p20, left,prg6, line3:English(deletei) p19, right,prg2: endnotinblock line9: pin(italics) line8: both(NOT italics) p19, left,prg2: italics line7: lavatory line6: restrooms line6: lavatories line3: lavatory p19, left,prg1: italics p18, right,prg2, line2:learner's (addapostrophe) p18, margin --addingrey box atbottom: p18, margin, line4,startline: Springfield, MA,2008 p18, margin, line3,stratline: Merriam-Webster Inc. Merriam-Webster and Oxford, as we both pick up market share growthfor short-term of period a predicted hand, other the on so that doesn’t explain the growth over the past five years. Joe, Merriam-Websterbegunjust really has offerto products, such would come from sales of products for nonnative speakers, and business dictionary the in growth that postulates Charles one. this buttresses Joe’s gloomy Interestingly, scenario more than place. Charles’ took sunny conversation that since year every in increased have profits that and good quite still is Webster Merriam- of health of state the that report happyto am I First, its view about the future of dictionary-making is now in order. should stay tuned, so perhaps an update on Merriam-WebsterMerriam-Webster’s and business at of theglimpse a offeredCharles installment,time last However,his in and suggested that readers else reallycouldwesay?). (what credibility lacking and prediction) the reject chargeand the resist would (we self-defensive as seen Websterbe would eventual demise. As such, I thought any response from management Merriam-of Merriam-Webster and OUP and predicting our the of part the on fecklessness of degree certain a suggesting wasall, after Joe, respond. to not best it thought I time, the At “Good-bye OxfordandMerriam.Itwas nicetoknow you.” so dictionary with Windows. He ends his essay with the wistful Microsoft was going to take over the business by bundling a so- the future of dictionary-making was pretty punk, mostly because thought Joe while nonnativeEnglish, for of products speakers creating in especially lexicography, English in boom coming conversationthat versiona of waspredicting Charles wasthat simple overly The times. few a than more up came Webster Merriam- name the surprisingly, not and dictionary-making, of future the about pages these in views exchanged Esposito Once upon a time, not so long ago, Charles Levine and Joseph News DICTIONARY Kernerman Graphic Design Editor 20 18 16 15 14 8 4 1 Lexicography in Asia, Vol. 2 A new dictionarywithadifferent viewpoint A FirstLookat Password Thierry Fontenelle (ed.). The feelingof Gazophylacium Anglicanum Merriam-Webster andthefutureof Perspectives inLexicography Hayakawa Fumitoshi dictionary

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Ilan J. Kernerman –aproductive dictionaryfamily Merriam-Webster andthefuture ofdictionary-making y

Miyoshi Kusujiro

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Studio Orna Cohen sakura Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s EnglishDictionary – Are youinterestedinsuchaJapan? Practical Lexicography, A Reader (1689),aturningpointinthehistoryofgeneralEnglish y :

Asia andBeyond Vincent B.Y. Ooi, Anne Pakir, Ismail S. Talib, Peter Tan.

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Ari (Lionel)Kernerman

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John M.Morse

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Rik Schutz Hisamatsu Ken'ichi and to Internet search engines. Indeed, the good news coming out coming news good the Indeed, engines. search Internet to dictionary think we all should take some encouragement from the fact that from online use of our products. And, in a less parochial vein, I revenuesflowingfrom come fivehas past years the growthin Merriam-Webster’sof much that say to headlines making I’m think don’t I nonetheless. significant is development the but comments, their made Joe and Charles after until occur not did revenue of source significant a as delivery online free of business.emergencethe remark; that with criticism no mean I the affect would dictionary the of use online in growth how was detail any in addressed Joe nor Charles neither what but Joe, to go to seems prognostications dueling of 1 Round So finally lowers theboomonbothofus. Microsoft before wayside, the by falling rivals weaker from on editorial policies and on dictionary-making in general. I am have will it effects nefarious what wondering to them set and This new business model will worry some dictionary-watchers dictionary.the at look that eyeballs the sell we dictionary; the at our business. In the online world, for instance, we don’t sell newrequires knowledge, new newand skills, looking waysof that money making of way new a to committed fully are, we here yet, And dictionary? a of pages the in ads of heard ever Who sales. advertising said have well might I learn, to have never would publishers dictionary that publishing of aspect one the was what ago years twenty asked been had I If tricks. new some learn to dogs old required has It easily. come not has revenue in growth this that said be to needs it course, Of about seriouswords. questions serious asking people serious with supplied well is dictionaries. And the log files of our Web sites suggest the Web using are people of lot a that is farexperience so online the of

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is one of the most frequently submitted search terms John M.Morse kdictionaries.com/kdn Number 16 Number Nahum 8 Tel Aviv 63503Israel © 2008 All rightsreserved. K DICTIONARIES LTD [email protected] http://kdictionaries.com Fax: 972-3-5468103 Tel: 972-3-5468102

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July 2008 July

ISSNKernerman 1565-4745 Dictionary News, July 2008 

happy to report that, at least so far, I see no We see a traditional and an emerging bad effects at all. The main difference is business for each of these transitions, with greater sense of urgency to meet the needs the traditional business persisting even as of and delight the user, but that certainly the emerging business grows. This gives us can’t be a bad thing. two conditions for each of three variables, None of this refutes Joe’s central point which if you remember your high school about the power of bigger players to distort math, means that there are two to the the world of dictionaries. Fears about third power, or eight, different businesses Microsoft may seem increasingly archaic, for Merriam-Webster, ranging from print but substitute Google for Microsoft and products for native speakers in domestic muse on the fact that one tweak of the markets (still our biggest business) to Google algorithm for ranking search results electronic products designed for English- can consign any Web site to the dust heap language learners in international markets of history, and you realize how timely and (our newest business). appropriate Joe’s concerns are. Of all these transitions, the move from However, I think our experience of the past print to online delivery has been most ten years does cast some doubt on Joe’s transforming and holds the potential John M. Morse is the notion that the artfully bundled good-enough for letting lexicographers engage with President and Publisher of dictionary will prevail. One could point to dictionary users in much more intimate and Merriam-Webster Incorporated. the definition link on Google results pages meaningful ways, including blogs, message He began his tenure in 1980, as the moral equivalent of bundling in boards, open dictionaries, widgets, and following four years as today’s search-dominated world, and indeed personalized pages. Joe worries that we will the dictionary at the other end of that link stunt our growth by limiting the market for Project Editor for Merriam- profits from it, but it is hard to see that link dictionaries to plain old humans, as opposed Webster’s parent company, transforming the world of dictionaries. In fact, to building dictionaries to meet the needs Encyclopædia Britannica. so far, no bundled dictionary, whether with of computers, and he may be right. But As Manager of Editorial browser, search engine, operating system, or for right now, there is plenty of new and Operations and Planning in e-book reader yet looks likely to have a major exciting business to go around in meeting 1983, and as Executive Editor impact on the dictionary business. And as the language needs of human beings. in 1991, he assumed overall for the world being inclined to embrace the Interestingly, the move to electronic delivery responsibility for all product- good-enough dictionary, I note that the vast has brought some unintended consequences. development operations. He majority of Web traffic going to dictionaries By offering a free Collegiate Dictionary was promoted to the position continues to go to high-quality professionally on the Web, we have introduced Merriam- of Publisher in 1996, widening created databases. Webster dictionaries to more people in his responsibilities to include So, ultimately, I choose to side with Charles international markets than we were ever in this discussion. In part this is my native able to do with our print products. Our all company operations, and optimism. I am drawn to the truism that print products, after all, face two daunting was named President and pessimists are usually right, but optimists challenges in international markets. In Publisher the following year. have more fun. But I also believe that English-speaking countries, they go He continues to be actively dictionary-making will flourish and that up against very good locally produced involved in the company’s meeting the needs of English-language native-speakers’ dictionaries, which enjoy editorial process, including the learners will be a big part of it. I would only much well-deserved loyalty. And in non- creation of Merriam-Webster’s qualify Charles’ position by saying that the English-speaking countries there is a need Collegiate® Dictionary, learner’s dictionary component is just one for learner’s dictionaries that our native- Eleventh Edition. Mr. Morse part of the story. speaker’s dictionaries cannot wholly meet. is a graduate of Haverford My more-complex vision of the future But online, the situation is different. College and holds a Masters of dictionary-making is understandably In English-speaking countries, the free Merriam-centric, but I think the growth Merriam-Webster online dictionary enjoys of Arts degree in English prospects for Merriam-Webster are not much greater acceptance than the print Language and Literature from fundamentally different from those of products ever did. In Canada, for instance, the University of Chicago. He any other U.S.-based dictionary-maker. In the market acceptance of our online is a frequent speaker on topics Merriam-Webster’s case we see ourselves dictionary dwarfs the market acceptance having to do with language, as a company expanding along three of our print products. And in non-English- dictionary-making, and the dimensions. speaking countries, the benefits of the online relationship between print and 1. From being predominantly a print site – audio pronunciations and a more user- electronic publishing. publisher to also having a significant friendly display of data, to name two – have [email protected] electronic component. been discovered and are appreciated by an 2. From creating products intended primarily encouragingly large number of English- for native speakers of English to also language learners. creating products expressly designed for However, we have long known that if we are English-language learners. to have a significant global presence, and 3. From being primarily a domestic U.S. enjoy the kind of growth that Charles predicts, publisher to being a truly international we must offer products designed expressly to

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 July Dictionary News, Kernerman publisher. meet the needs of English-language learners. 

And that is what we will do this year. In large amounts of investment capital by September, we will publish the first full- promising large growth multiples, then we Charles M. Levine. The featured advanced learner’s dictionary from are probably doomed. The plain fact is that Coming Boom in English an American publisher: Merriam-Webster’s dictionary publishing has always been a Lexicography: Some Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. tough business. Trying to sell a book like Thoughts about the World This is a project that has been almost ten the Collegiate Dictionary for the same Wide Web (Part One) years in the making and has absorbed nearly price as a trade hardcover book when the Kernerman Dictionary all of our lexicographers’ time, energy, and dictionary has four times the number of News 9, July 2001 creativity. And we are already at work on the pages offers just a taste of the madness of http://kdictionaries.com/ abridged, bilingual, and children’s versions dictionary publishing. But this is the path kdn/kdn9-1.html of these products. All of which is to support we have been on since 1847 when George Charles’ point that creating products for and Charles Merriam dropped the price of Joseph E. Esposito. English-language learners will provide Webster’s dictionary, which had once sold Dictionaries, another employment for lexicographers for as far for $20.00, to $6.00. As I look back over the Netscape? out as the eye can see. history of dictionary publishing, it is hard to Kernerman Dictionary As originally conceived, this dictionary was see any moment when it was a high-growth News 10, July 2002 a product designed to be a print product industry, and yet dictionary publishers have http://kdictionaries.com/ for the international market, and that survived. kdn/kdn10-1.html opportunity still remains and is significant, We survive for a number of reasons. We but the prospects for this dictionary have scrimp and save and run our businesses as Charles M. Levine. become much more multi-dimensional efficiently as possible, thereby reporting The Coming Boom in since we embarked on this project in the profits when other kinds of publishing might English Lexicography late 1990s. not. We have always lived in the commercial – Reconsidered (Part Two) First, the domestic market for the dictionary world, which teaches hard lessons about Kernerman Dictionary has grown considerably. There is no need to the dangers of getting out of touch with News 11, July 2003 rehearse the numbers here; readers of these consumers. Some investors still believe that http://kdictionaries.com/ pages are well aware of the growth in the in the long run we will prevail, and they kdn/kdn11-1.html number of speakers of English as a second value being part of an important and exciting language in the United States, and the project in the history of human knowledge. Julian Parish. Microsoft need for high-quality reference products to But most of all, we survive because of the and Dictionary Makers: meet the needs of these language-learners. good hard work of lexicographers whose Defining Partnerships So the traditional business of selling print sense of dedication and conscientiousness Kernerman Dictionary products in domestic markets is enlarged as drive them to build better dictionaries than News 12, July 2004 we add more products designed for English- they were asked to – dictionaries that exceed http://kdictionaries.com/ language learners. all reasonable expectations. And that really kdn/kdn12-1.html But it is really the transition to digital is the dictionary-maker’s secret weapon. delivery that enriches the prospects for We know how to create more profit, attract Adam Kilgarriff. If the new dictionary. A few years ago, we more capital, and build better products than dictionaries are free, who reserved the domain LearnersDictionary. anyone would have any right to expect. will buy them? com, and we anticipate that much of the So, in a way, I agree with Joe; by any Kernerman Dictionary use of this new dictionary will be online. As rational standard, we probably ought to News 13, June 2005 with native speakers’ online products, the be considered a dying breed. Like Joe, I http://kdictionaries.com/ opportunities to create a rich and rewarding can easily think of twenty factors that will kdn/kdn1307.html online experience are many and exciting. lay us low. But in the end, like Charles, I And there will also be a reciprocal benefit as also think we have a bright future, in part future growth of traffic to our Web sites can because there is an obvious, substantial, come from serving the needs of English- and persistent need for the information we language learners in both domestic and provide but also because we are a stubborn international markets. and resourceful lot who for centuries have So will all this save us from Joe’s predicted figured out ways to do more with less than demise? any other part of publishing. Dictionary Maybe yes and maybe no. If the only publishing is a dirty job, but dictionary- way to survive in this world is to attract makers are just the ones to do it.

