DOCSLIB.ORG

The London School of Economics and Political Science Social Networks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The London School of Economics and Political Science Social Networks 1 The London School of Economics and Political Science Social Networks and Entrepreneurship: The British Merchant Community of Uruguay, 1830-1875 Peter Sims A thesis submitted to the Department of Economic History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, August, 2014. 2 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 91,138 words. 3 Abstract This thesis provides an overview of the social and entrepreneurial careers and strategies of merchants during the first modern “commercial” era, 1830-75. It examines merchants as migratory entrepreneurs during the integration of peripheral regions into the transatlantic economy via commerce, technology transfer, and ideology. Merchants organized, operated and expanded overseas commerce, importing textiles and exporting pastoral products. They used a variety of strategies and firm structures to discover and exploit niches in a competitive, developing market. They also influenced the process of economic development and state building as capitalists and risk-bearers, financing both production and politics. Based on archival material from diverse collections in both the United Kingdom and South America, the research offers a qualitative account of the entrepreneurial activities of the British merchant elite in Uruguay. It uses case studies of British immigrant entrepreneurs, whose privileged access to capital and technology allowed them to expand the market for imported products and to exploit upstream opportunities in modernizing export production. Uruguay’s distinctive institutional and geographical characteristics allowed merchants to access markets, maximize their social and political connections, and to hedge political and market risks. British merchants used Montevideo as an alternative regional port to Buenos Aires, and the implications of this opportunity have been underexplored in the literature. In establishing and expanding their operations in Uruguay, merchants gained region-specific capital in the form of geographically fixed upstream investments, market knowledge, and positions in elite networks. The social connections of Anglo-Uruguayan merchants were essential in providing resources and influence for their entrepreneurial activities, but were also their point of entry into the contest over the economy and polity of the River Plate region. British merchants’ incentives changed towards engagement in the political and ideological struggles of the Uruguayan civil war, the guerra grande of 1839-51, as they contested political outcomes by acting as suppliers, financiers, and lobbyists. This involvement created an Anglo- Uruguayan subset of River Plate merchants, who went on in subsequent decades to reshape the economy through investment and entrepreneurship. 4 Acknowledgments The writing of this thesis owes a great deal to a great many people, both in terms of the research behind it, and the personal support given to its author over the years. First, and foremost, I would like to thank Colin Lewis for his excellent supervision, detailed suggestions, and unflagging support of the project. My research has benefited from innumerable discussions with scholars both in Britain and Uruguay. I would like to thank all the participants of the multitude of seminars I have presented parts of this work at, notably at the LSE Economic History PhD Workshop. From LSE, I would like especially to thank Terry Gourvish (and the Business History Unit), Leslie Hannah, and Alejandra Irigoin. I am indebted to Manuel Llorca-Jaña for data, encouragement, and a revitalized view of River Plate trade. I received invaluable guidance from a number of scholars I met in Uruguay, including Peter Winn, Benjamín Nahum, Jeffrey Williamson, Alfonso Herranz-Loncan, Álvaro Cuenca, Juan Oribe Stemmer, Ana Frega, Alcides Beretta Curi, and Alba Mariani. I would especially like to thank Luis Bértola, Reto Bertoni, Raúl Jacob, Maria Camou, Sebastián Fleitas and everyone else at the PHES in Montevideo for their advice, and for graciously hosting me during my research visits. (I hope one day to live down my shameful victory in the 2010 World Cup betting pool.) Extra special thanks are due to Werther Halarewicz and Enrique Bianchi, devoted railway enthusiasts and the best possible