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Castles – South Wales

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Castles – South Wales Castles – South Wales ‘Build Date’ refers to the oldest surviving significant masonry elements In column 1; WCM ≡ Carmarthen, WGL ≡ Glamorgan, WGO ≡ Gower, WGW ≡ Gwent, WPM ≡ Pembroke Build Occupation WCM Castle Location Configuration Current Remains Date Status th 1 Carmarthen SN 413 200 Enclosure c1110 Empty since 17 C Ruins of keep, curtain wall 2 Carreg Cennen SN 667 192 3 Enclosures 1299 Sleighted, 1462 Extensive ruins 3 Dinefwr SN 611 217 2 Enclosures, keep Late-12th C Empty since 16th C Extensive ruins 4 Dryslwyn SN 554 204 3 Enclosures, keep Early 13th C Sleighted, early-15th C Fragmentary ruins 5 Greencastle SN 396 166 Fortified L-plan 14/15th C Empty long term High separated ruins th th 6 Kidwelly SN 409 070 2 Enclosures Late-13 C Empty since 17 C? Extensive ruins 7 Llandovery SN 767 343 Motte & bailey 12/13th C Empty since early-15th C Ruined towers on motte th th 8 Llansteffan SN 351 101 2 Enclosures Early-12 C Empty since 16 C Extensive ruins 9 Laugharne SN 303 107 2 Enclosures, keep 12/13th C Empty since 17th C Extensive high ruins WGL 1 Barry ST 102 673 Fortified manor 13/14th C Empty, 16th & 18th C Ruins, gatehouse, S. range 2 Beaupre ST 009 721 Fortified manor c1300 Mostly empty since 1709 Extensive ruins 3 Caerphilly ST 156 871 2 X Enclosure Late-13th C Empty by 16th C Extensive ruins th th 4 Candleston SS 872 773 Fortified manor 14 C Empty, early 19 C Extensive ruins 5 Cardiff ST 180 767 Shell keep & bailey 1091 Parts still occupied Mix of ruins and rebuilds 6 Coity SS 923 816 Enclosure, keep 1090 Empty, 18th C High and low ruins 7 Kenfig SS 802 827 Keep, later enclosed 1140s Empty, 15th C Stump of keep th th 8 Llanblethian SS 989 743 Enclosure 13/14 C Mostly empty since15 C Gatehouse ruin + remnants th 9 Llandaff ST 156 780 Fortified house 1280s Empty, 14 C Gatehouse ruin, walls th th 10 Llanmaes SS 983 694 Fortified house? 14 C Empty, 15 C Fragment, wall of hall 11 Llantrisant ST 047 834 Keep & enclosure c1250 Empty after 16th C Ruin of keep, fragments 12 Neath SS 754 978 Enclosure 1230s Empty, early-15th C High ruin of gatehouse 13 New Bridgend SS 902 801 Enclosure 12th C Empty, 16th C Ruined walls & towers th th 14 Ogmore SS 882 769 Keep & enclosure Early-12 C Empty, 17 C Extensive ruins th th 15 Penmark ST 058 688 Enclosure 12/13 C Empty, 14 C Ruins of tower & curtain 16 St. Donat’s SS 935 681 Concentric enclosure 12th C Occupied by school Complete WGO 1 Loughor SS 564 980 Tower & enclosure 12/13th C Empty, 14th C High ruin of tower 2 Oxwich SS 497 863 Fortified house Mid-15th C Empty, 18th C Extensive ruins th th 3 Oystermouth SS 613 883 Enclosure & keep 12 C Empty, 15 C Extensive high ruins th 4 Pennard SS 545 885 Enclosure 12/13 C Empty, c1500 Gatehouse ruin, fragments th 5 Penrice SS 492 879 Enclosure & keep c1237 Empty, 17 C A number of high ruins 6 Swansea SS 657 931 Enclosure Early-14th C Mostly empty 17th C High ruins of hall & tower 7 Weobley SS 678 928 Fortified house 14/15th C Empty, 17th C Near complete, roofless WGW 1 Abergavenny SO 299 139 Enclosure + keep c1175 Empty, 17th C Tower ruins + fragments th 2 Caerleon ST 342 905 Motte & bailey Early-13 C Empty Ruined tower th 3 Caldicot ST 487 885 Enclosure 13 C Empty Extensive ruins 4 Chepstow ST 534 942 Enclosure 1067 Empty, 19th C Extensive ruins 5 Grosmont SO 406 244 Enclosure Early 13th C Empty, 16th C Extensive ruins 6 Monmouth SO 507 129 Enclosure 12th C Empty, 17th C Ruins of tower & hall 7 Newport ST 312 885 Fortified hall block 14/15th C Empty, 16th C Hall block with towers 1 Occupation WGW Castle Location Configuration Build Date Current Remains Status 8 Pencoed ST 406 894 Courtyard, gated Late-15th C Empty, 18th C Hall block, gatehouse 9 Penhow ST 425 908 Courtyard, keep 12th C Occupied Mostly complete 10 Raglan SO 414 083 Keep + baileys 1450 Empty, 17th C Extensive ruins 11 Skenfrith SO 457 203 Enclosure + keep 1220s Empty, 16th C Extensive ruins 12 Usk SO 377 010 Enclosure 12th C Empty, 16th C, save gateho. Extensive ruins 13 White SO 379 168 Enclosure 12th C Empty, 16th C Extensive ruins, walls WPM 1 Angle SM 866 030 Tower house c1500 Empty, 16th C? Near-complete outside 2 Carew SN 045 037 Enclosure 13th C Empty, 1680 Extensive ruins 3 Cilgerran SN 195 431 Enclosure + bailey Early-12th C Empty, 17th C Extensive ruins 4 Eastington SM 901 024 Fortified manor 13th C Empty, 19th C Ruin of solar block 5 Haverfordwest SM 953 157 Enclosure + keep 1120 Empty, 16th C High walls round footings 6 Llawhaden SN 073 174 Enclosure 1230 Empty, 16th C High walls & gatehouse 7 Manorbier SS 064 978 Enclosure 12th C Empty, 16th C Extensive roofless ruins 8 Narberth SN 109 143 Enclosure 13th C Empty, 17th C Fragments of tower & solar 9 Newport SN 057 388 Enclosure 13th C Empty, 17th C G’house entire, other ruins 10 Pembroke SM 982 016 Enclosure + keep c1200 Empty, 17th C Extensive ruins 11 Picton SN 011 134 Fortified house c1300 Occupied Entire 12 Roch SM 881 212 Tower house + hall 1260s Restored, 20th C Entire, altered interior 13 Tenby SN 138 005 Enclosure? 