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Tesis Doctoral Carini Universidad Nacional de La Plata Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Tesis de Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales ETNOGRAFÍA DEL BUDISMO ZEN ARGENTINO: RITUALES, COSMOVISIÓN E IDENTIDAD Catón Eduardo Carini, Mg. Director: Dr. Pablo Gerardo Wright Codirectora: Dra. Liliana Tamagno La Plata, noviembre de 2011 1 2 Agradecimientos Agradezco a los practicantes zen por recibirme en sus centros de meditación, compartir sus ideas, sentimientos y responder a las preguntas planteadas en las entrevistas. Además, tengo especial gratitud a mi director Pablo Wright por apoyarme en la elección temática, abrirme las puertas de su grupo de trabajo y guiarme en cuestiones académicas (especialmente en la dirección y corrección de este trabajo). El mismo fue financiado por una Beca de Postgrado Tipo I (2007-2010) y por una Beca de Postgrado Tipo II (2010-2012) del CONICET. Agradezco a esta institución por hacer materialmente posible la investigación. También deseo expresar gratitud a mi codirectora de beca, Liliana Tamagno, por brindarme su apoyo académico y un espacio institucional de trabajo, el Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Antropología Social (LIAS) de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Por último, agradezco a mis padres, Graciela Antonelli y Eduardo Carini, y a mis hermanas Greta, Bárbara y Rubí por todo el amor y el apoyo brindado. 3 4 Resumen: El propósito de la tesis es realizar un estudio antropológico de los grupos budistas zen que se han establecido en la Argentina en las últimas décadas, indagando en la diversidad de tradiciones y escuelas locales y en los procesos de recreación y adaptación al ámbito argentino que manifiestan. La investigación propone inquirir etnográficamente en temáticas relacionadas al ritual, la cosmovisión y la identidad, a fin de hallar los procesos sociales y culturales que posibilitan el surgimiento, desarrollo y consolidación de grupos budistas zen locales. La primera parte del trabajo explora su historia, organización económica, cosmovisión, tecnología espiritual y procesos de conversión. Describe cómo se fueron articulando y analiza sus modalidades de reproducción material, discutiendo la forma tradicional de organización económica en su país de origen y los desafíos que deben enfrentar en la Argentina. Además, explora el proceso por el cual sus miembros - argentinos sin antepasados orientales- se convierten en practicantes zen, inspeccionando especialmente las mudanzas identitarias que este proceso implica. Luego, analiza los rasgos principales de la cosmovisión zen y las tecnologías espirituales relacionadas, a fin de conocer con mayor profundidad los motivos que acercan a nuestros interlocutores a esta religión. La segunda parte explora la dimensión ritual de los centros zen, especialmente en relación a la cuestión de las plegarias y la textualidad. Analiza la forma en que el ritual produce un contexto espacial y temporal sagrado que al mismo tiempo funciona como tecnología del ser, propiciando transformaciones en la subjetividad de los propios participantes. También indaga las plegarias desempeñadas, examinando sus significados, usos y determinantes sociales. Finalmente, investiga la forma en que la cosmovisión zen se materializa en distintos soportes escritos, rastreando el vínculo entre oralidad y textualidad tanto en la actualidad como en la historia del budismo. La tercera parte efectúa un recorrido que comienza con los aspectos fenomenológicos de la práctica zen, continúa con los ritos de pasaje y prosigue con la organización política. Comienza examinando las transformaciones en la subjetividad que la participación en grupos zen propicia, indagando la forma en que la dimensión intersubjetiva, así como la conceptualización del sufrimiento, contribuyen a crear un habitus zen característico. Continúa analizando cómo determinados ritos de pasaje se constituyen en una objetivación simbólica de los cambios producidos tanto en la identidad individual como en el habitus zen. Y cierra la sección una indagación en los grupos zen desde una mirada política, analizando su 5 estructura de autoridad así como los mecanismos simbólicos que legitiman relaciones de poder. En suma, esta exploración de las particularidades socio-culturales del budismo que se ha consolidado en la Argentina permite llenar un vacío en el campo de los estudios antropológicos sobre minorías religiosas de este país, a la vez que contribuye al conocimiento del proceso de dispersión del budismo al Occidente. 