Gildas Research, 2013) Brecknockshire Documentary and Historical Research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Home , Raglan Castle

MEYSYDD BRWYDRO HANESYDDOL HISTORIC BATTLEFIELDS IN WALES YNG NGHYMRU The following report, commissioned by Mae’r adroddiad canlynol, a gomisiynwyd the Welsh Battlefields Steering Group and gan Grŵp Llywio Meysydd Brwydro Cymru funded by Welsh Government, forms part ac a ariennir gan Lywodraeth Cymru, yn of a phased programme of investigation ffurfio rhan o raglen archwilio fesul cam i undertaken to inform the consideration of daflu goleuni ar yr ystyriaeth o Gofrestr a Register or Inventory of Historic neu Restr o Feysydd Brwydro Hanesyddol Battlefields in Wales. Work on this began yng Nghymru. Dechreuwyd gweithio ar in December 2007 under the direction of hyn ym mis Rhagfyr 2007 dan the Welsh Government’sHistoric gyfarwyddyd Cadw, gwasanaeth Environment Service (Cadw), and followed amgylchedd hanesyddol Llywodraeth the completion of a Royal Commission on Cymru, ac yr oedd yn dilyn cwblhau the Ancient and Historical Monuments of prosiect gan Gomisiwn Brenhinol Wales (RCAHMW) project to determine Henebion Cymru (RCAHMW) i bennu pa which battlefields in Wales might be feysydd brwydro yng Nghymru a allai fod suitable for depiction on Ordnance Survey yn addas i’w nodi ar fapiau’r Arolwg mapping. The Battlefields Steering Group Ordnans. Sefydlwyd y Grŵp Llywio was established, drawing its membership Meysydd Brwydro, yn cynnwys aelodau o from Cadw, RCAHMW and National Cadw, Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Museum Wales, and between 2009 and Cymru ac Amgueddfa Genedlaethol 2014 research on 47 battles and sieges Cymru, a rhwng 2009 a 2014 comisiynwyd was commissioned. This principally ymchwil ar 47 o frwydrau a gwarchaeau. comprised documentary and historical Mae hyn yn bennaf yn cynnwys ymchwil research, and in 10 cases both non- ddogfennol a hanesyddol, ac mewn 10 invasive and invasive fieldwork. achos, gwaith maes heb fod yn ymyrryd a As a result of this work The Inventory of gwaith a oedd yn ymyrryd. Historic Battlefields in Wales O ganlyniad i’r gwaith hwn mae Rhestr o (http://battlefields.rcahmw.gov.uk/) is in Feysydd Brwydro Hanesyddol yng development, led by the RCAHMW on Nghymru behalf of Cadw. This will be an online (http://meysyddbrwydro.cbhc.gov.uk/) yn interpretative, educational and research cael ei datblygu, dan arweiniad Comisiwn resource aimed at increasing knowledge Brenhinol Henebion Cymru ar ran Cadw. and raising awareness of battlefields in Bydd yn adnodd deongliadol, addysgol ac Wales, as well as a prompt for further ymchwil ar-lein, yn anelu at gynyddu research. It is due to be launched in gwybodaeth a chodi ymwybyddiaeth o spring 2017. feysydd brwydro yng Nghymru, yn ogystal ag ysgogi ymchwil bellach. Gobeithir ei lansio yn ystod gwanwyn 2017. Mae’r tabl isod yn rhestru’r brwydrau a’r The table below lists the battles and sieges gwarchaeau a ymchwiliwyd. Bydd researched. Reports will be available to adroddiadau ar gael i’w llwytho i lawr o’r download from the online Inventory as Rhestr ar-ein yn ogystal ag o Coflein well as from Coflein (http://www.coflein.gov.uk/), y gronfa (http://www.coflein.gov.uk/), the online ddata ar-lein ar gyfer Cofnod Henebion database for the National Monuments Cenedlaethol Cymru (NMRW). Record of Wales (NMRW).

ENW/NAME DYDDIAD SIR NPRN YMCHWIL/RESEARCH /DATE HANESYDDOL/ HISTORIC COUNTY

Aberllech 1096 Sir Frycheiniog 404446 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Gildas Research, 2013) Brecknockshire Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Pont Cychod (Menai 1282 Ynys Môn 404319 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol ac Ynys Môn) (Chapman, 2013) Anglesey Bridge of Boats Documentary and historical (Menai and Anglesey) research (Chapman, 2013)

Bryn Derwin 1255 Sir Gaernarfon 402322 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Chapman, 2013) Caernarfonshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014)

Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014)

Bryn Glas (Pillth) 1402 Sir Faesyfed 306352 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Radnorshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2012)

Cloddfa (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2013)

Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2012)

Excavation (Archaeology Wales, 2013)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014)

Campston Hill 1404 Sir Fynwy 402328 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Monmouthshire Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Cilgerran 1258 Sir Benfro 405201 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Gildas Research, 2013) Pembrokeshire Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Coed Llathan 1257 Sir Gaerfyrddin 403587 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Chapman, 2013) Carmarthenshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014)

Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Non-invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014) Castell Coety 1404-05 Morgannwg 545701 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae) /Coity (Chapman, 2013) Castle (siege) Glamorgan Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Coleshill 1157 Sir y Fflint 402325 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (2009) Flintshire Documentary and historical research (2009)

Craig y Dorth 1404 Sir Fynwy 402327 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Monmouthshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014)

Crug Mawr 1136 Sir Aberteifi 402323 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Cardiganshire Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Castell Cymaron 1144 Sir Faesyfed 545328 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchaeau) / (Gildas Research, 2013) Cymaron Castle 1179 Radnorshire (sieges) Documentary and historical 1195 research (Gildas Research, 2013)

1215

Cymerau 1257 Sir Gaerfyrddin 404717 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Chapman, 2013) Carmarthenshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014) Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Non-invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014)

