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2009 San JOAQUIN HILLS TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR BROWN.HEADED COWBIRI) TRAPPING PROGRAM

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2009 San JOAQUIN HILLS TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR BROWN.HEADED COWBIRI) TRAPPING PROGRAM 2009 sAN JOAQUIN HILLS TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR BROWN.HEADED COWBIRI) TRAPPING PROGRAM LEATHERMAN BIOCONSULTING, INC. OCTOBER 2OO9 2oo9 sAN JOAQUIN HILLS TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR BROWN.HEADED COWBIRI) TRAPPING PROGRAM PrePared for: NATURE RESERVE OF ORANGE COUNTY 15600 Sand CanYon Avenue Irvine, California 92618 Prepared bY: LEATHERMAN BIOCONSULTING, INC. 4848 LakeviewAvenue, Suite 100E Yorba Linda, Califomia 92886 (714) t0t-0863 OCTOBER 2()O9 San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor 2009 Brown-headed Cowbird Trapping Program EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Twelve modified Australian crow traps were used to trap brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) inthe vicinity of the San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor in2009. The twelve traps were operational between March 15 and July 1 5. During this time traps were maintained, serviced and all non-target species and excess cowbirds were removed on a daily basis. The 2009 program, like the 2002 through 2008 programs, represents a substantially decreased effort compared with past years when 20 traps were operated from March 15 to August 15. A total of 238 brown-headed cowbirds, including 131 male,82 female and25 juvenile cowbirds were captured during the trapping period. Ninety-nine of the 238 cowbirds (41.6%) were captured in April; which was the most productive month of trapping. Two cowbird traps were vandalized resulting in a loss of six trap days. One trap was purposefully closed for two days in an effort to decrease the number of non-target captures. The traps were operated for a total of 1,458 of the potential 1,476 ttap days (98.8%). A total of 1,061 individuals from 14 non-target avian species were captured during the 2009 trapping season, of which 13 (1.2%) died or were predated in the traps. No threatened or endangered species were captured' L e ather m an B i oC onsult ing, I n c. San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor 2009 Brown-headed Cowbird Trapping Program TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor Brown-headed Cowbird Trapping Program 1 .2 Brown-headed Cowbird Background .................. 2.0 3.0 5.0 REFERENCES LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure l. NROC-Funded Cowbird Trap Locations, San Joaquin Hills, 2009 ........10 Figure 2. County of Orange-Funded Cowbird Trap Locations, San Joaquin Hills, 2009... ......... 1 I LIST OF TABLES Page Table l. Summary of Total Brown-headed Cowbirds Captured, 1993 -2009 .....................5 Table2. SummaryofTotalNon-targetBirdsCaptured,1993-2009......... .........................7 APPENDIX Appendix 1. USGS Data Forms Le ather m qn B ioC ons ulting, Inc San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor 2009 Brown-headed Cowbird Trapping Program 1.0 INTRODUCTION L 1 San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor Brown-headed Cowbird Trapping Program The Transportation Corridor Agencies (TCA) was required to conduct an annual brown- headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) trapping program in the vicinity of the San Joaquin Hills as part of the mitigation for construction of the San Joaquin Hills Transportation Conidor (SJHTC) (USFWS 1994). This cowbird trapping program complied with the Biological Opinion (1-6-93-F-98R) and the Mitigation Measures in the SJHTC Mitigation Monitoring Program. 1998 was the final year that TCA conducted the cowbird trapping under the terms and conditions of the Biological Opinion. With the cooperation of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), this obligation was transferred to the Nature Reserve of Orange County CIROC) and was incorporated into the NROC management program. The TCA provided an endowment to NROC for this purpose. Annual cowbird trapping along the SJHTC began in 1993, with 20 cowbird traps located at various locations in the general vicinity of the San Joaquin Hills. From 1993 to 1998, 20 to 24 traps were operated from March 15 to August 15. In 1999, the trapping period was reduced by one month, operating from March 15 to July 15. The trapping period and the number of traps have been adjusted and reduced substantially and since 2002. In 2002, eight traps were operated from May 23 to July 15. Ln2003, seven traps were operated from April 1 to July 15 (three traps were also operated independently by Crystal Cove State Park). In2004 and 2005, seven traps were operated from April 1 to July 1. In 2006, ten traps were operated from April 17 to July 17. In2007, eleven traps were operated from April I to July 1. For 2008 and 2009 twelve traps were operated from March 15 to July 15, including two traps that being funded by the County of Orange at Mason Regional Park and Talbert Regional Park (OCl and OC2, respectively). The purpose of the brown-headed cowbird trapping program is to reduce the incidence of cowbird parasitism on the nests of sensitive bird species, including the California gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica californica) and the least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus), two federally listed species. Leatherman BioConsulting, Inc. (LBC) conducted this cowbird trapping program under authorization from the CDFG and USFWS. All trapping data is provided in Appendix 1 in standardized tables developed by the Biological Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey; CDFG requires this format so that data for all programs in Califomia are reported consistently. Trapping atthorrzation also requires that a copy of the cowbird trapping report be submitted to the respective agencies. 