DOCSLIB.ORG

Developing Georgia's Migration Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Developing Georgia's Migration Policy 1 DEVELOPING GEORGIA’S MIGRATION POLICY: LESSONS FROM POLAND Tbilisi, December 2011 2 Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development/CIPDD European and Euro-Atlantic Cooperation Program The publication was prepared under the Improving Mechanisms of Migration Control and Coordination of Migration Policy in Georgia by Reference to the Polish Experi- ence project The project was co-financed by the Polish Development Cooperation Programme 2011 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland The views expressed in this publication are exclusively those of the authors and are not meant to represent the official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland Project coordinator: Justyna Frelak Proofreader: George Lisowski, Marcin Grabski Editor: Piotr Kamierkiewicz The publication is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Poland Certain rights are reserved to the authors and the Institute of Public Affairs. The publication was prepared under the Polish Development Cooperation Programme 2011 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. Any use of the pub- lication is permitted on condition that the above mentioned information (on the licence used, the holders of rights and the Polish Development Cooperation Programme) is included. ISBN 978-99928-37-35-1 Published by Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development 72 Tsereteli Avenue, 0154 Tbilisi Georgia 3 Table of contents Preface by Ghia Nodia ..................................................................................5 Introduction by Piotr Kamierkiewicz .......................................................... 9 The Relevance of Polish Experience in Migration Policy Development for Eastern Partners by Piotr Kamierkiewicz .................. 11 The Development of Migration Policy in Georgia by Tamara Pataraia ..... 35 Recommendations: How to Improve Migration Management in Georgia by Tamara Pataraia and Piotr Kamierkiewicz .................. 74 Notes about the Authors ............................................................................... 79 4 5 Ghia Nodia Applying Polish experience to the development of migration policy in Georgia In the 21st century, the development of an appropriate migration policy is an increasingly important issue for every country. In the last twenty years, due to political turmoil and economic shortages, a large chunk of Georgias population has left for other countries, temporarily or for good. On the other hand, as Georgias situation improves, it is gradually becom- ing an attractive destination for migrants from countries to the east and south. In Georgias case, the imperative to develop a comprehensive migra- tion policy is strengthened by its closer relations with the European Union. Relations with the EU have intensified since Georgia joined the European Neighborhood Policy in 2004, and became a member of the EU Eastern Partnership (EaP) in 2009. In this context, in summer 2010, negotiations on an Association Agreement between Georgia and EU were launched. Liberalization of the visa regime for Georgians who want to travel to countries of the EU is one of the most important benefits Georgia seeks from its closer ties with Europe. However, this requires harmonization of Georgias migration policies with European regulations and practices. Hence, when we talk about the development of migration policy in Georgia, this is usually in the context of relations with the European Union. In 2010, Georgia established a Governmental Commission on Migra- tion; in recent years, it has introduced a number of legislative changes and effective reforms in relevant government agencies for improving migration management and control. This illustrates that the Georgian government takes these issues seriously. In response, Schengen countries have already eased visa regulations for some categories of Georgian citizens. However, these are only first steps: Georgias ambition is to achieve much more. This also requires further progress in developing Georgias institutions and practices. 6 Ghia Nodia Georgias rapprochement with Europe is greatly helped by a group of countries that are supportive of Georgias ambitions, largely due to a sense of solidarity stemming from commonalities in their historical experience. Poland with its growing economic and political weight within the European Union is an especially important friend and ally. While greatly appreciating its political support, Georgia also hopes to benefit from studying Polands experience. Unlike Poland ten years ago, todays Georgia has no clear prospect of membership in the European Union though this is what it ultimately aspires to. At the same time, Poland is an appropriate role model for Georgia, being a formerly Communist country that has success- fully harmonized its state institutions and practices with the EU in the quite recent past. This has not been an easy process but the country has done its job well as it is now a successful