Castell Dinbych 1282 Sir Ddinbych 545687 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae)/ Denbigh (Chapman, 2013) Castle (siege) Denbighshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Castell Dinbych 1294-5 Sir Ddinbych 545613 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae)/ Denbigh (Chapman, 2013) Castle (siege) Denbighshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Castell Dinbych 1460 Sir Ddinbych 545718 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae)/ Denbigh (Chapman, 2013) Castle (siege) Denbighshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Castell Dinbych 1468 Sir Ddinbych 545720 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae)/ Denbigh (Chapman, 2013) Castle (siege) Denbighshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Castell Dinbych 1646 Sir Ddinbych 545789 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae)/ Denbigh (Chapman, 2013) Castle (siege) Denbighshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Castell Dryslwyn 1287 Sir Gaerfyrddin 545605 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae) / (Gildas Research, 2013) Dryslwyn Castle Carmarthenshire (siege) Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Carregwastad - 1797 Sir Benfro 308824 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol Abergwaun (Border Archaeology, 2009) (ymosodiad) / Pembrokeshire Carregwastad Point – Documentary and historical Fishguard (invasion) research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Gŵyr/ Gower 1136 Morgannwg 404856 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Gildas Research, 2013) Glamorgan Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Grosmont 1405 Sir Fynwy 402333 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Monmouthshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2012)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2012)

Hyddgen 1401 Sir Drefaldwyn 402310 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Chapman, 2013) Montgomeryshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Pont Irfon 1282 Sir Frycheiniog 403411 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Llanganten) / Irfon (Chapman, 2013) Bridge / Brecknockshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Cydweli / Kidwelly 1258 Sir Gaerfyrddin 404729 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Gildas Research, 2013) Carmarthenshire Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Castell Talacharn 1189 Sir Gaerfyrddin 545245 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae) / (Gildas Research, 2013) Laugharne Castle 1215 545341 (sieges) Documentary and historical 1257-8 545436 research (Gildas Research, 2013) 1644 545746

Maes Gwenllian 1136 Sir Gaerfyrddin 402324 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Carmarthenshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2012)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2012)

Maes Moydog 1295 Sir Drefaldwyn 403416 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Chapman, 2013) Montgomeryshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014)

Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014)

Trefaldwyn / 1644 Sir Drefaldwyn 405168 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol Montgomery (Gildas Research, 2013) Montgomeryshire Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013

Mynydd Carn 1081 Sir Benfro 300319 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Pembrokeshire Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Castell Newydd 1287-8 Sir Gaerfyrddin 545606 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol Emlyn (gwarchae) / (Chapman, 2013) Newcastle Emlyn (siege) Carmarthenshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Castell Newydd 1645 Sir Gaerfyrddin 545768 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol Emlyn (gwarchae) / (Chapman, 2013) Newcastle Emlyn Carmarthenshire Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Gwrthryfel y 1839 Sir Fynwy 405003 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol Siartwyr, Casnewydd (Border Archaeology, 2009) / Newport Chartist Monmouthshire Uprising Documentary and historical research (Border Achaeology, 2009)

Painscastle 1198 Sir Faesyfed 402326 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Radnorshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2012)

Cloddfa (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2013)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2012)

Excavation (Archaeology Wales, 2013)

Pennal 1472/4 Meirionnydd 403495 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Chapman, 2013) Merioneth Documentary and historical research (Chapman, 2013)

Pentraeth 1170 Ynys Môn 404315 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Gildas Research, 2013) Anglesey Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013) Pwllgwdig 1078 Sir Benfro 405188 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Gildas Research, 2013) Pembrokeshire Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Pwll Melyn 1405 Sir Fynwy 402320 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Monmouthshire Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2014)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2014)

Castell Rhaglan 1646 Sir Fynwy 545797 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (gwarchae) / Raglan (Gildas Research, 2013) Castle (siege) Monmouthshire Documentary and historical research (Gildas Research, 2013)

Sain Ffagan / St 1648 Morgannwg 307776 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol Fagans (Border Archaeology, 2009) Glamorgan Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2012)

Gwaith ymchwil heb fod yn ymyrryd ac a oedd yn ymyrryd (Archaeoleg Cymru, 2013)

Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2012)

Non-invasive and invasive fieldwork (Archaeology Wales, 2013) Twthill 1461 Sir Gaernarfon 403421 Ymchwil ddogfennol a hanesyddol (Border Archaeology, 2009) Caernarfonshire Documentary and historical research (Border Archaeology, 2009)

Grŵp Llywio Meysydd Brwydro, Hydref 2016 Battlefields Steering Group, October 2016

Welsh Battlefields Historical Study

The Siege of Raglan 1646 Monmouthshire Historical Assessment

Gildas Research

Report No: 100/10 1

The Siege of Raglan Castle Raglan, Monmouthshire NGR: SO 416083

Report on Historical Assessment

Prepared For: Cadw Plas Carew Unit 5/7 Cefn Coed Parc Nantgarw Cardiff CF15 7QQ

Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales Crown Building Plascrug Aberystwyth SY23 1NJ by Gildas Research 31 Dinas Terrace Aberystwyth SY23 1BT

December 2013 2

Contents

Acknowledgements ...... 4 1. Summary...... 5 2. A Narrative of the Action ...... 6 2.1 Prelude ...... 6 2.2 The Siege ...... 7 2.3 Details of Troops and Casualties...... 8 2.4 Aftermath...... 9 3. Evaluation ...... 10 3.1 Discussion of Primary Sources ...... 10 3.2 Discussion of Secondary Sources ...... 11 3.3 Battle Location ...... 12 3.4 Archaeology and Historic Terrain Assessment ...... 12 3.5 An Assessment of the Historical Significance of the Battle ...... 15 4. Bibliography ...... 16 4.1 Primary Sources ...... 16 4.2 Secondary Sources ...... 17 4.2.1 Unpublished Secondary Sources ...... 18 4.3 Cartographic Evidence ...... 19 4.4 Web Resources ...... 19 5. Map of Site ...... 20

Acknowledgements

This report was commissioned by Cadw and the Royal Commission of Wales, and Gildas Research would like to acknowledge John Berry and Louise Barker for their assistance.

