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Erken Dönem Osmanlı Devleti-Yunanistan Krallığı Ilişkileri

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Erken Dönem Osmanlı Devleti-Yunanistan Krallığı Ilişkileri Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı ERKEN DÖNEM OSMANLI DEVLETİ-YUNANİSTAN KRALLIĞI İLİŞKİLERİ: PROBLEMLER, ÇATIŞAN FAKTÖRLER VE UZLAŞMA Arzu ERMAN Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2019 ERKEN DÖNEM OSMANLI DEVLETİ-YUNANİSTAN KRALLIĞI İLİŞKİLERİ: PROBLEMLER, ÇATIŞAN FAKTÖRLER VE UZLAŞMA Arzu ERMAN Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2019 iv ÖZET ERMAN, Arzu. Erken Dönem Osmanlı Devleti- Yunanistan Krallığı İlişkileri: Problemler, Çatışan Faktörler ve Uzlaşma, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2019. 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı Devleti için büyük değişim ve dönüşümlerin yaşandığı bir yüzyıl olmuştur. Çünkü bu yüzyılda, Avrupa modeline dayandırılan ulus devlet formunun idealleştirilmiş bir yapı olarak ortaya çıkması, şimdiye kadar farklı kimliklere ve aidiyetlere sahip grupları sosyo-politik sisteminde birleştirmiş olan Osmanlı Devleti’nin toprak bütünlüğü açısından büyük bir tehlike oluşturmuştur. Nitekim, yüzyıl başında Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı başlattığı silahlı mücadele sonunda, bu sistemden ayrılan ilk millet Yunan ulusu olmuş ve böylelikle Pax-Ottomana ilk yarasını almıştır. Bu durumun, hem Balkanlar’da hem de Osmanlı coğrafyasının farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan diğer uluslar için de bir prototip oluşturması, Osmanlı Devleti’nin yeni dünya düzenini anlamak ve hayatta kalmak için bir dizi yeni uygulamalara başvurmasını gerektirmiştir. Yeni kurulan Yunan devleti için, Balkanlar’ın güneyine sıkışıp kalması, yeteri kadar nüfusa sahip olmaması ve mevcut bu durumuyla stratejik merkezlere ve ekonomik kaynaklara uzak olması gibi sebeplerle Osmanlı Devleti aleyhine topraklarını genişletmesi zorunlu olmuştur. Dolayısıyla Yunan Devleti’nin kurgulamak zorunda olduğu ve Megali İdea adıyla formüle ettiği ülkü, o günün koşullarında hem devletin problemlerine pratik çözümler üretmiş hem de Yunan halkına bir ivme vererek halk ile yöneticiler arasında aracı işlevi görmüştür. Çünkü bu ideal, irredentist politikalarla genişlemenin yanı sıra türdeş bir kültür yaratarak bireyleri birer “Yunan vatandaşına” döndürme ideali de taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Yunan ulus devleti formunun iç dinamikleri, siyasi ve sosyo-kültürel hedefleri temel alınarak erken dönem Türk ve Yunan ilişkilerinde ortaya çıkan sorunlar, bu sorunlara nasıl yaklaşıldığı, çözüm ve uzlaşı yöntemlerinin neler olduğu konuları değişen Yöneten-Yönetilen ilişkisi bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada Makedonya, Teselya ve Girit sorunları üzerinden İki devlet ararsında gelişen ilişkiler ele alınmıştır. Buna göre Teselya ve Girit iki devlet arasında bir çatışma alanı olarak karşımıza çıkarken, Türk-Yunan ilişkilerinin bildik uzlaşmazlık figürü olarak görüldüğü klasik tarih yazımının aksine, Makedonya konusunda, Bulgar Prensliği’nin bölgede güç kazanması nedeniyle iki devlet arasında geniş çaplı ittifak ve işbirliği yaşandığı gözlenmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler Osmanlı Devleti, Yunanistan Krallığı, Ulus Devlet, Makedonya, Balkanlar, Megali İdea. v ABSTRACT ERMAN, Arzu. The Early Relationship between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece: Problems, Conflicting Factors and Reconsiliation, Ph.D. Disertation, Ankara, 2019. 19th century was a century in which some great changes and transformations experienced for the Ottoman Empire. Because, the emergence of the nation-state form based on the European model as an idealized structure in this century created a great danger for the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire, which had until then united the groups with different identities and belonging in its own socio-political system. As a matter of fact, as a result of the armed struggle against the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the century, the first nation that left this system became the Greek nation and thus the first wound of Pax-Ottomana. That this situation created a prototype for other nations living in both the Balkans and in the different regions of the Ottoman geography, required the Ottoman Empire to apply several new applications to understand and survive the new world order. For the newly established Greek state, it was compulsory to expand its territory against the Ottoman Empire due to its stuck to the south of the Balkans, its lack of enough population and with its current status being distant from strategic centers and economic resources. Therefore, the ideal, which the Greek State had to construct and formulated with the name Megali Idea, produced practical solutions to the problems of the state in the conditions of that day and acted as an intermediary between the public and the administrators by giving an impetus to the Greek people. Because this ideal, in addition to expanding with irredentist policies, also carries the ideal of changing the individuals