member of the Union. Reforms necessary for drawing closer to the EU are somewhat con- troversial in Georgia as well. Having prioritized fast economic growth, Georgia has introduced rather liberal economic policies, and this includes fairly open attitudes to migration. Harmonization with European practices, however, requires greater regulation, which tends to be contrary to the instincts of some Georgian policymakers. Still, the imperative of Europe- anization is much stronger than those reservations hence the consider- able progress that has been achieved in relations between Georgia and Europe so far. Not long ago, similar political dilemmas existed in the case of Poland. Some Poles were concerned that stricter controls on the eastern border of the country would harm the economy in neighboring areas. These concerns were fully rational, but Poland managed to overcome the difficulties. Apart from political problems, there are also lots of technicalities that may seem boring, but if they are not taken care of, may be an obstacle to the success of reforms. Strengthening administrative capacity is an impor- tant component of Europeanization as well. Direct relations with Polish agencies that have gone through drastic reforms relatively recently but have now become a successful part of the European system are extremely useful for their Georgian counterparts. This is what the joint project between the Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development (CIPDD), and its Polish partner the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) has been about. These two indepen- dent think tanks took the initiative to facilitate cooperation between state agencies of the two countries aimed at speeding up progress in harmo- nization of Georgian migration policies and practices with those of Eu- ropean countries. While the project had a practical component of en- Preface 7 couraging actual learning experience through direct contacts between Georgian and Polish civil servants, this publication also includes policy studies, written from Georgian and Polish perspectives. These studies sum up the current state of affairs in the development of Georgias migration policies and practices, discuss Polish experience in this area and its relevance for Georgia, and make specific policy recommenda- tions addressed to appropriate actors. In taking this initiative, CIPDD and IPA wanted to serve as partners of government agencies, but also to directly serve their societies to make people better informed on the important issues of Georgian reforms in a vitally important area, and on Georgian-Polish cooperation in this area. We hope that through our efforts we have made a valuable if modest contri- bution but this is for others to judge. In any case, we want to extend our appreciation to the Polish Foreign Ministry, whose generous support made this project possible. Ghia Nodia Chairman Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development/CIPDD December 2011 8 9 Piotr Kamierkiewicz Introduction This publication is a collection of findings and recommendations, drawn up under the Improving mechanisms of migration control and coordination of migration policy in Georgia by reference to the Polish experience project, financed by the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as part of the 2011 PolishAid program. The project targeted officials of key Georgian institutions working to implement the countrys international commitments (in particular, the readmission and visa facilitation agreement) and to de- velop national policy in the field of migration. Between March and De- cember 2011, the project helped identify areas where legal and institu- tional reforms are needed as well as those aspects of migration control that could benefit from Polish experience. The assessment of the Georgian institutions needs was carried out through a combination of an analysis done by a team comprising a Geor- gian and Polish expert and a series of consultations with officials and representatives of non-governmental and international organizations. Atten- tion was paid at all stages of the project to ensuring that the Georgian officials had an opportunity to raise questions of key relevance to the execution of national reforms. Preliminary answers were provided through presentations made by institutions at project seminars, comments to expert assessments and also active participation in a study visit to Poland in September 2011. The study visit helped provide the officials with relevant experience of Polish institutions in developing capacity for effective mi-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Espionage Against Poland in the Documents and Analyses of the Polish Special Services (1944–1989) – As Illustrated by the Intelligence Activities of the USA