Merriam-Webster, Incorporated Merriam-Webster, Inc. acquired the rights to revise and publish Noah Webster’s dictionaries in 1843. Since then, the company has maintained its supremacy in the English dictionary market in the USA. Today, it continues as the leader in both print and electronic language reference publishing with reference products, learning tools, and word games, including Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. http://merriam-webster.com Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 July Dictionary News, Kernerman 

Gazophylacium Anglicanum )1689(, a turning point in the history of the general English dictionary Miyoshi Kusujiro

Abstract Witt Starnes and Gertrude Noyes (1946: The anonymously compiled Gazophylacium 67) once remarked that “The author [of the Anglicanum (Gazophylacium, 1689) is Gazophylacium] indeed simply translates a dictionary of English etymology that the lists and definitions from Skinner, has seldom been discussed seriously sometimes condensing or omitting matter among authorities. De Witt Starnes and from the original.” And Martin Wakelin Gertrude Noyes (1946: 67) and Martin (1987: 161) remarked that “The author of Wakelin (1987: 161) criticized it as being the Gazophylacium […] is predominantly a poor translation of Stephen Skinner’s interested in etymologies; which are highly-acclaimed Etymologicon Linguae frequently plundered from Skinner.” Anglicanae (Etymologicon, 1671), a type Concerning J.K.’s NED, this is widely Miyoshi Kusujiro is a of English-Latin bilingual dictionary that acknowledged as the first English dictionary professor of English at Soka provides etymological information on that treated a high number of daily words, Women’s College in Tokyo. English words in Latin. However, when the thus divorcing from the tendency in the He has been teaching English Gazophylacium is compared with J.K.’s New general English dictionary to lay particular and the history of the English English Dictionary (NED, 1702), which emphasis on hard words of foreign origin. language at colleges and Sidney Landau (1984: 44) called “a turning Referring to this point, Whitney Bolton universities in Japan since point in English lexicography” for its first (1982: 241) remarked that J.K. “managed 1983. Dr Miyoshi received a treatment of an abundance of daily words, to include about 28,000 words [in NED], PhD in the history of English it becomes clear that the Gazophylacium most of which had never before appeared in was actually instrumental in bringing about an English dictionary,” and Sidney Landau lexicography at the University this turning point, exerting considerable (1984: 44) expressed his opinion that J.K.’s of Exeter in 2005. influence on J.K.’s NED. At the same time, NED marked “a turning point in English http://home.soka.ac.jp/ this also means that the Gazophylacium lexicography.” ~miyoshi/mcven.htm was, regardless of its quality, a bridge In this way, the Gazophylacium and between the tradition of the English-Latin J.K.’s NED are in sharp contrast to each dictionary until Skinner’s Etymologicon, other in two respects: their types and the which the Gazophylacium is based on, and experts’ assessment of them. In spite of that of the general English dictionary after such differences, however, it is likely J.K.’s NED. that J.K. perused the Gazophylacium as essential background material for NED. Keywords J.K. himself did not make any mention Gazophylacium, turning point, English of the Gazophylacium anywhere in his lexicography dictionary, but if his NED is actually based on the Gazophylacium, it means that the Introduction Gazophylacium was, regardless of its In this paper I discuss the relations between quality, instrumental in bringing about “a two historical English dictionaries. turning point in English lexicography,” thus, One is the Gazophylacium Anglicanum at the same time, being a bridge between (Gazophylacium), an etymological the tradition of the English-Latin dictionary dictionary published in 1689 by an until Skinner’s Etymologicon, which the anonymous author, and the other is the Gazophylacium is based on, and that of New English Dictionary (NED), a general the general English dictionary after J.K.’s dictionary published in 1702 by an author NED. who is known only by his initials, J.K. My purpose in this paper is to provide As to the Gazophylacium, the title being in historical evidence to support this possibility. Latin, it was actually compiled in English. In order to achieve this purpose, I will firstly This dictionary is not widely known, aim to formulate a hypothesis that indicates having seldom been discussed seriously the certainty of J.K.’s reference to the until today. The reason for this is that the Gazophylacium by analyzing words that are dictionary has usually been regarded as little contained in six general English dictionaries more than a poor translation of Stephen from Robert Cawdrey’s Table Alphabeticall Skinner’s acclaimed Etymologicon Linguae (Table), the first general English dictionary Anglicanae (Etymologicon), published in published in 1604, to NED. By performing 1671, a type of English-Latin bilingual this task, it will also be rediscovered how dictionary that provides etymological unique J.K.’s NED is in terms of the words

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 July Dictionary News, Kernerman information on English words in Latin. De contained in it. Secondly, I will aim to verify and J.K.’s NED. Though most of the the of most Though NED. J.K.’s and Dictionary English Words Phillips’ Edward Dictionarie English ( Bullokar’s John are They published. were dictionaries English Cawdrey’s since Toprecisely,firstcentury it the put during arbitrary manner. or wayward a in out carried been having as did, Nagashima as to practice, this regard misleading be can it However, done. had predecessors their than dictionaries their in words of numbers greater include to tended lexicographers English general not is it necessarily Nagashima, wrong that of for the first opinion 100 years the In 1736).” Britannicum Dictionarium Bailey’s[Nathan] in 60,000 exceeded dictionaries and successive the in accretion wayward through went (1604) dictionary English monolingual first Cawdrey’s in 69), “The total entry [count] of about (1988: 2,500 Nagashima Daisuke to according Cawdrey’s with for manner approximately the first arbitrary 100 years beginning an in dictionaries few their in words of number the increasing to a themselves that devoted view quite the lexicographers such hold judge, to can seem I authorities as far As misconception amongexperts. task, I will also have to clear up a prevailing contained in their works. And, in doing this be to words general selected dictionaries early English the of lexicographers the the the formulating for to J.K.’sreference concerning hypothesis preparation In of thegeneralEnglishdicitonary English Dictionary Formulating ahypothesis: J.K.’s the dictionary. in position its of virtue added the has and convenientsize of sample a is portion this dictionary,English another of analysis his L; as Joseph Reed (1962: 95), remarked in letter the with beginning words on entries the bodies of related dictionaries, I take up analyzing by that, is other dictionary. The English general of type a as words, hard English early dictionaries some which or almost exclusively words,” hard treated of “dictionary the termed have experts that dictionary English the regard I that is One paper. the in adopted are Twoprocedures to thelatter. trying toclarifytherelationsofformer comparing the J.K.’s of with NED means by hypothesis the Expositor Gazophylacium ( New World New , 1616), Henry Cockeram’s Cockeram’s Henry 1616), , Table New World of English English of World New Table , 1658), Elisha Coles’ Coles’ Elisha 1658), , inthefirst 100years , I want to show how how show to want I , ( ( Gazophylacium Dictionarie nls Expositor English Dictionary , five other general general other five , . For instance, instance, For . (2nd edition edition (2nd , 1623), 1623), , , 1676) 1676) , New , thus ,

(2) Bullokar’s Bullokar’s (2) (1) Cawdrey’s resulting inthefollowing list: the arrange results in chronological order, which I did, and Cawdrey’s, including dictionaries, six the of each in L letter the we examine entries on words beginning when understood withclearly be will fact This in a having increased words in their dictionaries other words, they should not be unique regarded as their In dictionaries. their compiling in policies maintained lexicographers, five respectively, the that situation this indicates that said be safely may It theirs. into dictionaries preceding the of words the all incorporated them of none predecessors, their by compiled works the in words few a quite to referred have may dictionaries five these of lexicographers Phillips’ as their immediate predecessors. However, considerably more than twice as many contain Cawdrey’s,theywords after dictionaries three other the of case the In J.K.’s NED. Phillips’ dictionaries, two about facts notable especially reveals also far, it should be acknowledged that this list On the premise of what I have discussed so Coles’ (5) Phillips’(4) Cockeram’s (3) Cockeram’s had treated. Cawdrey words 59 the of 49.2%, or 29, disregarded Bullokar However, his in range same the within Cawdrey, than words more times 2.1 or L’s in his While Cawdrey included 59 words in the Expositor had treated. 941, or 80.9%, of the 1,163 words Coles his in L’s the Dictionary in Coles’, than less words 30% or words, 841 included J.K. Dictionary had treated. Phillips words 508 the of 8.5%, or 43, Dictionary more words than Phillips, in the L’s in his Coles included 1,163 words, or 2.3 times Dictionary words Cockeram hadtreated. 428 the of 76.9%, or 329, disregarded his in L’s the in Cockeram, than words more Phillips included 508 words, or 1.2 times Phillips’ 121 the words Bullokarhadtreated. of 28.1%, or 34, disregarded his in times more3.5 words or than words, Bullokar, 428 in the included L’s Cockeram wayward Dictionarie New World e World New New World Table Dictionary (1616) New World (1702) However,. disregardedColes (1676) manner. . Besides, J.K. disregarded disregarded J.K. Besides, . Table Dictionarie , Bullokar had 121 words, Dictionarie Expositor contains only 1.2 times (1604) and Bullokar’s . However, Cockeram However,Cockeram . . However, Phillips Phillips However, . (1658) 17) n J.K.’s and (1676) (1658) and Coles’and (1658) (1623) New WorldNew (1616) (1623) and and (1623) Expositor

