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Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates. Ideas Que Sustentan Su Obra Arquitectónica

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Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates. Ideas Que Sustentan Su Obra Arquitectónica Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates. Ideas que sustentan su obra arquitectónica Tesis Doctoral. 2017 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica Autora: Laura Sánchez Carrasco. Arquitecta Directores: Roberto Osuna Redondo. Doctor Arquitecto María Teresa Valcarce Labrador. Doctora Arquitecta Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates. Ideas que sustentan su obra arquitectónica Tesis Doctoral. 2017 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica Autora: Laura Sánchez Carrasco. Arquitecta Directores: Roberto Osuna Redondo. Doctor Arquitecto María Teresa Valcarce Labrador. Doctora Arquitecta Tribunal nombrado por el Magnífico y Excelentísimo Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid el día: ............................................................................................. Presidente: .......................................................................................................................... Vocal: .................................................................................................................................. Vocal: .................................................................................................................................. Vocal: .................................................................................................................................. Secretario: .......................................................................................................................... Suplente: ............................................................................................................................. Suplente: ............................................................................................................................. Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la tesis el día: ........................................... En: ....................................................................................................................................... Calificación: ....................................................................................................................... El Presidente Los Vocales El Secretario Alonso, para ti. CONTENIDOS vol. I 11 Agradecimientos 12 Notas aclaratorias 13 Resumen - Abstract 17 PRESENTACIÓN DEL TEMA 21 Introducción 29 Datos previos 57 Estado de la cuestión 93 Objetivos y metodología 101 PARTE I - Contexto y localización de ideas 105 Situación socioeconómica y ambiente arquitectónico del momento 119 KRJDA en las publicaciones periódicas 147 KRJDA en la producción escrita 163 Difusión mediante exposiciones 179 Reconocimiento profesional 197 Ideas procedentes de Eero Saarinen 211 Kevin Roche y John Dinkeloo. Dos discursos complementarios 243 Consideraciones previas a la exposición de conceptos 7 247 PARTE II - Ideas determinantes del proyecto 251 Pragmatismo y proceso creativo 259 Relación con el entorno 273 Innovación en los tipos funcionales 303 Escala y tamaño 313 La experiencia consciente del edificio - Fenomenología 335 La evolución técnica en la arquitectura - Desde la transferencia tecnológica de Eero Saarinen 351 Retos y responsabilidad social 8 369 PARTE III - Carácter y evolución formal 375 La supuesta incoherencia estilística 385 Expresión estructural 393 La monumentalidad 403 De la abstracción formal y el minimalismo a la posmodernidad 423 CONCLUSIONES GENERALES 429 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 9 AGRADECIMIENTOS En estos años he tenido la suerte de tener cerca a mucha buena gente que me ha apoyado y demostrado su cariño. Espero haberles respondido con la gratitud que se merecen, pero no está de más recordárselo en estas líneas. María Teresa Valcarce y Roberto Osuna, mis directores, que con entusiasmo se sumaron a mi interés por este tema. Cada jueves disfruté de los nórdicos, los ingleses y los americanos con vosotros. Pero lo que más os agradezco es vuestra disponibilidad, la meticulosidad de vuestras correcciones y la confianza que da teneros al lado. El camino ha parecido muy fácil gracias a vosotros. A Kevin Roche, que desde que tuvo conocimiento de esta investigación me prestó toda la ayuda posible. Ha sido un regalo conocerte y aprender de tus trabajos. A mi amigo Jorge. Fuiste la primera persona con la que hablé de estos arquitectos, cuando aún no me imaginaba haciendo una tesis doctoral sobre ellos. Muchas gracias por tu paciencia y tu concienzuda lectura, no hay un corrector mejor. También quiero agradecer la comprensión de todos los compañeros de trabajo que he tenido en este tiempo. Habéis sido unos valientes