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The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012
Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012 February 2013 About FAA About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2013) NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation Dear Colleague, 2012 was a very active year for the entire commercial space industry. In addition to all of the dramatic space transportation events, including the first-ever commercial mission flown to and from the International Space Station, the year was also a very busy one from the government’s perspective. It is clear that the level and pace of activity is beginning to increase significantly. -
Redalyc.Status and Trends of Smallsats and Their Launch Vehicles
Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management ISSN: 1984-9648 [email protected] Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço Brasil Wekerle, Timo; Bezerra Pessoa Filho, José; Vergueiro Loures da Costa, Luís Eduardo; Gonzaga Trabasso, Luís Status and Trends of Smallsats and Their Launch Vehicles — An Up-to-date Review Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, vol. 9, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2017, pp. 269-286 Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço São Paulo, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=309452133001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative doi: 10.5028/jatm.v9i3.853 Status and Trends of Smallsats and Their Launch Vehicles — An Up-to-date Review Timo Wekerle1, José Bezerra Pessoa Filho2, Luís Eduardo Vergueiro Loures da Costa1, Luís Gonzaga Trabasso1 ABSTRACT: This paper presents an analysis of the scenario of small satellites and its correspondent launch vehicles. The INTRODUCTION miniaturization of electronics, together with reliability and performance increase as well as reduction of cost, have During the past 30 years, electronic devices have experienced allowed the use of commercials-off-the-shelf in the space industry, fostering the Smallsat use. An analysis of the enormous advancements in terms of performance, reliability and launched Smallsats during the last 20 years is accomplished lower prices. In the mid-80s, a USD 36 million supercomputer and the main factors for the Smallsat (r)evolution, outlined. -
Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space
Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space Pavel Podvig and Hui Zhang © 2008 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences All rights reserved. ISBN: 0-87724-068-X The views expressed in this volume are those held by each contributor and are not necessarily those of the Officers and Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Please direct inquiries to: American Academy of Arts and Sciences 136 Irving Street Cambridge, MA 02138-1996 Telephone: (617) 576-5000 Fax: (617) 576-5050 Email: [email protected] Visit our website at www.amacad.org Contents v PREFACE vii ACRONYMS 1 CHAPTER 1 Russia and Military Uses of Space Pavel Podvig 31 CHAPTER 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons Hui Zhang 79 CONTRIBUTORS Preface In recent years, Russia and China have urged the negotiation of an interna - tional treaty to prevent an arms race in outer space. The United States has responded by insisting that existing treaties and rules governing the use of space are sufficient. The standoff has produced a six-year deadlock in Geneva at the United Nations Conference on Disarmament, but the parties have not been inactive. Russia and China have much to lose if the United States were to pursue the programs laid out in its planning documents. This makes prob - able the eventual formulation of responses that are adverse to a broad range of U.S. interests in space. The Chinese anti-satellite test in January 2007 was prelude to an unfolding drama in which the main act is still subject to revi - sion. -
Space Technology and Telecommunication" Cluster of the Skolkovo Foundation
STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS AND PRIORITY AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT FOR "S PACE TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATION " CLUSTER OF THE SKOLKOVO FOUNDATION 2012 Strategic Directions and Priority Areas of Development for "Space Technology and Telecommunication" Cluster of the Skolkovo Foundation The present document describes the results of methodology development and evaluation of strategic directions and priority areas for "Space Technology and Telecommunication" Cluster of the Skolkovo Fund. The first iteration was obtained by ST&T expert group with assistance of leading space R&D institutes using the Federal Space Agency materials. The