and and and and . the cover of Gazophylacium Anglicanum

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008  

as many words as Cockeram’s Dictionarie, previous section, that J.K. included 841 and J.K.’s NED offers a smaller number of words within the range of the L’s in his words than Coles’. In addition, while the NED. Out of these 841 words, 212 are also other three dictionaries disregard not more found in the Gazophylacium. On the side of than 50% of words that are contained in J.K.’s NED, these 212 words, which account their immediately preceding dictionaries, for 25% of all words in the L’s in NED, Phillips’ New World disregards 76.9% may seem small in number. However, on of the words in Cockeram’s Dictionarie, the side of the Gazophylacium, it contains and J.K.’s NED disregards 80.9% of the 296 words within the range of the L’s. This words in Coles’ Dictionary. In this sense, means that the 212 words account for as Phillips’ New World and J.K.’s NED should many as 71.6% of all words in the L’s in the be regarded as particularly unique. Gazophylacium. This fact seems to strongly What, then, is the reason for this? Actually, indicate that J.K. quite frequently referred to Phillips’ New World and J.K.’s NED were words in the Gazophylacium. Furthermore, compiled in similar historical conditions. it is also notable that most of the 212 They were, respectively, compiled a few words contained in both J.K.’s NED and years after a special type of English dictionary the Gazophylacium, are everyday English had appeared, the etymological dictionary. words such as label, lack, lad, lavender, To be specific, two years before Phillips’ law, lazy, lentil, lest, liable, log and lot. As New World, Thomas Blount’s Glossographia I have already pointed out, these are the type (1656) was issued, and thirteen years before of words that have been regarded by experts J.K.’s NED, the Gazophylacium. This means as characteristic of J.K.’s NED. that if we disregard the types of English Here a question may arise about the dictionaries, the dictionary immediately possibility that general English dictionaries preceding Phillips’ New World is Blount’s before J.K.’s NED contain several of the Glossographia, not Cockeram’s Dictionarie, 212 words. In fact, 74 of the words are and the one before J.K.’s NED is the also contained in one or both of Bullokar’s Gazophylacium, not Coles’ Dictionary. Expositor and Cockeram’s Dictionarie. If we consider the historical background However, as to the remaining 138 words of each of Phillips’ New World and J.K.’s of the 212, they only appear in the NED from this point of view, there is a Gazophylacium and NED. possibility that the former was influenced In this way, when we compare words in by Blount’s Glossographia and the latter by J.K.’s NED and the Gazophylacium, we can the Gazophylacium. In fact, as to Phillips’ acknowledge the possibility that the former New World, quite a few experts, including was strongly influenced by the latter. Starnes and Noyes (1946) and Landau (1984), have discussed the notion that it had Verifying the hypothesis: definitions been influenced by Blount’s Glossographia. While J.K.’s selection of words contained in Moreover, Blount himself published a book NED has generally been highly praised, his entitled A World of Errors Discovered way of defining them has sometimes been in the New World of Words, or General criticized as being cursory. Concerning this English Dictionary (1673), asserting that point, Landau (1982: 44) remarked that Phillips committed plagiarism from his NED “is allied to spelling books, which Glossographia. had included common words but without a column from In contrast to the case of Phillips’ New World definitions,” and Bolton (1982: 241) stated Gazophylacium Anglicanum and Blount’s Glossographia, the relationship that it “is only a rudimentary speller.” We of J.K.’s NED to the Gazophylacium has should not take these remarks literally. not been discussed, as far as I can judge. However simple and cursory they may However, as long as these two dictionaries actually be, J.K. almost always provided were compiled in a historical context similar definitions to entry-words in his NED. to that of Phillips’ and Blount’s dictionaries, And, for this reason, we can recognize it is also quite conceivable that NED was an aspect of the indebtness of NED to the strongly influenced by the Gazophylacium. Gazophylacium. In the following section, I will try to Specifically, J.K. provided the same investigate the relations between J.K.’s definitions in NED as the author of the NED and the Gazophylacium in terms of the Gazophylacium did with his etymological word selection, definitions and grammatical notes. Examples are: information. ∙ lesses the Gazophylacium: from the Fr. G. Verifying the hypothesis: word selection [Modern French] Laisses, the dung of When we begin to collate J.K.’s NED with wild beasts the Gazophylacium in the order mentioned, J.K.’s NED: the dung of wild beasts a surprising fact is immediately revealed. ∙ leveret

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 July Dictionary News, Kernerman This is what I mentioned in the list in the the Gazophylacium: from the Fr. G. by the indefinite article, uncountable uncountable article, indefinite the by preceded are nouns “countable 1483, the in entitled Catholicon Anglicum dictionary compiled anonymously English-Latin an in that out pointed 112) (1985: Stein Gabriele point, this Concerning century. 15th the to back of the this field the practice that in that J.K. seems and it thehere, authordictionary bilingual English-Latin the of case the to refer I If number ofcountablenounentry-words. same the before article indefinite the and preposition the in Gazophylacium the of influence the be will question this practice so frequently? The only answer to What, then, has motivated J.K. to apply the the rangeofL’s inhis before 4 countable noun entry-words within words”, “vulgar and Phillipstermed he put thewhat indefinite of article comprised is his in section main the to part supplementary a in it applied Cockeram cases, such to as exceptions; of the general English dictionary, with rare had not been adopted by the lexicographers entry-words on information grammatical Before J.K.’s NED, such a way of providing countable nounentry-words. words, and the indefinite article before 338 put the preposition J.K. NED, L’s in the of range the Within the as such following: entries independent about in passing, to note that this practice brought Latch, such entry-words as provided he Specifically, noun. countable the before article indefinite the and verb preposition the put J.K. usually NED, in entry-words indicating In information Verifying thehypothesis: Gazophylacium definitions as traces of J.K.’s reliance on the these regard to problem no almost be will J.K.’s NED and the L’s in the of ranges respective the within entries 52 in definitions such find We can ∙ liable J.K.’s NED:expos’d to exposed to French] [Modern the J.K.’s NED:ayounghare young Hare French] [Modern To Love Love To Level Level Gazophylacium Gazophylacium and Gazophylacium , amity, affection, orkindness , even orplain , have love, orinclination for , ormake level A Lemmon to to before 52 verb entry-words entry-words verb 52 before . n i.Wti te L’s the Within him. on to Gazophylacium To Last Leverant , which was published . It may be interesting, applied can be traced before 78 verb entry- Liable Dictionarie : from the Fr. G. G. Fr. the from : , its author put the the put author its , New World

grammatical , , obnoxious, obnoxious, , To Leather to to , , Levreteau before the the before , which which , . There . , A , lexicographers may have referred to, it it to, referred have may lexicographers such dictionaries of Take. types Whatever To and ToSet, ToRun, ToCut, as entry- words such see frequently quite can we Dictionary of the English Language half of the eighteenth century. In Johnson’s latter the until dictionary English general adopted widely by the lexicographers of the to J.K.’s NED the practice to put the infinitive Incidentally, it may be worth noting that author ofthe after the via J.K. to transmitted dictionary,was English-Latin the of lexicographers the by adopted originally was which practice, this that conclude to now unreasonable be the in see also can we that entry-words of examples the time, same the at are, examples these that Lantern, and like entry-words his Gazophylacium the of author the for material background the compiled he when Skinner to down dictionary, handed being bilingual English-Latin the of compilation the in tradition a became apparently practice regarding This entry-words. the determiner” zero a by nouns collated J.K.’s NED with the have I perspective, historical a such From between Coles’ andJ.K.’s dictionaries. etymological dictionary, bilingual English-Latin Skinner’s on based was that dictionary a compiled anonymously the is This often specialists. by has neglected been which and J.K., on influence strong a exerted have may that a dictionary seek to natural be will it account, into taken is fact this When lexicography. of history the in happen hardly can change words. At the same time, however, everyday a drasticof number high a containing to Cawdrey’s Table from context historical a of out is NED J.K.’s Certainly, field. the in before it, and opening up a new dimension dictionary English general the in tradition the from divorcing lexicography, English of history the in change created epoch-making an which dictionary a as esteemed highly been has NED J.K.’s today, Until have forerunners,andallhave imitators.” dictionaries “Most Reinhard vii): (1986: by Hartmann aphorism the recall now I between J.K.’s NED and the Having finished my analysis of the relations Conclusion dictionary. English general the of field the in practice lexicographer who substantially first the applied was J.K. this that said be safely may before verb entry-words gradually became to Coles’ Coles’ to Etymologicon A Gazophylacium Larder. And it is remarkable Gazophylacium Etymologicon . Skinner actually wrote wrote actually Skinner . Dictionary to Lace, Lace, Gazophylacium , and published published and , Gazophylacium Gazophylacium with regard regard with . . It will not will It . , essential essential , to Lam, Lam, (1755), A , ,

New EnglishDictionary a columnfromJ.K.'s

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 7 

in terms of word selection, definitions and (The) New World of English Words. (New grammatical information, thus gaining World) 1658. First edition. Edward strong circumstantial evidence of J.K.’s Phillips. Facsimile reprint. 1969. Menston: close perusal of the Gazophylacium. It Scolar Press. may safely be concluded now that the (A) Table Alphabeticall. (Table) 1604. First Gazophylacium was essential background edition. Robert Cawdrey. Facsimile reprint. material for J.K., and that his NED would 1970. New York: Da Capo Press. have been quite different from what we now The original version of this know without the Gazophylacium. Cited Books and Papers paper was presented at the In case Skinner’s practice in his Etymologicon Bolton, Whitney F. 1982. A Living Seventh International School was transmitted to J.K. via the author of the Language: the History and Structure of on Lexicography, held on Gazophylacium, as it apparently was, it can English. New York: Random House. September 12-14, 2007, at safely be said that the Gazophylacium bears Hartmann, Reinhard R.K. (ed.). 1986. The Ivanovo State University, historical significance as a bridge between History of Lexicography (Amsterdam Russia. the tradition of the English-Latin bilingual Studies in the Theory and History of dictionary and that of the general English Linguistic Sciences, Series III – Studies dictionary. in the History of the Language Sciences, vol. 40). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Bibliography John Benjamins. Landau, Sidney I. 1984. Dictionaries: the Cited Dictionaries Art and Craft of Lexicography. Cambridge: (A) Dictionary of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. 1755. First edition (2 vols.). Samuel Nagashima, Daisuke. 1988. Johnson Johnson. Facsimile reprint. 1983. Tokyo: the Philologist (Kansai University of Yushodo. Foreign Studies Intercultural Research (The) English Dictionarie. (Dictionarie) Institute Monograph, no. 20). Osaka: The 1623. First edition. Henry Cockeram. Intercultural Research Institute, Kansai Facsimile reprint. 1968. Menston: Scolar University of Foreign Studies. Press. Reed, Joseph W., Jr. 1962. Noah Webster’s (An) English Dictionary. (Dictionary) 1676. debt to Samuel Johnson. American Speech First edition. Elisha Coles. Facsimile 37: 95-105. reprint. 1971. Menston: Scolar Press. Starnes, De Witt T. and Gergrude E. (An) English Expositor. (Expositor) 1616. Noyes. 1991. The English Dictionary First edition. John Bullokar. Facsimile from Cawdrey to Johnson, 1604-1755 reprint. 1971. Hildesheim and New York: (a reissued edition with introductory Georg Olms. materials by Gabriele Stein) (Amsterdam Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae. Studies in the Theory and History of (Etymologicon) 1671. First edition. Linguistic Science, Series III – Studies Stephen Skinner. Facsimile reprint. 1970. in the History of the Language Sciences, Hildesheim and New York: Georg Olms. vol. 57). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Gazophylacium Anglicanum. (Originally published in 1946. Chapel (Gazophylacium) 1689. An anonymous Hill: University of North Carolina.) author. Facsimile reprint. 1969. Menston: Stein, Gabriele. 1985. The English Dictionary Scolar Press. before Cawdrey (Lexicographica Series Glossographia. 1656. First edition. Thomas Maior 9). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Blount. Facsimile reprint. 1969. Menston: Verlag. Scolar Press. Wakelin, Martyn F. 1987. The treatment of (A) New English Dictionary. (NED) 1702. dialect in English dictionaries. In Studies in First edition. J.K. Facsimile reprint. 1974. Lexicography, edited by Robert Burchfield: Hildesheim and New York: Georg Olms. 156-177. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

The feeling of sakura – Are you interested in such a Japan? Hisamatsu Ken'ichi and Hayakawa Fumitoshi

