The Joys of Language
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Venezuela: Indigenous Peoples Face Deteriorating Human Rights Situation Due to Mining, Violence and COVID-19 Pandemic
Venezuela: Indigenous peoples face deteriorating human rights situation due to mining, violence and COVID-19 pandemic Venezuela is suffering from an unprecedented human rights and humanitarian crisis that has deepened due to the dereliction by the authoritarian government and the breakdown of the rule of law in the country. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) has estimated that some 5.2 million Venezuelans have left the country, most arriving as refugees and migrants in neighbouring countries. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in 2018 had categorized this situation of human rights, as “a downward spiral with no end in sight”. The situation of the right to health in Venezuela and its public health system showed structural problems before the pandemic and was described as a “dramatic health crisis (…) consequence of the collapse of the Venezuelan health care system” by the High Commissioner. Recently, the OHCHR submitted a report to the Human Rights Council, in which it addressed, among other things the attacks on indigenous peoples’ rights in the Arco Minero del Orinoco (Orinoco’s Mining Arc or AMO). Indigenous peoples’ rights and the AMO mining projects before the covid-19 pandemic Indigenous peoples have been traditionally forgotten by government authorities in Venezuela and condemned to live in poverty. During the humanitarian crisis, they have suffered further abuses due to the mining activity and the violence occurring in their territories. In 2016, the Venezuelan government created the Orinoco’s Mining Arc National Strategic Development Zone through presidential Decree No. 2248, as a mega-mining project focused mainly in gold extraction in an area of 111.843,70 square kilometres. -
Gm and Km Allotypes in Wayampi, Wayana and Emerillon Indians from French Guiana
L ANNALS OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, 1994, VOL.'.21, NO. 4, 335-345 Gm and Km allotypes in Wayampi, Wayana and Emerillon Indians from French Guiana J. M. DUGOUJONP,E. GUITARDP,M. T. SENEGAS?,P. GRENANDSand E. BOIS* TCentre de Recherches sur le Polymorphisme Génétique des populations humaines, Toulouse, France $Département Société, Urbanisme, Développement, Paris, France *Unité de Recherches d'Epidémiologie Génétique, Paris, France Received 16 April 1993; revised II November 1993 Summary. We have studied 506 Amerindians from three French Guiana groups: 194 Wayampi, living in Trois-Sauts, and 100 in the Camopi area; 47 Emerillon also living in the Camopi area and 165 Wayana on the Litani and Maroni rivers. All samples were tested for Glm(1,2,3,17), G3m(5,6,10,11,13,14,15,16,21,24,28) and Km(1) by the classical method of hemaglutination inhibition. The phenotype and haplotype distributions are presented and have been subjected to factorial correspondence analysis. Two Gm haplotypes are common: Gm1*37;21,28,and Gm1,2,17;21,28,but with an important variation in frequency. A rare haplotype, probably the result of a genetic anomaly: Gm1,17;21R>28,is frequent in the Emerillon (17%). These populations show no evidence of Black or Caucasian admixtures. 1. Introduction The allotypic markers of human immunoglobulins (Ig) are inherited differences located on the heavy chains of IgG (Gm), IgA (Am), IgE (Em) and light chain Kappa (Km). Each epitope is restricted to one of the IgG (IgGl, IgG2 and IgG3) or IgA (IgA2) subclasses and found on the constant regions (CHI, CH2, or CH3 domains). -
Deconstructing the Amerindian Kaleidoscope
CHAPTER 4 Movement through Time in the Southern Guianas: Deconstructing the Amerindian Kaleidoscope Eithne B. Carlin and Jimmy Mans The life of a person is the sum of his tracks. The total inscription of his movements, something that can be traced out along the ground. And the life course of a people, the totality of their ways, conventions, and con- ventionally encountered situations, is the sum of its ‘tracks’, the trails over its country along which experience is measured out. (Wagner 1986: 21) 1 Introduction The immense linguistic diversity in Suriname had already existed for thousands of years before the European outthrust to the Americas. Different Amerindian groups had been present and moving around vast areas of Suriname and in and out of the neighbouring countries at a time when the borders of these present- day states did not exist as we know them today.1 After, or despite, colonisation by successive groups of Europeans, the fluidity of the frontiers remained for the Amerindians and led at any given moment in time to shifting constella- tions of population make-up within each of the three modern nation-states Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, and the contiguous areas of Venezuela and Brazil. In his influential ‘Individual and Society’ from 1984, Peter Rivière describes how Amerindian settlements in the Guianas seem to disintegrate and re-assemble in another location in like fashion, a process to which he cau- tiously ascribes the metaphor of a kaleidoscope. The key concept behind this Amerindian kaleidoscope appears to be the mechanism of residential mobil- ity. Mobility here is defined as the sum of all movements (see Wagner 1986: 21; Ingold 2009: 36–37) and movement is regarded as any shifting from one location to another, as an interaction with the landscape, whether this be inci- dental, repetitive, or stable. -
