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Texto Completo (Pdf) 10.5935/2079-312X.20170004 Artículos HACIA UNA PERIODIZACIÓN DE LA LEXICOGRAFÍA EN TERRITORIO URUGUAYO TOWARDS A PERIODIZATION OF LEXICOGRAPHY IN URUGUAYAN TERRITORY Magdalena Coll1 1Universidad de la República, Uruguay [email protected] Resumen Proponemos una periodización de la lexicografía escrita en territorio uruguayo en el siglo XIX en cuatro capítulos: las notas de los primeros cronistas y viajeros, las prácticas lexicográficas de los primeros escritores montevideanos, los vocabularios y glosarios que se anexan a obras de carácter ficcional y ensayístico de la segunda mitad del siglo y los apuntes léxicos sobre lenguas indígenas en peligro de extinción. Cada uno de estos capítulos corresponde a diferentes épocas, con sus diferentes necesidades y tradiciones lexicográficas. Cabe aclarar que excluimos la obra comenzada por Washington Pedro Bermúdez, en 1880, El lenguaje del Río de la Plata, y el Vocabulario Rioplatense Razonado, de Daniel Granada, de 1889, dado que se trata de vocabularios independientes que abren una nueva etapa en la lexicografía uruguaya, que ya ha sido abordada. Palabras clave: siglo XIX, Uruguay, lexicografía, periodización. Abstract We propose a periodization of lexicographic products written in Uruguayan territory in the 19th century. It includes four chapters: the notes of the first chroniclers and travelers, the lexicographic practices of the first Montevidean writers, the vocabularies and glossaries attached to poems, novels and essays of the second half of the century and the bilingual lexicography of Spanish- Native languages. Each of these chapters corresponds to different times, with their different lexicographic needs and traditions. It is important to clarify that we exclude Washington Pedro Bermúdez’ work, initiated in 1888, El lenguaje del Río de la Plata, and the Vocabulario Rioplatense Razonado, published by Daniel Granada in 1889, due to the fact that they are independent vocabularies that belong to a new lexicographic stage that has been profusely studied. Key words: 19th century, Uruguay, Lexicography, periodization. Recibido: 13/04/2017 Aceptado: 15/05/2017 0. Presentación Esta es una propuesta de periodización de la lexicografía escrita en territorio hoy uruguayo desde los primeros apuntes lexicográficos que nos legaron los cronistas y viajeros, publicados a comienzos del siglo XIX, hasta la aparición del género vocabulario independiente, en la década del 80 de ese mismo siglo. Excluimos estos vocabularios independientes – la obra comenzada por Washington Pedro Bermúdez, en 1880, El lenguaje del Río de la Plata, y el Vocabulario Rioplatense Razonado, de Daniel Granada, de 1889 – ya que abren una nueva época en la lexicografía uruguaya que ya ha sido abordada por diferentes autores 1 . El corte cronológico definido en esta oportunidad nos permite concentrarnos en prácticamente todo el siglo XIX para poder así ordenar y agrupar, con una mirada abarcativa, los diferentes productos lexicográficos que caracterizaron ese periodo. No existe un trabajo panorámico sobre la historia de la lexicografía en el Uruguay ni existe para el Uruguay una propuesta de periodización de la lexicografía o un análisis del proceso de diccionarización, como sí sucede para Brasil (Nunes 2006) y para Argentina (Barcia 2004 y Lauria 2011 y 2012) o para de la lexicografía general de Hispanoamérica (Haensch 1994, Fajardo 2010, Huisa Telles 2014). Retomamos, sin embargo, el planteo hecho en Coll (2013a) donde se comienza a esbozar el tema. Tendremos en cuenta además los escasos trabajos que atienden algunos aspectos históricos de la lexicografía del Uruguay. Entre ellos, el de Khül de Mones (1986) que describe los inicios de la lexicografía uruguaya con especial énfasis en el Vocabulario de Granada 2 . También tendremos en cuenta la referencia de Ayestarán (1957: XIII y ss.) quien afirmó brevemente que el primer vocabulario regional que se publica en Montevideo data de 1850 y fue escrito por el cordobés Hilario Ascasubi, radicado desde hacía tiempo en dicha ciudad, mientras que el segundo vocabulario criollo fue publicado en 1854 por 1 Washington Pedro Bermúdez comienza El lenguaje del Río de la Plata, obra que continuará su hijo, Sergio Washington hasta 1947 y que nunca llegó a publicarse en su totalidad. Solo muy recientemente la Academia Nacional de Letras del Uruguay rescató y puso a disposición, en formato digital, los originales de los Bermúdez que permiten ver los lemas, las definiciones, las citas y también las adiciones y correcciones manuscritas superpuestas en la extensa obra cuya elaboración llevo casi 70 años (http://www.academiadeletras.gub.uy/innovaportal/v/89109/46/mecweb/diccionario- bermudez?leftmenuid=89109). La obra de los Bermúdez recibió atención de Pereira Rodríguez (1961), Rosell (1978), Elizaincín (2006), Fernández Guerra (2012) y da Rosa y Lucián (2016). Granada fue estudiado por Kühl de Mones (1986 y 1997), Lauria (2010 y 2012), Coll (2012b), Barcia (2004) y Kornfeld y Kugel (1999), entre otros. También se impulsaron trabajos monográficos sobre esta temática en la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación: López (2013), Fernández Guerra (2009) y Machado (2014). 