por aguantar estoica- mente tantas conversaciones sobre el mismo tema. Alberto Martín, me has ayu- dado mucho con tus observaciones, siempre tan certeras; Edu Terrón, gracias por quitar tiempo a Roma para esos últimos retoques. Enrique Álvarez-Sala, siempre he encontrado facilidades por tu parte, mil gracias. Y mi tío Antonio, ha sido bo- nito compartir estos años entre muebles. No quiero olvidar a mis compañeros del máster, con los que he disfrutado clases y tantas otras cosas; sois fantásticos. Y a Carmen Ayllón, es un gusto tratar contigo. Carlos, has hecho muchas cosas por esta tesis, tantas que no caben en esta hoja. Pero tú siempre haces cosas por mí, eres así. Estoy feliz de compartir la vida contigo. A mis padres, sois mi ejemplo. Me habéis transmitido la ilusión por aprender y el compromiso con el trabajo bien hecho. Esto hubiera sido mucho más difícil sin vuestra ayuda. Sonia y Belén, me hubiera gustado teneros más cerca, pero aún así, siempre he sentido vuestro apoyo. Os quiero. 11 NOTAS ACLARATORIAS - Para no desvirtuar el sentido de los proyectos, se ha mantenido el siste- ma imperial en vez de su traducción al sistema métrico. Las correspon- dencias son: Longitud: 1 pulgada -- 2.54 cm 1 pie -- 12 in -- 0.3048 m Superficie: 1 pulgada cuadrada -- 6.4516 cm2 1 pie cuadrado --144 plg2 -- 0.0929 m2 - En los pies de las fotografías se aporta la procedencia de las imágenes. - Las traducciones del inglés, francés e italiano están realizadas por la autora. Se aportan, además, las citas en su idioma original en las notas a pie de página. 12 RESUMEN Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, la arquitectura de los Estados Unidos era una de las referencias a nivel mundial. Varios de los edificios más significativos de esa arquitectura salieron de la oficina dirigida por Kevin Roche y John Dinke- loo (KRJDA). En sus primeros quince años de trayectoria, entre 1966 y 1981, definieron una manera de hacer ajena a tendencias y modas. La variedad formal de sus más de cuarenta proyectos no permitían encuadrarles en ninguna tendencia, su gran va- lor, sin embargo, era que transmitían profesionalidad y pulcritud en cada detalle. Esta actitud era totalmente intencionada, pues el equipo promovía la especifici- dad y singularidad de cada obra a partir de la solución de problemas concretos. Esta tesis doctoral pretende demostrar que en sus trabajos existe un hilo conduc- tor que va más allá de cualquier idea formal preconcebida. Esta continuidad se ha encontrado en una serie de ideas aplicadas en el proceso de diseño. Un proceso creativo que se encuadra dentro de las teorías del pragmatismo. El objetivo prin- cipal de la investigación es localizar, ordenar y exponer estas ideas. A través de los distintos medios de difusión y con ayuda de las fuentes prima- rias, se ha conseguido formular el cuerpo teórico en el que se han sustentado sus proyectos. Resumiendo sus intenciones en pocas palabras, se podría decir que su trabajo ha destacado por perseguir la innovación, tanto técnica como tipológica, y por implementarse adecuadamente en su contexto, entendiendo como tal el lugar físico en el que se ubicaban los edificios, pero también el momento en el que se realizaron. Con estos propósitos lograron propuestas novedosas, muy valoradas por críticos y profesionales. 13 Los nuevos planteamientos para los espacios de trabajo en la Fundación Ford y la Union Carbide o las fábricas de la Cummins Engine Company les convirtieron en verdaderos inventores de tipos, que primaban el bienestar de los usuarios por encima de cualquier otra cosa. Asimismo, sus trabajos introdujeron conceptos que definían los cambios en la vida estadounidense del momento. Reconocieron rápidamente la influencia del vehículo privado en la arquitectura, el concepto de ecología o la necesidad de fomentar el espacio colectivo. Además, en esta tesis se incluyen también los conceptos que la crítica vincula- ba a los proyectos del equipo y que les integraban en los debates de la época. Así, sus edificios se analizaban constantemente destacando su monumentalidad, la expresividad estructural y las tendencias estilísticas que les llevaron desde la abstracción y el minimalismo a la posmodernidad más comercial. 14 ABSTRACT During the second half of the 20th century, when architecture in the USA was a worldwide reference in the field, several of the most iconic buildings built during the time came from Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo´s studio. In the first fifteen years of their career, between 1966 and 1981, they defined a way of working that defied trends and styles. Their work on more than fourty pro- jects, very different to each other from a formal point of view, made it difficult to fit them within any particular style. Each project transmitted professionalism and neatness on details. Intentionally, the team demonstrated specificity and singular- ity in every
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