    DOI 10.14746/ssp.2016.1.8 Remigiusz ROSICKI Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Espionage against Poland in the Documents and Analyses of the Polish Special Services (1944–1989) – as Illustrated by the Intelligence Activities of the USA Abstract: The text is treats of the espionage against Poland in the period 1944–1989. The above analysis has been supplemented with the quantitative data from the period 1944–1984 as regards those convicted for participating in, acting for, and passing on information to the foreign intelligence agencies. The espionage issues were presented on the example of the American intelligence activity, which was illustrated by the cases of persons who were convicted for espionage. While examining the research thesis, the author used the documents and analyses prepared by the Ministry of In- ternal Affairs, which were in its major part addressed to the Security Service and the Citizens’ Militia officers. The author made an attempt at the verification of the fol- lowing research hypotheses: (1) To what extent did the character of the socio-political system influence the number of persons convicted for espionage against Poland in the period under examination (1944–1989)?; (2) What was the level of foreign intel- ligence services’ interest in Poland before the year 1990?; (3) Is it possible to indicate the specificity of the U.S. intelligence activity against Poland? Key words: espionage, U.S. espionage, intelligence activities, counterespionage, Polish counterintelligence, special services, state security Introduction he aim of this text is to present the level of knowledge among the au- Tthorities responsible for the state security and public order about the intelligence activities conducted against Poland in the period 1944–1989.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformation of the Special Services in Poland in the Context of Political Changes
    Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces ISSN:2544-7122(print),2545-0719(online) 2020,Volume52,Number3(197),Pages557-573 DOI:10.5604/01.3001.0014.3926 Original article Transformation of the special services in Poland in the context of political changes Marian Kopczewski1* , Zbigniew Ciekanowski2 , Anna Piotrowska3 1 FacultyofSecuritySciences, GeneralTadeuszKościuszkoMilitaryUniversityofLandForces,Wrocław,Poland, e-mail:[email protected] 2 FacultyofEconomicandTechnicalSciences, PopeJohnPaulIIStateSchoolofHigherEducationinBiałaPodlaska,Poland, e-mail:[email protected] 3 FacultyofNationalSecurity,WarStudiesUniversity,Warsaw,Poland, e-mail:[email protected] INFORMATION ABSTRACT Article history: ThearticlepresentsthetransformationofspecialservicesinPolandagainst Submited:16August2019 thebackgroundofpoliticalchanges.Itpresentstheactivitiesofsecuritybod- Accepted:19May2020 ies–civilandmilitaryintelligenceandcounterintelligenceduringthecommu- Published:15September2020 nistera.Theirtaskwastostrengthencommunistpower,eliminateopponents ofthesystem,strengthentheallianceofsocialistcountriesledbytheUSSR, andfightagainstdemocraticopposition.Thecreationofnewspecialservices wasalsoshown:theUOPandtheWSI.Thefocuswasonthenewtasksthat weresetfortheminconnectionwiththedemocraticchangesandnewalli- ances.TherewerepresentedspectacularUOPactions,whichcontributedto raisingtheprestigeofPolandontheinternationalarena. KEYWORDS *Correspondingauthor specialservices,politicalchanges,democracy,security ©2020byAuthor(s).ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution
    [Show full text]
  • Straż Graniczna Centralny Ośrodek Szkolenia Straży Granicznej W
    Centralny Ośrodek Szkolenia Straży Granicznej w Koszalinie http://cos.strazgraniczna.pl/cos/o-nas/historia/historia-formacji/wop/13827,WOP.html 2021-10-01, 14:23 WOP 16.05.2014 Po zakończeniu II wojny światowej, ochronę granicy państwowej powierzono początkowo jednostkom Wojska Polskiego. Zgodnie z rozkazem Naczelnego Dowódcy WP z dn. 27 maja 1945 r., wydzielone związki taktyczne 2 armii Wojska Polskiego do dnia 10 czerwca miały zakończyć przegrupowanie z terytorium Czechosłowacji i obsadzić granicę na Odrze i Bystrzycy, a następnie kierując się dalej na zachód, linię Odry i Nysy Łużyckiej. Odtąd dzień 10 czerwca symbolicznie obchodzono jako Święto WOP. Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza utworzono trzy miesiące później 13 września 1945 r. rozkazem Nr 254/Org. Naczelnego Dowódcy WP. Na tej podstawie, wyznaczone wcześniej do ochrony granicy państwowej jednostki, przekształcono w etatowe struktury WOP podporządkowane organizacyjnie Ministerstwu Obrony Narodowej. Instancję naczelną stanowił Departament WOP (szef - płk (gen.) Gwidon Czerwiński), podległy I wiceministrowi MON, gen. Wsiewołodowi Strażewskiemu. Przy dowództwach okręgów wojskowych utworzono Wydziały ds. WOP, którym podporządkowano Oddziały WOP, a tym z kolei komendy odcinków i strażnice. 28 października 1945 r. zorganizowano na granicach przejściowe punkty kontrolne. W latach 1945 r. -1990 r. WOP podlegał następującym resortom : 1945 - 1949 - Ministerstwu Obrony Narodowej, 1949 - 1954 - Ministerstwu Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego, 1954 - 1965 - Ministerstwu Spraw Wewnętrznych, 1965 - 1971/72
    [Show full text]
  • Anja H. Ebnoether INTRODUCTION