Strategic Directions will be subsequently specified under the foresight research based on the contract between the Skolkovo Fund and one of the leading R&D and consulting organizations in the field of space activity and its results' commercialization. The Glossary can be found at the end of the document EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: PRIORITIES ST&T Cluster ensures search for, attraction and selection of potential subjects of innovative process in the field of development and target use of spacecrafts operation and diversification of rocket and space industry potential, facilitates their cooperation and provides the environment for full cycle innovation process establishment, based on the Strategic directions and priority areas of development, initially defined by this document and regularly updated considering opinion of sci-tech and business community that is identified in process of foresight procedure. At the moment, the Cluster finds it necessary, along with comprehensive support for innovative activity of the Skolkovo Fund participants and applicants, to focus on proactive implementation of several priority areas which particularly include: Establishing national infrastructure of full cycle microsatellite technology which involves leading universities. -
WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 2013 Version: 1 January 2014 © Copyright Jos Heyman
WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 2013 Version: 1 January 2014 © Copyright Jos Heyman The spacecraft are listed, in the first instance, in the order of their International Designation, resulting in, with some exceptions, a date order. Spacecraft which did not receive an International Designation, being those spacecraft which failed to achieve orbit or those which were placed in a sub orbital trajectory, have been inserted in the date order. For each spacecraft the following information is provided: a. International Designation and NORAD number For each spacecraft the International Designation, as allocated by the International Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), has been used as the primary means to identify the spacecraft. This is followed by the NORAD catalogue number which has been assigned to each object in space, including debris etc., in a numerical sequence, rather than a chronoligical sequence. Normally no reference has been made to spent launch vehicles, capsules ejected by the spacecraft or fragments except where such have a unique identification which warrants consideration as a separate spacecraft or in other circumstances which warrants their mention. b. Name The most common name of the spacecraft has been quoted. In some cases, such as for US military spacecraft, the name may have been deduced from published information and may not necessarily be the official name. Alternative names have, however, been mentioned in the description and have also been included in the index. c. Country/International Agency For each spacecraft the name of the country or international agency which owned or had prime responsibility for the spacecraft, or in which the owner resided, has been included. -
Activity of Russian Federation on Space Debris Problem
FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION ACTIVITY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON SPACE DEBRIS PROBLEM 48 -th session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) 7-18 February 2011 1 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION • Federal Space Agency of Russia continues consecutive activity in the field of space debris problems. This work concerns the safety of spacecraft and the International Space Station, the latest one in a especial meaning. • The activity on debris mitigation is being carried out within the framework of Russian National Legislation, taking into account the dynamics of similar measures and practices of other space-faring nations and also the international initiatives on space debris mitigation, especially the UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines (Ref. Doc. is A/RES/62/217 issued 10 January, 2008). • Russian designers and operators of spacecraft and orbital stages are in charge to follow the requirements of National Standard of the Russian Federation "Space Technology Items. General Requirements on Space Systems for the Mitigation of Human-Produced near-Earth Space Population" in all projects of space vehicles being again developed. 2 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION DYNAMICS OF LAUNCHES IN RUSSIA AND IN OTHER STATES AND ORGANIZATIONS 18 17 3 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUSSIAN LAUNCHES IN 20 10 Type Accelerating Number of Type of Orbit №/№ of Launcher Engine Launches 1 “Proton-M” “Briz-M 9 Geostationary 2 “Rokot” “Briz-KM” 1 Circular -