1.2 Brown-headedCowbirdBackground Once ranging through the Great Plains, brown-headed cowbirds are now widespread throughout North America, reaching Borrego Springs in southern California by 1896 L e at herm an B ioC onsult ing, Inc. ,,,,';;l::f :::,!!::;i:;';::;;:,i""r"i:;i::; (Unitt 19S4). Cowbirds were well established in the region by the 1930's (Willett 1933) and noticeable declines in native passerine birds as a result of cowbird parasitism were observed by the 1940's (Grinnell and Miller 1944) and have continued through the decades (Garrett and Dunn 1981, Layrnon 1987). Brown-headed cowbirds are obligate brood parasites; they never build nests or tend their own young. Instead, female cowbirds deposit one or more eggs into host species' nests, often removing or destroying some or all of the host eggs present. Brown-headed cowbirds are known to parasilize nearly every cup-nesting passerine species in North America (Friedman and Kiff 1985, Johnsgard 1997). Most of the host species from the Great Plains have behavioral adaptations to deal with parasitism, such as ejecting the foreign egg, covering over the foreign egg, or abandoning the parasitized nest altogether. However, many host species outside the historic range of cowbirds do not recognize cowbird eggs and readily accept and rear cowbird young. Because cowbird eggs hatch sooner than host eggs and cowbird young develop faster than host young, cowbird nestlings are able to out-compete host nestlings (Rothstein 2004). In many of the smaller host species, the cowbird chick is the only one to fledge from a parasitized nest. The Californra gnatcatcher and least Bell's vireo are federally listed species that have suffered population declines primarily because of extensive habitat loss and degradation (Atwood 1993, Smith 1977 , Faber et al. 1989). Declining population numbers and their dependence on increasingly reduced, fragmented and degraded habitat lead to a heightened threat from cowbird parasitism (Rothstein 2004), and several researchers have documented the negative effects of cowbird parasitism on these two species (Goldwasser et al. 1980, Jones 1985, Braden 1997, Atwood and Bontrager 2001). Implementation of cowbird trapping during the nesting season has proven to be a successful management strategy (USFWS 1998, Miner et aL.1998, Kus and Whitfield 2005). 1.3 Site Description Cowbird traps were located in the vicinity of the San Joaquin Hills, which is located in central coastal Orange County, generally between Newport Beach and Laguna Beach. The study area extends south into Aliso and Wood Canyons Wilderness Park, north and west to Upper Newport Bay, and east to near the intersection of Bake Parkway and Interstate 405. The SJHTC traverses most of the area. The climate is Meditelranean, with warm dry summers and cool wet winters. Early moming coastal fog frequently clouds the hillsides during spring. The bulk of the trapping area consists of the remaining undeveloped portions of the San Joaquin Hills. These coastal foothills are dominated by steep-sided canyons and rolling hillsides supporting a mosaic of plant communities including chapanal, coastal sage scrub, and grasslands. Coast live oak woodlands, riparian forest, and wetlands occur where conditions are suitable. The area surrounding the San Joaquin Hills are mostly developed, but numerous parks, riparian corridors, and undeveloped areas, such as Upper Newport Bay, the UCI Reserve, Aliso and Wood Canyons Wilderness Park, Mason Le atherm an B ioC onsulting, Inc. ,,,,]Tl::f:#J"J:I;7:;:;::;;:,:;7i:#:; Regional Park, Bonita Reservoir, and Sand Canyon Reservoir still provide habitat (albeit fragmented) for wildlife, including the California gnatcatcher and least Bell's vireo' 2.0 METHODS 2.1 Trap Construction and Placement The traps recommended by the USFWS to trap brown-headed cowbirds are modified Australian crow traps. These large rectangular traps consist of wood frames covered with wire mesh and a naffow top panel that has a I % inch wide slot through which cowbirds can drop down into a trap but cannot fly up and out. Twelve cowbird traps were strategically located within and adjacent to those habitats that contained populations of gnatcatchers or vireos and in areas known (or suspected) to have high concentrations of cowbirds (Figures I and 2). A11 of the traps were placed in the same location as in 2008 (UTM coordinates for these locations are listed in Table 1 of Appendix 1). The main objective in determining each trapping location was to protect the local breeding populations of California gnatcatcher and least Bell's vireo from nest parasitism by maximizing the number of cowbird captures.
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