2 Los trabajos históricos de la Academia Nacional de Letras del Uruguay se concentran en la trayectoria lexicográfica de la propia Academia, es decir, en el siglo XX (Academia Nacional de Letras 1998 y 2000). Alejandro Magariños Cervantes, quien analiza las voces más frecuentes de la primitiva poesía gauchesca (Ayestarán 1957: XIV). Nuestra propuesta se formula en base a cuatro capítulos, que atienden los principales mojones en la historia de la lexicografía uruguaya. El primer capítulo de esta historia comprende la lexicografía “encubierta” o “escondida” escrita por cronistas y viajeros (apartado 1). El segundo capítulo se dedica a las notas lexicográficas de los primeros escritores montevideanos, José Manuel Pérez Castellano y Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga (apartado 2). Proponemos que los glosarios o vocabularios de obras literarias o ensayísticas ocupen el tercer capítulo de esta historia (apartado 3), que es el más extenso. El último capítulo que aquí planteamos es el que incluye la lexicografía bilingüe que presenta vocabularios o glosarios de lenguas indígenas traducidas al español (apartado 4). Estos cuatro capítulos históricos si bien responden a un criterio cronológico, presentan, como se verá, inevitables solapamientos. Cada uno de estos capítulos corresponde a diferentes épocas, con sus diferentes necesidades lexicográficas. El primero, ilustrado por el cronista Félix de Azara, se desarrolla en la época colonial y responde a una necesidad de nombrar esta realidad americana por primera vez. Es una etapa tardía si la comparamos a otras regiones de América, en las cuales esta etapa lexicográfica se había desarrollado con mucha anterioridad, pero está acorde con el hecho de que la conquista y colonización en lo que hoy es Uruguay es apenas del XVIII. Este mismo capítulo incluye a viajeros franceses e ingleses que llegan a lo largo del siglo XIX a la región. El segundo capítulo, que se base en los primeros escritores montevideanos, abarca la época de quiebre entre la Colonia y las luchas independentistas. Los registros, notas, cartas y diarios de José Manuel Pérez Castellano y Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga incorporan nuevas voces, en su mayoría de origen indígena, que describen la nueva geografía, la flora, la fauna y las costumbres de la sociedad que estaba conformándose en la época. El tercer capítulo, glosarios y vocabularios de obras literarias, ocupa principalmente la segunda mitad del siglo XIX: está en consonancia con la voluntad de los autores de explicar voces locales a lectores ajenos al español de la región. Es una lexicografía fuertemente vinculada a la formación identitaria, a la formación de las jóvenes naciones americanas. El cuarto capítulo, centrado en la lexicografía bilingüe español-lenguas indígenas, cubre épocas y circunstancias diferentes: por un lado, Larrañaga y Pérez Castellano, recopilan a principios de siglo voces del chaná y del araucano, respectivamente; por otro, en la década del 40, y con otra mirada, los manuscritos de Teodoro Vilardebó recogen y explican voces de origen charrúa. 1. La información lexicográfica “encubierta” o “escondida”: cronistas y viajeros Los cronistas y viajeros – que servirán de fuente para la posterior lexicografía uruguaya – llegan a la región del Río de la Plata por motivaciones científicas, políticas o comerciales y dejan las primeras definiciones sobre conceptos vinculados a la temática rural, las costumbres, la vestimenta, los tipos humanos, o a la fauna y la flora del espacio geográfico que recorren, como ya lo destaca Kühl de Mones (1986)3. Diferentes autores han visto en el primero de ellos, el naturalista Félix de Azara, un fino lexicógrafo (Buesa Oliver 1987, Kühl de Mones 1997, Mazzola 2008, Enguita Utrilla 2012a y 2012b, Barcia 2004 y Bértola 2013a, 2013b y 2014). El interés que posee la obra americana de Félix de Azara como fuente de estudio en lo que se refiere a la formación y al desarrollo del léxico hispanoamericano, en especial del rioplatense, es ciertamente indiscutible. Designa plantas y animales, crea nombres para identificar lingüísticamente más de 200 especies, ofrece información sobre los nombres que usan los indígenas de la región, explica acepciones, etc. Su obra más estudiada es Descripción e historia del Paraguay y el Río de la Plata que fue editada en 1847 pero que Azara había terminado de escribir en 1809, como continuación
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