Large Constellations of Small Satellites: a Survey of Near Future Challenges and Missions
aerospace Review Large Constellations of Small Satellites: A Survey of Near Future Challenges and Missions Giacomo Curzi , Dario Modenini * and Paolo Tortora Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Fontanelle 40, I-47121 Forlì (FC), Italy; [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (P.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 July 2020; Accepted: 3 September 2020; Published: 7 September 2020 Abstract: Constellations of satellites are being proposed in large numbers; most of them are expected to be in orbit within the next decade. They will provide communication to unserved and underserved communities, enable global monitoring of Earth and enhance space observation. Mostly enabled by technology miniaturization, satellite constellations require a coordinated effort to face the technological limits in spacecraft operations and space traffic. At the moment in fact, no cost-effective infrastructure is available to withstand coordinated flight of large fleets of satellites. In order for large constellations to be sustainable, there is the need to efficiently integrate and use them in the current space framework. This review paper provides an overview of the available experience in constellation operations and statistical trends about upcoming constellations at the moment of writing. It highlights also the tools most often proposed in the analyzed works to overcome constellation management issues, such as applications of machine learning/artificial intelligence and resource/infrastructure sharing. As such, it is intended to be a useful resource for both identifying emerging trends in satellite constellations, and enabling technologies still requiring substantial development efforts. Keywords: large constellations; operations; traffic; regulation; spacecraft 1. Introduction The idea of a constellation of satellites appeared in the market about twenty years ago with Iridium and Globalstar as pioneering examples. -
Financial Operational Losses in Space Launch
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE FINANCIAL OPERATIONAL LOSSES IN SPACE LAUNCH A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By TOM ROBERT BOONE, IV Norman, Oklahoma 2017 FINANCIAL OPERATIONAL LOSSES IN SPACE LAUNCH A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BY Dr. David Miller, Chair Dr. Alfred Striz Dr. Peter Attar Dr. Zahed Siddique Dr. Mukremin Kilic c Copyright by TOM ROBERT BOONE, IV 2017 All rights reserved. \For which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down first, and counteth the cost, whether he have sufficient to finish it?" Luke 14:28, KJV Contents 1 Introduction1 1.1 Overview of Operational Losses...................2 1.2 Structure of Dissertation.......................4 2 Literature Review9 3 Payload Trends 17 4 Launch Vehicle Trends 28 5 Capability of Launch Vehicles 40 6 Wastage of Launch Vehicle Capacity 49 7 Optimal Usage of Launch Vehicles 59 8 Optimal Arrangement of Payloads 75 9 Risk of Multiple Payload Launches 95 10 Conclusions 101 10.1 Review of Dissertation........................ 101 10.2 Future Work.............................. 106 Bibliography 108 A Payload Database 114 B Launch Vehicle Database 157 iv List of Figures 3.1 Payloads By Orbit, 2000-2013.................... 20 3.2 Payload Mass By Orbit, 2000-2013................. 21 3.3 Number of Payloads of Mass, 2000-2013.............. 21 3.4 Total Mass of Payloads in kg by Individual Mass, 2000-2013... 22 3.5 Number of LEO Payloads of Mass, 2000-2013........... 22 3.6 Number of GEO Payloads of Mass, 2000-2013.......... -
Commercial Space Transportation: 2011 Year in Review
Commercial Space Transportation: 2011 Year in Review COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION: 2011 YEAR IN REVIEW January 2012 HQ-121525.INDD 2011 Year in Review About the Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA/AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA/ AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA/AST’s web site at http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/. Cover: Art by John Sloan (2012) NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration / Commercial Space Transportation CONTENTS Introduction . .1 Executive Summary . .2 2011 Launch Activity . .3 WORLDWIDE ORBITAL LAUNCH ACTIVITY . 3 Worldwide Launch Revenues . 5 Worldwide Orbital Payload Summary . 5 Commercial Launch Payload Summaries . 6 Non-Commercial Launch Payload Summaries . 7 U .S . AND FAA-LICENSED ORBITAL LAUNCH ACTIVITY . 9 FAA-Licensed Orbital Launch Summary . 9 U .S . and FAA-Licensed Orbital Launch Activity in Detail . -
