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Jennifer Egan | 256 pages | 06 Mar 2008 | Little, Brown Book Group | 9780349120447 | English | London, United Kingdom The Keep (film) - Wikipedia

The Spanish Civil War and First and Second World Wars in the 20th century caused damage to many across Europe; in particular, the famous keep at Coucy was destroyed by the German Army in In , large numbers of the were restored as functional buildings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, often as government offices or youth hostels , or the modern conversion of houses, which in many cases have become modernised domestic homes. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Type of built within during the by European . For other uses, see Keep disambiguation. For other uses of Donjon, see Donjon disambiguation. For the film, see Castle Keep. The Norman keep at , built in a Romanesque style on a former temple. The Norman keep r and prison l at , built to a square design in the early 12th century. 's , converted to stone in the late 12th century. Keep at Trim Castle , an angular design built in the late 12th century. Tour Jeanne d'Arc at Rouen Castle , a circular design built in Keep at , a large tower keep built during the s. The slighted keep of . The Castle Explorer's Guide. Crown Publishers. Anderson, William. London: Ferndale. Armitage, Ella S. London: J. Baldwin, John W. Brindle, Steven and Brian Kerr. London: . Brown, R. London: Batsford. Creighton, Oliver Hamilton. London: Equinox. Cruickshanks, Eveline. DeVries, Kelly. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. Dixon, Philip. Durand, Philippe. Paris: Gisserot. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gomme, Andor and Alison Maguire. Yale: Yale University Press. Paris: Cheminements. Westport, US: Greenwood Press. Heslop, T. Higham, Robert and Philip Barker. Hull, Lise E. Westport: Praeger. Westport, US: Greenwood Publishing. Kaufmann, J. Cambridge, US: Da Capo. Kenyon, J. Kenyon, John R. London: Continuum. King, D. London: Routledge. Liddiard, Robert. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press. McNeill, Tom. Oxford: Archaeopress. Nicholson, Helen J. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Pettifer, Adrian. Pounds, Norman John Greville. Purton, Peter. Rowan, A. Cambridge: Cambridge University, Unpublished Ph. Schulz, Juergen. Stubbs, John H. Hoboken, US: John Wiley. Tabraham, Chris J. Taylor, Robert R. Thompson, M. Leicester, UK: Harveys Books. Toy, Sidney. New : Dover Publications. Turner, Rick. Cardiff, UK: . Tuulse, Armin. Paris: Bance. See also : Category. Categories : Castle architecture Fortified towers by type. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Keeps. Scholia has a topic profile for Keep. Still one does wonder about the version Michael Mann intended. View all 8 comments. This was great! The Keep is the first book in a series by F. I loved the writing, the plot, the characterization and all the action. It was great from beginning to end! Germany is winning the war and concentration camps are in full force. I had no issues with Nazi scum getting killed each night. Sorry, not sorry. Professor Cuza and his daughter Magda are now forced to find out what is killing these men and how to fight it. While this is a going on, an unknown man is heading towards the action, and must stop this evil once and for all. I'm not elaborating anymore with the plot because the less you know, the more you'll enjoy it! I would recommend this book if you enjoy horror, action, history and great plots. I'm so glad to finally read this and looking forward to continuing the series, Adversary Cycle!! View all 28 comments. He was dead. And yet not dead. It is the first in the Adversary Cycle , and ties in with the later Repairman Jack novels. So, does it live up to expectation? Something in that air caused the hair on his arms and at the base of his neck He was dead. Something in that air caused the hair on his arms and at the base of his neck to stand on end. If you have read any of the Repairman Jack novels, you will already know what to expect from this book, although admittedly The Keep leans more toward straightforward horror whereas the Jack books follow a genre mishmash template. Something as dark and as cold as the chamber he had entered was awake and hungry and beside him. He was no longer in command of the keep. Something dark and awful had taken over. Two gripes. There is a love story here that feels forced and awkward. It certainly has a place in the story, but at times the author lathers it on a bit thick and the fluttery-eyed sugary-sweet gloop is hard to stomach. In my experience when it comes to this sort of thing less is more. The second gripe that I do have comes from a rather abstract place. The cover art of the new Tor editions are rather unimaginative and, frankly, boring. I much prefer the artwork of some of the older editions. She would fear the dark forever. In closing, there are some nice conspiracy theories thrown in for good measure. You know, just to thicken the broth. The Keep is a fairly solid entry in the Vampire Horror genre. Added bonus: it has some novelty value, especially if you already read Repairman Jack. View all 7 comments. Beginning in Warsaw, , this novel combines a Second World War story with Horror, creating a good mix of genres. Erich Kaempffer is a member of the SS and has just been promoted to become Commandant of Ploiesti — a new concentration camp in Romania, which is set to rival Auschwitz. Kaempffer is a dedicated man, who delights in murder and violence and also hopes to make himself a personal fortune. However, before he can set off to his new career, he is asked to visit a small army detachment, s Beginning in Warsaw, , this novel combines a Second World War story with Horror, creating a good mix of genres. However, before he can set off to his new career, he is asked to visit a small army detachment, stationed in the Alps, shortly north of Ploiesti. There have been frantic messages from their commanding officer, Captain Klaus Woermann, saying that they have suffered losses and asking permission to relocate. Kaempffer is asked to go and see what is wrong before being allowed to take up his new position. Of course, Woermann is known to Kaempffer, and their past history is one of conflict. As such, and with a much more lucrative post ahead of him, Kaempffer is keen to investigate, solve this issue quickly, and move on. This turns out to be a perfectly placed tower, with endless crosses embedded into the walls. Despite all evidence to the contrary, Kaempffer insists the problem is something that he can solve with force. Also, there is another man, who is travelling across Europe, on a mysterious mission involving the Keep. There is much irony in the fact that Cuza is Jewish and his own faith is also tested in this interesting novel. This is a horror novel which has a very interesting setting and characters. View all 4 comments. Oct 21, Scott Sigler rated it it was amazing. Such a fun book. Vampires and Nazis — what could go wrong? An isolated keep full of ne'er do-wells from the Third Reich, but oh man do they get their comeuppance at the hands of a very old bro who is pissed as hell that someone be all up in his hizzouse. The only knock on this book is the dated damsel in distress plot line, the unbelievably beautiful woman who, for most of the book, is little more than a cowering, confused lass that can't come to grips with the reality in front of her. This ain' Such a fun book. This ain't no Dana Scully, gang. But, the book was published in , so I think you have to give it some slack as a product of the times. Our heroine isn't completely helpless, that's for sure. All in all, I highly recommend this book. I loved it. View 1 comment. May 20, Lou rated it really liked it Shelves: horror , historical-fiction , fantasy. Paul Wilson on writing, his protagonist Repairman Jack, and inspirations. More2Read Wilson is a skilled story-teller who knows how to write a good plot and intertwine a story with healthy mix of terror romance and history. The story is about The Keep an intriguing fortress where one by one men are murdered by a mysterious being. The victims are german soldiers, I found myself backing the perpetrators blood thirst of ridding The Keep of the invaders of Romania, but there seems to be a more sin F. The victims are german soldiers, I found myself backing the perpetrators blood thirst of ridding The Keep of the invaders of Romania, but there seems to be a more sinister purpose to what is taking place. Thoroughly enjoyed the story highly recommend it, i cant wait to read the next in the Adversary Cycle The Tomb by Paul Wilson a great story teller. This story has a very nice romance between a Jewish Romanian and a mysterious man. Shelves: