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Chapter Two Profile of Northeast Region 17 Chapter Two Profile of Northeast Region 17 CHAPTER II A Profile of Northeast Region There are eight states in the Northeast region of India.* These are Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura and Sikkim.^ (See map 2.1 on next page) The idea of ‘Northeast’ came into existence from the history and geography of the region. It did not come from its location on the Indian map. The geography, history, racial composition and demography are the distinctive features of this region. Considering these features, an attempt has been made to understand the Northeast Region of India. The chapter is divided into two sections. The first section contains a profile of Northeast region. This section discusses about the present socio-economic, racial and geographical status of the Northeast region. The second section highlights the past political and socio-cultural development, which has shaped the present Northeast region. The present study has followed descriptive and analytical approach. Section I 2.1 Landscape: 2.1.1 Geography and Geo-strategic Significance: The Northeast region is located between 21.57” to 29.30^ north latitude and 88*’ to 97°.30 east longitude.^ The eight states together cover a total geographical area of 2,62,185 sq.km.'* (See map 2.1 on next page) It occupies 7.9 per cent of the total land of the country.® The state of Sikkim is the smallest, which covers comparatively small area of 7,096 sq.km., whereas Arunachal Pradesh covers about 83,743 sq.km. The region connects to the main land of India by a narrow passage of foothill land in North Bengal, which is 33 km in width on the eastern side and 20 km on the western side. This passage, popularly known as Siliguri corridor or Chicken's neck, is occasionally disrupted due to heavy rains and floods.^ {See map 2.1) ' Annual Report, Ministry of Home Affairs (Government of India, 2010-11), p. 13 Sikkim becomes the member of North East Council on December 2002 after an amendment of the NEC Act 1971. China recognized Sikkim as an Indian tenitory in 2004. NEDFi Databank, available at http://databank.nedfi.com/content/general-information. accessed on 09.06.11 ^ Ibid. ’ Ibid. ^ Jovsankar Hazarika, Geo-politics of Northeast India: A Strategic Study (New Delhi. 1996), p. 1. 18 Map 2.1 Map showing location, sates of Northeast Region and Siliguri corridor NORTH EAST INDIA Source: Maps of India, available online http://www.mapsofworld.com/niap- download/save map.php?id=http://www.mapsofworld.com/india/maps/north-east-india- map.ipg. accessed on 11.02.15 The Brahmaputra-Barak river and its branches cover the whole Northeast region. Assam valley (Brahmaputra), Purbanchal and Meghalaya Mikir (Bodo) regions are three different parts of Northeast region.’ Assam valley covers an area of 58,274 sq.km., which Chandrika Sing, North East India: Politics and Insurgency. (New Delhi, 2004), p. 14. 19 is 720 km. long and 80 km. wide.* Eastern Himalayas, Patkai Naga Hills and Garo, Khasi and Mikir Hills split the valley. The valley consists of the districts of Assam that are important from an administrative point of view, such as, Lakhimpur, Sibsagar, Nowgong, Darrang, Dibrugrah, Kamrup and Goalpara.’ Purvanchal region covers an area of 94, 800 sq.km. It consists of the states like Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, Mizo Hills, Cachar Hills and Arunachal Pradesh. This region is surrounded by Bangladesh at south-west, Myanmar at southeast and by China at north-west.'® Meghalaya Mikir, the third part of the Northeast region, spreads from Dhansiri at the east to Singmari to the west, which is 400 km. long and 40 km. wide. It covers an area of 35,291 sq.km. It comprises the state of Meghalaya and a portion of Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hill districts of Assam.” From the physiographic point of view. Northeast region is divided into three major groups. The first group includes Northeastern frontier mountainous range; second is south-eastern hill ranges and the third part consists of Assam plateau, Assam valley and Cachar plains.*^ The Northeast region is rich in natural resources, such as tropical forest,*^ potentials of Brahmaputra and its tributaries, tea, coal, timber, silk and jute.'** The region has a capacity of producing 63,257 MW hydro power. It contributes 42.54 per cent of the total hydro power of the country.'® Arunachal Pradesh alone contributes 34 per cent of the total hydro power of the country. It has a potential of producing 50,328 MW hydro power.'* There are large and medium rivers in this region, which constitute 37 per cent of river water of the country. It also has huge deposits of limestone and dolomite and a few ^ V. K.Nayar, Crossing the Frontiers of Conflict in The North East and Jammu and Kashmii :From Real Politik to Ideal Politik. (Delhi, 2005), p.3. ’ Sing, n.7, p. 14. '“Ibid. " Nayar, n. 8, p.4. '■ Sing, n. 7, p.15. 