com- Parantica melaneus Chocolate Tiger Jasabi Lhuntse mon Parantica sita Chestnut Tiger Common Gangzur Lhuntse White Commo- Parasarpa dudu Common Ney Lhuntse dore Common Leop- un-com- Phalanta phalantha Gangzur Lhuntse ard mon Polyura dolon Stately nawab Common Gangzur Lhuntse Pseudergolis wedah Tabby Common Jasabi Lhuntse Small Tawny Raphicera moorei Common Sephu Wangdue Wall Sephisa chandra Eastern Courtier Common Ney Lhuntse Stibochiona nicea Popinjay Common Jasabi Lhuntse Symbrenthia lilaea Common Jester Common Dungkar Lhuntse Symbrenthia niph- Blue-Tail Jester Common Gangzur Lhuntse anda Tirumala septen- Dark Blue Tiger Common Gangzur Lhuntse trionis

5253 5253 Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag Very com- Vanessa cardui Painted Lady Gangzur Lhuntse mon Indian Red Ad- Very com- Vanessa indica Gangzur Lhuntse miral mon Common Five- Ypthima baldus Common Jasabi Lhuntse ring Ypthima nareda Large Three-ring Common Dungkar Lhuntse Himalayan Five- Very com- Ypthima sakra Gangzur Lhuntse ring mon d) PAPILIONIDAE FAMILY:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag Chinese Wind- Byasa alcinous Common Sephu Wangdue mill Great Windmill Common Gangzur Lhuntse Byasa latreillei Rose Windmill Common Ney Lhuntse Common Wind- Common Ney Lhuntse mill agamem- Tailed Jay Common Gangzur Lhuntse non Graphium cloanthus Glassy Bluebottle Common Nubi Trongsa Common Blue- Common Gangzur Lhuntse bottle Queen of Spain Issoria isaea Common Thangbi Bumthang Fritillary alcmenor Rebreast Common Gangzur Lhuntse Papilio arcturus Blue Peacock Common Gangzur Lhuntse Common Pea- Very Papilio bianor Gangzur Lhuntse cock common Papilio bootes Tailed Redbreast Common Nubi Trongsa Papilio helenus Red Helen Common Gangzur Lhuntse Common Yellow papilio machaon Common Khaktang Bumthang Swallowtail Papilio memnon Great Mormon Common Tang Bumthang

5455 5455 Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag Papilio paris Paris Peacck Common Gangzur Lhuntse Papilio protenor Spangle Common Ney Lhuntse Parnassius hard- Common Blue Common Tang Bumthang wickii Apollo

e) PIERIDAE FAMILY:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag Un-Com- Aporia harrietae Bhutan Blackvein Nasphel Bumthang mon Appias indra Plain Puffin Common Gangzur Lhuntse Appias lalage Spot Puffin Common Gangzur Lhuntse Common Catopsilia pomona Common Gangzur Lhuntse Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Mottled Emigrant Common Tang Bumthang Cepora nadina Lesser Gull Common Nye Lhuntse Cepora nerissa Common Gull Common Gangzur Lhuntse Dark Cluded Colias fieldii Common Jasabi Lhuntse Yellow Delias belladonna Hill Jezebel Common Gangzur Lhuntse Delias berinda Dark Jezebel Common Dungkar Lhuntse Delias sanaca Pale Jezebel Common Nye Lhuntse Dercas lycorias Plain Sulphur Common Nubi Lhuntse Common Grass Eurema hecabe Common Gangzur Bumthang Yellow Gonepteryx mah- Lesser Brimstone Common Khagtang Trongsa aguru Common Brim- Gonepteryx rhamni Common Thangbi Bumthang stone Hebomoia glaucippe Great Orange Tip Common Gangzur Lhuntse Yellow Orange Ixias pyrene Common Gangzur Lhuntse Tip Large Cabbage Pieris brassicae Common Gangzur Lhuntse White