horror , book-challenge , ha-a-z-challenge. Paul Wilson book! This was really good. The writing was very smooth and easy to read. The action started early and carried right through to the end. While this is definitely a horror story, it has an epic feel to it that I quite enjoyed. The hard part now is deciding which of Mr. It's Castle Wolfenstein - Zombie Nazi edition! There are Nazis in a Castle - or rather a Keep, in Romania, in the Transylvanian Alps, and there is something undead inside, and our story is set in The SS take over an abandoned haunted Keep. The SS unwittingly let something loose in the Keep. The SS start dying horrible deaths - and Nazi's being turned into chunky bits is always a good thing. I can't help but think back to the black and white war comics I used to read, but instead of Nazi's going 'Aarghhh! For all the meaty bits flying about there wasn't much meat to it and it didn't quite maintain the suspense I was hoping for - but it was still a bit of fun and enjoyable for what it was ie a traditional vampire like story. Auf Wiedersehen from me and I'm giving it Any resemblance to real , good or bad, is purely coincidental. View all 6 comments. Speaking for myself Feb 03, Becca rated it did not like it Shelves: horror , novels. This is one of the worst books I have ever read. A friend recommended it to me, and against my better judgment, I took a copy with me on vacation. The plot is forseeable, the characters are cheesy and annoying, the story seems to be rooted in pseudo-history I rolled my eyes consistently throughout the book, and I forced myself to finish it believing that it might possibly redeem itself at the end. Unfortunately, it did not. I immediately got rid of my copy, and all other F. Paul Wilson books that were lent to me. I suppose it you are a junior high school kid, this book might appeal to you, otherwise skip it and go for some Clive Barker, Neil Gaiman, or Stephen King. View all 10 comments. Ranked among the best horror novels of the twentieth century, and credited with shaping the landscape of that same genre through the 80s, it's hard not to be a little disappointed with what is on offer in The Keep. The set-up is quite good, with something unleashed from its hold in an abandoned keep stalking the German soldiers that have taken over said structure in the midst of WW2. For about a third of the novel, Wilson keeps the pace rattling along nicely, as the thing from the crypt murders Ranked among the best horror novels of the twentieth century, and credited with shaping the landscape of that same genre through the 80s, it's hard not to be a little disappointed with what is on offer in The Keep. For about a third of the novel, Wilson keeps the pace rattling along nicely, as the thing from the crypt murders one soldier a night. The entity is equal parts menacing and mysterious, but clearly does not have good intentions at heart, creating quite the interesting quandary: Who does the reader root for? The Germans and the SS soldiers that join them? Or the entity that seems hell bent on destroying them? In fact, my favourite part of the novel was the conflict between the sympathetic German officer and the over-the-top evil SS major, even if this was relegated to the realm of the sub-plot by the halfway point of the novel. However, things begin to fall apart as other characters arrive at the keep, advancing the plot, but taking away from the evil versus a greater evil theme. By the end of the novel, nothing is as it seems, a trite romantic sub-plot has been woven in, and, worst of all, there is absolutely nothing frightening going on. In the end, it seems that whatever ability The Keep had to scare its readers has been lost within the mists of time. But Wilson is a skilled enough writer to maintain my interest in pursuing more of The Adversary Cycle , even if my expectations will be suitably tempered. I remember this book terrifying me when I read it in the early eighties. However, the horror is all reserved for the early chapters - towards the end, it becomes more of a thriller. This one is really old-fashioned. A centuries-old evil and its centuries-old nemesis fighting it out in a Transylvanian castle during the Nazi occupation. There is also a Jewish exorcist well, folklorist, actually and his beautiful daughter in the mix. If you love vintage ghost stories, this should be your cup of tea I remember this book terrifying me when I read it in the early eighties. If you love vintage ghost stories, this should be your cup of tea. View all 3 comments. Shelves: kindle-book , not-romance-but-has-love-story , early-to-mid- twentieth-century , prejudice , a-to-z-book-challenge-k , horror , ww2 , lovecraftian-mythos , warrior , uf-challenge-summer I was glad that I went into this book unaware of many of the plot elements. It made for a more exciting read. Despite this, I was still surprised as things turn out to be not as they seemed. I liked F. Paul Wilson's writing voice. It's erudite and sophisticated. He did his research about WW2 and what was going on in Europe at this time. The aspects of the Nazis' treatment of the Jews and the Gypsies made my heart hurt. I can't and never will understand such barbarity, cruelty, and inhumanity. Mr I was glad that I went into this book unaware of many of the plot elements. Wilson doesn't just throw this in for a background historical context. This becomes a very important aspect of this story as it deals very much with the nature of evil, how humanity's actions perpetrate evil and its sickness in the world. The characters were engaging, making this supernatural story feel very grounded in some respects. I felt deeply for Magda. She was a strong woman hemmed in by circumstances, a sickly father who took her granted in a way that was almost criminal. All her dreams denied because of her need to take care of him, and because she was Jewish. Glenn is an interesting character as well. He's quite enigmatic, something more than human, although he wears the cloak of humanity well for the most part. He has lost touch with some of the human emotions, as he says, but in contrast to the SS soldiers, there is no question that he is a humane person. As for the Germans I felt sorry for Woermann, and I didn't think he was a bad man. Imagine me feeling sympathy for a German soldier in WW2. The key point that I am glad that Wilson makes clear is that not all the Germans supported or believed in what Hitler was doing. Of course, many did act to thwart Hitler, and lost their lives in the process. Something that one might not choose to acknowledge on the surface, as it's easy to label all Germans as the hated Nazis. It is the truth, none the less. History now makes it clear that there was a strong German Resistance, as well there should have been. One hopes that good men and women will not stand by and watch evil happen, and Woermann felt like he had done too much of that and it destroyed his belief in himself, and the country that he had spent most of his life serving. In contrast, there was the SS commander, Kaempffer, who was a horribly evil, vile human being. It is harder to feel sympathy for him and his ilk, in light of his vicious and unwarranted hatred and persecution of people because they happened to be of a different ethnicity than him. Part of me relished seeing the SS soldiers get their just deserts, but Wilson makes it clear that this only perpetuates the dangerous taint of evil in this story. Lovecraft fans will likely appreciate this as I did. It was good to see that Magda does get a chance to have a 'life' and to be appreciated in a way that she didn't in a man's world, with a father who doesn't respect her as much as he should, and as a member of a group of people who were horribly persecuted against. And Glenn has been alone so long. Now he isn't. I love a good scare, so I was a happy camper. It was less scary towards the end, but still thrilling and disturbing in a different way. The Shoah is a disturbing subject, even in fiction. The supernatural horror of this story pales in comparison to what kinds of horrors really happened, and the fact that behind them was human evil and institutionalized racism. I won't go into that, because that would spoil this book, and this is a book that the less you know, the better it reads. Suffice it to say, if you like arcane supernatural fiction as I do, you might enjoy these aspects of this book. I found myself reading this very quickly on my Kindle. I was immersed in this story, transported to s Romania, and submerged in the gothic feel of this novel. Although I had no expectations, it turned to be a lot more than I even imagined. I enjoyed it a lot. That was a cool story! I haven't read a straight up horror like this in a good while. I was a little late getting to it for a Halloween read, but no matter. I'm