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Castle Designs Through History: from Simple Mounds to Strong Towers
https://www.exploring-castles.com/castle_designs/ Castle Designs Through History: From Simple Mounds to Strong Towers Castle designs have changed over history. This is because of changes in technology over time – as well as changes to the function and purpose of castles. The first castles were simply ‘mounds’ of earth, and medieval castle designs improved on these basics – adding ditches in the Motte & Bailey design. As technology advanced – and as attackers got more sophisticated – elaborate concentric castle designs emerged, creating a fortress almost impregnable to its enemies. Nowadays, castles are designed for prestige, for fantasy, and to embellish a romantic view of the life of kings, queens and nobles from years gone by. This page gives a brief overview of the history of castles, and explains why different castle designs came about. Fundamentally, these changing designs were due to the changes in the purpose and significance of castles. Early Medieval Times From Norman Times: Motte & Bailey Castles – Simple designs that were quick to build The first castles, built in the Early Middle Ages (early Medieval period), were ‘earthworks’ – mounds of earth primarily built for defence, as enemies struggled to climb them. During the 1000s, the Normans developed these into Motte and Bailey castle designs. Effectively, a ‘Motte’ was a large mound of earth, and a ‘Bailey’ was the flattened area beside the mound. The ‘Motte’ could be surrounded with a ditch, and buildings could be placed on the bailey – made of timber or, if time permitted, stone. The key benefit of Motte & Bailey castles was that they were very quick to build, but pretty difficult to attack. -
The Early Effects of Gunpowder on Fortress Design: a Lasting Impact
The Early Effects of Gunpowder on Fortress Design: A Lasting Impact MATTHEW BAILEY COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS The introduction of gunpowder did not immediately transform the battlefields of Europe. Designers of fortifications only had to respond to the destructive threats of siege warfare, and witnessing the technical failures of early gunpowder weaponry would hardly have convinced a European magnate to bolster his defenses. This essay follows the advancement of gunpowder tactics in late medieval and early Renaissance Europe. In particular, it focuses on Edward III’s employment of primitive ordnance during the Hundred Years’ War, the role of artillery in the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, and the organizational challenges of effectively implementing gunpowder as late as the end of the fifteenth century. This essay also seeks to illustrate the nature of the development of fortification in response to the emerging threat of gunpowder siege weaponry, including the architectural theories of the early Renaissance Italians, Henry VIII’s English artillery forts of the mid-sixteenth century, and the evolution of the angle bastion. The article concludes with a short discussion of the longevity and lasting relevance of the fortification technologies developed during the late medieval and early Renaissance eras. The castle was an inseparable component of medieval warfare. Since Duke William of Normandy’s 1066 conquest of Anglo-Saxon England, the construction of castles had become the earmark of medieval territorial expansion. These fortifications were not simply stone squares with round towers adorning the corners. Edward I’s massive castle building program in Wales, for example, resulted in fortifications so visually disparate that one might assume they were from different time periods.1 Medieval engineers had built upon castle technology for centuries by 1500, and the introduction of gunpowder weaponry to the battlefields of Europe foreshadowed a revision of the basics of fortress design. -
Shell Keeps-Catalogue1
Shell-keeps - The Catalogue Fig. 1. Plan of Berkeley Castle prepared for G. T Clark, published in Vol. 1 of Mediaeval Military Architecture, 1884, opposite. p. 229. Berkeley 2. Berkeley er (knocking out an earlier “bastion”) comprising two, Published interpretations of the shell-keep have as- joined rectangular towers which may be an early ex- sumed the following sequence: (a) the motte was part ample of an artillery emplacement and (ii) additions of the castle of William fitzOsbern, documented in and alterations to the forebuilding and (iii) encasement the late 11th century, bearing a structure of which no of the south “bastion” by the new gatehouse to the trace now remains; (b) with the assent and direction inner bailey (e) the siege of 1645 and the slighting of of Henry II in 1154, the new owner, Robert fitzHard- 1646 inflicted damage to the motte and its masonry ing (a rich Bristol merchant, from an English family, structures which were patched up around 1700 (f) who supported the Angevin cause and died in 1170) various 18th- to 20th-century alterations and additions truncated the motte-top, encased the motte in a shell- further masked and/or destroyed the structures, both in keep with battered plinth, a series of pilaster buttress- the domestic ranges (the east range of which is wholly es, (probably) four semi-circular “bastions” and (soon 1920s, as is the rebuilding of the chapel) and in Thor- afterwards) a forebuilding with defended stair rising pe's Tower. from ground level to a doorway on the motte-top, the The castle is unusual in having charter evidence latter being leveled up with the spoil created by relating to its revival under new ownership in the truncating the motte; (c) this shell-keep rose above 1150s, although the authenticity of these charters as the motte, with domestic buildings against its inside contemporary record has been questioned. -