Introduction: before hitting the road… of gaining insights into Japanese culture, Whether you are contemplating studying I would like to congratulate you on having the Japanese language, undertaking the the courage and curiosity to embark on task of finding out what makes Japan tick, this journey to conquer the enigma of this or interested by the intellectual challenge island nation and break the code, otherwise Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 July Dictionary News, Kernerman answered as follows: used expression in Japanese conversation, I になります French: into followingphrase the translate teacher to me asked fellow a recently, example, For without acontext. even Japanese, in person grammatical a specify perceived easily can we interpretivelatitude, the despite that clear it make may me Let context misunderstandings. some the to lead on dependent is highly Japanese that explanation above The except A phraseinwhichallthepersons meaning ofapassage. intended the determines that context the is this level of semantic flexibility. Usually, it we she itta “A: of conversation a of form the translate can you words, verb.other In past one using by variations grammatical the all similarly express to vous allez / goes he embraces all of the following: meaning of infinitive the example, For verb. verb the as both the subject of and the conjugated infinitive the utilize We verb. the conjugating without and subject the using without context in pronouns personal the like Latin. In Japanese, we can play with all language a is Japanese that mean not does This subject. no has sentence Japanese A Without conjugatingtheverb can expect. you what of will, you if encapsulation, an So, treat the essay below as a mini example, lot moremeaningful. a be will life is, it what establish you once and chaos, this within exist does structure However, one. lovely a albeit mess, a is it short, In narrator. the of mood the and participants, the between relationship perspective, the the on depending appears, it what not is itself situation the how and of frame the how reference shifts depending on the situation; implicit; and both stated rules, cultural of plethora the with and is, language the utterly interwoven maddeningly how show I to venture, overboard this go of simplicity the of you why,reason the is This assuring of instead and understand the dimensions of the task. to ensure that you recognize the challenges preface my remarks by saying I would like me Let language. Japanese the as known je vais je , , , , ( they we うん、行った you , , , , , ) ) they to go she goes she tu vas tu , did ). Although this is a commonly commonly a is this Although ). ils vont canexist Nanajussai ni narimasu ni Nanajussai ) ) ”. One can surely appreciate appreciate surely can One ”. in English or go? , il va il )”, as “A: as )”, , , , B: B: we go we elles vont , J'ai Itta Itta elle va elle Yes,you [ , , ( Il a 行った you go you aller Did I Did . It is possible , , I go nous allons nous Elle a ( iku in French, I )? B: B: )? ( , , , , , you he they go they ( you go , 行く , , Nous ( , 70 she Un, Un, he 歳 ), ), , , , ,

interchanged, the meaning of the passage passage the of meaning the interchanged, of object and subject the If English. in accepted readily changes not are such course, Of (VSO). object object-subject-verb (OSV), or verb-subject- (SOV), subject-object-verb of consisting patterns select, sentence certain freely, relatively can one language, agglutinative an is Japanese As passage. a of meaning the changing without phrases transition and words shift can One order. word of In addition, in Japanese there is the problem I couldnotanswer. He gazed at me and asked subject. plural or singular person second a declarative sentence, we cannot restrict it to or possible to translate it as interrogative statement, it would have been ans. ans 70 avez Vous again as translated me be could phrase this whether asked He answer. vague this with satisfied not was obviously,he Quite We are vont [ avons the greatest Japanese writers, stated the the following: stated writers, Japanese greatest the of one Naoya, Shiga confusion, post-war the During invoked. habitually is 1784), ( Rivarol de Antoine by quote well-known Ce qui n’est pas clair n’est pas français ambiguity oftheJapaneselanguage. veryare who the intellectuals of of critical as a liability. Even today, there are a number country’sthe by wasseen brethren leaders linguistic no had Japanese the factthat the During the period of Japan’s modernization, language Pessimism withregard toanative order isdecided. word the because confusion no causes it English, present-day in noun a of rank the shows that inflection no is there if Even object. and verb, subject, the i.e., items, sentence the of relativepositions the from re-arranged in a text, the meaning is derived sentence are each item to corresponding words the Although dramatically. quite changes Il va Il De l’universalité de la langue française langue la de l’universalité De Kaizosha) 1946, language, Japanese the of reform ( world.” the in strongest the and clearest into French, because this language is the Japanese change better had we tongue, dealing with the peculiarities of theirof trouble the from children Japanese of native generations future the spare to order “In Allez-vous avoir 70 ans? Kokugo mondai , , I replied in the negative. If this were an They ] They areThey , avoir 70 ans , Elle va Elle Ils ont Ils ) Tom will ] 70 years-old, or years-old, 70 ] , , , ,

Elles ont Elles be 70years-old bit Nous allons Nous , and and , . ( or or / Problems related to the I am Vous allez avoir 70 70 avoir allez Vous A dog bit Tom bit dog A a dog a ] Avez-vous 70 ans? [ 70 ans 70 Why? He is . But since it is a , Ils vont Ils , once this is is this once , .) , , a question I , or , She is ( He Jevais , Elles , She , , the are are We , ,

Pocket 1988; Dictionnaire français-japonais by Shogakukan ( Japanese dictionarypublished writers oftheFrench- and was oneoftheleading over fifty booksandarticles, University*. Hehaspublished professor ofFrenchatMeiji ( Hisamatsu Ken'ichi ku Efuku, Tokyo 168-8555 * Izumi-kosha 1-9-1Suginami- preparation byKDictionaries. learners dictionaryunder of anew French/Japanese the chieftranslatortoJapanese 久松 健一 Progressive , 1994). At presentheis ) isanassistant Grand , 1993; ,

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008  10

A one-time minister of education also said weapon of unprecedented power, and the in all seriousness that we ought to change Allied Forces demanded prompt surrender Japanese into simplified English if Japan if Japan wished to avoid the impending aspires to catch up with the West (Mori destruction. Our government responded Arinori, Education in Japan — “a flagrant through the international organization as instance of this dangerous superficiality”, follows: Our answer would be left pending 1873, Japan Weekly Mail). The opinion until we discussed this issue at the cabinet that Japanese should be written using the meeting. The underlined part was translated phonetic alphabet, rather than Chinese as ignored and, as a result, Hiroshima and characters, exists even now. The complexity Nagasaki were annihilated. (cf. Torikai of written Japanese, which uses Chinese Kumiko, Rekishi o kaeta goyaku / The characters, hiragana, katakana, and the mistranslation which changed history, 2001, Roman alphabet, is a target of criticism Shinchosha.) by those who search for efficiency and This episode differs from the example advocate internationalization. However, of varying viewpoints in the translation these views reflect a strong belief that the of Snow Country. The point I was tying West and Western linguistic landscape to make is that the I is always hidden in should be the point of reference. Such a Japanese text. In other words, in Japanese, Hayakawa Fumitoshi notion is obviously useless for any sort a purely objective description cannot be (早川 文敏) received his of serious discussion; in other words, the easily achieved. PhD from Kyoto University. ambiguity of the Japanese language is not He has been teaching French necessarily a drawback. A language in which I builds a very at Doshisha University as a inconspicuous nest part-time lecturer, and working By the way, where are you? In Japanese, the I usually intrudes. For as a translator. At present he I apologize for the abrupt question but example, if we literally translate she is what do you visualize when reading the happy as kanojo wa shiawase dearu, such is on the translation team of following text? In other words, what is your a rendition would be unnatural. This is K Dictionaries’ new French/ viewpoint? because the following points are included Japanese learners dictionary. 国境（くにざかい）の長（なが）いトンネル in this sentence: Why is she happy? Who [email protected] を抜（ぬ）けるとそこは雪国（ゆきぐに）で determined that? Is this third person あった。夜（よる）の底（そこ）が白（し objective? How can I confirm if others are ろ）くなった。 happy without having a clear understanding Kunizakai no nagai tonneru o nukeruto of whether I myself am happy or not? sokowa yukiguni deatta. Yoru no soko ga In Japanese, even when describing the shiroku natta. actions of the third person, the I is lurking The train came out of the long tunnel into in the background, precisely to avoid such the snow country. The earth lay under the complications. In order to describe one’s night sky. happiness, a frame of reference is needed. These are the opening lines of Snow Country Therefore, a more natural translation would (Yukiguni, 1948, Sogensha), written by the be something like kanojo wa shiawase Nobel Prize writer Kawabata Yasunari; sooda. the novel has been translated into English This interference of the I in spoken and by Edward Seidenstiker (1957, Unesco written discourse in Japanese takes the translations of contemporary works). form of the pervasive qualifier I think. Non- Now, are you, the reader, in the train or Japanese speakers believe that the Japanese outside the train? Your answer is probably are never sure of what they say and try to the latter. However, most Japanese readers avoid responsibility in this manner. would feel the opposite. While reading Snow Country in Japanese, you imagine the Conversation at cross purposes scene of a snow-covered country unfolding If a perfectly natural, spontaneous Japanese outside a train window. Yet, in English, you conversation is translated into English might be a photographer, capturing the sight without any explanatory comments, it is of the train emerging out of a tunnel. unlikely that it will make much sense. Let us look at a few examples from a proverbial Traduttore, traditore street corner: Let me digress slightly here to point out - Good morning! Where are you going? a trivial translation mistake that is said - Hello, the weather is good… just for a to be responsible for the decision to drop moment. the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and - Well, it's fine today. Take care. Nagasaki. - Thank you. In 1945, the Japanese government It appears that there is some mysterious received an important document from the pragmatic play at work. The question Where United States. The document contained are you going is answered with the non-

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 July Dictionary News, Kernerman information about the development of a new sequester just for a moment. In Japanese, supports thisdichotomy. that evidence clinical the of presentation of this article does not allow for a thorough WesternRegrettably,scope languages. the brain (music brain) in the case of speakers of role is thought to be performed by the right left brain, called their with speakers Japanese by processed Thus, sounds, including music, are usually Taishukan-shoten). 1978, brain, Japanese (cf. Tunoda Tadanobu primarily on the functions of their left brain the rely to tendency a havespeakers while Japanese brain right their use typically Americans. They speculate that Westerners and Europeans of brains the of functions the the and nativespeaker Japanese a of brain of functions the between significant a difference is there that claim Some experts nature. feel Japanese most through which feature special a has apparatus brain Scientificthe evidencethat indicates The two partsofthebrain becomes very challenging. expressions embedded culturally related, of translation the languages, Western in present always not is relationship nature man- this As strategies. communicative and framework, mental events, of course special place and very considerably a influenceoccupy the nature to related concepts history, Japanese culture and, of In course, language, nature and beauty. natural of appreciation Japan’s of example one just is blossoms cherry with fascination This war songsevoking thebeautyof graceful. In fact, there were a lot of patriotic symbol oftheJapanesesoul,beautifuland the was flower this war, During year. a in blossoms, which appear only for a few days Japanese are famously enthralled by cherry in Japanese), are in full bloom in Tokyo. The As I write this text, cherry blossoms ( Those wholove nature with Japaneseculturally-boundrhetoric. unfamiliar those by understood easily be translated, Kawabata’s sentences would not literally being facts: above the recognized Japanese sentences is that he must have fully Seidenstiker are different from the original The reason why the sentences translated by understanding isconsideredavirtue. intuitive of sense The Japan. in survival for indispensable is attitude non-intrusive and would not probe further. In fact, such a would understand the sentiment immediately person Japanese a required: is explanation further no rate, destination. any precise At somewhere without bothering to declare the that the person is simply in the mood to go Since the weatherissue. an has not cleared is up, we incongruity assume seeming this language brain Nihon-jin no noo , while this sakura sakura / A .