glad I finally checked this off my TBR list. I enjoyed Molasar and how he handled the Germans. This book is perfect for anyone with pent up resentment towards Hitler and the Nazi party. This must have been fun for F. Paul Wilson to write. This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here. I've actually read this book before, but it still counts towards my New Books goal because I didn't remember that I had read it until about a chapter or two in. The premise is great: Nazis move into a keep in Romania and start dying one-by-one at the hands of what can only be described as a vampire. Nazis, vampire, and even zombies near the end. Great stuff for someone like me. It's creepy. It's atmospheric. But it falls apart near th I've actually read this book before, but it still counts towards my New Books goal because I didn't remember that I had read it until about a chapter or two in. But it falls apart near the end as the truth of what the mysterious hero Glenn really is, and his connection to the vampire in the keep. It becomes a story about ancient warring powers and demigods and nonsense with no leadup, suddenly shifting gears from horror to fantasy. Molasar, the vampire, is actually Rasalom the warlock from prehistory, and Glenn is actually Glaeken with a magic sword from that time too. It becomes too cartoonish. The villain was more threatening when he was an inhuman beast with no backstory other than the subtle hints of his relation to Dracula. Even the premise, promised on the back of the novel "Nazis vs a Vampire" falls apart as Glaeken takes the center stage and all of this ancient prehistory nonsense kicks in. The interesting characters, Kaempferr and Woermann are killed off and the center stage is left for the less interesting ones: the aforementioned Glenn, Magda who inexplicably falls in love with Glenn on first sight, which is something the author enjoys reminding us of every third page , and her father. I recommend this book only because of the first three quarters. They're just that entertaining that they make the last bit bearable. Supposedly, this is the first book of a series. Maybe reading the rest of it will improve the ending of this book. Sep 30, Elaine Lawson rated it really liked it. I loved it! Really dark and scary, and who doesn't like seeing a few soulless Nazis suffer? Or even if you won't. Romania, The Nazis encounter an ancient entity almost as evil as themselves. Only a Jewish scholar and his daughter and a mysterious red-haired man can save them. I liked this older work better than Wilson's Repairman Jack novels, which tend to be overlong and feel repetitive after you've read a few of them. Read and re-read, a really good vampire story set in WW2. There was a sourcebook out that gave more backstory to this tale, also worth reading but nearly impossible to find. This is part of a series of books which didn't appear connectd at first, but were brought together nicely in the end with a fantastic 5th book. Worth noting all 5 books stand alone nicely for those who don't like to read a series. While Repairman Jack was introduced in these stories, it was only in the last few, and these ar Read and re-read, a really good vampire story set in WW2. While Repairman Jack was introduced in these stories, it was only in the last few, and these are not a prequel. This is an original story series that first introduced the character. It was his popularity that spawned the spin-off RJ book series. The Michael Mann movie is still one of my favorites, though it's never officially been released on DVD, my understanding is those are bootleg versions out there, would love to see the director's cut version, and get more of the story restored. His take differed slightly from the book in what the adversary was Molosar.. I have to say that after reading The Keep i was pretty darn disappointed. I actually liked the book, which is why it got three stars from me. SS Nazi troops in an old spooky castle being terrorized by an unknown ancient evil the cover of my copy gives away the monster sounded great to me. The Keep was filled with many potentially great themes that could have been explored, but it ended up feeling like F. Paul Wilson was brainstorming awesome ideas and then tossing them away. His writing style d I have to say that after reading The Keep i was pretty darn disappointed. His writing style did not impress me very much and his descriptions were bland. Wilson went into more detail with the absurd romance going on in the story. The one with almost comical scenes involving the macho hero with foul body odor and the innocent beautiful daughter. Themes such as the Nazi SS being pitted against a timeless evil being or a Jewish guy reluctanly finding salvation in the power of the cross would have been worth going into more. The Keep was also boring for long stretches. Overall I did like it, but it could have been a lot better, which is why my review is harsh. Oct 11, Mike the Paladin rated it it was ok Shelves: fantasy , urban-fantasy. I read this book some years ago I seem to say that a lot. I ran across it on the "Best Heroic Fantasy" list. I wouldn't really rate it "Heroic Fantasy" Is the villain really the "proto-vampire"? Is the hero maybe as bad as the villain? These and other questions will be answered It's not a bad book but I've read a lot better. Th two main characters are linked together,immortal since what we are told is the first age of the world. One evil the I read this book some years ago I seem to say that a lot. One evil the other while supposedly with the "powers of light", has been his "imprisoner" for a long, long time. Till a human gets "conned and screws up the status quo. The Keep : Featuring American Cuisine and A Large Bar & Lounge

The corners of square keeps were theoretically vulnerable to engines and galleried mining , but before the introduction of the trebuchet at the end of the 12th century, early stood little practical chance of damaging the keeps, and galleried mining was rarely practised. Nonetheless, many stone Norman keeps made considerable compromises to military utility. The second early stone design, emerging from the 12th century onwards, was the shell keep , a donjon annulaire in French, which involved replacing the wooden keep on a motte, or the on a , with a circular stone wall. Buildings could then be built around the inside of the shell, producing a small inner courtyard at the centre. During the second half of the 12th century, a range of new keep designs began to appear across France and , breaking the previous unity of the regional designs. The use of keeps in castles spread through Iberia, but some new castles never incorporated keeps in their designs. One traditional explanation for these developments emphasises the military utility of the new approaches, arguing, for example, that the curved surfaces of the new keeps helped to deflect attacks, or that they drew on lessons learnt during the from Islamic practices in the Levant. Within the Capetian territories, early experimentation in new keep designs began at Houdan in , where a circular keep was built with four round ; internally, however, the structure remained conventionally square. In the s, however, the struggle for power in France began to swing in favour of Philip II , culminating in the Capetian capture of in Philip II started to construct completely circular keeps, such as the Tour Jeanne d'Arc , with most built in his newly acquired territories. Keep design in England began to change only towards the end of the 12th century, later than in France. As with the new keeps constructed in France, these Anglo-Norman designs were informed both by military thinking and by political drivers. The keep at Orford has been particularly extensively analysed in this regard, and although traditional explanations suggested that its unusual plan was the result of an experimental military design, more recent analysis concludes that the design was instead probably driven by political symbolism and the need for Henry to dominate the contested lands of East Anglia. During most of the medieval period, Iberia was divided between Christian and Islamic kingdoms, neither of which traditionally built keeps, instead building or mural towers. By contrast, the remainder of Europe saw stone towers being used in castles, but not in a way that fulfilled the range of functions seen in the western European keeps. In the Low Countries, it became popular for the local nobility to build stand-alone, square towers, but rarely as part of a wider castle. Several designs for new castles emerged that made keeps unnecessary. One such design was the concentric approach, involving exterior walls guarded with towers, and perhaps supported by further, concentric layered defenses: thus castles such as Framlingham never had a central