5455 5455 Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag Indian Cabbage Pieris canidia Common Gangzur Lhuntse White Asian Green- Very Pieris erutae Dhur Bumthang veined White common Green-Veined Pieris napi Common Gangzur Lhuntse White Prioneris thestylis Spotted Sawtooth Common Gangzur Lhuntse f) RIODINIDAE FAMILY:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Locality Dzongkhag fylla Dark Judy Common Jasabee Lhuntse Abisara neophtron Tailed Judy Common Jasabee Lhuntse Dodona adonira Striped Punch Common Rubang Lhuntse Dodona dipoea Lesser Punch Common Gangzur Lhuntse Dodona egeon Orange Punch Common Jasabee Lhuntse Dodona eugenes Tailed Punch Common Dungkar Lhuntse Dodona ouida Mixed Punch Common Jasabee Lhuntse Zemeros flegyas Punchinello Common Jasabee Lhuntse

5657 5657 Recommendation7

 Transect survey on Butterfly then be focused on these is one of the recommended zones. methodology use by all the  Crop raiding, livestock butterfly expertise so far. predating and bear attack Area inhabited by butterfly on human are a serious should be identified, mapped problem. Further, the and declared as important expansion of cultivated areas habitat for particulars and increasing numbers of butterfly species. livestock are leading to an increasing use of forest areas,  The study on habitat use which probably increases the pattern of bears and other frequency of such conflicts. flagship species is required. Park management should The availability of suitable therefore distinguish the habitats can therefore be area used by bears and by mapped on general land corn farmers; potentially use maps so that necessary park zoning should be done. steps can be taken to protect Cattle grazing, illicit cutting and restore such habitats for and lopping of trees should conservation of bear and be completely banned in other mammal population. bear areas.  Patrolling and monitoring  In order to reduce crop entire protected areas is depredation by bears, currently an ambitious and protection measures such as unrealistic task. To make this co-operative crop guarding, problem more manageable, proper fencing, scaring the zoning should be done sounds or frightening and the core zonesshould devices such as fire sticks be established. Patrolling or crackers should be efforts of field staffs could encouraged.

5657 5657  A systematic survey (e.g.  Poaching of bears for trade camera trapping) should of bear parts is affecting be carried out across the the bear populations. protected area to gather Therefore, the people should further information be discouraged from using onwhich carnivore species the bear bile as medicine, are occurring in this area meat for consumption, skull and what their distribution and bones as trophies, and patterns are. other body parts for religious belief.  Bears being the largest- bodied seed dispersers in the  Public understanding forest areas, howeverdetails and support for Butterfly of their roles in this crucial conservation are also process are little known important factors for ( Bear Network, 2006). effective conservation. So the research on role of Education and other bears in seed dispersal has to outreach program can be carried out. increase the effect of Butterfly conservation in future.

5859 5859 Reference8

1. Ek-Amnuay,P.(2012) Butterflies of Thailandnd 2 Revised edition. Bangkok:Baan:Baan LaeSuan Amarin Printing and Publishing. 2. Haibal,M.(1992) The Butterflies of Himalaya and their Natural History. Thomson Press () Ltd.Faridabad, Hariyana 3. Japan Butterfly Conservation Society (Ed) (2011) Field Guide to the Butterflies of Japan.Seibun do-Shinkosha, Tokyo. 4. Kehimkar, I.(2008) The book of Indian Butterflies. Bombay Natural History Society. Oxford University Press, India. 5. Khamal, B.and Smith.(1996) Butterflies of Kathmandu valley (Nepal).Know Nepal series No.3.Tecpress Books,Bangkok, 6. Osad,S.,Uemura,Y.and Uehara,J.Edited by Nishiyama,Y.(1999) An Illustrated checklist of the Butterflies of P.D.R.Mokuyo,Thiland. 7. Smith, C. (1989) Butterflies of Nepal (Central Himalaya).Tecpress service L.P., Pratunam, and Bangkok, Thailand. 8. Smith, C., (1998) Butterflies of Annapurna Conservation Area project, National Trust for Nature Conservation,Kathmandu, Nepal. 9. Smith, C. (2006) Illustrated Checklist of Nepal’s Butterflies. Walden Book House, Kathmandu, Nepal. 10. Smith, C. (2011) A Photographic Pocket Guide to Butterflies of Nepal: In Natural Environment Himalayan Map House Pvt.Ltd. 11. Sbordoni,V.,Bozano,G.C.,Wangdi,K.,Sherub,Marta.,S.and Cesaroni,D. (2015) Towards a georeferanced Checklist of the Butterflies of Bhutan:A preliminary Account (:). Hartmann & Weipert:Biodiversity and Naturausstatungim Himalaya V.-Erfurt 2015