in the Asian world. Even when diplomats diplomats when Even world. Asian the in fields corresponding the surpassed amply European medical science or physics, learned which scholars and politicians Japanese the which through Dutch, was time that at The most popular foreign language in Portugal. Japan or Holland like countries few a the from visitors about through only world external information get to able scholars were and politicians Japanese days, those in closed was nation our As 1867). Japan in of dates back to the end French of the Edo era (1603- of study stage the of history early The ago. the years 140 about in westernization through went the editors of French-Japanese dictionaries I tribulations and trials the imagine languages. cannot European study to physiological people such Japanese for difficult that it make differences certain is It Japan The historyofthestudy the various soundsonefinds innature. Japanese The of representation a is sense, a in language, others. by noise mere as birds and insects, which are often interpreted driven The Japanese language is very weapons for national defense. The most most The defense. national for weapons necessary of development the prevented which technique, scientific of levels low first comparatively had Japanese The scientist. the of one that specialists in foreign noteworthy languages was is a natural It d’Honneur the awarded later was Murakami Berselius. chemist Swedish famous the of manual translated the with vocabulary French learn beganto book he fate: his changed French a encountering that said is It gunpowder. of manufacture the studied chemistry,in wasspecialist a initially who verb conjugations. Prior to this, Murakami of list a and order alphabetical with in entries work excellent an was headwords, lexicon his 35,000 around Tatsuridoo). Containing 1864, French, for manual dictionary in Japan: French-Japanese standard first the writing completed (1868-1912), era Meiji the in scholars French famous most the of one and culture. In 1864, Murakami Hidetoshi, stimulated language French the in interest sufficiently Japanese had victories Napoléon’sby caused Europe in influence French of rise the people. that true is However, it Japanese minor the the among of one languages was fact, in French, other some or language. How troublesome! English into Dutch the the Japanese into Dutch, and then translate take the following two steps: first, translate communicated with westerners, they had to . The Japanese enjoy the sounds of of sounds the enjoy Japanese The . bytheFrenchgovernment. Futsugo Meiyo

French in sound-effect (Lucid L é gion gion (below) page sample a and (above) the cover of Futsugo Meiyo 11 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 12

urgent task for the nation, which had been those in Japan. isolated until then, was the assimilation According to Sakurai Takehito, previous of the latest scientific knowledge from studies have held that the primary reference European countries. It was evident that for Futsugo Meiyo was P. Agron’s Nieuw the Japanese military organization and the hand-woordenboek der Fransche en production and application of their weapons Nederduitsche (1828). He says, however, were modeled on those of France. Thus, the that “the Kaihan Kenkai Motocho, a record Japanese army, modernized and equipped of publishing at the end of the Edo period, with the latest arms, proved their power by indicates that Futsugo Meiyo was based on their victory against Russia in 1905. Some Dictionnaire portatif français et hollondais words of French origin that were imported et hollondais et français, published by through military services, like manteau or Abraham Blusse Jr., also in 1828.” (The camouflage, are still used by the Japanese Source Book and the Compiling Process of in their daily conversations. Futsugo Meiyo, in Kokugogaku: studies in Japanese people in the Meiji era readily the Japanese language, 2003, The Society adopted and assimilated French products. of Japanese Linguistics.) He compares Some endeavored to report the political these dictionaries to reveal that “about system and culture of France in order to 80% of the entries in Futsugo Meiyo were modernize the Japanese way of politics. borrowed from Blusse’s dictionary, with a Nakae Choomin, one of the most important certain percentage of the remaining entries democrats in our history, presented coming from Agron’s work.” His study Rousseau’s contrat social (social contract) also reports that Blusse’s and Agron’s to start the liberal democratic movement in works influenced equally the explanations Japan, which had been keeping hierarchical of entries in Futsugo Meiyo, and that society under a constitutional monarchy Murakami used the Doeff Halma Dutch- (1883). The influence of the movement was Japanese Dictionary (1833) or its revised so widespread throughout Japan that many version Oranda Jii (1855) to translate the elements of modern political systems, such explanations into Japanese. as free elections, liberty of expression, and As it was natural among scholars in the freedom of press, were finally established, early days of Japanese modernization, thanks to the continuous efforts of Nakae Murakami’s main concern in compiling cherry blossoms (sakura) and his colleagues. Futsugo Meiyo was to simply replace French Besides, the Japanese people were greatly words with Japanese words. Since then, interested in other aspects of French culture, there have been a number of improvements like music, literature, architecture, and food. in the newer French-Japanese dictionaries: A treaty of commerce was signed by the there are more detailed definitions of words, two countries in 1857, which marked the rich examples involving the use of natural beginning of prosperous trade. An increasing phrases, grammatical explanations of number of French products were imported, articles that do not exist in Japanese, and which resulted in a positive image of France the like. French studies in Japan made some among the Japanese. achievements that could not be ignored So far, we have seen how the Japanese even by the French people. For example, people came to like the French language Matsubara Shuuji conducted an in-depth and culture. Initially, we learned French to study of French articles. His Essai sur la understand the scientific knowledge and syntaxe de l’article en français moderne modern thoughts of the French, and then, (1932, Librairie du Recueil Sirey) was well- increasing commercial exchanges have known in the French academic milieu. strengthened our concern with regard to learning the language. All the while, of Features of our upcoming dictionary course, we have been making advances in Today, there are many kinds of French- the comprehension of the language, and Japanese and Japanese-French dictionaries we are now able to produce better French- in Japan. Most of these assume the user to Japanese dictionaries as well. be Japanese learners who are beginners in The original translation of dictionary in French, probably at the university or college Japanese was jbiki, which means a tool level. On the other hand, we now know to look up characters. We can imagine that many foreign people are interested in that characters signified Kanji (Chinese various aspects of Japanese culture, such characters); therefore, ancient dictionaries as the classic literature written by medieval were presumably used only to trace, without aristocrats, traditional Japanese foods, or error or hesitation, the correct form of these new forms of art like video games and difficult letters. Dictionaries for European animation. Sometimes, amateurs of Japanese languages, however, need much more, culture are disappointed when they try to because their grammatical system and ways look up a Japanese dictionary: the writing

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 July Dictionary News, Kernerman of thinking are completely different from is so complicated that they can rarely read is concerned. Nevertheless, writing is an an is writing Nevertheless, concerned. grammar is as far as language a easy is rather subject, by verbs of conjugation or nouns of declension no having Japanese, useful inthisrespect. I am positive that our dictionary will be very words,coined which the are constantly beingunderstand invented. to unable be will you characters, the the of definitions grasp original not do you if So word. new a form to characters kanji plural combine of activity. Welanguage frequently Japanese characteristics the of one is coinage project example, For meanings. different many has character kanji every writing indicate that this character means 画 translate they when example, For kanji. of meanings different the of explanation detailed a provides dictionary this Lastly, local way oflife. the with acquainted well are who Japan in translated by French native speakers living properly are expressions these dictionary, include. In the Japanese-French part of the not do dictionaries Japanese-French old everyday life, which, however, most of the plum is translate them into French). A fine example French dictionaries (because it is difficultJapanese- other to by chosen which been not have expressions, Japanese particular our tongue. So, one will come across many a of give vocabulary up-to-date and to natural very order in specialists, language qualifiedJapanese and experienced by highly selected carefully are headwords the dictionary, Japanese-French new our In Japanese words. pronouncing of joy the experience to able be and this appreciate may user any Thus, in ours,youwillfind thefollowing style: dictionaries other present aphraseas: If them. pronounce to means direct a with readers provide to phrases are rewritten in the Roman alphabet in and words set Japanese all Further, Japanese. character pronunciation easiest the their hiragana, in by accompanied are characters kanji the All point. this in An advantage of our new dictionary resides years tomasterthischaracterset). nine than more spend students (Japanese characters kanji of thousands read to how of knowledge prior have to need learners the pronunciation of words. provide Therefore, foreign not do indeed, country, in our published dictionaries the of Most it. umeboshi no onigiri くそく）した promised you you promised ( kaku ), a very popular dish consumed in in consumed dish popular very a ), , although it is well known that almost , , section ), other dictionaries may simply simply may dictionaries other ), , or or , 君は約束した 君（きみ）は約束（や kimi wa yakusokushita square ( rice ball with pickled 画 . Incidentally, Incidentally, . can refer to a to refer can , strokes of important, yet seemingly contradictory, will culture and customs,Japanese another the realm, equally of understanding thorough Just when you think you have gained a very discovered. be to dimension new whole a is there it, believe mastered you adequately have you when Just layers. many of Japanese is rightly perceived as a language the moresatisfying. all process learning the makes what is this impossible task. It is certainly difficult, but the acquisition of this language, it is not an for necessary the background acquire socio-cultural can culture Japanese the in raised someone only that Japanese many above and in spite of the oft cited belief by master. Despite the complexities I described impression to language impossible an is Japanese that the convey to wish not do I So, whatdoesthisallmean? a birthdaylettertoyourfriend. hiragana 52 the characters, you might still mastered be unable you to write if even completely So, phrase. a form to them set to write each word, and finally combine approprate an choose to has writer sets. A script has three different types of Japanese character The issue. different altogether conquered and the code broken. code the and conquered Japanese excellent In speakers. this the sense, has island been are who people of network global a by surrounded are We otherwise. shown has history course, Of really language. cannot the in experts become to aspire talented, how matter no non-Japanese, that and that different, is Japan asserting in pride take my of countrymen many fact, In regard. this in help and people offer Japanese languages, little other with identified be can parallels Few island. an much very is itself, nation the really not does have linguistic brethren. The language, Japanese like matters that is makes worse What evolved. notions metalinguistic and honorifics, patterns, 200 over of years, a very period intricate network of linguistic this the of During rest world. of the from history isolation long Japanese the over language the in embedded traditions and customs the want to you master Japanese, have to learn you If katakana. and hiragana of phonetic systems two the to addition in thereof, combinations innumerable and characters one become Japanese, has to To several memorize Chinese thousand in proficient fainthearted. reasonably the for not a challenge Japanese of study the make to conspire factors many too surface, the On Japanologists. Japanese language learners and novice experienced both baffles knowledge linguistic be laid in front of you. This depth of socio- cherry blossoms( sakura ) 13 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 14 Thierry Fontenelle (ed.). Practical Lexicography, A Reader

I remember the owner of a transport practical company who saw opportunities in 1. Based on practice or action rather Bulgaria. A Bulgarian-Dutch dictionary than theory or hypothesis however did not exist. A mathematician 2. Being likely to effective and from Hong Kong who lived and worked applicable to a real situation; able to in The Netherlands noted that he could be put to use not help his daughter with her homework. From Her Dutch was much better than his and http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/practical she did not always understand what he could explain in Mandarin. He decided In the 20 years that I worked for Van Dale, to compile a Chinese-Dutch dictionary. A a Dutch publishing house specialised in third example is a bank employee who, in lexicography, I regularly met people who his spare time, started a comprehensive were not linguists, but who nonetheless multilingual financial lexicon. showed an interest in the dictionary All these people sought practical advice phenomenon. Once, we received a letter and they turned to a specialized publishing from a user of our comprehensive English- house for help. That is how I came into Dutch dictionary who complained that the contact with them. Some of their many – in his opinion rather common – word is questions were: was not included. He felt disappointed about • Under which entry do I place fixed phrases this lacuna in his expensive and respectable and idiomatic expressions? dictionary. It's easy to respond with disdain • What percent of the words begin with A, to such criticism, but I too have sometimes with B, and so on? sought in vain for words in French, English • What does the blueprint of an empty and Spanish dictionaries. Some of these may dictionary look like? Which building blocks are universal and essential? Thierry Fontenelle (Editor) well have been irregular verb conjugations that I did not recognize as such. If one fails • What are the typographical conventions, Practical Lexicoguraphy, A to connect an unfamiliar inflected form with such as the use of bold and italics? Reader the infinitive, it is difficult to look up the • Where can I find information on tools/ Oxford Linguistics word in its alphabetical place [in printed software to build a dictionary with? Oxford University Press, books], and the meaning will remain obscure. • What are the conventions for the clustering Oxford, 2008 Including only the infinitive of a verb as of words derived from the same base (for 978 0 19 929233 2 (hardbound) a keyword in a dictionary is an efficient, example active, activist, activism, activity, 978 0 19 929234 9 (paperback) space-saving convention in traditional activate)? lexicography, but it is by no means user- I would have liked to be able to refer friendly. As far as I am concerned, one of them to Lexicography for dummies, which the blessings of consulting dictionaries no doubt would have had the answers to on a computer is that looking-up is will such questions. However, this title was not immediately show the entry be (and in available then, and to my knowledge is still French va and ira will lead to aller). not. (For lack of it, I usually referred to the But not only to disappointed users have English edition of Bo Svensen’s Handbok i I explained lexicographic conventions. lexikografi or Sidney Landau’s Dictionaries: There are quite a few non-linguists around The Art and Craft of Lexicography.) who want to know how to bring about a With potential users such as those described dictionary. Sometimes life itself creates a above in mind, I looked at Practical need for a dictionary that does not already Lexicography, A Reader compiled and exist. And sometimes individuals decide introduced by Thierry Fontenelle and to put one together themselves. Such recently published by Oxford University people encounter all kinds of practical Press in the series Oxford Linguistics. questions. It immediately became clear to me that this title aims at a completely different user group. There is a deep gap between  In a traditional (printed) dictionary the basic practical questions of lay persons the definition would probably have who pursue their first steps on the path of been corrected before publication. For lexicography, and what the academic world example into “... likely to be effective holds for practical. Some of the questions and applicable to…”. An interesting quoted above are touched upon in the very thing about publications on the Internet first contribution by Samuel Johnson, is that it is very likely that soon after written in 1747. The other twenty one publication of these pages the definition articles are of no help for those who need