6 Abstract The purpose of the thesis is to make an anthropological study of the Zen Buddhist groups that have settled in Argentina during the last decades, addressing the diversity of traditions and local schools as well as the processes of their recreation and adaptation to the Argentine context. This investigation is an attempt to inquire into ethnographic topics such as the ritual, the world vision and the identity of these groups in order to find out the social and cultural processes that make possible the sprouting, development and consolidation of local Zen Buddhist groups. The first part of this study goes deeper into their history, economic organization, world vision, spiritual technology and the processes of conversion. It describes how they are related to each other and analyzes their forms of material reproduction, discussing their traditional form of economic organization in their country of origin and the challenges they face in Argentina. In addition, it explores the process by which members -Argentine without Eastern ancestors- have become Zen students, especially focusing on the changes of identities involved within this process. The study then analyzes the main characteristics of the Zen world view and the spiritual technologies applied in order to understand more profoundly the reasons why our interlocutors approach this religion. The second section explores the ritual dimension in the Zen centers, especially those related to prayers and textuality. It also examines how ritual produces a sacred space and time context that at the same time works as a technology of the self that brings about transformations in the subjectivity of the participants. Also it investigates prayers, their social meanings, uses and bases. Finally, it studies how the Zen world view is manifested as different written pieces, tracking down the bond between speech and written texts both in the present time and throughout the history of Buddhism. The third section starts by exploring the phenomenological aspects of the Zen practice, moving on to the rites of passage and the political organization. By examining the transformations in the subjectivity of the Zen groups’ members, it explores the intersubjective dimension as well as the conceptualization of suffering and how they both create a specific Zen habitus. It continues by analyzing how certain rites of passage turn into an objective symbol which shows both of the changes taking place in terms of individual identities and the Zen habitus. Finally, it analyses the Zen groups from a political perspective, considering the structure of authority and the symbolic mechanisms that legitimize power relationships. 7 In sum, this approach towards the sociocultural aspects of Buddhism in Argentina is an attempt to make an anthropological contribution to the studies of religious minorities in this country. At the same time it offers a broader perspective on the spread of Buddhism to the West. 8 Índice general Págs. Introducción 13 Budismo zen y pluralización del campo religioso argentino 15 La dispersión del budismo a nivel global 20 Las cuatro dimensiones del fenómeno religioso 31 Metodología empleada 59 Organización de la tesis 63 PARTE I 1. El budismo zen argentino: historia y reproducción material 67 1.1. Surgimiento y desarrollo de los centros locales 69 1.2. Gobalización y localización 84 1.3. El desafío de la reproducción material 90 1.4. Tipos de organización económica 102 1.5. Representaciones sobre el trabajo, el dinero y los dones 106 2. Llegar al zen: movilidad religiosa, conversión e identidad 113 2.1. La diversidad de miradas sobre la conversión 115 2.2. La voz de los protagonistas: relatos de conversión 119 2.3. El proceso de conversión 126 2.4. Identidades fluidas y autoidentificación 133 2.5. Conversión y movilidad religiosa 138 3. El sentido del zen: cosmovisión y tecnología espiritual 141 3.1. Centros zen como comunidades de lenguaje 143 3.2. Las enseñanzas del budismo canónico 144 3.3. El cosmos, lo sagrado y el hombre: la visión del mundo zen 148 3.4. Técnicas espirituales: la práctica de la meditación 157 3.5. Budismo zen, cristianismo y ciencia 168 9 PARTE II 4. La construcción ritual del tiempo y el espacio sagrados 177 4.1. Ritualización y segregación 179 4.2. Ritual, cuerpo y espacio sagrado 181 4.3. Sonidos zen y la construcción del tiempo sagrado 185 4.4. Ritual como tecnología del ser 188 4.5. El lugar del ritual en el zen 194 5. Plegarias, dedicaciones y sutras 197 5.1. El estudio antropológico de la oración 199 5.2. Las plegarias del budismo zen argentino 202 5.3. Narrativas sobre los sutras y la cuestión de la traducción 207 5.4. Materialización y colectivización en la plegaria zen 212 5.5. La plegaria silenciosa 215 6. Textualidad, oralidad y movilidad religiosa 223 6.1. La transmisión de la doctrina y los medios de comunicación 225 6.2. La tradición textual en el budismo 226 6.3. Legitimidad y representatividad en textos orientalistas 230 6.4. El proceso de materialización del discurso 234 6.5. El texto y el contexto 236 6.6. Lógica y estrategia del texto zen 241 6.7. Del poder de la palabra al poder del texto 243 PARTE III 7. Cuerpo, experiencia e intersubjetividad 251 7.1. Un enfoque fenomenológico del cuerpo y la experiencia 253 7.2. Cuerpo y sufrimiento 254 7.3. Atención y habitus 260 7.4. Ritual, cuerpo e intersubjetividad 272 7.5. Cuerpo y experiencia religiosa 278 10 8. Los ritos de pasaje 285 8.1. Los ritos de pasaje del budismo zen en Oriente y Occidente 287 8.2. Simbolismo de las vestimentas rituales 290 8.3.
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