Gloucestershire Castles
Gloucestershire Archives Take One Castle Gloucestershire Castles The first castles in Gloucestershire were built soon after the Norman invasion of 1066. After the Battle of Hastings, the Normans had an urgent need to consolidate the land they had conquered and at the same time provide a secure political and military base to control the country. Castles were an ideal way to do this as not only did they secure newly won lands in military terms (acting as bases for troops and supply bases), they also served as a visible reminder to the local population of the ever-present power and threat of force of their new overlords. Early castles were usually one of three types; a ringwork, a motte or a motte & bailey; A Ringwork was a simple oval or circular earthwork formed of a ditch and bank. A motte was an artificially raised earthwork (made by piling up turf and soil) with a flat top on which was built a wooden tower or ‘keep’ and a protective palisade. A motte & bailey was a combination of a motte with a bailey or walled enclosure that usually but not always enclosed the motte. The keep was the strongest and securest part of a castle and was usually the main place of residence of the lord of the castle, although this changed over time. The name has a complex origin and stems from the Middle English term ‘kype’, meaning basket or cask, after the structure of the early keeps (which resembled tubes). The name ‘keep’ was only used from the 1500s onwards and the contemporary medieval term was ‘donjon’ (an apparent French corruption of the Latin dominarium) although turris, turris castri or magna turris (tower, castle tower and great tower respectively) were also used. -
Medieval Heritage and Pilgrimage Walks
Medieval Heritage and Pilgrimage Walks Cleveland Way Trail: walk the 3 miles from Rievaulx Abbey, Yorkshire to Helmsley Castle and tread in the footsteps of medieval Pilgrims along what’s now part of the Cleveland Way Trail. Camino de Santiago/Way of St James, Spain: along with trips to the Holy Land and Rome, this is the most famous medieval pilgrimage trail of all, and the most well-travelled in medieval times, at least until the advent of Black Death. Its destination point is the spot St James is said to have been buried, in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. Today Santiago is one of UNESCO’s World Heritage sites. Read more . the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela holds a Pilgrims’ Mass every day at noon. Walk as much or as little of it as you like. Follow the famous scallop shell symbols. A popular starting point, both today and in the Middle Ages, is either Le Puy in the Massif Central, France OR the famous medieval Abbey at Cluny, near Paris. The Spanish start is from the Pyrenees, on to Roncevalles or Jaca. These routes also take in the Via Regia and/or the Camino Frances. The Portuguese way is also popular: from the Cathedrals in either Lisbon or Porto and then crossing into Falicia/Valenca. At the end of the walk you receive a stamped certifi cate, the Compostela. To achieve this you must have walked at least 100km or cycled for 200. To walk the entire route may take months. Read more . The route has inspired many TV and fi lm productions, such as Simon Reeve’s BBC2 ‘Pilgrimage’ series (2013) and The Way (2010), written and directed by Emilio Estevez, about a father completing the pilgrimage in memory of his son who died along the Way of St James. -
The Castle Studies Group Bulletin
THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP BULLETIN Volume 21 April 2016 Enhancements to the CSG website for 2016 INSIDE THIS ISSUE The CSG website’s ‘Research’ tab is receiving a make-over. This includes two new pages in addition to the well-received ‘Shell-keeps’ page added late last News England year. First, there now is a section 2-5 dealing with ‘Antiquarian Image Resources’. This pulls into one News Europe/World hypertext-based listing a collection 6-8 of museums, galleries, rare print vendors and other online facilities The Round Mounds to enable members to find, in Project one place, a comprehensive view 8 of all known antiquarian prints, engravings, sketches and paintings of named castles throughout the News Wales UK. Many can be enlarged on screen 9-10 and downloaded, and freely used in non-commercial, educational material, provided suitable credits are given, SMA Conference permissions sought and copyright sources acknowledged. The second page Report deals with ‘Early Photographic Resources’. This likewise brings together 10 all known sources and online archives of early Victorian photographic material from the 1840s starting with W H Fox Talbot through to the early Obituary 20th century. It details the early pioneers and locates where the earliest 11 photographic images of castles can be found. There is a downloadable fourteen-page essay entitled ‘Castle Studies and the Early Use of the CSG Conference Camera 1840-1914’. This charts the use of photographs in early castle- Report related publications and how the presentation and technology changed over 12 the years. It includes a bibliography and a list of resources. -