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 July Dictionary News, Kernerman will be corrected. basic practical assistance. Nonetheless I venture to make a few few a make to and rapidly changed, has lot comments. A venture I Nonetheless Date: upto,oroutof excellent. is authors of choice his that and covered have the impression that all areas are being experience as lexicographer and publisher I my from that report can I criticize. to me Language Group, his selection is hardly for Natural Microsoft at manager program as and Euralex of president former as Liege, an academic researcher at the University of beyond the horizon, with his experience as looks Fontenelle Thierry Since gratitude. in one single volume, baggage there is every the reason for lexicographic pack relevant If to most trouble the timetables. takes and someone budgets tight with struggling planning, with busy time, the all meetings at are we all, available. After always is literature specialist reading not lexicography,commercial in excusean for work who those For soon. too bookshelf the on landed bundles congress often too Lexicography of too All the of compiler. issues often the to grateful be to everyis reason there me like someone For experience indictionary making. and thought by professionals with practical research of butresults theory academic no chosen; well is book the of title the sense, or practiced the lexicographical craft. In that chapters are written by people who practice All subject. the discuss thoroughly that – several articles or – one all selected of themFontenelle part, published each For before Dictionary Use. On NetworksSemantic and Wordnets; XI On XII Lexicographers; for Tools On X Dictionaries; IX On Bilingual Lexicography; Examples; VIII On Grammar and Usage in On VII and Definitions; On VI Dictionaries; Senses Word On Polysemy; V On Collocations, Idioms, and IV Evidence; On Corpus Design; III On Lexicographical II Theory; Linguistic of Contribution the and Macrostructure, I Metalexicography, parts: twelve into field the divided He books. in and magazines in proceedings, huge mountainofpublicationsincongress that he compiled a reader's digest from the is Fontenelle, Thierry editor, the of merit at feel home who on lexicographical me, territory. like The greatpeople for reading Lexicography It Practical 1. 2. no. sense in no. practical be sense to out in turned book practical a for practical a word the of polysemy means the illustrates no just probably It by book. the of is disqualification observation This Useful Anthology (see illustration). I hoped hoped I illustration). (see remained unread, all all unread, remained International Journal Journal International offers fascinating fascinating offers

implies that its lexicographic counterpart counterpart lexicographic its that implies encyclopaedia Internet the that reputation and size The lexicography”. “Internet call will I what about example for said is Nothing all. at mentioned not are developments recent rather high, there is also is a riskarticles the that of importantage average the Because one 1992. from dates until article the that unworldly, realizes little a as strikes approaches” dictionary electronic the of day the as particularly “… like phrase a example, for But, publication. first after their long valuable and relevant remain can texts that proves Johnson Samuel by 1747 from contribution the problem; no is that itself In older. years several are that texts to refer articles these in references bibliographical the and ago years ten over published firstwas articles two twenty the of out sixteen of majority A date. of out several somewhatbeing of risk the runs ago years published was that information because However, developments have not subject. come to a standstill, very change the is contributions some in and this, 1980s. illustrate clearly book the the in articles Most since rather but 1747, since much so Not lexicography. in drastically, is English. language publication dominant the which in area every regards It lexicography. of field the to limited means no by is it and observation an than criticism a Maybe less is myself. it about talking also am I honesty, all in But comment. critical final of this text in mind, I would like to make a With the people I referred to at the beginning Non-natives read Englishtoo consulted. and compiled being are dictionaries way the influence to likely Such are it. developments calls of developer the as com/sf), framework the Simultaneous Feedback (http://tshwanedje. within compiled for African languages to and from English, dictionaries bilingual online the include Examples dictionary. community online the call I what is phenomenon related A recent bookaboutthefield. it interesting enough to deserve a place in a large-scale democratic lexicography makes of form this to applicable be to seem not do lexicography commercial traditional of constraints the of some that fact the but disputable, is quality its Maybe actions. editorial million 4 than there more been launched, have was it since registered and users, 55,000 than more are There 750,000 entries with an English definition. Wiktionary like volume a – Wiktionary claims to have more than than more have to claims – needs to be mentioned in in mentioned be to needs – Wikipedia rcia Lexicography Practical has acquired, acquired, has .

Peter Tan, fromtheEnglish Pakir, IsmailS. Talib, and by Vincent B.Y. Ooi, Anne 2005. The paperswereedited of Singapore (NUS)inJune at theNationalUniversity Congress, whichwas held Fourth ASIALEX International selection ofpapersfromthe Asia andBeyond Perspectives inLexicography Asia andBeyond lia2.html http://kdictionaries.com/lia/ in September2008online: Details willbemadeavailable Aviv, 1998). (eds.), Pasword Publishers, Tel McArthur andIlanKernerman of annivessary ofthe publication 2008, celebratingthetenth K DictionariesonOctober1, The bookwillbepublishedby organized theconference. Department ofNUS,who Perspectives inLexicography Lexicography in Asia, Vol. 2 Lexicography in Asia comprisesa (Tom : :

15 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 16

For users of English as a foreign language, audience could make a similar effort. native speakers can be the grindstones As an example of what I mean, I quote one on which we sharpen our competence in sentence: “There is no dearth of interesting English. But in situations where we need and perspicacious commentaries on this all our concentration to follow a line of aspect of language.” Maybe the author is just thought, or understand a clever reasoning, trying to encourage the use of dictionaries the use of flowery language and infrequent If so, she succeeded. I decoded the text idioms are obstructions on the road too into “There are many interesting and clever understanding. For example, an elaboration commentaries on this aspect of language.” on the subtle nuances in meaning and use of an English verb requires a far greater effort References by a non-native than by a native speaker Landau, Sidney I.1984. Dictionaries: the Art of English. We foreigners have to make and Craft of Lexicography. Cambridge: a double effort: decode a text in a foreign Cambridge University Press. language, and understand the complexities Svensen, Bo. 1987, 2e 2004. Handbok i in a language that is not our own. lexikografi. Ordböcker och ordboksarbete And so I am faced with the following i teori och praktik. Stockholm: Norstedts dilemma. May I discourage learned and Akademiska Förlag. (Practical lettered authors to write in the full wealth Lexicography: Principles and Methods of their mother tongue? I definitely would of Dictionary Making. Translated from not mind if they showed some awareness Swedish by John Sykes and Kerstin of the limitations in the competence of the Schofield. 1993. Oxford University Press, English language of foreign lexicographers. USA.) If learner's dictionaries restrict their defining vocabulary for the benefit of non-native users, Rik Schutz maybe authors who write for an international [email protected]

Password – a productive dictionary family

Ruth Mägi I first saw Password dictionary some years luck. After Estonia regained independence ago when I was a university student. It was at the beginning of the 1990s, there were my brother’s book, which he received as a other things to achieve than publishing present. I remember that when I opened it dictionaries, and at some point there were I was quite confused by the structure. Who only a few English-Estonian dictionaries would put so much English language into available on the market. TEA published an English-Estonian dictionary? I have to Password at the peak of the demand for admit that I had absolutely no knowledge proper and reliable dictionaries. There were of any structural differences in dictionaries. several reprints after its first launch and in At the time, I, like most dictionary users, 2006 TEA published an updated version Ruth Mägi has been at never read or showed interest in the preface along with a CD-ROM. the head of the dictionary or instructions for use. Why bother? However, there would not have been such department at TEA Publishers Later on, while already working on success without good content. Estonians in Estonia since 1999. dictionaries, I came to understand the have always been “language-oriented” She graduated from Tartu why part – and it still fascinates me. Now people. Even during the Soviet rule, schools University as a Finno-Ugrian I’m happy to know that I’m not the only taught English, German and French, and philologist (majoring in Password fan! we have had notable language teachers. Estonian philology) and There are many dictionaries on the Password’s idea of teaching the English continued her MA studies publishers’ and lexicographers’ shelves, but language through English itself suited in linguistics (with special very few of them can be considered as both our public well, since almost everyone interest in dictionary use) purpose-built and purpose-served. I would, knew English to some extent. Estonian without doubt, consider Password and its equivalents to English meanings simply at Tallinn University. She family of products as just that. supported learners’ comprehension. has tested Estonian school- The Estonian version of the semi-bilingual I personally like dictionaries that entice you childrens’ dictionary Password dictionary (PASSWORD to think a little, and when I understand what awareness, comprehension Inglise-eesti seletav sõnaraamat. English the dictionary is trying to convey then I like and usage skills, and is Dictionary for Speakers of Estonian) was it even more. Password is a dictionary that currently preparing dictionary first published by TEA Publishers in 1995. does not have a simple structure; rather, it workbooks. It was a huge success among Estonians, has the simplest structure needed in order

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 July Dictionary News, Kernerman [email protected] which might somehow be taken as pure to convey meaning in an economical way. rather, presents example sentences and and sentences example presents rather, but definitions, It English provide school. not does high junior to up elementary Password Junior PASSPORTLearner’sDictionary,English CD-ROMwitha version. Originating from EstonianSemi-Bilingual Dictionary English- sõnaraamat seletav Inglise-eesti Password Junior launched we year This product. main the on based extended, been has levels. Therefore,thewhole semi-bilingual different family for dictionary of type a such public our offer and further line develop this to not shame a be would it that understanding the to come have TEA at publishingmarketingandin Havinghad such good and long experience dictionaries. advantages best teaching this function sure can be considered to be one of the I’m etc. references, cross- examples,derivatives, findphrases, to where as such students, to out point can many structural entry elements that teachers are there addition, In meaning. the of sure fully be to order in translations the need mind; on the contrary, they subconsciously ‘interruption’ is not something users would of kind This translations. by ‘interrupted’ in retained been has dictionary monolingual a of structure no translations are provided, since the basic where dictionaries monolingual true to on practicing for suitable monolingual dictionary use before moving it makes This dictionary. monolingual a as function can then ignored, are translations If time. in point some monolingual at dictionary a English need might users many Thus, future. near the foreign in so remain likely will first and schools, the our at is taught language English this.) for appropriate is dictionary of type bilingual semi- of kind any that added have (They children is a very good dictionary for teaching school in our country who have said that manyteachers are language There English of vocabulary forexplanations. range limited a using English understand easy-to- in language definitional provides forms and phrases are also presented. It also meaning of headwords, forimportant which most derivative the giving for dictionary well. purpose along with Estonian translations serves this of words. So, providing English definitions usually answer that they they want to know the meaning dictionaries, use they why multipurpose by nature. When I ask people Password Password Everyone likes to be considered smart, and how isforsmartpeople. has many advantages, and it is is it and advantages, many has to use dictionaries in general. Password Password is meant for users in in users for meant is ( Password Junior PASSWORD PASSWORD Junior is also a perfect perfect a also is has over other other over has Password and is only only is and Password Password Password ) along) , we , as as

