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Produccion Intensiva De Diatraea Para Propagacion De Su Parasito Billaea

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Produccion Intensiva De Diatraea Para Propagacion De Su Parasito Billaea UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES ESCUELA DE BIOLOGIA PRACTICA EMPRESARIAL PARA LA OBTENCION DEL TITULO DE BIOLOGO PRODUCCION INTENSIVA DE Diatraea saccharalis EN DIETA ARTIFICIAL, PARA DIFUSION DE SUS PARASITOS Cotesia flavipes y Billaea claripalpis. POR VICTOR MANUEL LUDEÑA POLONIO GUAYAQUIL, ABRIL DEL 2014 1 UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES ESCUELA DE BIOLOGIA PRACTICA EMPRESARIAL, PARA LA OBTENCION DEL TITULO DE BIOLOGO PRODUCCION INTENSIVA DE Diatraea saccharalis EN DIETA ARTIFICIAL, PARA DIFUSION DE SUS PARASITOS Cotesia flavipes y Billaea claripalpis. POR: VICTOR MANUEL LUDEÑA POLONIO CONSEJERO ACADÉMICO: DR. FRANCISCO RATTI CHINGA GUAYAQUIL 2 UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES ESCUELA DE BIOLOGIA HOJA DE APROBACIÓN Dra. Mirella Cadena Infante Calificación PRESIDENTE DEL TRIBUNAL Blgo. Félix Man-Ging Calificación MIEMBRO DEL TRIBUNAL Dra. Matilde Cornejo A. Calificación MIEMBRO DEL TRIBUNAL GUAYAQUIL - ECUADOR 2014 3 INVITADOS Dr. Francisco Ratti Chinga CONSEJERO ACADEMICO Abg. Jorge Solórzano C. SECRETARIO FACULTAD CIENCIAS NATURALES GUAYAQUIL – ECUADOR 2014 4 D E D I C A T O R I A Práctica empresarial que dedico primero a Dios, a mis padres Ángel y Germania, por brindarme su incondicional apoyo en todos los momentos de mi vida. A mi esposa Janeth, por estar siempre a mi lado y brindarme todo su amor y comprensión incondicionalmente. Mis hijas Paulita y Ketzia, por ser el impulso que necesito para seguir adelante y cumplir todas mis metas. A mis hermanos Ángel y Jaime, porque siempre están presentes en los momentos difíciles con sus consejos y por brindarme la ayuda necesaria. 5 A G R A D E C I M I E N T O Es grato para mí agradecer al Dios altísimo, mi lugar de trabajo Ingenio Azucarero Valdez, mis centros de instrucción la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y a la Universidad de Guayaquil. A todas las personas que han hecho posible la realización de esta práctica empresarial. Dr. Jaime Buestan, Ing. Fernando Gutiérrez, Ing. Oscar Vasconez Valarezo, Ing. Walter Jara, Ing. Washington Goyes, Ing. Carlos Cabezas, por ofrecerme su apoyo y meritoria cooperación. Los trabajadores del Departamento de Experimentaciones Agrícolas (D.E.A), obreros de cultivo del Ingenio Azucarero Valdez, por su empeño en las labores diarias. A todos mis compañeros, con afecto franco. 6 CONTENIDO D E D I C A T O R I A ....................................................................................................................... 5 A G R A D E C I M I E N T O ............................................................................................................. 6 CONTENIDO ................................................................................................................................... 7 RESUMEN ...................................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCCION ........................................................................................................................... 11 1. UBICACIÓN DEL AREA DE ESTUDIO ..................................................................................... 14 2. IDENTIFICACION DEL PROBLEMA ........................................................................................ 15 2 OBJETIVO ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.1 Objetivo General ......................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Objetivos Específicos ................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Clasificación Taxonómica (Diatraea sacchararalis) ................................................... 17 3 CONTROL BIOLOGICO .......................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Descripción y biología: Billaea (Paratheresia) claripalpis ........................................ 17 3.2 Inoculación con Billaea (Paratheresia) claripalpis, en larva de Diatraea saccharalis. 18 3.3 Descripción y biología: Cotesia flavipes ...................................................................... 20 3.4 Parasitación con: Cotesia flavipes en larva de Diatraea saccharalis ......................... 21 4 CARACTERISTICAS BIOLOGICAS ........................................................................................... 22 4.1 Ciclo de vida ................................................................................................................ 22 4.2 Huevos ......................................................................................................................... 22 4.3 Larvas .......................................................................................................................... 23 4.4 Pupa ............................................................................................................................. 23 4.5 Adulto .......................................................................................................................... 23 5 METODOLOGIA .................................................................................................................... 25 5.1 Formación del pie de cria ............................................................................................ 26 5.2 Recolecta de larvas en los canteros del Ingenio. ........................................................ 26 5.3 Obtener crisálidas para el pie de cría .......................................................................... 27 5.4 Clasificación de crisálidas antes de llevar a la jaula .................................................... 28 5.5 Ubicación de las crisálidas en la jaula y postura de huevos ........................................ 28 5.6 Papel periódico con posturas ...................................................................................... 29 5.7 Organización del laboratorio ....................................................................................... 30 7 5.8 Distribución del Laboratorio de Entomología del Ingenio Valdez S.A para la producción de Diatraea saccharalis. ...................................................................................... 30 5.9 Equipos y utensilios ..................................................................................................... 31 6 PREPARACION DE LA DIETA ................................................................................................. 32 6.1 Manejo de los ingredientes ......................................................................................... 32 6.2 Preparación de la dieta ............................................................................................... 32 6.3 Manejo de la cría ......................................................................................................... 33 6.4 Infestación con masas de huevos de D. saccharalis en los frascos con su respectiva dieta 33 6.5 Traslado de los frascos al cuarto de desarrollo ........................................................... 34 7 RESULTADOS ....................................................................................................................... 34 8 CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES .............................................................................. 38 TABLAS Y GRÁFICOS .................................................................................................................... 39 Bibliografía ................................................................................................................................. 49 ANEXOS ....................................................................................................................................... 50 8 UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES ESCUELA DE BIOLOGIA RESUMEN La caña de azúcar es una planta que es embestida por numerosas plagas desde el momento de la siembra de la semilla e incluso en el período de la cosecha. Entre las plagas más significativas se hayan los barrenadores del tallo, primordialmente del genero Diatraea. La especie de considerable importancia es Diatraea saccharalis. El perjuicio que causa esta plaga a las plantaciones de la caña de azúcar, es de gran importancia y en algunas ocasiones logra pasar inadvertido y divisarlo incluso al instante de la molienda de la caña, ventajosamente hay variadas especies de parasitoides que ejercen un control natural sobre esta plaga, controlando de esta forma la propagación de este insecto, por esta razón controlarlos de una forma natural es el método más factible como plataforma de una táctica de control de esta plaga en un periodo de tiempo breve. Las etapas de desarrollo de los barrenadores se constituye de cuatro fases: huevo, larva, pupa y adulto. El período de vida se altera según la especie, el hospedero y las situaciones climáticas. Los 9 parasitoides ejercen un control natural sobre esta plaga que regulariza el aumento poblacional de estos organismos. Las especies de parasitoides corresponden a Dípteros e Himenoptera, siendo la familia Tachinidae la de mayor importancia. Las experimentadas son dos especies Billaea (Paratheresia) claripalpis (mosca) y Cotesia flavipes (avispa). El efecto expuesto por la investigación a nivel de laboratorio dio el siguiente resultado en lo que corresponde al parasitismo e inoculación en el insecto plaga Diatraea saccharalis. Insecto plaga Diatraea saccharalis:
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