MEDIEVAL STONE WINDOW TRACERY This Fragment of Window Tracery (Ornamental Stonework) Is Made from Sandstone
SOURCE 2 MEDIEVAL STONE WINDOW TRACERY This fragment of window tracery (ornamental stonework) is made from sandstone. It filled the space over an arch. It is kept in our archaeological store at Wrest Park. This dragon carving is probably from the 13th century. William de Valence took ownership of Goodrich Castle in 1247, on his marriage to Joan, the heiress of William Marshal 1st earl of Pembroke. The coat of arms of the Earls of Pembroke was the red dragon. SOURCE 3 ‘Item 10 shillings 6 pence in procuring 3 carts to transport the mistress’s property by road. Item 6 pence for a horse to carry the mistress’s money by road. Item 2 shillings, 5 pence for 8 horses and 4 carters, loaned by abbot of Gloucester and the abbot of Nutley for transporting the mistress’s property by road, staying a night across the river Wye, unable to get across. Item 3 shillings and 6 pence for the 4-horse cart of the abbot of Nutley, taking 3 days to return from Goodrich Castle to Nutley… Item 16 pence to John the baker for 8 days travelling from Exning to Goodrich Castle to bake bread there before the mistress’s arrival… 1 penny for a lock for the door of the building where the horses’ feed is kept. 6 pence for buying a storm lantern for the kitchen window. 4 pounds, 5 shillings and 6 pence for 114 pounds of wax bought at Monmouth… 8 pence for making surplices for the mistress’s chapel, 18 pence to the chaplain for making wax tapers for the chapel. -
CHAINING the HUDSON the Fight for the River in the American Revolution
CHAINING THE HUDSON The fight for the river in the American Revolution COLN DI Chaining the Hudson Relic of the Great Chain, 1863. Look back into History & you 11 find the Newe improvers in the art of War has allways had the advantage of their Enemys. —Captain Daniel Joy to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, January 16, 1776 Preserve the Materials necessary to a particular and clear History of the American Revolution. They will yield uncommon Entertainment to the inquisitive and curious, and at the same time afford the most useful! and important Lessons not only to our own posterity, but to all succeeding Generations. Governor John Hancock to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, September 28, 1781. Chaining the Hudson The Fight for the River in the American Revolution LINCOLN DIAMANT Fordham University Press New York Copyright © 2004 Fordham University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ii retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotation: printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN 0-8232-2339-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Diamant, Lincoln. Chaining the Hudson : the fight for the river in the American Revolution / Lincoln Diamant.—Fordham University Press ed. p. cm. Originally published: New York : Carol Pub. Group, 1994. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8232-2339-6 (pbk.) 1. New York (State)—History—Revolution, 1775-1783—Campaigns. 2. United States—History—Revolution, 1775-1783—Campaigns. 3. Hudson River Valley (N.Y. -
Songs of the Sea in Northumberland
Songs of the Sea in Northumberland Destinations: Northumberland & England Trip code: ALMNS HOLIDAY OVERVIEW Sea shanties were working songs which helped sailors move in unison on manual tasks like hauling the anchor or hoisting sails; they also served to raise spirits. Songs were usually led by a shantyman who sang the verses with the sailors joining in for the chorus. Taking inspiration from these traditional songs, as well as those with a modern nautical connection, this break allows you to lend your voice to create beautiful harmonies singing as part of a group. Join us to sing with a tidal rhythm and flow and experience the joy of singing in unison. With a beachside location in sight of the sea, we might even take our singing outside to see what the mermaids think! WHAT'S INCLUDED • High quality Full Board en-suite accommodation and excellent food in our Country House • Guidance and tuition from a qualified leader, to ensure you get the most from your holiday • All music HOLIDAYS HIGHLIGHTS • Relaxed informal sessions • An expert leader to help you get the most out of your voice! • Free time in the afternoons www.hfholidays.co.uk PAGE 1 [email protected] Tel: +44(0) 20 3974 8865 ACCOMMODATION Nether Grange Sitting pretty in the centre of the quiet harbour village of Alnmouth, Nether Grange stands in an area rich in natural beauty and historic gravitas. There are moving views of the dramatic North Sea coastline from the house too. This one-time 18th century granary was first converted into a large family home for the High Sheriff of Northumberland in the 19th century and then reimagined as a characterful hikers’ hotel. -