structure is very simple, and an index in this the key entry. However, is relevant for supporting the significance of index entry,the single a derivatives under of core structural the Given dictionary. English Estonian- an NOT is to this that ready understand not are awareness language of version.) Our idea was that kids at this level (However, we did include it in the the of electronic part integral an is which index, Estonian-English the In simplified version of Password antonyms. and synonyms to point thatlink words and terms to each other and between words. It contains many usage notes idea of semantic connections andfirst the differences forming for dictionary ideal an is intendedthesedeleted.userswerefor This level the beyond were that side-meanings headwords from English to Estonian. specificSeveral context in mind when translating the onthese sample sentences, soeditors had a based are translations Estonian away. The right action into English put can learners andhow the word can beused. Inthis way, wherecontext illustrateof thethatphrases languages that may co-occur while working on the diverse that problems and issues share as well as improvements, further for ideas good any efforts and be ableour to convey consolidate to oneto another idea good a be may it world, the around dictionaries of family publishers who have localised the dictionary support centre? Among the many idea for the future. Why not start a possible a suggest to like would Finally, I current offerings. the in provided features multipurpose the of advantage full take to users allow and products new of acceptance customer for market our prime will This products. of family upcoming an in members as public our to introduced been have dictionaries Password Picture Password the within titles Thus, we have agreed to develop two more proven to be both productive and profitable. TEA’s cooperation with K Dictionaries has as functionalintended. full entries. Thus, such an index may not be component parts, or derivatives that become include cases where the articles are split to These purpose. a such such for even index, an presenting in disadvantages some however, are, There version. electronic an for specifically index an develop rather I sub-entry no is system. In there developing since the original user, the to case would have made things more unclear JuniorPassword Password can be considered as a compact,a consideredas be can o upr ee lanr, and learners, level upper for Password Password for younger ones. Both Both ones. younger for , where there are many many are there where , we decided to excludeto decided we Password Password Junior Password isoffered in. line: line: . dictionary. dictionary. Advanced Advanced Password Password Password Junior ’s ,

DICTIONARIES KERNERMAN SEMI-BILINGUAL From theseries products/pw/pwet.html http://kdictionaries.com/ ISBN 9985-71-518-7 Hardcover, inclCD-ROM 1008 pp,250x173mm August 2006(2ndedition) Tallinn, Estonia TEA KIRJASTUS Bilingual Dictionary English-Estonian Semi- koos hääldusega ePASSWORD CD-ROMil sõnastik-indeksiga + sõnaraamt Eesti-inglise Inglise-eesti seletav PASSWORD products/pp/ppet.html http://kdictionaries.com/ http://www.tea.ee ISBN 9985-71-519-2 Hardcover, incl CD-ROM 584 pp,204x140mm February 2008 Tallinn, Estonia TEA KIRJASTUS Bilingual Dictionary English-Estonian Semi- hääldusega CD-ROMil koos eJUNIOR PASSWORD sõnastik-indeksiga + sõnaraamt Eesti-inglise Inglise-eesti seletav Junior PASSWORD 17 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 18

A First Look at Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary John M. Morse

This September, Merriam-Webster will use, and phrasal verbs are also specifically publish Merriam-Webster’s Advanced labeled. For nouns, we label count, noncount, Learner’s English Dictionary, the first singular, and plural forms. For adjectives advanced learner’s dictionary from an and adverbs, we label gradable forms and American publisher. As this article is being indicate attributive and postpositive use. written, copy is still being edited, and type Other abbreviations include the common still being set, but enough work has been abbr, prep, interj, and conj. And there are completed that we can offer this first look six other symbols used whose meaning is at the new dictionary. obvious in context. By way of introduction, we can give the following facts. It will have 100,000 Comprehensive coverage of American entries (= boldface forms), include more English than 12,000 usage notes and paragraphs, Since this dictionary is the first advanced and present coverage of 22,000 idioms, learner's dictionary from an American collocations, and commonly used phrases. publisher, we took as a very important goal Perhaps most significantly, it will include to offer the most comprehensive coverage 160,000 usage examples – to the best of possible of American English. At minimum, our knowledge, the most usage examples we aimed to avoid errors of cultural ever offered within the pages of a learner’s misunderstanding such as that found in dictionary. one leading learner’s dictionary that equated In constructing this new dictionary, we stock car racing with demolition derby. Merriam-Webster’s Advanced were of course mindful of the many fine More importantly, we tried to include all Learner’s English Dictionary learner’s dictionaries that have already been vocabulary items from American English Merriam-Webster Inc. published, and we did ask ourselves what that would be appropriate for this dictionary, special goals we had for this dictionary. and in doing so, we identified many that Springfield, MA. 2008 What was it that we could do that would have been missed from other leading 2,032 pages particularly appeal to the English-language learner’s dictionaries. A sampling from the Hardcover $34.95, learner? We identified five goals: first half of the alphabet includes deadlock ISBN 978-0-87779-551-3 • User-friendly symbols and meaning “tie”; deer tick; DEET; designee; Paperback $29.95, abbreviations. devolve meaning “to go from an advanced ISBN 978-0-87779-550-6 • Comprehensive coverage of American state to a less advanced state”; double- Free downloadable e-book English. wide; down-and-dirty; earth tone; elder Free companion website: • Very generous use of sample sentences care; family leave; fish or cut bait at fish; http://learnersdictionary.com and other usage examples. folderol; hard-ass; harness racing; haul ass • Extensive usage guidance, in the form of and haul off and at haul; heads-up, noun; labels, notes, and paragraphs. hitch meaning “period of service in the • Extensive coverage of phrases. military”; hog heaven; hoist a few at hoist; This isn’t intended to be a complete list home fries; horn meaning “telephone”; of the features of the dictionary. It also horse race meaning “close race”; lemon includes many of the features that one sees law; lily white meaning “consisting entirely in other learner’s dictionaries – highlighted of white people”; link as in “sausage link”; headwords for core vocabulary items, loaner; loosey-goosey; and lug nut meaning synonym paragraphs, pronunciations in “the nut that holds the tire onto a car.” IPA, a four-color section, a grammar guide Another aspect of this was to recognize what – but the five listed above seem especially are the words that aren’t commonly used in worthy of note. American English and to ensure that they are properly labeled. A sampling, somewhat User-friendly symbols and shorter, of words to which we assigned a abbreviations British label but often aren’t so labeled in Our goal was to make this dictionary as easy other dictionaries includes depute; drover; to use as possible. To us that meant having as en bloc; English breakfast; in the event at The full version of this few symbols and abbreviations as possible, event; ex gratia; in the flow at flow; gabble; article is available online: requiring the least amount of grammatical and put (someone) out to grass at grass. http://kdcitionaries.com/ sophistication from the user, and ensuring These regional distinctions are usually kdn/kdn16/kdn16mwaled. that all symbols and abbreviations be as indicated simply by means of labels, but html easy to master as possible. sometimes notes are added to explain the

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 July Dictionary News, Kernerman For verbs we label transitive and intransitive distinctions, as this note at “lavatory”: set off the example in blue type. This has has This type. blue in example the off set to and dot centered a with precede example to each was solution Our attractive. angle very not of and space-consuming is brackets sets was 160,000 as brackets workable, not angle in them enclosing of practice Merriam-Webster usual The off. them set to how was examples usage One problem we faced in including 160,000 different, simplerterms. entire clauses and sentences are restated in sometimes and indicated, are expressions Equivalent glossed. are phrases idiomatic are frequently shown. Compound terms and phrases and words synonymous For example, learners. help to features additional incorporate examples usage the of Many Constitution, orotherwell-known works. U.S. the Shakespeare, of plays Bible, the as works, classic from usually quotations, some are There concision. and clarity for always and details distracting remove almost to adapted but resources, editorial other and corpus electronic our in found sentences actual on modeled sentences, made-up are majority vast The usage. the sufficientillustrate is to that when phrases date. Most are full sentences, but many are to produced learner’sdictionary other any than covers its between examples usage more with dictionary learner’s a created we result, a As dictionary. learner’s soul a of and heart carefully the are examples crafted well-chosen, that believing this into went we fact In examples. with this dictionary should be very well supplied typical that felt we orientation, that Given illustrate usage. and meaning convey to both examples strongly of use all the always encouraged for have rules dictionaries our style Merriam-Webster sentences andotherusagedevices Very generous usesofexample slide wire holder, and both bobby the illustration at includes the British a term labels and shows (British);the illustration at pillow throw room the show to at illustration the Hence difference. illustrations use also We also beusedforaroominhome. used for a room in a public place but may In British English, school’s the lavatories • places. public of kinds other in room a for used be also may It is not permitted in the airplane’s used for a room in an airplane.often • most Smoking is lavatory English, U.S. In (Brit) for the holder with a clasp. labelspillowsthe sofaboththeason

pin (US) and (US) [=(more commonly) (US) and and (US) grooming lavatory hairgrip barrette lo lamp floor standard F items shows both cte cushion scatter lighting 1 (Brit) for the for (Brit) (US) and is most often fabulous face fa fab u f orns osieyu face your face spite face to to your face nose on face face your egg your off on cut someone’s face nose the cross the in as face blue the plain in as slap a � fab – ato lc rwthta hw h time the shows that watch or clock a of part es h otlt ukn eidhrpolite her behind lurking hostility the sense okduhpy hnItl e h a news. bad the her told I when unhappy� looked pce hthsvnse from vanished has that species to him told cliff a � uei oi ihsxsquare six with solid a is cube it makes that way a in possible. it describe as or good it as about seem talk to is thing fabulous i nthe in him ista sn ogrfudayhr nteworld� the fool biggest in the anywhere he�s found me, longer ask no is that cies unhappy�� so look aese i face his seen have rv rcl�dsietepi fteinjury. the of pain the despite calm� or brave face oiiefc on face positive the preserve to ing nthe in odt e a see to good oa tsesrdclu,atog tmyntb ridiculous it� be about not more learn may you it when although ridiculous, pro- seems her about it hear posal first you ��when ridiculous. seems posal lae n ap�we h a him. saw she when happy� and pleased nwhwh can he how know dowless face tn en enhere� seen being stand world� hnethe change size e aesoe e ul eyclearly� very guilt her showed face her face ypol sal singular usually � people by a biu u i o oseit� see to not did I but obvious was rbe was problem mut fmoney. of amounts lous hce,srrsd t. oko i face� his on look etc., surprised, shocked, lcin u re to tried but election, ���� n ehdcm lsrt inn hnpol expected. people than winning to closer come had he ing table. huh bu sal singular usually � about thought os situations. worst ot nit on mouth : 2 : 1 2 been has weather The 1 mathematics Which way some : a 5 : a 4 : 3 face straight a keep : 2 was guilt Her Ë : 1 name. as dao ortu elnso situation or feelings true your of idea false count e restrooms cade face sitting u executive ful epeaetgte n okn tec other each at looking and together are people �envrmthim met never I�ve �envrbeen never I�ve a had never We�ve literary