Research was carried out at the National Library of Wales, the Hugh Owen Library, the National Monuments Record of Wales and the staff of these institutions are thanked for their help. I would also like to thank the London Museum Archaeology service for sending me a copy of their report on the Castle.

This report was compiled and written by Scott Lloyd.

1. S ummary

Raglan is one of the most impressive castles in Wales. From early June 1646 the castle with its garrison of 800 Royalist troops was besieged by 1500 parliamentarian forces. An extensive series of earthworks and canon placements was constructed in an attempt to take the castle. The arrival of a 2000 troops under the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax at the beginning of August placed the royalist garrison and the owner of the castle, the Marquess of Worcester, in an impossible situation. Contemporary printed documents reveal a series of formal letters between the Marquess and the parliamentarian commanders throughout the siege until finally a surrender was negotiated. The royalist garrison was allowed to leave the castle with colours flying whilst the Marquess was removed to London where he died in December of the same year. The siege effectively brought to an end the first civil war in Wales. The siege is well documented and both archaeological finds and the remains of the earthworks provide evidence for the siege.

The Siege of Raglan (1646)

2. A Narrative of the Action

2.1 Prelude Following the defeat of royalist forces at the Battle of Naseby on 14 June 1645, Charles I retreated via Hereford to South east Wales. He met with the Commissioners of Array for the South wales counties at Abergavenny, who promised they could raise more troops for the king. The king then retired to Raglan Castle the home of Henry Somerset, the Marquess of Worcester (1590–1646) and was there for two weeks waiting for the commissioners to provide the promised troops. However, the Kings defeat had made the men of south wales less inclined to join him and in an attempt to inspire confidence he met with the Commissioners in Cardiff on 16 July. The Commissioners instructed the sheriffs to gather together men and an army of some 4,000 was raised, but they refused to fight for the king until he had heard their grievances. This was agreed and this, ‘Peaceable army’ as they called themselves, met the King at Cefn, four miles from Cardiff, to discuss their issues. The king had little option to agree to their demands and by 6 August he was at Ludlow.1

Following their meeting the king agreed to their demands and left Wales, returning in September with more troops and arrested the local ringleaders. Events over the Severn in Bristol meant that he was unable to press home his advantage and the support for the king among the nobility of South Wales quickly fell away. The nobility chose the parliamentarian forces primarily, because they would do away with the royalist oppressors, but in reality the same problems remained, just under a different flag. By February 1646, Edward Pritchard was the parliamentarian governor of Cardiff Castle and on 13 February his forces had to withdraw into the castle to escape the forces of Edward Carne who had recently declared for the king.2 The parliamentarian leader, Colonel Laugharne marched towards Cardiff and defeated the Royalist troops on a heath, just north of Cardiff and lifted the siege.3

With order restored at Cardiff, all of Glamorgan was subdued and only one Royalist stronghold remained in South-east Wales – Raglan. The castle had been under watch since the autumn of 1645 and the parliamentarian forces were well aware of its strong defences and the fact that it was well stocked with provisions and arms. Laugharne’s forces set out from Abergavenny and met up with Colonel Morgan’s forces from Worcester at Gwehelog Common (SO 3804) and then set up their headquarters at Llandenny (SO 015039), two and a half miles south of Raglan.4 As the sole remaining royalist garrison on south-east Wales, Laugharne was determined to see it defeated and with that aim in mind offered the Marquess an opportunity to surrender. The Marquess declined and in response, Laugharne laid siege to the castle.5

1 Details of the king’s itinerary for this period can be found in Charles Edward Long (ed.) Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army during the Great Civil War; kept by Richard Symons, Camden Society, 74 (1859), pp. 194– 218. A more general overview can be found in Peter Gaunt, A Nation under Siege (Cardiff, 1991), pp. 54–6. 2 C. Mervyn Thomas, ‘The Civil Wars in Glamorgan’ in Glamorgan County History vol. 4, Early Modern Glamorgan (Cardiff, 1974), pp. 272–3. 3 Historical Manuscripts Commission Sixth Report (London, 1877), p. 101. Further discussion can be found in Thomas, ‘Civil Wars in Glamorgan’, pp. 272–4. 4 Thomason Tracts [TT] E339.9, p. 5. 5 Ibid, pp.6–7. 6

2.2 The Siege The parliamentarian forces under the command of Captain Morgan arrived at Raglan on June 3 with a force of 1500 men and sent a summons to the Marquess of Worcester for his surrender. The Marquess and the royalist garrison of 800 men, both horse and foot, were inside the castle. A Captain Hooper, an engineer with experience of building trenches and earthworks at the siege of Banbury in Oxfordshire, was put in charge of building similar works at Raglan. A second summons was sent to the Marquess on June 28 and an exchange of letters survives in which the Marquess explains why he will not surrender and Morgan insisting that he must as he is in a hopeless situation. Although sources provide very little detail in regard to the siege itself it is almost certain that both side had been exchanging fire between June 3 and June 28. One source does make reference to the Royalist garrison being able to leave the castle and attack the parliamentarian garrison. In one such instance the royalist forces lost several men;

In one sally the enemy took a colour of ours the cornet lost his life withal. In exchange whereof a Major and a Captaine of the enemies was slaine and divers wounded on the enemies part: But at length with the addition of two thousand more from his excellences army after Oxford was over, as noted above, the enemy in the castle was reduced to more caution, and taught to lye closer.6

The arrival of a further 2000 men from Oxford under the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax, put a stop to these excursions and the Royalist garrison could no longer leave the castle. Upon his arrival on 7 August, Fairfax offered the Marquess terms for surrender and a fascinating sequence of letters survive between Thomas Fairfax and the Marquess of Worcester which discuss these terms. The Marquess of Worcester was not prepared to surrender until he is told to do so by the King himself and Fairfax is not prepared to wait until that has happened. The cannon fire and building of Earthworks would seem to have continued throughout this exchange of letters,

For a better accommodation of these unhappy differences if you please that there might be a cessation of Armes and working.

to which Fairfax replied,

Having not yet received in any of your letters a direct answer to the conditions I sent you; I have no grounds or consideration for such a cessation of armes and working as in your letter you desire.7

By Thursday 13 August the Marquess had decided that he could not hold out much longer and sent out a drum desiring leave to send out his Commissioners on Friday, at 10 o’clock’, the same source describes how far the construction of the earthworks had proceeded by this point.