guides to the city and its historical secrets, as well as Antonio Di Candia for his friendship and the roof over my head. I would also like to thank all of the archivists and librarians both in England and Montevideo who have helped me unearth the material used to develop my arguments. Any errors in this thesis are entirely my own. My friends through these years have been the bedrock of my life. Thank you to everyone, but especially: Janita, Kevin, Chris, Anna, Marina, Steph, Greta, Eoin, Casey, Toby, and Bitsy. To Eric Golson: I owe you a special debt for these years, which will be repaid in London Dry Gin. To my mother, father and brother, I owe everything. This project has been a long time in the making, and it wouldn’t have been possible without you and your unfailing support. 5 Table of Contents Title Page 1 Declaration 2 Abstract 3 Acknowledgments 4 Table of Contents 5 Tables and Figures 7 Glossary 8 Map of Uruguay, 1875 10 1. Introduction 11 Motivation 12 Periodization 14 Methodology 16 Sources 17 Contribution 19 Overview 21 2. Literature Survey 24 Entrepreneurship 24 Firm Structure and Transaction Costs 30 Business History: The Latin American Context 36 Social Networks and Merchant Trade 42 Informal Empire and Business History 49 Uruguay and the New Institutional Narratives 52 Political Economy 55 Regional Historiography 57 Synthesis 64 3. Historical Background 67 Colonial Period 68 The Invasion of 1807 73 Artigas and the Patria Vieja 75 Cisplatine Period 77 Ponsonby and the Treaty of Montevideo 79 Oribe and Rivera 81 The Guerra Grande, 1838-51 83 Between the Wars 88 Flores and the Paraguayan War 91 The Revolution of the Lances and the Rise of 94 Latorre 4. Uruguay in Regional 96 Context Economic Geography of Uruguay 99 Demographics of Uruguay 103 Political Factions: Blancos and Colorados 106 Money and Credit 108 Tariffs 116 Commercial Overview 118 6 5. Social Networks and 124 Entrepreneurship The Entrepreneurial Community 125 Firm Structure: Networks and Partnerships 127 Being Inglés 128 Establishing the Community 130 Elite Connections: The Jacksons of Uruguay 133 Family Networks: Samuel Fisher Lafone 137 International Commercial Networks 140 The Case of Anderson Macfarlane and Co. 143 Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Richard Bannister 145 Hughes Conclusion 155 6. Crisis and Speculation 157 Literature and Background 158 Composition of the Sociedad Compradora 163 The Contracts and Returns 165 Neutrality versus Intervention 171 Aftermath and Legacy 174 Conclusion 175 7. Rural Entrepreneurship 178 Rural Modernization in Regional Context 181 Diversification and Upstream Investment 183 Rural Entrepreneurship among British Merchants 186 Land Prices 190 Management and Delegation 191 Saladeros and Rural Industrialization 193 Sheep and Wool 196 Labour Problems 199 Policing and Crime 202 British Merchants and the Asociación Rural 204 The Return of Crisis Conditions: 1869-1875 206 Conclusion 208 8. Conclusion 211 Contribution 212 Firms, Organization, and Networks 214 Entrepreneurship and Historical Contingency 215 The Role of Merchants in State Formation 216 Appendices 222 Sources and Bibliography 247 7 Tables and Figures Table 1: Capital Outlay for a Sheep Raising Estancia 189 Figure 1: Saladero La Teja 195 Table 2: Sheep and Cattle Owned by British Estancieros in Uruguay, 1864 198 Table 3: British merchants appearing on the List of Approved Merchants, Sociedad 222 Compradora de los Derechos de la Aduana, 1844 Table 4: Anderson Macfarlane and Co.: List of Correspondents 223 Figure 3: Siblings of Samuel Fisher Lafone 224 Figure 4: Samuel Lafone’s Connections in the River Plate 225 Figure 5: Figure 5: Family Network of John Jackson 226 Table 5: Population of Uruguay 227 Table 6: Rural Exports and Prices, 1829-62 228 Table 7: Import tariff rates, 1829-61 229 Table 8: Balance of Trade, 1829-42 230 Figure 6: Balance of Trade, 1829-42 230 Table 9: Imports, 1830-35 231 Table 10: Exports, 1830-42 232 Table 11: Wheat Production, 1855-72 233 Table 12: Maize production, 1855-72 234 Table 13: Balance of Trade by Destination, 1869 235 Table 14: Export Composition, 1869 236 Table 15: Tasajo Exports from the River Plate 237 Table 16: Buenos Aires and Montevideo hides exports, 1815-82 238 Table 17: Tasajo exports, Buenos Aires and Montevideo 239 Table 18: Wool exports, Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1829-82 240 Figure 7: Tasajo exports, Montevideo, 1829-82 241 