    Anja H. Ebnoether INTRODUCTION The present study was conceptually embedded in the Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes (PfP C). It is the outcome of a close cooperation between the PfP C Track on “Security Sector Reform” and the “Regional Stability Track”. It is also part of the cooperation agreement between DCAF and the National Defence Academy. This publication is the result of the first of two joint workshops between the two tracks with the participation of the PfP-C Security Sector Reform Working Group and the Regional Stability South Caucasus Study Group. The meeting took place in November 2003 in Reichenau, Austria, hosted by the Austrian Ministry of Defense (represented by the National Defense Academy and the Bureau for Security Policy). The book reflects the excellent possibilities and opportunities the Consortium provides for interdisciplinary, comparative and cross- country studies. It shows how unconventional ideas and new initiatives can be tested without immediately having major political impacts. This is what makes the PfP Consortium so unique and deserves our support and attention. Under the new PfP Consortium governance structure1 the combination of a regionally oriented SG (Regional Stability Southern Caucasus) and a topic focussed WG (Security Sector Reform) was a “first” for the PfP C. The initiative was taken on the one side by the Security Sector Reform Working Group in order to start a stock-taking process regarding the status of the security sector in the Southern Caucasus countries – and on the other side by the co-ordinator of the Regional Stability Track who wished to re-launch Consortium activities in the region, as the existing Study Group had been inactive for the past year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Book of the Righteous of the Eastern Borderlands 1939−1945
    THE BOOK OF THE RIGHTEOUS OF THE EASTERN BORDERLANDS 1939−1945 About the Ukrainians who rescued Poles subjected to extermination by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Edited by Romuald Niedzielko THE BOOK OF THE RIGHTEOUS OF THE EASTERN BORDERLANDS 1939−1945 THE BOOK OF THE RIGHTEOUS OF THE EASTERN BORDERLANDS 1939−1945 About the Ukrainians who rescued Poles subjected to extermination by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Edited by Romuald Niedzielko Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation Graphic design Krzysztof Findziński Translation by Jerzy Giebułtowski Front cover photograph: Ukrainian and Polish inhabitants of the Twerdynie village in Volhynia. In the summer of 1943 some local Ukrainians were murdering their Polish neigh- bors while other Ukrainians provided help to the oppressed. Vasyl Klishchuk – one of the perpetrators, second from the right in the top row. Stanisława Dzikowska – lying on ground in a white scarf, one of the victims, murdered on July 12, 1943 with her parents and brothers (photo made available by Józef Dzikowski – Stanisława’s brother; reprinted with the consent of Władysław and Ewa Siemaszko from their book Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–1945, vol. 1–2 [Warsaw, 2000]) Copyright by Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation ISBN 978-83-7629-461-2 Visit our website at www.ipn.gov.pl/en and our online bookstore at www.ipn.poczytaj.pl. CONTENTS Introduction . 7 1 Volhynia Voivodeship . 23 2 Polesie Voivodeship .
    [Show full text]
  • From the Potsdam Conference to the Victory of the Peaceful Revolution of the Solidarity Trade Union
    Bouguslaw Tomasz Czerwinski: The Polish border regime 71 From the Potsdam Conference to the victory of the peaceful revolution of the Solidarity Trade Union The Polish border regime in the years 1945–1989 Bogusław Tomasz Czerwiński Contrary to the situation in Western European countries, the end of the Second World War and the defeat of the German Third Reich did not bring freedom to Poles. On the basis of the agreements between the Allies – the US, Great Britain and the USSR – signed in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam, Poland remained within the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union. The outcomes of these agreements were significant for Polish peo- ple. First of all, the state’s political system became a totalitarian one, with its all negative consequences. The most important of these were the lack of free elections and the ab- sence of democracy, mass persecutions and murders of not only the system’s political opponents but also of people who were not connected with the opposition but who were considered to be political opponents by the communist authorities. Even if Poland was formally an independent state, per facta concludentia it lost its independence and be- came a puppet state. This was because all crucial decisions concerning political, eco- nomic, social and military matters came directly from the leaders of the USSR or needed their approval. An important example is the draft of the Polish constitution written in Russian with the personal handwritten remarks of Joseph Stalin1. Even though Poland was the first to fight against the German Third Reich and even though it was an im- portant part of the anti-Nazi coalition, the victorious Allies decided that Poland would finally lose more than half of its territory2.