keep. Military factors may well have driven this development: R. Brown, for example, suggests that designs with a separate keep and system inherently lacked a co-ordinated and combined defensive system, and that once bailey walls were sophisticated enough, a keep became militarily unnecessary. The classic Edwardian , with two large, flanking towers and multiple , designed to be defended from attacks both within and outside the main castle, has been often compared to the earlier Norman keeps: some of the largest are called gatehouse keeps for this reason. The design that emerged in France during the 13th century was another development that removed the need for a keep. Castles had needed additional living space since their first emergence in the 9th century; initially this had been provided by halls in the bailey, then later by ranges of chambers alongside the inside of a bailey wall, such as at Goodrich. But French designs in the late 12th century took the layout of a contemporary unfortified , whose rooms faced around a central, rectangular courtyard, and built a wall around them to form a castle. It lacked a keep, which was not needed to support this design. The end of the medieval period saw a fresh resurgence in the building of keeps in western castles. Some castles continued to be built without keeps: the in the s, for example, combined a now traditional quadrangular design with machicolated corner towers, gatehouses and ; the walls, innovatively, were of equal height to the towers. The royalty and the very wealthiest in France, England and Spain, however, began to construct a small number of keeps on a much larger scale than before, in England sometimes termed tower keeps, as part of new palace fortresses. The 15th and 16th centuries saw a small number of English and occasional Welsh castles develop still grander keeps. They were probably partially inspired by designs in France, but they also reflected the improvements in the security along the Scottish border during the period, and the regional rise of major noble families such as the Percies and the Nevilles , whose wealth encouraged a surge in castle building at the end of the 14th century. In the 15th century, the fashion for the creation of very expensive, French-influenced palatial castles featuring complex tower keeps spread, with new keeps being built at Wardour , Tattershall , and Raglan Castle. At the same time as these keeps were being built by the extremely wealthy, much smaller, keep-like structures called tower houses or peel towers were built across Ireland, Scotland, and northern England, often by relatively poorer local lords and landowners. As the 16th century progressed, keeps fell out of fashion once again. In England, the gatehouse also began to supplant the keep as the key focus for a new castle development. Buildings in this style usually required considerable space for the enfiladed formal rooms that became essential for modern palaces by the middle of the century, and this style was impossible to fit into a traditional keep. From the 17th century onwards, some keeps were deliberately destroyed. In England, many were destroyed after the end of the Second in , when Parliament took steps to prevent another royalist uprising by , or damaging, castles so as to prevent them from having any further military utility. Slighting was quite expensive and took considerable effort to carry out, so damage was usually done in the most cost efficient fashion with only selected walls being destroyed. In England, ruined medieval castles became fashionable again in the middle of the 18th century. They were considered an interesting counterpoint to Palladian classical architecture , and gave a degree of medieval allure to their owners. Rowan has called the Norman style of new castle building, characterised by the inclusion of large keeps; the final replica keep to be built in this way was at Penrhyn between and Where there was an existing castle on a site, another response across 19th-century Europe was to attempt to improve the buildings, bringing their often chaotic historic features into line with a more integrated architectural aesthetic, in a style often termed Gothic Revivalism. The Spanish Civil War and First and Second World Wars in the 20th century caused damage to many castle keeps across Europe; in particular, the famous keep at Coucy was destroyed by the German Army in In Germany, large numbers of the bergfried towers were restored as functional buildings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, often as government offices or youth hostels , or the modern conversion of tower houses, which in many cases have become modernised domestic homes. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility. For other uses, see Keep disambiguation. For other uses of Donjon, see Donjon disambiguation. For the film, see Castle Keep. The Norman keep at Colchester Castle , built in a Romanesque style on a former temple. The Norman keep r and prison l at Goodrich Castle , built to a square design in the early 12th century. Restormel Castle 's shell keep , converted to stone in the late 12th century. Keep at Trim Castle , an angular design built in the late 12th century. Tour Jeanne d'Arc at Rouen Castle , a circular design built in Keep at Warkworth Castle , a large tower keep built during the s. The slighted keep of Raglan Castle. The Castle Explorer's Guide. Crown Publishers. Anderson, William. London: Ferndale. Armitage, Ella S. London: J. Baldwin, John W. Brindle, Steven and Brian Kerr. London: English Heritage. Brown, R. London: Batsford. Creighton, Oliver Hamilton. London: Equinox. Cruickshanks, Eveline. DeVries, Kelly. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. Dixon, Philip. Durand, Philippe. Paris: Gisserot. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gomme, Andor and Alison Maguire. Yale: Yale University Press. Paris: Cheminements. Westport, US: Greenwood Press. Heslop, T. Higham, Robert and Philip Barker. Hull, Lise E. Westport: Praeger. Full Cast and Crew. Release Dates. Official Sites. Company Credits. Technical Specs. Plot Summary. Plot Keywords. Parents Guide. External Sites. User Reviews. User Ratings. External Reviews. Metacritic Reviews. Photo Gallery. Trailers and Videos. Crazy Credits. Alternate Versions. Rate This. Nazis are forced to turn to a Jewish historian for help in battling the ancient demon they have inadvertently freed from its prison. Director: Michael Mann. Writers: F. Paul Wilson novel , Michael Mann screenplay. Added to Watchlist. From metacritic. Halloween Movies for the Whole Family. Horror must. My Sci-Fi Collection. No distribution yet! YouTube Movie Suggestions. Share this Rating Title: The Keep 5. Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Edit Cast Cast overview, first billed only: Scott Glenn Glaeken Alberta Watson Woermann Robert Prosky Father Fonescu Gabriel Byrne Kaempffer Ian McKellen Theodore Cuza William Morgan Sheppard Alexandru as Morgan Sheppard Royston Tickner Tomescu Michael Carter Radu Molasar Phillip Joseph Oster John Vine Lutz Jona Jones Otto Wolf Kahler Adjutant Rosalie Crutchley Josefa Frederick Warder Edit Storyline Nazis are sent to guard an old, mysterious fortress in a Romanian pass. The soldiers who brought death. The father and daughter fighting for life. The people who have always feared it. And the one man who knows its secret Edit Did You Know? Trivia While doing research, Michael Mann even looked at locations in Romania, which was an isolated Communist country at that time: "I found Romania fascinating. My preconception about what Romania was going to be like was all wrong. Keep - Wikipedia