Figure 8: Hides exports, Montevideo, 1815-82 241 Figure 9: Wool exports, Montevideo, 1829-82 241 Table 19: British Exports to Montevideo, 1846-79 (2 pages) 242 Figure 10: Pictures of the British Community in Uruguay (part 1) 244 Figure 11: Pictures of the British Community in Uruguay (part 2) 245 Figure 12: Pictures of the British Community in Uruguay (part 3) 246 8 Glossary Arroyo Grande, Battle of: Fought Dec. 6, 1842. A decisive victory for the Blancos. Led directly to the siege of Montevideo. Banda Oriental: A term for the east bank of the Río Uruguay; a geographical reference roughly identical with the state of Uruguay. Barraca: A warehouse, typically owned by wholesalers of export produce. Blanco: Uruguayan political party, originally referring to the followers of Oribe during the guerra grande.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Los Frentes Del Anticomunismo. Las Derechas En
    Los frentes del anticomunismo Las derechas en el Uruguay de los tempranos sesenta Magdalena Broquetas El fin de un modelo y las primeras repercusiones de la crisis Hacia mediados de los años cincuenta del siglo XX comenzó a revertirse la relativa prosperidad económica que Uruguay venía atravesando desde el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. A partir de 1955 se hicieron evidentes las fracturas del modelo proteccionista y dirigista, ensayado por los gobiernos que se sucedieron desde mediados de la década de 1940. Los efectos de la crisis económica y del estancamiento productivo repercutieron en una sociedad que, en la última década, había alcanzado una mejora en las condiciones de vida y en el poder adquisitivo de parte de los sectores asalariados y las capas medias y había asistido a la consolidación de un nueva clase trabajadora con gran capacidad de movilización y poder de presión. El descontento social generalizado tuvo su expresión electoral en las elecciones nacionales de noviembre de 1958, en las que el sector herrerista del Partido Nacional, aliado a la Liga Federal de Acción Ruralista, obtuvo, por primera vez en el siglo XX, la mayoría de los sufragios. Con estos resultados se inauguraba el período de los “colegiados blancos” (1959-1966) en el que se produjeron cambios significativos en la conducción económica y en la concepción de las funciones del Estado. La apuesta a la liberalización de la economía inauguró una década que, en su primera mitad, se caracterizó por la profundización de la crisis económica, una intensa movilización social y la reconfiguración de alianzas en el mapa político partidario.
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Women? Repercussions of the Triple Alliance War in Paraguay∗
    Country of Women? Repercussions of the Triple Alliance War in Paraguay∗ Jennifer Alix-Garcia Laura Schechter Felipe Valencia Caicedo Oregon State University UW Madison University of British Columbia S. Jessica Zhu Precision Agriculture for Development April 5, 2021 Abstract Skewed sex ratios often result from episodes of conflict, disease, and migration. Their persistent impacts over a century later, and especially in less-developed regions, remain less understood. The War of the Triple Alliance (1864{1870) in South America killed up to 70% of the Paraguayan male population. According to Paraguayan national lore, the skewed sex ratios resulting from the conflict are the cause of present-day low marriage rates and high rates of out-of-wedlock births. We collate historical and modern data to test this conventional wisdom in the short, medium, and long run. We examine both cross-border and within-country variation in child-rearing, education, labor force participation, and gender norms in Paraguay over a 150 year period. We find that more skewed post-war sex ratios are associated with higher out-of-wedlock births, more female-headed households, better female educational outcomes, higher female labor force participation, and more gender-equal gender norms. The impacts of the war persist into the present, and are seemingly unaffected by variation in economic openness or ties to indigenous culture. Keywords: Conflict, Gender, Illegitimacy, Female Labor Force Participation, Education, History, Persistence, Paraguay, Latin America JEL Classification: D74, I25, J16, J21, N16 ∗First draft May 20, 2020. We gratefully acknowledge UW Madison's Graduate School Research Committee for financial support. We thank Daniel Keniston for early conversations about this project.