5352 List of Venues
tradername premisesaddress1 premisesaddress2 premisesaddress3 premisesaddress4 premisesaddressC premisesaddress5Wmhfilm Gilsland Village Hall Gilsland Village Hall Gilsland Brampton Cumbria CA8 7BH Films Capheaton Hall Capheaton Hall Capheaton Newcastle upon Tyne NE19 2AB Films Prudhoe Castle Prudhoe Castle Station Road Prudhoe Northumberland NE42 6NA Films Stonehaugh Social Club Stonehaugh Social Club Community Village Hall Kern Green Stonehaugh NE48 3DZ Films Duke Of Wellington Duke Of Wellington Newton Northumberland NE43 7UL Films Alnwick, Westfield Park Community Centre Westfield Park Park Road Longhoughton Northumberland NE66 3JH Films Charlie's Cashmere Golden Square Berwick-Upon-Tweed Northumberland TD15 1BG Films Roseden Restaurant Roseden Farm Wooperton Alnwick NE66 4XU Films Berwick upon Lowick Village Hall Main Street Lowick Tweed TD15 2UA Films Scremerston First School Scremerston First School Cheviot Terrace Scremerston Northumberland TD15 2RB Films Holy Island Village Hall Palace House 11 St Cuthberts Square Holy Island Northumberland TD15 2SW Films Wooler Golf Club Dod Law Doddington Wooler NE71 6AW Films Riverside Club Riverside Caravan Park Brewery Road Wooler NE71 6QG Films Angel Inn Angel Inn 4 High Street Wooler Northumberland NE71 6BY Films Belford Community Club Memorial Hall West Street Belford NE70 7QE Films Berwick Holiday Centre - Show Bar & Aqua Bar Magdalene Fields Berwick-Upon-Tweed TD14 1NE Films Berwick Holiday Centre - Show Bar & Aqua Bar Berwick Holiday Centre Magdalen Fields Berwick-Upon-Tweed Northumberland -
GOODRICH. It Is Still in the Keeping of the Vicar, and Is Regarded As A
GOODRICH. 2 35 It is still in the keeping of the vicar, and is regarded as a relic of high value. On April 18th, 1890, the present vicar discovered the tombstone of his predecessor, the Rev. Thomas Swift, buried under the altar steps of Goodrich chancel. It bears the following mscnptwn• • • :- "Here lyeth the Body of Mr. THOMAS SWIFT, Who died the second day of June, 1658, Aged 62 years and tenne moneths, Who was Vicar of Goodridge 34 years." The house built by him, called "New House," is still standing, and bears date 1637. It is built on a curious plan, resembling in shape the Arms of the Isle of Man. On a finely wooded promontory, round which the river Wye flows in a semi-circular direction, and about 3 miles to the south of the town of Ross, stand the massive ruins of Goodrich Castle, for a long period the residence of the Talbots, Earls of Shrewsbury. By whom it was originally founded is unknown; though the near affinity of its name to that of Godrz'cus Dux, who occurs as a witness to two charters granted by King Canute to the abbey of Hulen, has given rise to a not improbable conjecture that he was the person. The keep, which is entirely detached from the rest of the ruins, was probably built early in 1100, and is undoubtedly Norman, though it is said to have been built by Micmac and his son, who were Irish prisoners, as their ransom. It stands close to the outward wall of the castle, and had no window on the outside next the country. -
Memoirs of the Civil War in Wales and the Marches
THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE DOCUMENTS. CAKMAKTHEN : " ' MORGAN AND DAVIES, WELSHMAN 1871. MEMOIRS OP THE CIVIL WAR IN WALES AND THE MARCHES. 16421649. BT JOHN ROLAND PHILLIPS OK LINCOLN'S INN, BABEISTKB-AT-LAW. IN TWO VOLUMES. YOL. II. LONDON I LONGMANS, GREEN, & Co. 1874. V, X CONTENTS. DOCUMENT PAGE I. A Petition from Flintshire to the King at York. August, 1642 1 II. Parliament Order to call out Militia in Pembrokeshire 4 III. Chester declares against the Array. August 8 IV. The King at Shrewsbury and Chester, various letters. Sept. ... 10 V. Marquis of Hertford takes Cardiff for the King. Aug. 23 VI. Visit of Prince of Wales to Raglan Castle. Oct. ... 26 VII. Hint at Shrewsbury the King departs thence. Oct. 30 VIII. Nantwich in trouble for opposing the King 33 IX. After the battle of Edghill old Rhyme. 36 X. Welsh under Marquis of Hertford defeated at Tewkesbury. Dec. 38 XI. Shropshire Royalists' resolution for the King. Dec. 42 XII. Agreement of Neutrality in Cheshire. Dec. 44 XIII. The History of the Cheshire Neutrality 46 XIV. Fight at Middlewich Sir W. Brereton defeats Royalists. Jan. 1643 49 XV. Battle of Torperley. Feb. 21. 52 XVI. Brereton' s Account of Battle of Middlewich 54 XVII. Sir Thomas Aston' s Account ditto 56 XVIII. List of Prisoners ditto 62 XIX. Defeat of Lord Herbert at Gloucester. March 25 ... 63 XX. Monmouth and Chepstow taken by Waller 66 XXI. Surrender of Hereford. April 25 69 XXII. Sir Thomas Myddelton's Commission as Major-General of North Wales ..