I shall now give you an account how near our approaches are made unto the castle. That which is our main work is about sixty yards from theirs, and that is the most. We have planted four mortar-pieces, each of them carrying grenade

6 J. Sprigge Anglia Rediviva (London, 1647), p. 292. 7 Ibid, p. 296. 7

shells, twelve inches diameter, and two mortar-pieces, planted at another place, carrying shells about the like compass; so that in case the treaty do break off we are then ready to show by what extremity they must expect to be reduced. This we are very confident, that the grenades will make them quit their works and out-houses, and solely betake themselves into the castle, which will be a work of time before we are able to undermine it, in regard we must mine down the hill under a moat, and then their works, before we can come to the castle. Yet we conceive it feasible to be done with some loss. Our engineer, Capt Hooper, a painful and honest man, with exacting trenches, which are made so secure as if they were works against a storm, will (with God’s blessing) come within ten yards in a few days, and then I believe we shall make galleries, mines and many batteries.8

The parley took place at ‘Mr Oates house, about a mile and a half from Ragland’9 where it was agreed that the Marquess would give up the castle on Wednesday August 19. Six articles of surrender were agreed and on 19 August the castle was handed over to Sir Thomas Fairfax and the royalist garrison was allowed to march out with colours flying.10 The siege was over.

2.3 Details of Troops and Casualties

The contemporary accounts of the siege and events leading up to it show very few casualties on either side. Captain Morgan with his forces from Worcester met with Major General Laugharne and Sir Trevor Williams before arriving near Raglan Castle at the end of May with a force of 1500 men.11

Colonel Morgan at first had but fifteen hundred men to carry on the designe; the enemy was eight hundred strong within horse and foot.12

The sources note the death of a parliamentarian cornet at the hand of a royalist raiding party early on in the siege and also that ‘a major and captain of the enemies was slaine, and divers wounded on the enemies part.’13 The eight hundred strong royalist garrison was paid for by the Marquess of Worcester who was also besieged in his castle. Two contemporary sources print a list of the names of 140 of the 800 who surrendered, consisting of military personnel as well as the Marquess of Worcester and the Countess of Glamorgan.14

Following his victory at Oxford in late July, Sir Thomas Fairfax headed for Raglan with 2000 men and arrived at the siege on 3 August. Over 3,500 parliamentarian forces were present at Raglan and there is only reference to one death from that number. Despite some early harrying by the royalist garrison, which resulted in a small number of casualties, the arrival of Sir Thomas Fairfax saw that the siege was soon brought to an end and that the overall number of casualties remained low, especially for a siege of such length.

8 TT E350.18, p. 3. 9 Ibid, p. 4. 10 The terms of surrender are only printed in one contemporary source, TT E513.4, pp. 1284–5. 11 TT E339.9, p. 5. 12 Sprigge, Anglia Rediviva, p. 291. 13 Ibid.. 14 TT E351.13 and TT513.7. There are only minor differences between the two lists. 8

2.4 Aftermath

The events following the surrender are best described by Joshua Sprigge in his 1647 summary of events.

On Wednesday August 19. The castle was surrendered (according to agreement) to his Excellency Sir Thomas Fairfax, for the use of Parliament; the enemy was no sooner martched forth, but his Excellency entered the castle, took a view of it, had some conference with the Marquesse, and afterwards went that night to Chepstow, where he was nobly entertained by the Committee there; from whence on Thursday 20 he returned to his quarters at Bath. This castle of Ragland was a very strong piece, having a deep mote encompassing it, besides the River running by it; there were delivered up within twenty pieces of Ordinance, onely three barrels of Powder, but they had a Mill, with which they could make a barrel a day, there was found great store of corne and MNAT, wine of all sorts, and Beere; the horses they had left were not many & those that were, almost starved for want of hay, of which they had none left& not many oats, so that the horses had like to have eaten one another for want of meat, and therefore were tyed with chains: there was also great store of Goods& rich furniture found in the castle, which his excellency committed to the care and custody of Master Herbert Commissioner of the Army, Mr Roger Williams and Major Tuliday to be inventoried and in case any of the welaffected of the country could make a just claime to any of them, as being violently taken from them, or they compelled to bring them in thither, they should have them restored.15

The amount of provisions within the castle suggests that the siege could have been prolonged if necessary. Following the siege at Raglan, the Marquess of Worcester was moved to London and imprisoned, dying there on 18 December 1646. A short pamphlet recalling his life was printed in 1660 and the siege of Raglan is mentioned on several occasions.16 Orders were given from Parliament for the destruction of Raglan Castle17 and much of the damage, especially of the Yellow Tower, dates from these activities. The destruction of the library at Raglan was considered to be a great loss by later antiquarians, but there is no mention of it in the documents concerning the siege.18 With the fall of Raglan castle, the Royalists were defeated and the first Civil War was effectively over in Wales. Further rebellions erupted in 1648 and South Wales was again witness to violence most notably at the battle of St Fagans, near Cardiff, in May 1648.