In the Low Countries, it became popular for the local nobility to build stand-alone, square towers, but rarely as part of a wider castle. Several designs for new castles emerged that made keeps unnecessary. One such design was the concentric approach, involving exterior walls guarded with towers, and perhaps supported by further, concentric layered defenses: thus castles such as Framlingham never had a central keep. Military factors may well have driven this development: R. Brown, for example, suggests that designs with a separate keep and bailey system inherently lacked a co-ordinated and combined defensive system, and that once bailey walls were sophisticated enough, a keep became militarily unnecessary. The classic Edwardian gatehouse, with two large, flanking towers and multiple portcullises, designed to be defended from attacks both within and outside the main castle, has been often compared to the earlier Norman keeps: some of the largest gatehouses are called gatehouse keeps for this reason. The quadrangular castle design that emerged in France during the 13th century was another development that removed the need for a keep. Castles had needed additional living space since their first emergence in the 9th century; initially this had been provided by halls in the bailey, then later by ranges of chambers alongside the inside of a bailey wall, such as at Goodrich. But French designs in the late 12th century took the layout of a contemporary unfortified manor house, whose rooms faced around a central, rectangular courtyard, and built a wall around them to form a castle. It lacked a keep, which was not needed to support this design. The end of the medieval period saw a fresh resurgence in the building of keeps in western castles. Some castles continued to be built without keeps: the Bastille in the s, for example, combined a now traditional quadrangular design with machicolated corner towers, gatehouses and moat; the walls, innovatively, were of equal height to the towers. The royalty and the very wealthiest in France, England and Spain, however, began to construct a small number of keeps on a much larger scale than before, in England sometimes termed tower keeps, as part of new palace fortresses. The 15th and 16th centuries saw a small number of English and occasional Welsh castles develop still grander keeps. They were probably partially inspired by designs in France, but they also reflected the improvements in the security along the Scottish border during the period, and the regional rise of major noble families such as the Percies and the Nevilles , whose wealth encouraged a surge in castle building at the end of the 14th century. In the 15th century, the fashion for the creation of very expensive, French-influenced palatial castles featuring complex tower keeps spread, with new keeps being built at Wardour , Tattershall , and Raglan Castle. At the same time as these keeps were being built by the extremely wealthy, much smaller, keep-like structures called tower houses or peel towers were built across Ireland, Scotland, and northern England, often by relatively poorer local lords and landowners. As the 16th century progressed, keeps fell out of fashion once again. In England, the gatehouse also began to supplant the keep as the key focus for a new castle development. Buildings in this style usually required considerable space for the enfiladed formal rooms that became essential for modern palaces by the middle of the century, and this style was impossible to fit into a traditional keep. From the 17th century onwards, some keeps were deliberately destroyed. In England, many were destroyed after the end of the Second English Civil War in , when Parliament took steps to prevent another royalist uprising by slighting , or damaging, castles so as to prevent them from having any further military utility. Slighting was quite expensive and took considerable effort to carry out, so damage was usually done in the most cost efficient fashion with only selected walls being destroyed. In England, ruined medieval castles became fashionable again in the middle of the 18th century. They were considered an interesting counterpoint to Palladian classical architecture , and gave a degree of medieval allure to their owners. Rowan has called the Norman style of new castle building, characterised by the inclusion of large keeps; the final replica keep to be built in this way was at Penrhyn between and Where there was an existing castle on a site, another response across 19th-century Europe was to attempt to improve the buildings, bringing their often chaotic historic features into line with a more integrated architectural aesthetic, in a style often termed Gothic Revivalism. The Spanish Civil War and First and Second World Wars in the 20th century caused damage to many castle keeps across Europe; in particular, the famous keep at Coucy was destroyed by the German Army in In Germany, large numbers of the bergfried towers were restored as functional buildings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, often as government offices or youth hostels , or the modern conversion of tower houses, which in many cases have become modernised domestic homes. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility. For other uses, see Keep disambiguation. For other uses of Donjon, see Donjon disambiguation. For the film, see Castle Keep. The Norman keep at Colchester Castle , built in a Romanesque style on a former temple. The Norman keep r and prison l at Goodrich Castle , built to a square design in the early 12th century. Restormel Castle 's shell keep , converted to stone in the late 12th century. Keep at Trim Castle , an angular design built in the late 12th century. Tour Jeanne d'Arc at Rouen Castle , a circular design built in Keep at Warkworth Castle , a large tower keep built during the s. The slighted keep of Raglan Castle. The Castle Explorer's Guide. Crown Publishers. Anderson, William. London: Ferndale. Armitage, Ella S. London: J. Baldwin, John W. Brindle, Steven and Brian Kerr. London: English Heritage. Brown, R. London: Batsford. Creighton, Oliver Hamilton. London: Equinox. Cruickshanks, Eveline. DeVries, Kelly. View all 3 comments. Shelves: kindle-book , not-romance- but-has-love-story , early-to-mid-twentieth-century , prejudice , a-to-z-book-challenge-k , horror , ww2 , lovecraftian-mythos , warrior , uf- challenge-summer I was glad that I went into this book unaware of many of the plot elements. It made for a more exciting read. Despite this, I was still surprised as things turn out to be not as they seemed. I liked F. Paul Wilson's writing voice. It's erudite and sophisticated. He did his research about WW2 and what was going on in Europe at this time. The aspects of the Nazis' treatment of the Jews and the Gypsies made my heart hurt. I can't and never will understand such barbarity, cruelty, and inhumanity. Mr I was glad that I went into this book unaware of many of the plot elements. Wilson doesn't just throw this in for a background historical context. This becomes a very important aspect of this story as it deals very much with the nature of evil, how humanity's actions perpetrate evil and its sickness in the world. The characters were engaging, making this supernatural story feel very grounded in some respects. I felt deeply for Magda. She was a strong woman hemmed in by circumstances, a sickly father who took her granted in a way that was almost criminal. All her dreams denied because of her need to take care of him, and because she was Jewish. Glenn is an interesting character as well. He's quite enigmatic, something more than human, although he wears the cloak of humanity well for the most part. He has lost touch with some of the human emotions, as he says, but in contrast to the SS soldiers, there is no question that he is a humane person. As for the Germans I felt sorry for Woermann, and I didn't think he was a bad man. Imagine me feeling sympathy for a German soldier in WW2. The key point that I am glad that Wilson makes clear is that not all the Germans supported or believed in what Hitler was doing. Of course, many did act to thwart Hitler, and lost their lives in the process. Something that one might not choose to acknowledge on the surface, as it's easy to label all Germans as the hated Nazis. It is the truth, none the less. History now makes it clear that there was a strong German Resistance, as well there should have been. One hopes that good men and women will not stand by and watch evil happen, and Woermann felt like he had done too much of that and it destroyed his belief in himself, and the country that he had spent most of his life serving. In contrast, there was the SS commander, Kaempffer, who was a horribly evil, vile human being. It is harder to feel sympathy for him and his ilk, in light of his vicious and unwarranted hatred and persecution of people because they happened to be of a different ethnicity than him. Part of me relished seeing the SS soldiers get their just deserts, but Wilson makes it clear that this only perpetuates the dangerous taint of evil in this story. Lovecraft fans will likely appreciate this as I did. It was good to see that Magda does get a chance to have a 'life' and to be appreciated in a way that she didn't in a man's world, with a father who doesn't respect her as much as he should, and as a member of a group of people who were horribly persecuted against. And Glenn has been alone so long. Now he isn't. I love a good scare, so I was a happy camper. It was less scary towards the end, but still thrilling and disturbing in a different way. The Shoah is a disturbing subject, even in fiction. The supernatural horror of this story pales in comparison to what kinds of horrors really happened, and the fact that behind them was human evil and institutionalized racism. I won't go into that, because that would spoil this book, and this is a book that the less you know, the better it reads. Suffice it to say, if