to a "Greek Citizen" by creating a homogeneous culture.In this study, the internal dynamics of the Greek nation-state form, the problems arising in the early Turkish and Greek relations based on political and socio-cultural goals, how these problems are approached, what are the methods of solution and compromise are discussed in the context of the changing governance-governed relationship. In this study, the relations between the two states were discussed through the problems of Macedonia, Thessaly and Crete. According to this, while Thessaly and Crete appear as a field of conflict between the two states, contrary to the classical historiography in which Turkish-Greek relations are seen as the usual form of antagonism, it was observed that there was a wide alliance and cooperation between the two states because of the strengthening of the Bulgarian Principality in the region about Macedonia. Keywords Ottoman State, Kingdom of Greece, Nation State, Makedonia, Balkans, Megali İdea vi İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY………………………………………………………….….…….i YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI……………..………....……ii ETİK BEYAN………………………………………………………..………...….…..……iii ÖZET………………………………………………………………….…….….…….iv ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………..……..v İÇİNDEKLER……………………………………………………………….….……vi KISALTMALAR DİZİN………………………………………………………..……ix GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………………………………1 1.BÖLÜM : YUNAN ULUS DEVLETİNİN OLUŞUMU………………..……… 10 1.1. MİLLİYETÇİLİK ÇAĞINDA OSMANLI …………..…………….....10 1.2. MEŞRUİYET KAYNAĞI OLARAK İDEOLOJİ……………………14 1.3. İDEOLOGLAR, İDEOLOJİ VE TARİHİ ARKA PLAN…………….20 1.3.1. Regas Feraios…………………………………………………….....23 1.3.2. Adamantos Korais……………..…………………………………….27 1.4. İDEOLOJİNİN YAYILMASI: DİL ÇALIŞMALARI …………..……..31 1.5. DİN VE MİLLİYETÇİLİK SENTEZİ………………….………….…....34 1.6. BAĞIMSIZLIK HAREKETİNE YÖN VEREN İÇ VE DIŞ PARAMETRELER……………………………………………….…….….36 1.6.1. Fenerliler……………………………………………………………..37 1.6.2. İstanbul Ortodoks Patrikhanesi……………………………………39 1.6.3. Tepedelenli Ali Paşa ………………………………………………..43 1.6.4. Filiki Eteria……………………………………………………………43 1.6.5. Büyük Güçler ……………………………………………………......53 vii 1.7. BAĞIMSIZLIK HAREKETİ VE ULUSLARARASI KONJONKTÜRE YANSIMALARI……………………………………………………….……..59 2. BÖLÜM : YUNANİSTAN KRALLIĞI İLE OSMANLI DEVLETİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLERDE İLK KIRILMA NOKTALARI ……………………………….…….71 2.1. BAĞIMSIZ YUNAN ULUS DEVLETİ………………………….…....71 2.1.1 Özgürlükte Monarşiye Siyasi Yapı…………………….…...73 2.1.2. İlişkilerin Başlaması ve Temel Problemlerin Analizi……...80 2.1.3. İlişkilerde Normalleşmeye Doğru İlk Adım…………….…..83 2.2. MEGALİ İDEA VE İLK KAZANIMLARI …………………………….94 3. BÖLÜM: TÜRK-YUNAN İLİŞKİLERİNİN DİNAMİKLERİ…………………105 3.1. GENEL ÇERÇEVE…………………………………………………...105 3.2. MİLLİYETÇİLİK KISKACINDA BİR BÖLGE: MAKEDONYA…...107 3.2.1. Bölgesel Ayaklanma Denemeleri………….......................113 3.2.2. Helen-Slav Hizipleşmesi…………………………………....120 3.2.3. Makedonya’da Çatışan Kimlikler ve İdeolojiler…………...124 3.2.4. Rekabetin Ortasında Okullar ve Dernekler…………….…...130 3.3. MEGALİ İDEA YOLUNDA İKİNCİ ADIM: TESELYA………....…..141 3.4. DEĞİŞEN SINIRLARIN GÖLGESİNDE HALKLAR ………………148 3.5. GİRİT .............................................................................................155 3.6. SAVAŞA GİDEN SÜREÇ………………………………………....….164 4. BÖLÜM: OSMANLI VE HELEN DÜNYASINDA RUMLAR……...…170 4.1. OSMANLI VE RUM MİLLETİ…………..…………………………….170 4.2. HELEN OSMANLICILIĞI……........................................……….....172 4.3. RUM HELENCİLİĞİ…………………………………………….……..185 viii 4.4. SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL ETKİLEŞİM VE ÖRGÜTLENMELER……...188 4.5. KÜLTÜREL ETKİLEŞİM: GAZETELER VE DERGİLER……...….190 SONUÇ …………..………..………………………………………………….….…198 KAYNAKÇA………………………………………………………………….….….202 EKLER……………………………………………………………………………....218 ORİJİNALLİK RAPORU………….……………….…………………………..…..226 ETİK KURUL / KOMİSYON İZNİ YA DA MUAFİYET FORMU…….……...…227 ix KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ A.Ü. Ankara Üniversitesi Bkz. Bakınız BEO Bâb-ı Ȃli Evrak Odası BOA Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi C. Cilt Çev. Çeviren Ç.N Çevirenin Notu DH. MKT. Dahiliye Nezareti Mektubi Kalemi DTCF Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Edi. Editör H. Hicri Haz. Hazırlayan HRT Harita HR.SYS Hariciye Nezareti Sefareti Siyasi Kısım Evrakı M. Miladi İ.MTZ (01) İrade Eyalet-i Mümtaze Yunanistan S. Sayı s. Sayfa ss. Sayfalar arası TDVİA Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi YEE Yıldız Esas Evrakı 1 GİRİŞ 19. Yüzyıl bütün dünyada bir değişim yüzyılıdır. Bu nedenle ülkeler arasında değişme farklılıkları ve farklı gelişme düzeyleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu yüzyılda milletler ya koloniyel politikaların kurbanı olmuş ya da savaşlarda yutulmamanın çabası içine girmiştir. Bu nedenle Osmanlı Devleti de hayatta kalabilmek için kendi sistemini, oluşturmak ve değişme hızını arttırmak durumunda kalmıştır. (Ortaylı, 1999, s.45). Zira bu yüzyıl, Osmanlı Devleti için çözülmesi gereken sorunlarla
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