    [Show full text]
  • El Herrerismo Como Factor 'Amortiguador' De La Política Exterior
    UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPÚBLICA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA Licenciatura en Ciencia Política El herrerismo como factor ‘amortiguador’ de la política exterior uruguaya José Carlos Castro Meny Tutores: Romeo Pérez Antón, Adolfo Garcé 1 _________________________________________________ EL HERRERISMO COMO FACTOR ‘AMORTIGUADOR’ DE LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR URUGUAYA __________________________________________ CASTRO MENY José Carlos Tutor(es): Dr. Romeo Pérez Antón, Dr. Adolfo Garcé _____________________________________________________________ UDELAR // Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Monografía de Grado de la Licenciatura en Ciencia Política _____________________________________________________________ Dedicado a mis compañeros de estudio, mi deseo y esperanza para que disfruten de “un mundo de mayor libertad y verdadera justicia” (Haedo 1969: dedicatoria). _____________________________________________________________ Así como se nos ha pensado como una ‘sociedad amortiguadora’ -así definida por, y a partir del análisis de Carlos Real de Azúa (1)- del mismo modo pretendemos hablar de un ’herrerismo amortiguador’ respecto del giro de la inserción de la política exterior uruguaya hacia el panamericanismo. Durante el período de ascenso como potencia de Estados Unidos de América, que devendrá en hegemónica, nuestro país bajo la batuta del batllismo (Baltasar Brum (2), Alberto Guani (3)) inclinará la balanza de nuestra diplomacia como afín a la de la potencia emergente. Al mismo tiempo, uno de nuestros dos vecinos, la República Argentina, mantendrá una actitud de distancia y neutralidad. Un mayor apego a las posiciones tradicionales en materia de política exterior. A diferencia de Brasil, cuya política exterior busca consolidarse como potencia regional sub- hegemónica, en detrimento de la pretensión de la República Argentina, y con el paraguas de sus acuerdos con los Estados Unidos de América.
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Comes Within Category D
    * SHL ITEM BARCODE 19 1721901 5 REFERENCE ONLY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON THESIS Degree Year i ^Loo 0 Name of Author COPYRIGHT This Is a thesis accepted for a Higher Degree of the University of London, it is an unpubfished typescript and the copyright is held by the author. All persons consulting the thesis must read and abide by the Copyright Declaration below. COPYRIGHT DECLARATION I recognise that the copyright of the above-described thesis rests with the author and that no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. LOANS Theses may not be lent to individuals, but the Senate House Library may lend a copy to approved libraries within the United Kingdom, for consultation solely on the .premises of those libraries. Application should be made to: Inter-Library Loans, Senate House Library, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU. REPRODUCTION University of London theses may not be reproduced without explicit written permission from the Senate House Library. Enquiries should be addressed to the Theses Section of the Library. Regulations concerning reproduction vary according to the date of acceptance of the thesis and are listed below as guidelines. A. Before 1962. Permission granted only upon the prior written consent of the author. (The Senate House Library will provide addresses where possible). B. 1962 -1974. In many cases the author has agreed to permit copying upon completion of a Copyright Declaration. C. 1975 -1988. Most theses may be copied upon completion of a Copyright Declaration. D. 1989 onwards. Most theses may be copied.
    [Show full text]
  • From Penal Institution to Shopping Mecca: the Economics of Memory and the Case of Punta Carretas
    From Penal Institution to Shopping Mecca: The Economics of Memory and the Case of Punta Carretas Victoria Ruetalo Cultural Critique, 68, Winter 2008, pp. 38-65 (Article) Published by University of Minnesota Press DOI: 10.1353/cul.2008.0001 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cul/summary/v068/68.1ruetalo.html Access Provided by The University of Alberta at 10/05/12 5:14PM GMT 02 Ruetalo.qxd 12/19/2007 8:44 AM Page 38 FROM PENAL INSTITUTION TO SHOPPING MECCA THE ECONOMICS OF MEMORY AND THE CASE OF PUNTA CARRETAS Victoria Ruetalo As the 1980s drew an end to the repressive rule of the dicta- torship in Uruguay (1973–1985), the doors to one of the state’s pow- erful ideological apparatuses, Punta Carretas Penitentiary, closed. The paranoid, bureaucratic structure, as theorized by Michel Foucault and others, suddenly became a fast-paced, neon-signed, food-chained Bau- drillardian postmodern mall, an emblem for the newly democratic nation caught in globalization’s zeal. Today the new mall not only re- places the old prison space but recreates the original facade of the facility. Although at Wrst glance they may bear no correlation to each other, the shopping mall and the prison do indeed share a common bond, one that may help to discern greater social trends. In the 1970s, as Mike Davis explains, Jeremy Bentham’s prison model inspired developer Alexander Haager in the design of more than forty shop- ping centers in low-income neighborhoods in Los Angeles. Haager borrowed both blueprint and logic from the panopticon, theorized by his eighteenth-century colleague at the birth of capitalism, to maintain a sense of order and discipline within a different late capitalist con- text.