you like arcane supernatural fiction as I do, you might enjoy these aspects of this book. I found myself reading this very quickly on my Kindle. I was immersed in this story, transported to s Romania, and submerged in the gothic feel of this novel. Although I had no expectations, it turned to be a lot more than I even imagined. I enjoyed it a lot. That was a cool story! I haven't read a straight up horror like this in a good while. I was a little late getting to it for a Halloween read, but no matter. I'm glad I finally checked this off my TBR list. I enjoyed Molasar and how he handled the Germans. This book is perfect for anyone with pent up resentment towards Hitler and the Nazi party. This must have been fun for F. Paul Wilson to write. This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here. I've actually read this book before, but it still counts towards my New Books goal because I didn't remember that I had read it until about a chapter or two in. The premise is great: Nazis move into a keep in Romania and start dying one-by-one at the hands of what can only be described as a vampire. Nazis, vampire, and even zombies near the end. Great stuff for someone like me. It's creepy. It's atmospheric. But it falls apart near th I've actually read this book before, but it still counts towards my New Books goal because I didn't remember that I had read it until about a chapter or two in. But it falls apart near the end as the truth of what the mysterious hero Glenn really is, and his connection to the vampire in the keep. It becomes a story about ancient warring powers and demigods and nonsense with no leadup, suddenly shifting gears from horror to fantasy. Molasar, the vampire, is actually Rasalom the warlock from prehistory, and Glenn is actually Glaeken with a magic sword from that time too. It becomes too cartoonish. The villain was more threatening when he was an inhuman beast with no backstory other than the subtle hints of his relation to Dracula. Even the premise, promised on the back of the novel "Nazis vs a Vampire" falls apart as Glaeken takes the center stage and all of this ancient prehistory nonsense kicks in. The interesting characters, Kaempferr and Woermann are killed off and the center stage is left for the less interesting ones: the aforementioned Glenn, Magda who inexplicably falls in love with Glenn on first sight, which is something the author enjoys reminding us of every third page , and her father. I recommend this book only because of the first three quarters. They're just that entertaining that they make the last bit bearable. Supposedly, this is the first book of a series. Maybe reading the rest of it will improve the ending of this book. Sep 30, Elaine Lawson rated it really liked it. I loved it! Really dark and scary, and who doesn't like seeing a few soulless Nazis suffer? Or even if you won't. Romania, The Nazis encounter an ancient entity almost as evil as themselves. Only a Jewish scholar and his daughter and a mysterious red-haired man can save them. I liked this older work better than Wilson's Repairman Jack novels, which tend to be overlong and feel repetitive after you've read a few of them. Read and re-read, a really good vampire story set in WW2. There was a sourcebook out that gave more backstory to this tale, also worth reading but nearly impossible to find. This is part of a series of books which didn't appear connectd at first, but were brought together nicely in the end with a fantastic 5th book. Worth noting all 5 books stand alone nicely for those who don't like to read a series. While Repairman Jack was introduced in these stories, it was only in the last few, and these ar Read and re-read, a really good vampire story set in WW2. While Repairman Jack was introduced in these stories, it was only in the last few, and these are not a prequel. This is an original story series that first introduced the character. It was his popularity that spawned the spin-off RJ book series. The Michael Mann movie is still one of my favorites, though it's never officially been released on DVD, my understanding is those are bootleg versions out there, would love to see the director's cut version, and get more of the story restored. His take differed slightly from the book in what the adversary was Molosar.. I have to say that after reading The Keep i was pretty darn disappointed. I actually liked the book, which is why it got three stars from me. SS Nazi troops in an old spooky castle being terrorized by an unknown ancient evil the cover of my copy gives away the monster sounded great to me. The Keep was filled with many potentially great themes that could have been explored, but it ended up feeling like F. Paul Wilson was brainstorming awesome ideas and then tossing them away. His writing style d I have to say that after reading The Keep i was pretty darn disappointed. His writing style did not impress me very much and his descriptions were bland. Wilson went into more detail with the absurd romance going on in the story. The one with almost comical scenes involving the macho hero with foul body odor and the innocent beautiful daughter. Themes such as the Nazi SS being pitted against a timeless evil being or a Jewish guy reluctanly finding salvation in the power of the cross would have been worth going into more. The Keep was also boring for long stretches. Overall I did like it, but it could have been a lot better, which is why my review is harsh. Oct 11, Mike the Paladin rated it it was ok Shelves: fantasy , urban-fantasy. I read this book some years ago I seem to say that a lot. I ran across it on the "Best Heroic Fantasy" list. I wouldn't really rate it "Heroic Fantasy" Is the villain really the "proto-vampire"? Is the hero maybe as bad as the villain? These and other questions will be answered It's not a bad book but I've read a lot better. Th two main characters are linked together,immortal since what we are told is the first age of the world. One evil the I read this book some years ago I seem to say that a lot. One evil the other while supposedly with the "powers of light", has been his "imprisoner" for a long, long time. Till a human gets "conned and screws up the status quo. My attention was drawn back to this review and I couldn't resist the temptation to add a caveat. This is listed see title above as 1 in the Adversary Cycle. It's also called the Nightworld Cycle. This and were originally written as stand alone. They retroactively became part of a cycle drawn in, in. Wilson interestingly there's no tomb in that book My understanding is that Mr. Wilson wanted to title The Tomb, Rakoshi, the name of the creature he uses in the novel. The title was changed to be more like The Keep. Mar 18, Cheryl Landmark rated it really liked it. Wilson did an admirable job of mixing history, horror and romance in a gripping, chilling tale of a monster haunting a mysterious keep in the mountains of Romania during World War II. The cast of characters really made the story what it was. Underneath the German uniform, Captain Woermann was really not a bad man. He disagreed with the policies and actions of Hitler and the SS and tried to atone for his own failings. Major Kaempffer of the SS, on the other hand, was a truly sadistic and bruta Mr. Major Kaempffer of the SS, on the other hand, was a truly sadistic and brutal man, who might just have been as evil as the monster terrorizing the keep. Magda was a somewhat repressed, meek character at the beginning, but managed to find hidden reserves of strength and courage to fight for her father, her lover and her own sanity. Her father was not a bad man, either, but his sometimes callous treatment of her and manipulation of her intense loyalty to him lost him some respect in my eyes. I was happy when she stood up to him near the end. Molasar was a suitably evil, chilling villan, and Glenn, despite not being, in his own words, a totally "good" guy, was nevertheless a credible hero. I thoroughly enjoyed this horror tale from Mr. Wilson and will certainly read more of his books in the future. A detachment of German army soldiers is sent to the keep, which is situated so that anyone coming or going through a certain pass which leads to the invaluable Ploesti oil fields can be spotted. The first night there, there is a grisly and strange death. A few days later, an SS squad under the leadership of an overzealous com first in a series called The Adversary Cycle The Keep is a high kind of "mini-castle" set in the mountains of Romania. A few days later, an SS squad under the leadership of an overzealous commandant shows up to check out the trouble. He is on his way to Ploesti to start another concentration camp there. Once the SS commander realizes that the strange deaths of the Germans are not being caused by partisans in the countryside but rather by