15 Sprigge, Anglia Rediviva, pp. 300–01. 16TT E184.3: Thomas Bayley, The golden apophthegems of his Royall Maiesty King Charles I. and Henry Marq. of Worcester, both divine and morall, as they were delivered upon several occasions in the time of the late unhappy war between his Majesty and the old Parliament (London, 1660). See p. 7 for the anecdote of a bullet bouncing of a pillar and hitting the Marquis on the side of the head during the siege. 17 Journal of the House of Commons, vol. 4: 1644–1646 (1802), p. 651. This event is nicely illustrated in Gaunt, Nation under Siege, p. 75. 18 Such as Charles Heath, Monmouthshire. Historical and descriptive accounts of the ancient and present state of Ragland Castle (Monmouth, 1797) and Benjamin Heath Malkin, The Scenery, Antiquities and Biography of South Wales vol. 1, (London, 1807), p.389 9

3. Evaluation

3.1 Discussion of Primary Sources

The important collection of Civil War era pamphlets and newspapers known as the Thomason Tracts [TT] are preserved in the British Library and are all now available online via the Early English Books Online website. The letters of the commanders of forces on both sides would appear in print on a weekly basis, making them excellent eyewitness accounts and sources of information. There are six surviving pamphlets from 1646 that mention the siege, often amongst reports of other events. They start with E339.9 which shows how powerful the Royalist Garrison was just before the start of the siege and then E346.16 dates from the middle of the siege, but before the arrival of Thomas Fairfax. E350.18 provides the correspondence between the Marquess of Worcester and Thomas Fairfax concerning the terms of surrender. Later pamphlets give accounts of the siege and provide similar information. Joshua Sprigge’s account is the fullest and certainly drew upon the earlier pamphlets, but also adds some further minor details. As this was a small part of a larger publication it has been the most widely quoted of the accounts of the siege. The six primary sources are noted below in chronological order with brief comments of their contents.

E339.9 The gallant siege of the Parliaments forces before Ragland-Castle, maintained by Colonel Morgan, Major-Generall Laughorn, Sir Trevor Williams Baronet, and Colonel Robert Kirle, with about 5000. horse and foot. With the daily sallies of the enemy: fourscore of the enemies horse taken. And what losse hath been on our side. The desperate exploits of the besieged in Ragland, who have burned Ragland town to the ground, and have levelled that stately steeple with the earth And the hopes of the speedy reducing of the castle. With the last good intelligence from Gothridge-Castle. These papers are perused, and are published according to order of Parliament, (London, 1646). This source details the earliest days of the siege and shows that the Raglan Garrison were still in a strong position and able to leave the castle and hassle the Parliamentarian forces, it ends with a reference to the ongoing sieve and is dated May 27. It also explains how the forces gathered at Raglan before the start of the official siege.

E346.16. A letter to the Honorable William Lenthal esq; Speaker of the Honorable House of Commons, from Col: Morgan Governor of Glocester, concerning the whole proceedings of the siege before Raglan-Castle. (London, 1646). July 3. This was sent whilst the siege was still underway and is the earliest source for events.

E350.18. An Exact and true relation of the many several messages, that have passed between His Excellency Sir Tho. Fairfax, and the Marquesse of Worcester, governour of Ragland- Castle, touching surrender thereof together, with a copy of the propositions sent to the generall from the Marquesse of Worcester, out of Ragland-Castle, and His Excellencies refusall to treat on them : also, the names of our commissioners appointed to treate with the enemy, upon the propositions sent to them from the generall. (London, 1646). August 19 the end of the siege. This gives details of the correspondence between the two sides just before the siege was complete.

E351.13 A letter from His Excellencies quarters, of a discovery in Sir Thomas Fairfax his army, the enemies thereof; and a further resolution of the Officers and souldiers for the better peace and safety of the kingdome. With a conference between His Excellency, and the Marquesse of VVorcester. Also, a full relation of all the whole proceedings at Ragland Castle; and a perfect list of the names of the colonels, majors, captains, lieutenants, and other officers therein, viz. the Marquesse of Worcester, the Lord Charles, the Countesse of Glamorgan, the Lady Iones, Sir Philip Iones, Doctor Bayley, Commissary Gwillam, ... Printed by the originall copies, and published according to order of Parliament., August 29 (London, 1646). Similar to E350.18

E513:4 A perfect diurnall of some passages in Parliament no. 160 17–24 August, (London, 1646) A compilation of material from earlier sources and gives the term of surrender, not found elsewhere.

E513.7 Perfect Occurences of both houses of Parliament names those who surrendered at Raglan and is the only source for this information

Joshua Sprigge, in his Anglia Rediviva (London, 1647), pp. 291–302 gives a very good description of siege and draws upon the earlier sources, but adds some details not found in them. This is the most useful summary of events and has thus been the most widely quoted of the accounts in later publications.

As primary sources for the siege these pamphlets are invaluable and, it would seem, reliable in the information they contain. There is very little information from the royalist perspective but this is almost certainly due to Raglan being one of the last Royalist strongholds to fall and there would have been little need, or indeed inclination, to print a pamphlet explaining the final days of the Royalist cause.

3.2 Discussion of Secondary Sources

The earliest secondary sources contain little more than extracts from one or more of the six pamphlets identified as primary sources in the previous section. The earliest of these was Sanderson’s study of the life of King Charles in 1658 which gives extracts from the pamphlets above.19 The same sources were gathered together by John Rushworth in 172220 and this collection was again printed by Heath, in his work about the castle in 1797.21 A similar collection of material is included in The History of Monmouthshire by David Williams in 179622 and also in An Historical Tour of Monmouthshire by William Coxe in 1801. This work is also notable for giving a plan of the castle and showing the earthworks constructed just before and during the siege.23 There is an account of the siege and events at the time in W. N. Jones 1895 publication, Historical Traditions and facts relating to Newport

19 William Sanderson, A Compleat History of the Life and Raigne of King Charles from his Cradle to his Grave (London, 1658), pp. 893–6. 20 John Rushworth, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State: Volume 6: 1645-47 (London, 1722), pp. 289–95. 21 Charles Heath, Monmouthshire. Historical and descriptive accounts of the ancient and present state of Ragland Castle (Monmouth, 1797), pp. 19–34. 22 David Williams, The History of Monmouthshire (London, 1796), pp. 305–11. 23 William Coxe, An Historical Tour of Monmouthshire vol. 1, (London, 1801), pp. 146–8. 11

and Caerleon Part V, Temp. Elizabeth to Charles I24 and a further reprinting of the documents concerning the siege can be found in volume two of Bradney’s A History of Monmouthshire (1911).25 All of these works give extracts from the sources, but with the exception of Coxe, add little else of note.