    [Show full text]
  • La Interpretación Dominante En Uruguay Sobre Los Orígenes De La
    Diálogos - Revista do Departamento de História e do Programa de Pós- Graduação em História ISSN: 1415-9945 [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brasil Casal, Juan Manuel La interpretación dominante en Uruguay sobre los orígenes de la Guerra de la Triple Alianza Diálogos - Revista do Departamento de História e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, vol. 19, núm. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2015, pp. 929-953 Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brasil Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=305543302003 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Diálogos (Maringá. Online), v. 19, n.3, p. 929-953, set.-dez./2015. DOI 10.4025/dialogos.v19i3.1138 La interpretación dominante en Uruguay sobre los orígenes de la Guerra de la Triple Alianza* Juan Manuel Casal ** Resumen. En ausencia de una justificación de la intervención uruguaya en la Guerra del Paraguay, fue un representante de los opositores a la misma, Luis A. de Herrera, quien produjo los primeros estudios significativos. Estos estudios, publicados entre 1908 y 1952, atribuyeron las causas de la guerra a la previa invasión de Uruguay por el Gral. Venancio Flores, con apoyo de Argentina y Brasil, y al enfrentamiento estructural entre Buenos Aires y las provincias argentinas, del cual la campaña contra Paraguay habría sido una instancia más. A partir de mediados del siglo XX, el influyente periódico Marcha de Montevideo adhirió a la interpretación de Herrera y la popularizó—aunque mediada por las tesis y teorías de otros autores—entre el público lector uruguayo.
    [Show full text]
  • Pliego Particular De Condiciones
    Pliego Particular de Condiciones “Plan de Seguridad para Centros Educativos de la ANEP - Montevideo” LICITACIÓN PÚBLICA No 16/2017 Art.1 OBJETO DEL LLAMADO Art.2 CARACTERISTICAS DEL SERVICIO Art.3 VIGENCIA DE CONTRATACIÓN Art.4 PLAZOS, COMUNICACIONES, CONSULTAS, ACLARACIONES Y PRÓRROGAS Art.5 CONDICIONES DE LOS OFERENTES Art.6 DE LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA EMPRESA Art.7 GARANTÍAS Art.8 OFERTA Y COTIZACION Art.9 PRESENTACIÓN DE LA OFERTA Art.10 APERTURA DE OFERTAS Art.11 FÓRMULA AJUSTE DE PRECIOS Art.12 CRITERIOS PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LAS PROPUESTAS Art.13 MEJORA DE LAS OFERTAS Y NEGOCIACIÓN Art.14 PLAZO DE MANTENIMIENTO DE OFERTA Art.15 ADJUDICACIÓN Art.16 NOTIFICACIÓN DE LA ADJUDICACIÓN Art.17 OBLIGACIONES DEL ADJUDICATARIO Art.18 FORMA DE PAGO Art.19 CESIÓN DE CRÉDITO Art.20 SANCIONES POR INCUMPLIMIENTO Art.21 CAUSALES DE RESCISION Art.22 DE LAS NOTIFICACIONES Art.23 EXCENCIÓN DE RESPONSABILIDAD Art.24 INTERVENCIÓN DEL TRIBUNAL DE CUENTAS DE LA REPÚBLICA Art.25 NORMATIVA APLICABLE Art.26 DÍAS Y HORARIOS DE ATENCIÓN ANEXOS I) MAPA CON DISTRIBUCIÓN ZONAL II) LISTADO DE CENTROS EDUCATIVOS POR ZONAS III) FÓRMULA DE PRESENTACION DE DECLARACIONES Soriano 1045 – C.P.: 11200 – Telefax: 2902 0935 int. 2776 – Montevideo / Uruguay [email protected] Apertura Electrónica de las Ofertas: Día 20 de Septiembre de 2017 - Hora 16:00 Los interesados podrán consultar y retirar los Pliegos en el Área de Adquisiciones, Soriano 1045 entrepiso en el horario de 13:00 a 18:00 o en la página de www.comprasestatales.gub.uy hasta el día de la apertura y previo a esta.