some nameless evil force, he sends for an expert in the area, a Jewish professor who is soon to be "resettled" with his daughter Magda. But there's always a but, isn't there? Fun, fast and easy to read. Recommended for good clean horror reading fun. To date, the best Wilson I've read. Pretty creepy story where the bad guys the Nazis meet a really bad guy -- or thing, in a castle located in the Balkans. The setting is damn near perfect. I think the story suffered a bit at the end when Wilson shifted gears to throw a bit of a curve ball at the readers expectations. I don't think that was needed, but overall a minor complaint. Feb 20, Rob Twinem rated it it was ok. This book was a disappointment to me. I was hoping that the idea of a no of SS troops billeted in the aptly named "Keep" would be the recipe for a great story. However this never developed and the usual battle of good v evil occurred mixed in with a rather odd love story, resulting in a somewhat boring and pedestrian tale View 2 comments. The look of the main villain of the movie, Molasar, was changed many times during filming because Michael Mann wasn't sure how he wanted him to look. There was even a mechanical figure built which was to be used in the scene where Molasar talks with Dr Cuza for the second time, but that design was changed to a man in a suit once Mann decided to film the scene differently. Two weeks into post-production , visual effects supervisor Wally Veevers died, which caused enormous problems because nobody knew how he planned to finish the visual effects scenes in the movie, especially the ones that were planned for the original ending. According to Mann, he had to finish shots of special effects himself after Veever's death. Because of this, several new endings had to be filmed long after the crew and original cinematographer had left the production. Originally Mann had two ideas for the film's climax, one with a battle between Glaeken and Molasar on top of the keep, and one taking place inside the keep. The original climax that Mann chose involved Glaeken and Molasar in an epic effects-laden battle on top of the keep tower, ending with Glaeken opening an energy portal that blasts forth from the ground of the keep. It was to be some type of dimensional portal, which probably would have had effects similar to the star gate in Kubrick's A Space Odyssey a film Veevers also worked on. The two were to fall from the keep wall and get sucked into the portal and tumble through a void. After that, Glaeken would materialize in the cavern below the keep by a pool and be reawakened as a mortal man. With the constant production extensions and the film already well over budget, Paramount refused to pay for the filming of the additional footage needed for this finale, so the simplified ending Mann put together for the released film was a weak, somewhat unsatisfactory compromise. Michael Mann's original cut of the movie was minutes long. He was only allowed to have a two-hour-long movie. Test screenings of the two-hour cut were not positive so Paramount cut the movie down to 96 minutes, against Mann's wishes. These last-minute cuts resulted in many plot holes, continuity mistakes, very obvious "jumps" in soundtrack and scenes, and bad editing issues. Even the sound mixing of the movie could not be finished properly because of Paramount's interference which is why every version of the movie suffers from bad sound design. The original June 3, release date was pushed back to December 16 due to the many problems in post-production. The original happier ending, which had Eva finding Glaeken inside the keep after he defeated Molasar and Eva and her father leaving Romania by boat with Glaeken, was completely cut out by Paramount in order for the movie to have a shorter running time. Removal of these scenes made no sense because numerous stills of this ending were shown in many movie magazines when a movie was to be released and even cast and crew members, including Mann, said in interviews that the movie had a happy ending. Part of the "happy" ending, in which Eva goes into the keep and finds Glaeken, was used in s TV versions of the film. Other deleted scenes include more backstory between Glaeken and Molasar, actual explanation for why Eva and Glaeken fall in love, Glaeken killing the captain of the boat the one who brings him into Romania who tries to steal his "weapon" which he uses in the end to kill Molasar, more scenes between villagers and with Father Mihail and Alexandru, and Alexandru being killed by his sons when the keep starts to corrupt the village. Theatrical and TV trailers for the movie were edited by using the footage from one of the earlier, pre-release cuts of the film which is why there are some alternate and deleted scenes included in them: a longer conversation between Woermann and Alexandru in which Woermann says that the keep looks like it was built to keep something in; a longer version of the scene where Molasar is talking with professor Cuza for the first time also in this scene Cuza asks Molasar "What are you? Contrary to some rumors, there actually was going to be a scene near the ending showing Molasar killing all the German soldiers inside the keep. Much of the effects for this scene including shots of soldiers heads exploding were filmed but this scene, which would include a lot more complicated effects, couldn't be finished after Veever's death. The sets for the Romanian village were built at the disused Glyn Rhonwy quarry, a former slate quarry near Llanberis in North . Due to heavy rain, the film suffered significant delays in its shooting schedule. A secondary crew also went to Spain for footage depicting Greece. The theme and incidental music was composed by Tangerine Dream. The band previously worked with Michael Mann on his first theatrical film Thief. The score to The Keep is primarily made up of moody soundscapes, as opposed to straightforward music cues, composed by Tangerine Dream. Most notably, an ambient cover of Howard Blake 's " Walking in the Air " was featured during the end sequence of the film. Due to rights issues, the version of the film that is currently available on streaming media sites contains a different score than its original release. A limited run of original soundtrack CDs were sold at a concert by the group in the UK in , and Virgin Records soon announced that the album would be available for general release in early , but legal issues with the film studio stopped the release. The full score can be found in the laserdisc and VHS versions of the film. Parts of the soundtrack can also be found on the Logos Live album from Performance artist and musician Laurie Anderson also composed a rejected score for the film which later became the basis for material on her album United States Live. The film, extensively cut by the studio from its original 3. The Keep Restaurant

In France, the keep at Vincennes began a fashion for tall, heavily machicolated designs, a trend adopted in Spain most prominently through the school of Spanish castle design. Meanwhile, tower keeps in England became popular amongst the most wealthy nobles: these large keeps, each uniquely designed, formed part of the grandest castles built during the period. In the 15th century, the protective function of keeps was compromised by improved artillery. For example, in during the , the keep in the , previously considered to be impregnable, was defeated with bombards. Many were destroyed in civil wars between the 17th and 18th centuries or incorporated into gardens as an alternative to follies. During the 19th century, keeps became fashionable once again and in England and France, a number were restored or redesigned by Gothic architects. Despite further damage to many French and Spanish keeps during the wars of the 20th century, keeps now form an important part of the tourist and heritage industry in Europe. Since the 16th century, the English word keep has commonly referred to large towers in castles. Early on, the use of the word keep became associated with the idea of a tower in a castle that would serve both as a fortified, high-status private residence and a refuge of last resort. As a result of this evolution in meaning, the use of the term keep in historical analysis today can be problematic. In Latin, they are variously described as turris , turris castri or magna turris — a tower , a castle tower , or a great tower. While the term remains in common academic use, some academics prefer to use the term donjon , and most modern historians warn against using the term "keep" simplistically. The earliest keeps were built as part of motte-and-bailey castles from the 10th century onwards — a combination of documentary and archaeological evidence places the first such castle, built at Vincy , in In a motte-and-bailey design, a castle