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fab – h lpe his slapped She � . fteskyscraper the of face fAeia politics. American of sdt ecieastaini hc two which in situation a describe to used � face oehn rto or something face � Ë : b see face aet aewith face to face adv wealth�riches face hwhsface his show ewsdspone yterslso the of results the by disappointed was He u nabaeface brave a on put � see Ë Ë see creature � �twshr o olaugh� to not hard was ��it . faces . hnw hue Srrs� �ehda had ��he �Surprise�� shouted we when fabulous ewas He powder Ë facade h a oehn sse rtogtof thought or seen is something way the u h etfc on face best the put � e fadocument a of : a face-to-face �fə�s Ë collocations (usually shown shown (usually collocations common as of whether phrases, coverage give extensive to very wanted we Finally, Extensive coverage of phrases only much devices, more liberally. these of all used we dictionary this For described. is usage which in paragraphs or definition, the after dash a the definition, notes set off with language. matterswith italic labels before such handle we about Traditionally and attitudes use, understanding idiomatic register, in native than speakers need guidance learners more that mindful were wetext, preparingthis In Extensive usageguidance multi-sense entries. easier,long much in especially sense specific a for searching navigating within the entry and set in black and serves to make text defining the highlighting of benefit additional the had as accurateandprecise. well as simple and clear is that something is with up came we what that hopeful I’m well. us served also accuracy sacrifice to of us. And yet the fact that we were reluctant many for accuracy,challenge a was which over clarity and simplicity prioritize to We’velearn to had the challenge particularlywell: expressed project the on working editor One language. great a premium put on simple and concise that defining of kind new a do to and learners of needs the meet to devices new create to us pushed also it but dictionaries, native speakers’ devices Merriam-Webster of traditional the of many of use makes dictionary learner’s new this that should said be it remark, final a As (shown asusagenotes). use of prepositions and adverbs entries), or simply collocational the ends of entries at or as own-place (appearing definition requiring italic), phrases bold in idiomatic off set but examples and notes usage in �esoe ihhmo h hn but phone the on him with spoken I�ve fabuilding a of u ���� fabulous Ë aet face to face � � fabulously sfmla u a� eebrhis remember can�t I but familiar is adj e Ë ��� happy�sad a ���� lous time forgetting all about it…. experienceandtraining while atthe same lexicographicalpreviousour on draw to need of the been has book this challenge biggest The see eygood very h the Why � esnta know� I that person ��a . Ë "I Ë � count h can She the d� fahpymarriage. happy a of � ntefc fteearth the of face the on ern il rnsieo his on grin/smile silly a wearing Ë beasts ����� e Ë faces ness face . Her faces on pl noun, fsewn h lcini will it election the wins she If facade h aeo h earth the of face the Ë � Ë e rpslsesridicu- seems proposal Her rudhr.�hwh can he ��how here. around : b Ë u h etfc on face best the put face i before. him meeting. rich Ë . ��envrmthim� met never ��I�ve . brick a ogface long Ë ei making is He . ntefc fit of face the On face aeltup lit face u oiiefc on face positive a put Ë Ë : the rudteoffice. the around face noun eylrei mutor amount in large very see l ln.�teanswer ��the along. all a a had I epnhdm �right� me punched He odaoti story a in about told � Ë Ë ftebank the of : c �h xrsinon expression ��the . see �h re oappear to tried ��she . fresh�youthful a a �oso smiling� stop ��to . face To h iuto ysay- by situation the Ë Ë -cades � Ë Ë fabulously face Her h nwrt the to answer The ���� e also see � efl lto his on flat fell He facade � Ë friendly�smiling a ieo coin a of side a � noncount u brave/good/ a put fe + often � faces the ���� Ë facade �h oyou do ��why � Ë fagl club golf a of fabulous Ë clock a hywr try- were They absolute . aefell face twshr to hard was It Ë : 2 �h looked ��she Ë face Ë h slapped She Ë You h angrily She rudthe around or hywere They eyclose very . Ë e pro- her , Ë �nthe ��in . Ë fabulous facliff a of h win- the � success- -çades � spe- ��a Ë could I face : d ����� don�t I should time. fyou If some- with ��she Ë face the the precision and and precision It�s Ë Ë Ë A e a a Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë 2 face htyu face your shut on face face save human a put face pretty face a face make your of side crowd other the face the in lose on face laugh another just of face the in face someone’s in face someone’s of out get of face face game the in fly osmoesface someone’s face to your stuff rn attwr �something� toward part front lwropens flower poiet aohrpg�� page� �another to opposite wall. that smtigo oen�� someone� or �something h iigroom living The Ë : a 1 a yn ntecre ihissole its with corner the in lying was h undaon to around turned She lme h door the slammed fm face my of aewith face hnImnindhrname. her mentioned I when n i aeface game his ing face game your oehn osyaotm,yusol a it say should you me, about say to something �a tdrcl om ahrta osmoeelse� someone to than rather me to directly it ��say hlrnby children ls,i you if glish, were tors n ailexpression facial ing would tpbteigsomeone bothering stop n face a ing brought was she school onee ytahr vr day. every teachers by countered iu oko orfc hc hw htyuaerayto etc. ready competition, are sport, game, you that a shows in which compete face your on look rious of ihdanger� with xrsinta hw ilk rdisgust or dislike shows that expression irsetfrsomeone for disrespect else� somewhere rsotn tsmoei eydrc n nr way. angry and direct very a in someone at shouting or elwt smtigo oen hti agru,diffi- dangerous, is that etc.� someone cult, or �something with deal you oeflopponent. powerful : coach The e also see � deadline. osmtigdneos ifcl,ec + � etc. difficult, dangerous, something to difficulties. ols te epesrespect people�s other lose to agr �h hwdgetcuaewe h a faced was she when courage great showed ��she danger. verb faces osado i ihyu aeadbd undtoward turned body and face your with sit or stand to � Ë oobj no etidto tried He oeface lose fac : ae12 oka h illustration the at Look � 132. page : ocueohrpol ohv esrsetfryou for respect less have to people other cause to et.�senal died� nearly ��she death. Ë aet aewith face to face see � hnIloe ther. at looked I when � e � hi eetsee certain seemed defeat Their ��-����-���� oaodhvn te epels epc for respect lose people other having avoid to o nm face my in got es rcifyBrit chiefly or facing making Ë o unand turn Now r/e nsmoesface someone’s in are/get nifra ..Egih fyuare you if English, U.S. informal In Ë Hey, : � see � see h succeeded She ������ faces hl nastaini hc o aeto have you which in situation a in while faced fseamte e mistake. her admitted she if or see aeface save ntefinals. the in � � skyward. aeyu aefc on face game your have e u fyu itrsface sister�s your of out get ���� ����� nm face my in : 1 �funny� � : Ë Ë h feno sun. afternoon the ��� see h hwdgetcourage great showed She face h re ogtm oluhby laugh to me get to tried She ietyt someone to directly � Learner’s EnglishDictionary Merriam-Webster’s Advanced a columnfrom nadrc a htsosagror anger shows that way direct a in fac aet aewith face to face : obj + � Ë ulaface a pull ����� ywrigoetm ome the meet to overtime working by olaesmoealone someone leave to eas a aefrpractice. for late was I because face h window. the e h laughed She elflames. real S informal US, obj + ing faces Ë � : c . ntefc of face the in : 2 h house The h teacher The oteeast. the to see 2 Ë � Ë . ob ntepg htis that page the on be to omk il ramus- or silly a make to h a fadta she that afraid was She ewsetrann the entertaining was He oka h illustration the at Look � � Ë ����� facing hnsevstdthe visited she When nifra ..En- U.S. informal In see o r criticizing are you , : 1 ntefc of face the in Ë Ë Ë nhsface his in : h came She h rbesen- problems the � esat He � oobj no faces omk facial a make to He ����� og wyand away go to o aease- a have you , �� faced upward. Ë : b Ë with ewas He despite fyuhave you If aeaface a made n oplay go and facing om face my to ohv the have to h park. the � nteface the in facing h class. the Ë yshoe My Ë wearing h ac- The e out Get aeto face . great � uha such Ë wear- 586 mak- Ë page The the He Ë Ë . 19 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2008 A new dictionary with a different viewpoint Ari (Lionel) Kernerman Six advanced learners’ English dictionaries (ALEDs) So what is different about KAED is the fact that, in addition should certainly be enough, one would think. Six ALEDs to being compatible with an accurate lexicographical – all excellent dictionaries, all clearly written by some of description of both the American and British varieties of the world’s top lexicographers, all published by the most the English language, together with the necessary cultural reputable publishers, all corpus based, all comprehensive in references, it is meant to cater also to billions of others scope, all well designed and attractively formatted, and all – Europeans, Latin Americans, Asians and Africans, all – but one new one – tried and tested, their value proven. of whom are its potential users, and who require English So why should there be a seventh? in order to communicate with others in the non-English- A good question, and very much begging an answer. speaking world. Upon close inspection all of the ALEDs demonstrate The viewpoint, then, of KAED is distinctly different from the shortcomings. I discussed some of these last year, both at American and/or British ambience of the ALEDs produced the DSNA Meeting and in these pages, and will discuss by publishers in the West. them further this year at the EURALEX Congress. My purpose here is not to criticize these “Big Six”, but to Raw material for semi-bilingualization explain some of the ways in which the seventh differs from Another way in which KAED is different is the fact that it its predecessors. is written to be semi-bilingualizable. In addition to being a monolingual English learners’ dictionary, KAED will A global dictionary serve as a database for publishers in other countries for The seventh dictionary referred to above is Kernerman conversion into a local semi-bilingual dictionary, by simply Advanced English Dictionary (KAED). It was begun in 1996 adding a brief translation into the mother tongue of each and is scheduled to be published next year. It was written sense of the headword. This translation is what will make by lexicographers who are all experienced teachers of EFL, KAED primarily a local dictionary. And if everything else and the Editor-in-Chief is Raphael Gefen, former Chief remains untranslated, then the user or learner should have Inspector for English in the Israel Ministry of Education, no difficulty in thinking in the target language, while the and lecturer in applied linguistics, EFL methodology and presence of this brief translation is enough to create certainty contrastive analysis. regarding the correct comprehension of the meanings and to KAED was written from a different viewpoint, and with prevent misunderstanding. On the other hand, if the entire different intentions than the Big Six. It was not written entry were translated, it would encourage thinking in the for those who are learning English in an English-speaking mother tongue, without there being sufficient inducement environment, or who plan to live in or visit an English- for the user to read the English text. speaking environment, or who have a preferential So the translations of the headword have both psychological interest in the culture of native English-speakers. This and didactic importance. The translation creates in the user dictionary was written with English-as-the-global-lingua- confidence and a “comfortable feeling” that the meaning franca learners or users in mind, who aspire either to is correctly understood. And it provides the most accurate communicate with other English-as-the-global-lingua- equivalent that is possible to attain: the mother-tongue franca learners or users, or to use English mainly for equivalent, which is more precise than any English definition vocational purposes, that is, for instrumental and not could ever be. This is part of the beauty of the semi-bilingual culturally-integrative purposes. dictionary. It’s like having your cake and eating it, too. With this as its objective, and as far as content is concerned, Further localization will be achieved by giving the local KAED aims to be a neutral dictionary. It is neither British- nor editors a free hand in adding, changing or deleting entries American-oriented, but is culturally, politically, religiously or sentences to enhance the domestic content. and socio-economically neutral. Were KAED to adhere strictly to one of the existing English- Anticipating mother-tongue interference language word corpora, all of its examples would be derived The focus on the learner, which is so characteristic of KAED, from everyday life in the English-speaking countries. It would is also exemplified by a large number of notes that point to abound in the names of British and American statesmen potential mother-tongue interference. Local editors will be and other personalities, in the geographical names of those able to adopt, adapt and add to the text, since they are the countries, in their local institutions and laws, and, in general, most knowledgeable persons for contending with problems in it would reflect a modern, middle-class, Christian way of English-language learning that are encountered by speakers life, as is the case with all of the Big Six. of their own language. This problem has been strongly But those individuals who require an ALED may not find anticipated and accommodated for by our lexicographers this description appropriate for their needs. Their customs in compiling the text, being themselves all former teachers are neither American nor British, and their everyday life may of English-as-a-foreign-language. be far removed from that inherent in the corpora-derived These, then, are some of the main features that may make situations of these countries. Therefore, the KAED team KAED the “lucky seventh”, viz., cultural neutrality, was keen to create an atmosphere that is not suggestive of discretion in the application of corpora, semi-bilingual any particular world outlook, and that can serve as a basis compatibility, and accounting for possible mother-tongue for adaptation to any country or culture in the world. interference.

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