12th C Empty, 15th C Ruined tower & gatehouse 14 Upton SN 021 047 Fortified house 13th C Restored, 19th C Entire, enlarged 1. A total of 59 castles have been identified in South Wales, the 5 ‘counties’ of Carmarthen, Glamorgan, Gower, Gwent, and Pembroke. My selection philosophy has been to include those I have already viewed and such others as have significant coherent remains; I have tended to exclude those which have benefitted from a modern reconstruction if it amounted to a rebuild. There are remains of many castles in the counties concerned, which I do not consider, often because in my judgement the masonry remains are fragmentary or non-existent. So, my gazetteer is best regarded as a sample, albeit quite a large one, and any tentative conclusions I draw need to be seen in that light. 2. To-date, I have viewed 33 of the 59 castles on my list, but all have been assessed in a desk-top exercise. 3. There is only 1 castle which ended its life as a ringwork or motte and bailey type, though many more began that way as earthwork and timber structures, but rebuilds in stone almost invariably meant conversion to an enclosure type of which there were 39. The great majority of them were built in the 12th and 13th century. 4. Castles fell into decline early in this region. Key factors were the pacification of the border between England and Wales, and later the conquest of Wales, by King Edward I in the late 13th century, but also the tacit acceptance of English and Welsh domains in South Wales. At the start of the 15th century, Owen Glendower’s revolt brought many castles back into play, but they were hardly a factor during the Wars of the Roses, and some became uninhabited before the end of the 15th century. The Civil War led to the re-occupation of a significant number, some already in a decayed state, but this was the last act before ruin for most. Astonishingly, only 7 out of 59 castles remain even partially occupied; unlike in other regions, restoration or development as 2 more comfortable mansions has rarely been considered by their owners, presumably because of the constraints imposed by the defensive arrangements. 5. North Wales is often regarded as the region of great castles, but some of those in South Wales like Chepstow, Caerphilly and Pembroke rival any there for grandeur and complexity, and a remarkable number were built given the cost of such enterprises. 3 WCM1. Carmarthen Castle is in the centre of Carmarthen, near the right bank of the River Towy. The 1st Norman castle was built to the south-west of the town in the early 1090s, but was abandoned within a few years. A castle on the current site was built at the end of the first decade in the 12th century. Thereafter, the history of the castle is of a long succession of changes in ownership between native Welsh and English lords, princes and kings. It was frequently captured and damaged, but always rebuilt, and evolved from a wooden to a powerful stone enclosure castle. However, after featuring in the Civil War, it was sleighted, and the main part of the site was occupied first by a gaol, and then by the modern offices. The surviving west reach of the curtain wall, shown in the schematic, is a mixture of the modern and medieval, with the medieval remains confined to the gatehouse, parts of two towers, of which that in the south-west corner is most complete, and some masonry and raised earthworks associated with a keep in the north-west corner. The gatehouse, built in the early-15th century, comprises two round towers of diameter 5m, which flank a passageway, and are surmounted by remains of a corbelled parapet; it is an impressive presence in the town centre. 4 WCM2. Carreg Cennen Castle is on the right (north) bank of the River Cennen, a tributary of the River Towy, and is 26km east of Carmarthen.
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