Nabarima: a Warao Sacred Place In
_________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter: NABARIMA: 50 A WARAO SACRED PLACE IN SOUTH TRINIDAD Peter O’B. Harris _________________________________________________________________________________ Few Trinidadians know that Naparima Hill at the centre of San Fernando is a Warao name, and is sacred to this Orinoco Delta people. Two ethnicities are suggested ca. 1600, Chaguanes in the west and Waraowitu in the east. History records IRXUFHQWXULHVRIYLVLWVWR7ULQLGDG(WKQRJHRJUDSK\VXJJHVWVWZRVRFLDOFRQWH[WVRQHXQGLIIHUHQWLDWHGDQGRQHSROLWLFDO$ VXSUHPHVSLULWIURPHDFKUHVLGHVRQ1DEDULPD.H\LQVWLWXWLRQVDUHWKUHHW\SHVRIVKDPDQDQGWKHX[RULORFDOH[WHQGHGIDPLO\ 486 EDVHGRQVRQLQODZVHUYLFH7KHNH\WHFKQRORJ\LVFDQRHPDNLQJ6XEVLVWHQFHLVEDVHGRQ¿VKFUDEVDQGWUDGLWLRQDOO\ VWDUFKH[WUDFWHGIURPZLOGPRULFKHSDOPV%XWWKLVKDVEHHQUHSODFHGE\GDVKHHQFXOWLYDWLRQVLQFH$EVHQFHRI pottery makes this society a good reference for the archeological preceramic series which surround the delta during BC 6000-0. Two pottery sites and a mission village show the continuing importance of Naparima during AD 0-1784. If the :DUDRSHRSOHZLVKZHDUHZLOOLQJWRH[SORUHUHVWRUDWLRQRIWKHDQFLHQWVDFUHGUROHRI1DEDULPD Pocos trinitenses saben que Naparima Hill en el centro de San Fernando es un nombre warao, y es un lugar sagrado para HVWHSXHEORGHO'HOWDGHO2ULQRFR6HSLHQVDHQGRVJUXSRVpWQLFRVHQHODĖRDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFKDJXDQHVHQHO RHVWH\ZDUDRZLWXHQHOHVWH/DKLVWRULDUHJLVWUDFXDWURVLJORVGHYLVLWDVD7ULQLGDG/DHWQRJHRJUDItDVXJLHUHGRVFRQWH[WRV sociales, uno no diferenciado y uno político. Un -
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region
OAS/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 176 29 September 2019 Original: Spanish INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Situation of Human Rights of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region 2019 iachr.org OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Situation of human rights of the indigenous and tribal peoples of the Pan-Amazon region : Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019. p. ; cm. (OAS. Official records ; OEA/Ser.L/V/II) ISBN 978-0-8270-6931-2 1. Indigenous peoples--Civil rights--Amazon River Region. 2. Indigenous peoples-- Legal status, laws, etc.--Amazon River Region. 3. Human rights--Amazon River Region. I. Title. II. Series. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.176/19 INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Members Esmeralda Arosemena de Troitiño Joel Hernández García Antonia Urrejola Margarette May Macaulay Francisco José Eguiguren Praeli Luis Ernesto Vargas Silva Flávia Piovesan Executive Secretary Paulo Abrão Assistant Executive Secretary for Monitoring, Promotion and Technical Cooperation María Claudia Pulido Assistant Executive Secretary for the Case, Petition and Precautionary Measure System Marisol Blanchard a.i. Chief of Staff of the Executive Secretariat of the IACHR Fernanda Dos Anjos In collaboration with: Soledad García Muñoz, Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights (ESCER) Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019 INDEX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 INTRODUCTION 19 CHAPTER 1 | INTER-AMERICAN STANDARDS ON INDIGENOUS AND TRIBAL PEOPLES APPLICABLE TO THE PAN-AMAZON REGION 27 A. Inter-American Standards Applicable to Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in the Pan-Amazon Region 29 1. -
On the Historicity of Carib Migrations in the Lesser Antilles
ON THE IISTORICITYOF CARIB MIGRATIONS IN THE LESSER ANTILLES Louis Allaire This paper questions the historicity of Caribmigrations in northeastern SouthAmerica, especially from the Guianas to the West Indies, on the basis of (1) recent chronologicalwork on the late prehistory of the Lesser Antilles, and (2) a critical reexamination of ethnohistorical data on the Island Caribs (migrationmyths, linguistic dimorphism, distribution, early European contacts). A new interpretation of the previously elusive Island Carib pottery complex allows for a reevaluation of cultural continuities and affiliations. The question is further approachedthrough a more precise definitionof the Island Caribas an ethnic groupin relation to other groups in the Guianas. THERESEEMS TO BE A GENERALAGREEMENT among culture historians of South America that the Spaniards' arrival in the New World interrupted the expansion of a people known as Caribs, the speakers of a Cariban language. The theory holds that these Caribs originated in the tropical lowlands of the Amazonianbasin, and that by the late fifteenth century they had reached the eastern part of the West Indies where they were in the process of conquering the Arawaks, the original inhabitants. Because of the association of this populationmovement with the coming of the Europeans, it is also generally believed that this migration constitutes a historical event, one documentedby historical evidence. Even recent summaries of Tropical Lowlands prehistory still contain such statements as, "the last major expansion in the tropical forest was that of the Cariban peoples, which was vigorously carried out when the Europeans arrived in the area" (Lan- ning 1974:100), and refer to the "known facts of the Carib expansion" (Lathrap 1970:170). -