    [Show full text]
  • PENSAMIENTO URUGUAYO Yamandú Acosta
    PENSAMIENTO URUGUAYO Yamandú Acosta PENSAMIENTO URUGUAYO La publicación de este libro fue realizada con el apoyo de la Comisión Secto- rial de Investigación Científica (CSIC) de la Universidad de la República. José Pedro Varela, Pedro Figari, Domingo Arena, Comité de Referato de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de la Re- pública: José Enrique Rodó, Orden Egresado: Nicolás Cendoya. Carlos Vaz Ferreira, Orden Docente : Osvaldo Mantero. Emilio Frugoni, Orden Estudiantil: Matilde Colotta Arturo Ardao, Mario Sambarino, Lucía Sala, José Luis Rebellato Estudios latinoamericanos de historia de las ideas y filosofía de la práctica ÍNDICE Introducción .............................................................................................................9 José Pedro Varela: los escritos de “La Revista Literaria” en la perspectiva de la función utópica del discurso .................................................................................................13 El eje temático de análisis ...................................................................................13 El objeto ..............................................................................................................14 La perspectiva .....................................................................................................1 Las categorías y los símbolos ..............................................................................1 La filosofía de la historia: mitos y utopía ............................................................16 Civilización
    [Show full text]
  • Uruguay's President Josã© Mujica's Simplicity Draws Attention Around the Globe Andrã©S Gaudãn
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository NotiSur Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) 2-1-2013 Uruguay's President José Mujica's Simplicity Draws Attention Around the Globe Andrés GaudÃn Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/notisur Recommended Citation GaudÃn, Andrés. "Uruguay's President José Mujica's Simplicity Draws Attention Around the Globe." (2013). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/notisur/14118 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NotiSur by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LADB Article Id: 78882 ISSN: 1060-4189 Uruguay's President José Mujica's Simplicity Draws Attention Around the Globe by Andrés Gaudín Category/Department: Uruguay Published: 2013-02-01 In mid-December 2012, the small newspaper Jornada in the northern Uruguayan city of Rivera published a surprising story pointing out that, throughout 2012, President José "Pepe" Mujica had been interviewed by major international print media and television channels more than any of his counterparts on six continents. It is true. Mujica was not consulted to find out his opinions on major world events. Uruguay is not a player on that stage. For such consultation, the media go to major political actors, such as US President Barack Obama, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, and Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. The media are attracted to Mujica for a very particular reason. They all use the exact same words to describe him as "the poorest president in the world." But that is not the only reason that media from The New York Times to The Hindu—the Chennai, India, newspaper with an average daily circulation of 1.8 million copies—come to Montevideo to write stories.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Dictaduras En América Latina Y Su Influencia En Los Movimientos De
    Revista Ratio Juris Vol. 16 N.º 32, 2021, pp. 17-50 © UNAULA EDITORIAL DICTATORSHIPS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THEIR INFLUENCE OF RIGHT AND LEFT MOVEMENTS SINCE THE 20TH CENTURY* LAS DICTADURAS EN AMÉRICA LATINA Y SU INFLUENCIA EN LOS MOVIMIENTOS DE DERECHA E IZQUIERDA DESDE EL SIGLO xx Juan Carlos Beltrán López José Fernando Valencia Grajales** Mayda Soraya Marín Galeano*** Recibido: 30 de noviembre de 2020 - Aceptado: 30 de mayo de 2021 - Publicado: 30 de junio de 2021 DOI: 10.24142/raju.v16n32a1 * El presente artículo es derivado de la línea Constitucionalismo Crítico y Género que hace parte del programa de investigación con código 2019 29-000029 de la línea denominada Dinámicas Urbano-Regionales, Economía Solidaria y Construcción de Paz Territorial en Antioquia, que a su vez tiene como sublíneas de trabajo las siguientes: Construcción del Sujeto Político, Ciudadanía y Transformación Social; Constitucionalismo Crítico