Arthur Clark’s Raglan Castle and the Civil War in Monmouthshire (1953) gives a good detailed account of the events, but a lack of proper references makes it less useful than it should be.26 A lecture by J. F. Rees entitled ‘The Civil War in Glamorgan’ published in 1947 gives a valuable background to the situation in South Wales.27This was further built upon by C. M. Thomas in his article for the fourth volume (1974) of the Glamorgan County History,28 based upon his 1963 M.A. thesis on the same subject.29 A more recent study of the situation can be found in the 2003 article by Stephen K. Roberts.30 The siege is also briefly mentioned by Jeremy Knight in his 2002 article on the effect of the Civil War on Monmouthshire.31 Two popular works Horatia Durant and Anna Tribe, also discuss the history of the castle, but neither add nothing new to the discussion of the sources.32

The role of Welsh castles during the Civil War is discussed by Williams in his 1988 article and Raglan is discussed briefly.33 The London Museum Archaeological Service undertook a topographical survey of the site in 2000,34 prior to the detailed excavations undertaken by Cambrian Archaeological Projects between 2003 and 2007. This work produced several grey literature reports and an article summarising the findings was published in Archaeologia Cambrensis in 2009.35 The site has recently been the subject of some new interpretation in which the civil war period plays a prominent role.36

3.3 Battle Location Raglan Castle, and its immediate surroundings, is a scheduled monument in the care of CADW and a popular tourist attraction. The location of the Civil war earthworks is discussed below in section 3.4.

3.4 Archaeology and Historic Terrain Assessment

24 W. N. Jones, Historical Traditions and facts relating to Newport and Caerleon Part V, Temp. Elizabeth to Charles I (Newport 1885), pp. 135–9. 25 Joseph Alfred Bradney, A History of Monmouthshire From the coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present time. Vol. 2 part 1 (London, 1911), pp. 19-21. 26 Arthur Clark, Raglan Castle and the Civil War in Monmouthshire (Chepstow, 1953), pp. 56-64 in particular. 27 J. F. Rees, Studies in Welsh History Collected Papers, Lectures and Reviews (Cardiff, 1947), pp. 50-82. 28 C. Mervyn Thomas, ‘The Civil Wars in Glamorgan’ in Glamorgan County History vol. 4, pp. 257-78. 29 C. M. Thomas, ‘The First Civil War in Glamorgan, 1642-1646’ (MA Thesis, University of Wales, 1963). A further brief, but well referenced discussion, of this material can be found in J. S. Morrill, The Revolt of the Provinces: Conservatives and Radicals in the English Civil War 1630-1650, (London, 1976), pp. 128–31. 30 Stephen K. Roberts, ‘How the West was Won: Parliamentary Politics, Religion and the Military in South Wales, 1642-9’, Welsh History Review, 21.4 (2003), 646–74. 31 Jeremy Knight, ‘‘From the Welsh Good Lord Deliver Me’: soldiers, papists and civilians in Civil War Monmouthshire’ Arch Camb, 151 (2002), p. 13. 32 Horatia Durant Raglan Castle (Pontypridd, 1966) and Anna Tribe, Raglan Castle and the Civil War (Caerleon, 2002). 33 J. Gwynn Williams, ‘The Castles of Wales during the Civil war, 1642–1647’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, 137 (1988), 13–4 and 20–1. 34 Auden Clark, ‘Raglan Castle a landscape survey’, Museum of London Archaeology Service report (2005). 35 Chris E. Smith, ‘Excavations at Ragland castle, Monmouthshire, 2003–7’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, 156 (2007), 123–39. 36 See http://raglanundersiege1646.co.uk/ [accessed Jan 6 2014]. 12

The most important archaeological features concerning the siege are the remains of the earthworks built by the Royalists to defend the castle and by the Parliamentarians besieging it. The documentary sources make reference to the construction of siege works. On 23 July Morgan reported in a letter to the speaker of the House of Commons that his forces had raised a battery.

Before they came up I had raised a battery and had beat down the battlements and dismounted all their ordinance, which they had planted upon their high towers. And Captain Hooper the engineer, which the General sent to me, goes on very well with our line and approaches, with much security, and I hope to be within half pistol shot of their works by the end of this week.37

The Hooper in question had previously been involved with building earthworks at the siege of Banbury and was much admired by his commanding officers.

As soon as Hooper could get spades and shovels he went most dexterously to work against this Castle of Ragland.38

August the 14. His Excellency [Fairfax] (who was every day in the Trenches) appointed a new approach, which the Engineer, captaine Hooper, had so far proceeded in as to throw up approaches of an hundred yards in circuit, making exacting trenches, so secure as if they were works against a storm, cumming within sixty yards of their works.39

The remains of the Civil War earthworks still survive and were first described in detail by Heath in 1797.

The form of all these fortifications are still very plain to be seen: the rampart, ditch, and several other works of a modern form, are now to be traced all about this part of the castle: they go quite round all the outbuildings, to the north and west sides thereof, and from thence seem to have joined the Kitchen Tower.40

The Civil war earthworks were first mapped on the plan of Raglan printed by Coxe in 1801 shown below41 and were discussed by O’Neil in 1960.42 They were subjected to aerial photography of the earthworks were taken by Cambridge University in 1969 and can still be traced today. The 1969 aerial photography formed the basis of a short article by John Kenyon written in 1982, in which he identified the earthworks built for defence by the Royalists and those constructed during the siege by the Parliamentarians. Kenyon associates the earthwork situated NNE of the castle as belonging to the parliamentarian forces and constructed during the siege.43 The other defences to the east of the castle he identifies as built by the royalists

37 H. Cary (ed.), Memorials of the Great Civil War in England from 1646 to 1652 (London, 1842), vol. 1, pp. 131–2. 38 Sprigge, Anglia Rediviva, p.291. 39 Ibid, pp. 297–8. 40 Heath, Monmouthshire, p. 9. 41 Coxe, History of Monmouthshire, between pp. 136–7. 42 B. H. ST. J. O’Neil, Castles and Cannon A Study of Early Artillery Fortifications in England (Oxford, 1960), pp. 99-102. 43 Kenyon, John R., ‘The Civil War Earthworks around Raglan Castle, Gwent: An Aerial View’ Archaeologia Cambrensis, 131 (1982), 139–42. 13 before the siege began.44 The remaining earthworks depicted on Coxe’s plan to the NW are most likely those described by Sprigge and other sources as being built by Hooper. Little remains of these today and as Clark notes in 2005 a closer investigation would be of interest.