Columbus and the Arawak Indians When Christopher Columbus Landed in the Islands of the Caribbean, About 40 Million People Lived in North and South America
5 BBBBBSSS S S S S S S S S = 5555555 515515 BS• IISSSSSSS S SI ISSSSSN = 5555 tSS5SBS•S BBS S S•5S5 Columbus and the Arawak Indians when Christopher Columbus landed in the islands of the Caribbean, about 40 million people lived in North and South America. But Columbus did not know that he had discovered a new land. Indeed, he thought he had landed in India, so upon seeing the natives, he called them “Indians.” Today they are known as Native Americans. One of the many tribes that lived on these islands was the Arawaks. The Arawaks were quite different from any people that Columbus had ever seen—and indeed, Columbus and his men, arriving on the huge ship wearing their outlandish clothing, were quite unlike anything the Arawak had ever seen. But despite the language barriers, the Arawak and Columbus were able to communicate in a friendly way. Columbus learned that they could take the poison out of a root called manioc (MAN-ee-ock). They then ground this up and combined it with other ingredi ents to make bread. The Arawak also ate fish, sharks, turtles, and yams. The Arawaks were impressed by Columbus’ ships, the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria, on which Columbus sailed. The Arawak had never even envisioned such crafts, but they did have giant canoes that could hold up to 100 people. (There were about 40 people on the Pinta.) They made these canoes by chopping down huge trees and then lighting small fires in the logs. After burning out the middle, they used stone tools to scoop out the ashes. -
Indigenous People's Engagement
Appendix INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S ENGAGEMENT/MAINSTREAMING PLAN INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S ENGAGEMENT/MAINSTREAMING PLAN A supply chain approach to eliminating mercury in Guyana’s ASGM sector: El Dorado Gold Jewelry – Made in Guyana (Approved by CI-GEF Project Agency 2017-10-20) Contents 1.0 Background ...................................................................................................................3 2.0 Indigenous Peoples – National Situation ..................................................................9 3.0 Safeguards related to the Implementation of the Project..................................... 11 Risks to Indigenous Peoples........................................................................................ 11 Project Requirements ....................................................................................................12 4.0 Consultation and Consent .........................................................................................12 5.0 Stakeholder Map.........................................................................................................13 5.1 Indigenous Associations and Organizations in Guyana .......................................13 Ministry of Indigenous Peoples’ Affairs .......................................................................13 The Amerindian Peoples Association .........................................................................13 National Toshaos’ Council ............................................................................................14 Amerindian -
Lokono (Locono, Arawak, Arowak) the Language Is Arawak and It Is the Arawak Language Family (1)
1. Description 1.1 Name of society, language, and language family: Lokono (Locono, Arawak, Arowak) The language is Arawak and it is the Arawak language family (1). 1.2 ISO code: arw (1). 1.3 Location (latitude/longitude): Most of the Lokono are scattered throughout the northern parts of Suriname, also in Guyana, French Guiana, and Venezuela. Latitude: 5.5; Longitude: -55.17 (1). 1.4 Brief history: “Arawak people migrated from the northern coast of South American and populated the majority of the Caribbean in Pre-Columbian times. Their language gave rise to Taino, Karifuna and Garifuna” (3). “Early sixteenth century Spanish accounts describe fairly dense occupations relating to the ancestors of the Lokono (Arawak) peoples across the coastal hinterland areas, who still occupy the region. In the 1530s, Spanish from Margarita Island first registered the Berbice- Corentyn River area as the Provincia de los Aruacas, referring to the people with whom they traded manioc (arua) as “arua-cas”. Lokono trade canoes were recorded by the vecinos of Margarita as capable of carrying thousands of tons of manioc flour” (4, pg: 21). 1.5 Influence of missionaries/schools/governments/powerful neighbors: “Lokono history and culture as far as it is currently known perfectly evinces such processes and shows an intimate connection between ethnic identity, landscape and an active engagement with the past. In the history of the Berbice River under colonial rule, first by the Dutch and later by the British, it became an important sugar planting colony from the 1630s on. Although often subject to depredation by both sea-borne pirates and the vagaries of inter-colonial wars, the longevity of plantation society here is notable. -