y Género; Globalización, Derechos Humanos y Políticas Públicas, y Conflicto Territorio y Paz e Investigación Formativa. ** Docente investigador Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana (UNAULA); Abogado, Universidad de Antioquia; Politólogo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín; Especialista en Cultu- ra Política: Pedagogía de los Derechos Humanos, Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana (UNAU- LA); Magíster en Estudios Urbano Regionales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín; estudiante del Doctorado en Conocimiento y Cultura en América Latina, Instituto Pensamiento y Cultura en América Latina, A. C.; editor de la revista Kavilando y Revista Ratio Juris (UNAULA), Medellín, Colombia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8128-4903; Google Scholar: https://scho- lar.google.es/citations?user=mlzFu8sAAAAJ&hl=es. Correo electrónico: [email protected] *** Directora de la Maestría en Derecho y docente investigadora de la Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, investigadora de la revista Kavilando.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Presidents of Uruguay
    SNo Name Took office Left office Political party 1 Fructuoso Rivera November 6, 1830 October 24, 1834 Colorado 2 Carlos Anaya October 24, 1834 March 1, 1835 Colorado 3 Manuel Oribe March 1, 1835 October 24, 1838 National 4 Gabriel Antonio Pereira October 24, 1838 March 1, 1839 Colorado 5 Fructuoso Rivera March 1, 1839 March 1, 1843 Colorado 6 Manuel Oribe February 16, 1843 October 8, 1851 National 7 Joaquín Suárez March 1, 1843 February 15, 1852 Colorado 8 Bernardo Berro February 15, 1852 March 1, 1852 National 9 Juan Francisco Giró March 1, 1852 September 25, 1853 National 10 Venancio Flores September 25, 1853 March 12, 1854 Colorado 11 Juan Antonio Lavalleja September 25, 1853 October 22, 1853 Independent 12 Fructuoso Rivera September 25, 1853 January 13, 1854 Colorado 13 Venancio Flores March 12, 1854 August 29, 1855 Colorado 14 Luis Lamas August 29, 1855 September 10, 1855 National 15 Manuel Basilio Bustamante September 10, 1855 February 15, 1856 Colorado 16 José María Plá February 15, 1856 March 1, 1856 Colorado 17 Gabriel Antonio Pereira March 1, 1856 March 1, 1860 Colorado 18 Bernardo Berro March 1, 1860 March 1, 1864 National 19 Atanasio Aguirre March 1, 1864 February 15, 1865 National 20 Tomás Villalba February 15, 1865 February 20, 1865 National 21 Venancio Flores February 20, 1865 February 15, 1868 Colorado 22 Pedro Varela February 15, 1868 March 1, 1868 Colorado 23 Lorenzo Batlle y Grau March 1, 1868 March 1, 1872 Colorado 24 Tomás Gomensoro Albín March 1, 1872 March 1, 1873 Colorado 25 José Eugenio Ellauri March 1, 1873 January
    [Show full text]
  • Credit Constraints in Latin America: an Overview of the Micro Evidence
    Credit Constraints in Latin America: An Overview of the Micro Evidence Arturo Galindo* Fabio Schiantarelli** *Inter-American Development Bank **Boston College and IZA September 2002 Abstract1 This paper summarizes and discusses new evidence on the nature, extent, evolution and consequences of financing constraints in Latin America. The countries covered are: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, and Uruguay. All the new contributions share the characteristics of being based on microdata. Most of the data sources are firm’s balance sheets. For Argentina information on debt contracts and credit history is also available, while for Costa Rica personal information on entrepreneurs was also collected. Some of the papers investigate the determinants of firms’ financing choices, and the consequences of access or debt composition on performance. Other papers attempt to assess the severity of financing constraints, by focusing on firms’ investment choices. All the papers (but one) were part of the project “Determinants and Consequences of Financial Constraints Facing Firms in Latin America and the Caribbean,” financed by the IADB. However, other recent micro-econometric contributions are discussed as well. The results suggest that access to credit (and its cost) depends not only upon favorable balance sheet characteristics, but also upon the closeness of the relationship between firms and banks as well as credit history. Access to long-term loans and to loans denominated in foreign currency is positively related to the size and tangibility of firms’ assets and negatively related to measures of country risk. Moreover, firms that have foreign participation appear to be less financially constrained in their investment decisions.
    [Show full text]