In light of the possibility of other surviving Civil War earthworks, the topographical survey could be extended around Castle Farm, with particular emphasis given to either confirming the location of the mortar emplacements upon the hill to the east of Castle Farm, or locating their true position. An examination of the earthen bank to the east of Castle Farm may provide further information on the possibility of an outer moat around the Raglan garrison’s bastions. The surviving earthworks of the bastion to the west of the Castle car park could also furnish useful information as to the ancillary defences of Raglan castle.45

Plan of Raglan Castle showing Civil War earthworks from Coxe, An Historical Tour in Monmouthshire (1801), p. 137.

44 Peter Harrington, English Civil War Fortifications 1642-51 (Oxford, 2003), p. 48. 45 Auden Clark, ‘Raglan Castle: a landscape survey’, p. 48. There is a map of the parliamentarian earthwork on p. 23. 14

Archaeological finds of musket shot and a canon mould, dating from the time of the siege, have been discovered.46 The 2009 article by Smith summarises the many reports produced by Cambrian Archaeological Projects Ltd during the excavations undertaken between 2003 and 2007 and focussed upon four sites, in preparation for the construction of a new visitor centre. The Civil War period falls into phase 2 of their work and evidence for the siege consisted of some musket shot, with one still having a casting nipple present showing that the shot was being produced on site at this time. All of the Civil War period finds came from Area 4, situated 20 metres North West of the White gate.47 Aside from the shot and lead the only other civil war find of note was a lead bandolier/gunpowder cartridge top, considered to have been lost by one of the royalist soldiers.48 The earthwork identified by Kenyon as being built by the parliamentarians is noted in the report as situated 216m NNE of the castle.49

Extensive remodelling of the gardens soon after the siege may account for the lack of any depiction of these earthworks on the Laurence Smythe’s 1652 plan of the Castle and its vicinity.50 A search of Coflein, Archwilio and the Portable Antiquities Scheme database did not produce any further relevant material. Further detailed archaeological study of these earthworks would be of interest.

3.5 An Assessment of the Historical Significance of the Battle

The royalist garrison at Raglan was one of the last substantial forces to be defeated by the parliamentarians. The castle of Raglan had been under observation since the autumn of 1645 and it was only when sieges elsewhere, such as Worcester had been completed that forces started to gather at Raglan with a large siege in mind. As late as May 25 1646 the Royalist garrison were able to put a force of 150 horse together and leave the castle to hassle the parliamentarian forces. It was only after the event 12 July that they were unable to leave the castle and the full effect of the siege could take place. The construction of impressive earthworks to with sixty yards of the castle show the commitment that eh Parliamentarian forces had in their task. However, it was the arrival of Sir Thomas Fairfax and his forces on August 3 that convinced the Marquess that he could not hold out much longer. Following the surrender it became clear that the garrison was well stocked and could have held out for much longer. The end of the siege at Raglan was one of the final major actions of the First Civil War.

46 John R. Kenyon, A Cannon shot Mould from Raglan Castle, Gwent’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, 131 (1982), pp. 142–3. 47 Smith, Chris E., ‘Excavations at Raglan Castle, Monmouthshire, 2003-7’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, 156 (2009 for 2007), see map on 126. 48 Ibid, 136. 49 Ibid, 125. 50 Reproduced in, Auden Clark, ‘Raglan Castle: a landscape survey’, p. 21. 15

4. Bibliography

4.1 Primary Sources

Anglia Rediviva by Joshua Sprigge, (London, 1647).

Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army during the Great Civil War; kept by Richard Symons, edited by Charles Edward Long, Camden Society, 74 (1859).

Historical Manuscripts Commission Sixth Report (London, 1877).

TT E184.3 The golden apophthegems of his Royall Maiesty King Charles I. and Henry Marq. of Worcester, both divine and morall, as they were delivered upon several occasions in the time of the late unhappy war between his Majesty and the old Parliament by Thomas Bayley (London, 1660).

TT E339.9 The gallant siege of the Parliaments forces before Ragland-Castle, maintained by Colonel Morgan, Major-Generall Laughorn, Sir Trevor Williams Baronet, and Colonel Robert Kirle, with about 5000. horse and foot. With the daily sallies of the enemy: fourscore of the enemies horse taken. And what losse hath been on our side. The desperate exploits of the besieged in Ragland, who have burned Ragland town to the ground, and have levelled that stately steeple with the earth And the hopes of the speedy reducing of the castle. With the last good intelligence from Gothridge-Castle. These papers are perused, and are published according to order of Parliament, (London, 1646).

TT E346.16. A letter to the Honorable William Lenthal esq; Speaker of the Honorable House of Commons, from Col: Morgan Governor of Glocester, concerning the whole proceedings of the siege before Raglan-Castle. (London, 1646).

TT E350.18. An Exact and true relation of the many several messages, that have passed between His Excellency Sir Tho. Fairfax, and the Marquesse of Worcester, governour of Ragland-Castle, touching surrender thereof together, with a copy of the propositions sent to the generall from the Marquesse of Worcester, out of Ragland-Castle, and His Excellencies refusall to treat on them : also, the names of our commissioners appointed to treate with the enemy, upon the propositions sent to them from the generall. (London, 1646).

TT E351.13 A letter from His Excellencies quarters, of a discovery in Sir Thomas Fairfax his army, the enemies thereof; and a further resolution of the Officers and souldiers for the better peace and safety of the kingdome. With a conference between His Excellency, and the Marquesse of VVorcester. Also, a full relation of all the whole proceedings at Ragland Castle; and a perfect list of the names of the colonels, majors, captains, lieutenants, and other officers therein, viz. the Marquesse of Worcester, the Lord Charles, the Countesse of Glamorgan, the Lady Iones, Sir Philip Iones, Doctor Bayley, Commissary Gwillam, ... Printed by the originall copies, and published according to order of Parliament., August 29 (London, 1646).