    [Show full text]
  • Victims of the Iron Curtain Project – Project Analysis
    Victims of the Iron Curtain Project – project analysis Text by: Martin Slávik, Wojciech Bednarski When the newly constituted United Nations organisation adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10 December 1948, a charter driven by the need to prevent the repetition of the horrors of WWII, the Soviet Union and its satellite countries abstained from voting. From their seizure of power after WWII until their fall in 1989-1991, the Communist dictatorships in the so-called Eastern bloc violated all articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on a daily basis, committing the worst crimes and atrocities against their own citizens. Until the fall of the regime, people living in the Eastern bloc were denied the most fundamental human rights: the right to life, liberty and security, freedom from slavery, freedom from torture and inhumane treatment, equality before the law, the right to justice, freedom of assembly, freedom of expression, freedom of movement, freedom of religion, the right to own property, the right to education, freedom to choose a profession, active and passive voting rights. People lived in a permanent situation of lawlessness, state crime and fear, and yet that was a time regarded by the international community as a time of peace. During the Communist dictatorship in Europe, hundreds of thousands of innocent people were executed, killed or deported, millions were imprisoned, tortured or forced to perform slave labour and tens of millions of people were subjected to other unlawful, and inhumane treatment or persecution. One big group of people who suffered under the Communist regimes were those who wanted to live in freedom, so they tried to leave their countries and their only option was to escape “illegally”.1 The “Victims of the Iron Curtain” project focuses on the group of people who were killed, wounded or arrested by the border guards troops during their attempt to escape from a Communist country.
    [Show full text]
  • Swiss Border Guard and Police
    CSS Analyses in Security Policy CSS ETH Zurich N0. 196, October 2016, Editor: Matthias Bieri Swiss Border Guard and Police: Trained for an “Emergency”? The “refugee crisis” in Germany has shown that when refugee immigration increases significantly, border guard forces need support. Under such a scenario in Switzerland, the Swiss Border Guard (SBG) corps would be supported by the (military) police, who, with their training, have a number of relevant capabilities. However, their de­ ployability is limited. By Lisa Wildi In autumn of 2015, the German Federal Police (“Bundespolizei”, the former Feder- al Border Guard or “Bundesgrenzschutz”) reached its limits. They were no longer ca- pable of controlling, transporting and reg- istering the arriving asylum-seekers on their own. In the course of the crisis, there were recurring debates over which govern- ment authority was to take on which tasks. In Switzerland, too, parliament has repeat- edly discussed since last autumn which forces should support the SBG in the case of an acute crisis. Under the “Asylum Con- tingency Plan” approved by the Federal Administration, cantons, cities, and com- munities in April 2016, the SBG corps would be supplemented by cantonal police forces and, should these not suffice, by sol- diers. However, the usual areas of responsi- If the border guard corps reaches its limits, it will receive support from the police in the first instance. The bility are to be preserved as far as possible tasks the police forces were to take on would be determined by their level of training. D. Balibous / REU in the case of a “refugee contingency”.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Georgia's Migration Policy
    1 DEVELOPING GEORGIA’S MIGRATION POLICY: LESSONS FROM POLAND Tbilisi, December 2011 2 Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development/CIPDD European and Euro-Atlantic Cooperation Program The publication was prepared under the Improving Mechanisms of Migration Control and Coordination of Migration Policy in Georgia by Reference to the Polish Experi- ence project The project was co-financed by the Polish Development Cooperation Programme 2011 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland The views expressed in this publication are exclusively those of the authors and are not meant to represent the official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland Project coordinator: Justyna Frelak Proofreader: George Lisowski, Marcin Grabski Editor: Piotr Kamierkiewicz The publication is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Poland Certain rights are reserved to the authors and the Institute of Public Affairs. The publication was prepared under the Polish Development Cooperation Programme 2011 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. Any use of the pub- lication is permitted on condition that the above mentioned information (on the licence used, the holders of rights and the Polish Development Cooperation Programme) is included. ISBN 978-99928-37-35-1 Published by Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development 72 Tsereteli Avenue, 0154 Tbilisi Georgia 3 Table of contents Preface by Ghia Nodia ..................................................................................5 Introduction by Piotr Kamierkiewicz .......................................................... 9 The Relevance of Polish Experience in Migration Policy Development for Eastern Partners by Piotr Kamierkiewicz .................. 11 The Development of Migration Policy in Georgia by Tamara Pataraia ..... 35 Recommendations: How to Improve Migration Management in Georgia by Tamara Pataraia and Piotr Kamierkiewicz .................