Language Practices and Linguistic Ideologies in Suriname: Results from a School Survey Isabelle Léglise, Bettina Migge
Language Practices and Linguistic Ideologies in Suriname: Results from a School Survey Isabelle Léglise, Bettina Migge To cite this version: Isabelle Léglise, Bettina Migge. Language Practices and Linguistic Ideologies in Suriname: Re- sults from a School Survey. In and Out of Suriname. Language, mobility, Identity., Brill, 2015, 9789004280113. hal-01134998 HAL Id: hal-01134998 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01134998 Submitted on 24 Mar 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. In and Out of Suriname Language, Mobility and Identity Edited by Eithne B. Carlin, Isabelle Léglise, Bettina Migge, and Paul B. Tjon Sie Fat LEIDEN | BOSTON Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Tables and Figures viii List of Contributors x 1 Looking at Language, Identity, and Mobility in Suriname 1 Eithne B. Carlin, Isabelle Léglise, Bettina Migge and Paul B. Tjon Sie Fat 2 Language Practices and Linguistic Ideologies in Suriname: Results from a School Survey 13 Isabelle Léglise and Bettina Migge 3 Small-scale Gold Mining and Trans-frontier Commerce on the Lawa River 58 Marjo de Theije 4 Movement through Time in the Southern Guianas: Deconstructing the Amerindian Kaleidoscope 76 Eithne B. -
In and out of Suriname Caribbean Series
In and Out of Suriname Caribbean Series Series Editors Rosemarijn Hoefte (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies) Gert Oostindie (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies) Editorial Board J. Michael Dash (New York University) Ada Ferrer (New York University) Richard Price (em. College of William & Mary) Kate Ramsey (University of Miami) VOLUME 34 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cs In and Out of Suriname Language, Mobility and Identity Edited by Eithne B. Carlin, Isabelle Léglise, Bettina Migge, and Paul B. Tjon Sie Fat LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC 3.0) License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The realization of this publication was made possible by the support of KITLV (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies). Cover illustration: On the road. Photo by Isabelle Léglise. This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface issn 0921-9781 isbn 978-90-04-28011-3 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28012-0 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by the Editors and Authors. This work is published by Koninklijke Brill NV. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff and Hotei Publishing. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. -
Arawak Languages
446 Aramaic and Syriac is the religious poetry of Saint Ephrem, which East Aramaic dialects have been employed. Modern was much admired and imitated even beyond the literary Syriac (Swadaya) may be said to have begun Syriac language area. From the 10th century, Arabic with the printing of books in the local dialect by the replaced Syriac among Christians as the chief lan- American Presbyterian Mission at Urmia in North- guage of theology, philosophy, and medicine, but west Iran. Although the number of people currently the 13th century saw a veritable West Syriac renais- using some form of Aramaic is small, their determi- sance, embodied especially in the great polymath nation to keep it alive is a testimony to their pride in a Bar Hebraeus, who wrote with equal facility in language whose demonstrable lifespan extends to Syriac and Arabic. In contrast to the wide use of 3000 years. Syriac, Syro-Palestinian Christian Aramaic (alterna- tively designated Syro-Palestinian Syriac because it was written in the West Syriac script) was employed See also: Ancient Near-Eastern Religions; Arabic; Bible; only in Palestine and Syria, and the extant texts Bible Translations: Ancient Versions; Christianity in Cen- (mostly biblical, liturgical, or hagiographical) are all tral Asia and the Near East; Hebrew, Biblical and Medie- val; Iran: Language Situation; Iraq: Language Situation; translations from Greek. Israel: Language Situation; Judaism; Lebanon: Language Spoken Aramaic dialects have been in continuous Situation; Semitic Languages; Syria: Language Situation; use in a number of places right into modern times. Syriac; Translation: History; Turkey: Language Situation. Modern Western dialects of Aramaic are spoken, by Christians and Muslims, in three villages north of Damascus, namely Ma‘lula, Bah‘a, and Jubb ‘Addin.