TT E513:4 A perfect diurnall of some passages in Parliament no. 160 17–24 August, (London, 1646).

TT E513.7 Perfect Occurences of both houses of Parliament

4.2 Secondary Sources

Bradney, Joseph Alfred, A History of Monmouthshire From the coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present time, Vol. 2 part 1 (London, 1911).

Cary, H. (ed.), Memorials of the Great Civil War in England from 1646 to 1652 vol. 1 (London, 1842).

Clark, Arthur, Raglan Castle and the Civil War in Monmouthshire (Chepstow, 1953).

Coxe, William An Historical Tour of Monmouthshire 2 vols., (London, 1801).

Gaunt, Peter, A Nation under Siege (Cardiff, 1991).

Harrington. Peter, English Civil War Fortifications 1642–51 (Oxford, 2003).

Heath, Charles, Monmouthshire. Historical and descriptive accounts of the ancient and present state of Ragland Castle (Monmouth, 1797).

Kenyon, John R., ’The Civil War Earthworks around Raglan Castle, Gwent: An Aerial View’ Archaeologia Cambrensis, 131 (1982) 139–42.

––––, ‘A Cannon Shot Mould from Raglan Castle, Gwent’ Archaeologia Cambrensis, xxx (1982), 142–3.

Knight, Jeremy, ‘‘From the Welsh Good Lord Deliver Me’: soldiers, papists and civilians in Civil War Monmouthshire’ Archaeologia Cambrensis, 151 (2002).

–––– Civil War & Restoration in Monmouthshire Jeremy Knight (Logaston, 2005).

–––– ‘Taking sides: Royalist Commissioners of Array for Monmouthshire in the Civil War’, Monmouthsire Antiquary, 22 (2006), 3–18.

Malkin, Benjamin Heath, The Scenery, Antiquities and Biography of South Wales, 2 vols. (London, 1807).

Morrill, J. S., The Revolt of the Provinces: Conservatives and Radicals in the English Civil War 1630–1650, (London, 1976).

O’Neil, B. H. ST. J., Castles and Cannon A Study of Early Artillery Fortifications in England (Oxford, 1960).

Phillips, J. R., Memoirs of the Civil War in Wales and the Marches, 2 vols. (London, 1874).

Rees, J. F., Studies in Welsh History Collected Papers, Lectures and Reviews (Cardiff, 1947).

Roberts, Stephen K., ‘How the West was Won: Parliamentary Politics, Religion and the Military in South Wales, 1642–9’, Welsh History Review, 21.4 (2003), 646–74.

Rushworth, John, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State: Volume 6: 1645– 47 (London, 1722).

Sanderson, William, A Compleat History of the Life and Raigne of King Charles from his Cradle to his Grave (London, 1658).

Smith, Chris E., ‘Excavations at Ragland castle, Monmouthshire, 2003–7’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, 156 (2007), 123–39.

Thomas, C. Mervyn, ‘The Civil Wars in Glamorgan’ in Glamorgan County History vol. 4, Early Modern Glamorgan (Cardiff, 1974), pp. 257–78.

Williams, David, The History of Monmouthshire (London, 1796).

Williams, J. Gwynn, ‘The Castles of Wales during the Civil War, 1642–1647’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, 137 (1988), 1–26.

4.2.1 Unpublished Secondary Sources

Clark, A., ‘Raglan Castle a landscape survey’, Museum of London Archaeology Service report. 2005.

RCAHMW C400757 Cambrian Archaeological Projects report on an archaeological evaluation of Raglan Castle, Monmouthshire, by Mike Anthony and Ifan Edwards, 01/2004.

RCAHMW C569995 Cambrian Archaeological Projects Archive Archaeological Evaluation Report relating to Raglan Castle. CAP Report No. 293.

RCAHMW C570578 Cambrian Archaeological Projects Archive Archaeological Evaluation Report relating to The Buttery, Raglan Castle. CAP Report No. 316.

RCAHMW C569940 Cambrian Archaeological Projects Archive Archaeological Evaluation Report relating to Raglan Castle. CAP Report No. 383.

RCAHMW C569930 Cambrian Archaeological Projects Archive Archaeological Evaluation Report relating to Raglan Castle. CAP Report No. 399.

RCAHMW C570288 Cambrian Archaeological Projects Archive Archaeological Excavation Report relating to Raglan Castle Visitor Centre. CAP Report No. 470.

RCAHMW C570308 Cambrian Archaeological Projects Archive Archaeological Watching Brief Report relating to Visitor Centre Development, Raglan Castle. CAP Report No. 490

RCAHMW C570322 Cambrian Archaeological Projects Archive Archaeological Watching Brief Report relating to Raglan Castle. CAP Report No. 494.

RCAHMW C570351 Cambrian Archaeological Projects Archive Archaeological Evaluation Report relating to Raglan Castle. CAP Report No. 510.

RCAHMW C570352 Cambrian Archaeological Projects Archive Worked Stone Inventory Report, and CD of images, relating to Raglan Castle. CAP Report No. 539.

RCAHMW C570875 Cambrian Archaeological Projects Archive Archaeological Field Evaluation Report relating to Raglan Castle. CAP Report No. 587.

Thomas, C. M., ‘The First Civil War in Glamorgan, 1642-1646’ (unpublished MA Thesis, University of Wales, 1963).

4.3 Cartographic Evidence

1652 Map of Ragland Castle and gardens by Laurence Smyth

1813 Ordnance Survey Drawing ‘Usk 2’, (OSD 203).

1840 Tithe Map for the Tithe district of Raglan (The Tithe Maps of Wales #822).

4.4 Web Resources

Archwlio www.archwilio.org.uk

Coflein www.coflein.gov.uk

Portable Antiquities Scheme http://finds.org.uk/database/search/advanced

People Collection Wales http://www.peoplescollectionwales.co.uk/Places/FullMap

5. Map of Site

Cannon placement

Probable Civil War earthworks

Possible remains of Civil War earthworks

Boundary of Area of interest

Potential site

Figure 1: Location Map of Raglan Castle and associated sites.