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Publication
    Nuclear Proliferation International History Project "Is the Possibility of a Third World War Real?" Researching Nuclear Ukraine in the KGB Archive By Nate Jones NPIHP Working Paper #13 March 2019 THE NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES Christian F. Ostermann and Leopoldo Nuti, Series Editors This paper is one of a series of Working Papers published by the Nuclear Proliferation International History Project. The Nuclear Proliferation International History Project (NPIHP) is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents, oral history interviews and other empirical sources. Recognizing that today’s toughest nuclear challenges have deep roots in the past, NPIHP seeks to transcend the East vs. West paradigm to work towards an integrated international history of nuclear weapon proliferation. The continued proliferation of nuclear weapons is one of the most pressing security issues of our time, yet the empirically-based study of international nuclear history remains in its infancy. NPIHP’s programs to address this central issue include: the annual Nuclear Boot Camp for M.A. and Ph.D. candidates to foster a new generation of experts on the international history of nuclear weapons; the NPIHP Fellowship Program for advanced Ph.D. students and post-doctoral researchers hosted by NPIHP partner institutions around the world; a coordinated, global research effort which combines archival mining and oral history interviews conducted by NPIHP partners; a massive translation and digitization project aimed at making documentary evidence on international nuclear history broadly accessible online; a series of conferences, workshops and seminars hosted by NPIHP partners around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Transition Guide
    MEMORY OF NATIONS Democratic Transition Guide [ The Argentine Experience ] TIMELINE OF THE MAJOR EVENTS SOFÍA DEL CARRIL March 1973 General elections held. Hector J. Cámpora of the Partido Justicialista wins with over 49 % of the vote July 1973 President Cámpora and Vice President Solano Lima resign. General elections called September 1973 General elections held. Juan Domingo Perón wins with over 61 % of the vote; María Estela Martinez, his wife, runs as his Vice President. Shortly after, Jose Rucci, a main ally of Perón, is assassinated by Montoneros, although the group does not acknowledge responsibility November 1973 The Alianza Anticomunista Argentina (known as Triple A), a state-sponsored parapolice group surfaces with a high-profile assassination attempt July 1974 Juan D. Perón dies. Vice President María Estela Martínez becomes the new head of state November 6, 1974 President Martínez de Perón establishes the state of siege in the Argentine territory February 1975 President Martínez de Perón sanctions Decree 265, mandating the armed forces to neutralize or annihilate subversive forces in the northern province of Tucumán. Operativo Independencia is launched, involving national and subnational security forces and targeting PRT-ERP and Monton- eros guerrilla groups October 1975 On October 5, Montoneros attacks a military garrison in Formosa. The next day, decree 2772 extends the mandate of Decree 265 to the entire Argentine territory December 1975 ERP attacks a military base in Provincia de Buenos Aires March 24, 1976 Coup d’état. President Martínez de Perón is forced out of government and detained. The Military Junta rises to power, under the command of members of the army, air force and navy 1976–1978 Peak years of the repression with numerous CCD (clandestine centers of detention) active all over the country September 1979 The Inter American Commission for Human Rights visits Argentina.
    [Show full text]
  • Return of the Hanseatic League Or How the Baltic Sea Trade Washed Away the Iron Curtain, 1945-1991
    Return of the Hanseatic League or How the Baltic Sea Trade Washed Away the Iron Curtain, 1945-1991 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Blusiewicz, Tomasz. 2017. Return of the Hanseatic League or How the Baltic Sea Trade Washed Away the Iron Curtain, 1945-1991. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41141532 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Return of the Hanseatic League or how the Baltic Sea Trade Washed Away the Iron Curtain, 1945-1991 A dissertation presented by Tomasz Blusiewicz to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April 2017 © 2017 Tomasz Blusiewicz All rights reserved. Professor Alison Frank Johnson Tomasz Blusiewicz Return of the Hanseatic League or how the Baltic Sea Trade Washed Away the Iron Curtain, 1945-1991 Abstract This dissertation develops a comparative perspective on the Baltic region, from Hamburg in the West to Leningrad in the East. Its transnational approach highlights the role played by medieval Hanseatic port cities such as Rostock (East Germany), Szczecin and Gdańsk (Poland), Kaliningrad, Klaipeda, Riga, and Tallinn (Soviet Union), as ‘windows to the world’ that helped the communist-controlled Europe to remain in touch with the West after 1945.
    [Show full text]