5859 5859 12. Sondhu, S. and Kunte,K. (2014) Butterflies and Moths of Pakke Tiger Reserve.India: Titli Trust and Foundation for Butterflies (Bengaluru). 13. Sondhi,S.,Kunte.,K.,Agavekar,G.,Lovalekar,R.and Tokekar,K. (2013) Butterflies of the GaroHilla.Samrakshan Trust (New Delhi), Titli Trust (Dehradun) and Indian Foundation for Butterflies (Bengaluru). 14. Van der Poel,P. and Wangchuk,T. (2007) Butterflies of Bhutan,Mountains,Hills and valleys between 800-3000m.Royal Society for Protection of Nature ,Thimphu.

6061 6061 Glossary9 Aestivation: Dormancy during hot,dry periods Anal Fold: Portion of the hind wing that folds against the abdomen when at rest Androconium: Specialized scale that produces pheromones Antennae: Sensory appendages (feelers) on apex of Butterfly’s head Brood: A generation of young from a common female camouflage Catepillar: Also called “Larva”(pl.larvae),the second stage of a Butterfly’s life Cell: Area of wing encircled by veins Chitin: The liquid produced by the insect’s body which hardens to form the exoskeleton,the chrysalis,and the wing membrance Chrysalis: The resting stage of butterfly between the larval and adult stages Claspers: Appendages at the end of the abdomen of males to secure the female during mating Cline: Sligh change in physical appearance from one geographical region to another Cocoon: The resting stage of a moth between larva and adult Compound Eye: An eye made up of many light-sensitive facets Control: To test or verify a scientific experiment by a parallel experiment or other standard of comparison Costa: Upper edge of wings

6061 6061 Cremaster: Hook-bearing structure which attaches the pupa to a twig when becoming a chrysalis Crochets: Tiny hooks on prologs of caterpillars Diapause: Period of inactivity caused by environmental factors Dimorphism: The presence of two distinct forms within a species Disk: Central portion of wing Dormant: In a sleeping position;state of minimal activity Dorsal: Upper side of the wing Endemic: Limited to a specific geographic area Exoskeleton: Hard external shell covering the pupa or adult Frass: Caterpillar poop Frenate: Bristles on hind wing that lock into hairs of forewing Girdle: Silken harness spun by some caterpillars to suspend itself from a vertical surface Gynandromorph: Having both male and female characteristics Hair pencil: Cluster of hairlike scale utilized during courtship Hemolymph: Body fluids of Lepidoptera (butterfly blood) Host Plant: Larval food plant Instar: Period between molts (shedding of old exoskeleton) Larva: The caterpillar stage of a butterfly’s life;the young stage of an insect Lens: One part of an insect’s eye which focuses light Lepidoptera: Order of in which butterflies and moths are classified;the meaning is “scaled wings” Lipid: Fats internally retained for fuel during migratory flights Lunule: Crescent-shaped spot on wing Margin: Edge of wing Mimicry: Imitating a harmful insect or plant to escape predators

6263 6263 Molt: Shedding of old exoskeleton to allow a new period of growth Nectar: Liquid produced by plants that is ingested by butterflies and some moths Ocelli: Cosmetic eyespots used for protection or the simple eyes of caterpillars Oviposit: To lay eggs Ovipositor: Structrure at tip of female abdomen which deposits eggs Osmeterium: Fleshy organ that can be extended from behind the head by swallowtail caterpillars that emits an unfavorable odor to fend off predators Palpi: Pair of furry facial appendages to clean and protect the proboscis Pheromones: Scent produced to initiate sexual activity pollination: The moving of pollen from the male to the female parts of a flower Polymorphism: Serveral forms occurring within the same species Predators: that kill and eat others Proboscis: Long, slender sucking tube used for feeding pupa: The resting form before emeringing as an adult pupate:The act of becoming a pupa (change from a caterpillars to a chrysalis) Race: Subaspecies; a distinctive population Roost: Gathering spot to spend the night or the winter Scales: The millions of modified hairs forming shingle like plates covering moth’s and butterflie’s wings Sex Patch: Pad of scent scales on wings Shelter: Place, home, or dwelling to be safefrom the elements Spiracles: Breathing holes positioned along the abdomen Spinneret: Gland beneath the caterpillar’s head used for prududing silk

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