Changes to the Database for May 1, 2021 Release This Version of the Database Includes Launches Through April 30, 2021
Changes to the Database for May 1, 2021 Release This version of the Database includes launches through April 30, 2021. There are currently 4,084 active satellites in the database. The changes to this version of the database include: • The addition of 836 satellites • The deletion of 124 satellites • The addition of and corrections to some satellite data Satellites Deleted from Database for May 1, 2021 Release Quetzal-1 – 1998-057RK ChubuSat 1 – 2014-070C Lacrosse/Onyx 3 (USA 133) – 1997-064A TSUBAME – 2014-070E Diwata-1 – 1998-067HT GRIFEX – 2015-003D HaloSat – 1998-067NX Tianwang 1C – 2015-051B UiTMSAT-1 – 1998-067PD Fox-1A – 2015-058D Maya-1 -- 1998-067PE ChubuSat 2 – 2016-012B Tanyusha No. 3 – 1998-067PJ ChubuSat 3 – 2016-012C Tanyusha No. 4 – 1998-067PK AIST-2D – 2016-026B Catsat-2 -- 1998-067PV ÑuSat-1 – 2016-033B Delphini – 1998-067PW ÑuSat-2 – 2016-033C Catsat-1 – 1998-067PZ Dove 2p-6 – 2016-040H IOD-1 GEMS – 1998-067QK Dove 2p-10 – 2016-040P SWIATOWID – 1998-067QM Dove 2p-12 – 2016-040R NARSSCUBE-1 – 1998-067QX Beesat-4 – 2016-040W TechEdSat-10 – 1998-067RQ Dove 3p-51 – 2017-008E Radsat-U – 1998-067RF Dove 3p-79 – 2017-008AN ABS-7 – 1999-046A Dove 3p-86 – 2017-008AP Nimiq-2 – 2002-062A Dove 3p-35 – 2017-008AT DirecTV-7S – 2004-016A Dove 3p-68 – 2017-008BH Apstar-6 – 2005-012A Dove 3p-14 – 2017-008BS Sinah-1 – 2005-043D Dove 3p-20 – 2017-008C MTSAT-2 – 2006-004A Dove 3p-77 – 2017-008CF INSAT-4CR – 2007-037A Dove 3p-47 – 2017-008CN Yubileiny – 2008-025A Dove 3p-81 – 2017-008CZ AIST-2 – 2013-015D Dove 3p-87 – 2017-008DA Yaogan-18 -
Commercial Space Transportation the Federal Aviation Administration’S Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST) Licenses and Regulates U.S
Federal Aviation Administration Commercial Space Transportation: 2008 Year In Review January 2009 HQ-09750.INDD 2008 Year in Review About the Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 49 United States Code, Subtitle IX, Chapter 701 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA/AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA/AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA/AST’s web site at http://ast.faa.gov. Cover: Art by John Sloan (2009) NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration / Commercial Space Transportation Table of Contents Introduction . .1 2008 FAA-Licensed Orbital Launch Summary . .3 U.S. and FAA-Licensed Orbital Launch Activity in Detail . 5. 2008 Worldwide Orbital Launch Activity . .8 Worldwide Orbital Payload Summary . .11 Launch Activities by Country . .13 Five-Year Worldwide Space Transportation Trends . .17 2008 FAA Experimental Permit Flight Summary . .21 Appendix : 2008 Worldwide Orbital Launch Events . .22 • ii • 2008 Year in Review InTrODUCTIOn TheCommercial Space Transportation: 2008 Year in Review summarizes U.S. -
Activity of the Russian Federation on Space Debris Problems
ACTIVITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON SPACE DEBRIS PROBLEMS Loginov S.(1), Yakovlev M.(1), Mikhailov M.(1), Gorlov A.(1), Feldstein V.(1), Oleynikov I.(1), Makarov Y.(2), Bulynin Y.(3), Trushlyakov V.(4) (1) Central Research Institute for Machine Building, Pionerskaya Str., 4, Korolev, Moscow Region, Russian Federation, Email: [email protected] (2)Federal Space Agency, Schepkina st., 42, Moscow, Russian Federation (3)-6&³,QIRUPDWLRQ6DWHOOLWH6\VWHPV´5HVKHWQHY&RPSDQ\=KHOH]QRJRUVN-2, Krasnoyarsk Region, Russian Federation, Email: [email protected] (4)Omsk State Technical University, Omsk, Russian Federation, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Table 1. Russian Federation launches, 2012 Type of Type of Number of Type of Research of space debris problems in the Russian Launcher Booster Launches Orbit Federation is carried out in following aspects 1) observation, 2) modelling, 3) protection and 1 Soyuz-2.1 : Fregat 1 High 4) mitigation. The Russian Federation is devoted to the elliptical orbit international efforts on space debris problem resolution 2 Soyuz-2.1 : Fregat 1 Circular and is already implementing practical steps on space NEO debris mitigation on a voluntary basis within its own 3 Soyuz-FG - 4 Circular national mechanisms taking into account the COPUOS NEO UN and IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines. 4 Soyuz-U - 5 Circular NEO ARTICLE 5 Soyuz-ST-B Fregat- 1 Circular FL MEO The space activity of the world community conducts 6 Soyuz-ST-A Fregat- 1 Circular results in the growth of the near-earth space pollution FL NEO with artificial fragments and as a consequence in the 7 Soyuz-FG Fregat 1 Circular space mission safety diminishing.