would include a mound called a motte, usually artificially constructed by piling up turf and soil, and a bailey, a lower walled enclosure. A keep and a protective wall would usually be built on top of the motte. Some protective walls around a keep would be large enough to have a wall-walk around them, and the outer walls of the motte and the wall-walk could be strengthened by filling in the gap between the wooden walls with earth and stones, allowing it to carry more weight — this was called a garillum. One contemporary account of these keeps comes from Jean de Colmieu around , who described how the nobles of the region would build "a mound of earth as high as they can and dig a about it as wide and deep as possible. The space on top of the mound is enclosed by a palisade of very strong hewn logs, strengthened at intervals by as many towers as their means can provide. Inside the enclosure is a , or keep, which commands the whole circuit of the defences. The entrance to the fortress is by means of a bridge, which, rising from the outer side of the moat and supported on posts as it ascends, reches to the top of the mound. Wooden keeps could be quite extensive in size and, as Robert Higham and Philip Barker have noted, it was possible to build " In the storey above were the dwelling and common living-rooms of the residents in which were the larders, the rooms of the bakers and butlers, and the great chamber in which the lord and his wife slept In the upper storey of the house were garret rooms In this storey also the watchmen and the servants appointed to keep the house took their sleep. In the , tall, free-standing, wooden later stone , fighting towers called Bergfriede were commonly built by the 11th century, either as part of motte-and-bailey designs or, as part of Hohenburgen castles, with characteristic inner and outer courts. The reasons for the transition from timber to stone keeps are unclear, and the process was slow and uneven, taking many years to take effect across the various regions. Stone keep construction required skilled craftsmen. Unlike timber and earthworks, which could be built using unfree labour or serfs, these craftsmen had to be paid and stone keeps were therefore expensive. Norman keeps had four sides, with the corners reinforced by pilaster buttresses ; some keeps, particularly in Normandy and France, had a barlongue design, being rectangular in plan with their length twice their width, while others, particularly in England, formed a square. There has been extensive academic discussion of the extent to which Norman keeps were designed with a military or political function in mind, particularly in England. Earlier analyses of Norman keeps focused on their military design, and historians such as R. Brown Cathcart King proposed that square keeps were adopted because of their military superiority over timber keeps. Most of these Norman keeps were certainly extremely physically robust, even though the characteristic pilaster buttresses added little real architectural strength to the design. The corners of square keeps were theoretically vulnerable to siege engines and galleried mining , but before the introduction of the trebuchet at the end of the 12th century, early artillery stood little practical chance of damaging the keeps, and galleried mining was rarely practised. Nonetheless, many stone Norman keeps made considerable compromises to military utility. The second early stone design, emerging from the 12th century onwards, was the shell keep , a donjon annulaire in French, which involved replacing the wooden keep on a motte, or the palisade on a ringwork , with a circular stone wall. Buildings could then be built around the inside of the shell, producing a small inner courtyard at the centre. During the second half of the 12th century, a range of new keep designs began to appear across France and England, breaking the previous unity of the regional designs. The use of keeps in castles spread through Iberia, but some new castles never incorporated keeps in their designs. One traditional explanation for these developments emphasises the military utility of the new approaches, arguing, for example, that the curved surfaces of the new keeps helped to deflect attacks, or that they drew on lessons learnt during the Crusades from Islamic practices in the Levant. Within the Capetian territories, early experimentation in new keep designs began at Houdan in , where a circular keep was built with four round turrets; internally, however, the structure remained conventionally square. In the s, however, the struggle for power in France began to swing in favour of Philip II , culminating in the Capetian capture of Normandy in Philip II started to construct completely circular keeps, such as the Tour Jeanne d'Arc , with most built in his newly acquired territories. Keep design in England began to change only towards the end of the 12th century, later than in France. As with the new keeps constructed in France, these Anglo-Norman designs were informed both by military thinking and by political drivers. The keep at Orford has been particularly extensively analysed in this regard, and although traditional explanations suggested that its unusual plan was the result of an experimental military design, more recent analysis concludes that the design was instead probably driven by political symbolism and the need for Henry to dominate the contested lands of East Anglia. During most of the medieval period, Iberia was divided between Christian and Islamic kingdoms, neither of which traditionally built keeps, instead building watchtowers or mural towers. By contrast, the remainder of Europe saw stone towers being used in castles, but not in a way that fulfilled the range of functions seen in the western European keeps. In the Low Countries, it became popular for the local nobility to build stand-alone, square towers, but rarely as part of a wider castle. Several designs for new castles emerged that made keeps unnecessary. One such design was the concentric approach, involving exterior walls guarded with towers, and perhaps supported by further, concentric layered defenses: thus castles such as Framlingham never had a central keep. Military factors may well have driven this development: R. Brown, for example, suggests that designs with a separate keep and bailey system inherently lacked a co-ordinated and combined defensive system, and that once bailey walls were sophisticated enough, a keep became militarily unnecessary. The classic Edwardian gatehouse, with two large, flanking towers and multiple portcullises, designed to be defended from attacks both within and outside the main castle, has been often compared to the earlier Norman keeps: some of the largest gatehouses are called gatehouse keeps for this reason. The quadrangular castle design that emerged in France during the 13th century was another development that removed the need for a keep. Castles had needed additional living space since their first emergence in the 9th century; initially this had been provided by halls in the bailey, then later by ranges of chambers alongside the inside of a bailey wall, such as at Goodrich. Tucked away on the second floor of the tower, The Keep applies the same imaginative renovation to its intimate lounge. Old-school cocktails embellished with flavorful house-made syrups and botanicals refresh any palate. We offer several entertaining spaces for social events or gatherings. Should Mann had attempted this recently he may have been able to fuse it together satisfyingly. I suppose retrospect is a fine thing. Curiously, Mann's workprint ran for 3 hours, after the studio saw what he had they wanted it cut to no longer than 90 minutes and assigned it second-level advertising. Mann has since distanced himself from the film. Through all its disjointedness The Keep is an interesting film with a strong mythical good versus evil theme that plays on old religious fables. Looking for some great streaming picks? Check out some of the IMDb editors' favorites movies and shows to round out your Watchlist. Visit our What to Watch page. Sign In. Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Full Cast and Crew. Release Dates. Official Sites. Company Credits. Technical Specs. Plot Summary. Plot Keywords. Parents Guide. External Sites. User Reviews. User Ratings. External Reviews. Metacritic Reviews. Photo Gallery. Trailers and Videos. Crazy Credits. Alternate Versions. Rate This. Nazis are forced to turn to a Jewish historian for help in battling the ancient demon they have inadvertently freed from its prison. Director: Michael Mann. Writers: F. Paul Wilson novel , Michael Mann screenplay. Added to Watchlist. From metacritic. Halloween Movies for the Whole Family. Horror must.

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