54 percent of the total geographical area is covered by forest. Their proportion varies from state to state in the region. The state of Mizoram covers the highest percentage of forest which is 75.59 percent whereas it is low in the state of Assam which is 39.15 percent. Other than Mizoram and Assam the states like Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Nagaland, and Meghalaya are covered by 61.55, 67.87, 60, 52.02 and 42.34 percentage of forest of the total geographical area of the region respectively. In the hilly regions, the ownership rests with the local communities and, therefore, proportion of reserved forests in those hill states is quite small. North East Resources Databank (NEDFi Databank) available at http://databank.nedri.com/content/forest-2. accessed 05.07.12 Sreeradha Datta, “Northeast Turmoil: Vital Determinants”, Strategic Analysis (New Delhi), vol. XXIII, No. 12, March 2000, p. 2129. Eleventh Five Year Plan, (Planning Commission of India, Government of India, 2008), p. 156. Ibid. 20 other minerals.*^ Besides this, the region produces 50 per cent of tea production and 20 per cent of oil production of the country.^* Moreover, the region has more than one-third of the country’s total biodiversity.^* The region is also rich in terms of genetic and ecosystem diversity.^ Varieties of medicinal plants with high international value are found in this region. The region shares 98 per cent of its total borders with international borders. It shares merely 2 per cent of its borders with India.^^ The Northeast region has a connectivity of its borders with the countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar along with Nepal, which is located near the Siliguri corridor {See Map. 2.2). Thus, the region is considered as the epic center of South Asia with strategic hold by these nations. The region is also considered as the beginning of Southeast Asia. The Southeast Asia consists of ten independent countries, viz. Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Singapore.(See Map. 2.Jj.Along with Shillong and Guwahati as the central cities, the key cities like Kolkata, Lhasa, Kunming, Mandalay, Chittagong and the border areas of Vietnam, Laos and Thailand are included in a geographical circle of around 1000 km. {see Sketch 2.1) Thus, considering traditional market across the border, which determines the development interest of the region, its strategic significance for India has increased.^'^ The nearness to international borders has become a cause for concern, especially in the light of the wars that India had with China and Pakistan since 1962. Moreover, racial groups of this region have a similarity with their counterparts in neighbouring countries. Therefore, considering geostrategic location of Northeast region of India, particularly in terms of India’s national security, it is relevant to have a glance on the international borders which the Northeast region shares with the neighbouring countries. M. Biswnath Sinha, “Report on Northeast India: The Development Paradigm", available ai http://www.dorabiitatatrust.org/norheasl/pdf/ReportNE.pdf p. 5. accessed on 01.07.11. J. R. Mukhariee. An Insider’s Experience of Insurgency in India’s North - East. (London, 2005), p.4. Sinha, n. 17, p. 4, Sinha states in his report that the region is one of the IS"" hot spots among the other countries in the world. He further figures that the region has 7500 flowering plants, 700 orchids, 58 bamboos, 64 citrus, 28 conifers, 500 mosses, 700 ferns and 728 lichen species. Ibid. ■' Gurudas Das, “Security, Engagement and Development: Development Interest of India’s Northeast and the Art of Conduct of India’s Relation with the Neighbouring Countries”, in C. Joshua Thomas, ed.. Engagement and Development: India’s Northeast and Neighbouring Countries (New Delhi, 2006), p. 5. ■■ Wasbir Hussain, India’s Northeast: The Super Highways to Southeast Asia? IPCS Issue Brief, No. 104, June 2009, p. 1. ■’ Dasn.21,p.4. 2 1 Map 2.2 Map showing eight states of the Northeast region and its international borders N North- East Region Of A INDIA CHINA TIBET r ” r\ ) \ ® V- Itanagar Ga(i^^k BHUTAN N SIKKI|VI © ^ ASSA-^ NAGALAND Dispy^®^ f g ' j - ®K9Mma ©Shillong'^ ( MEGHALAI^^.'...........L . ' / ® Impha^ 'N- '{ Nf-ANIPUR "j -r BANGLADESH trip^<«£\ ■■ ‘j''f \ ® M120RAM Agarta(a ' V-’.' W EST I ,. N BENGAL \ m ~ \ f •\ ' 'V' MYANMAR ------International Boundary ------State Boundary to Scale ® State Capital Socurce: Maps of India available at http://themotorcvcletraiI.files.wordpress.com/2Ql 1/08/maps-of-india-north-east.ipg accessed on 05.07.12 2 2 Map 2.3 Map showing eight ten independent countries of South Asia SOUTH-EASTREN ASIA PolWca<Map____________ ) EUROPE •‘V « TljlAIUNp’ tninoiA AFRICA BRUNEf SINGAPORE MALAYSfA* I M O f A m OCCAM 1 « 0 0 N C 8 I A UO 1000 Ui Itgtno >^8T TmOR Source: http;//www.mapsofworld.com/asia/regions/south-eastern-asia-map.html Available online, accessed on 02.01.15 Sketch 2.1 Sketch showing important cities covers in 1000 km.
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