International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review ISSN: 0976-4852 CrossRef DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2016/7/12/93.

Research Article Checklist of Global Distribution of and Toxoderidae (Mantodea: ) Shveta Patel, Garima Singh and Rajendra Singh Department of Zoology, Deendayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, U.P Department of Zoology, Rajasthan University, Jaipur, Rajasthan

Abstract: Background: The praying mantids (Mantodea: Dictyoptera) are predatory they play a very vital role in management of population in nature. Familywise distribution pattern of mantids of the world is not compiled so far. The work will help to solve some needs pertaining to studies on world mantids of these families, such as synonymic handling and distributions, as well as the lack of a complete and up-todate listing of the . Materials & Methods: In preparing of this checklist, recent world literatures (published up to November, 2016) were scrutinized for synonymy of the species along with the information available at two websites (http://mantodea.speciesfile.org and http://www.gbif.org/species) accessed on 25 November, 2016. Results: The praying mantids are a group of over 2641 species of predatory insects (Order Mantodea: Superorder Dictyoptera) distributed in tropical and subtropical habitats of the world, from the rainforest to the desert ground. Currently, the order Mantodea comprises 16 families, out of which the global distribution of 2 families: Tarachodidae and Toxoderidae is provided in this compilation. The family Tarachodidae includes a broad assemblage of 31 genera and 247 species distributed in , Tropical and subtropical Asia, Indomalaya, Tropical Africa, south-western , and Neotropical USA. The family Toxoderidae is less speciose (14 genera, 61 species) and ecologically diversified lineage of praying mantids distributed in Indian subcontinents, Indonesia, Southwest Asia, Tropical Africa, , and Australia. Conclusion: The two families of Mantodea: Tarachodidae and Toxoderidae containing 308 species are mostly distributed in Tropical Africa, southwest and southeast Asia, southwest Europe, and Australia. Only 28 species belong to . Keywords: Mantodea Tarachodidae, Toxoderidae, world distribution, praying , checklist. Introduction: The praying mantids (Mantodea: Dictyoptera) are kitchen gardens in Europe and Neotropical predatory insects distributed worldwide from the countries. Most of the praying mantids are quite rainforest to the desert ground. There are 2641 large, colourful and more visible than most valid species/subspecies of mantids belonging to beneficial insects, they are fun to watch, and 427 genera, assigned to 16 families. They are children are fascinated to see a praying mantid mostly distributed in Central and northern part of grasping its prey. South America, tropical Africa and Australasia [1- Mantids were formerly placed along with stick 5]. Since all mantids are predatory, they play a insects (currently order Phasmatodea), very vital role in management of insect population cockroaches (currently order Blattodea) and rock in nature. They even feed the moth at night (most crawlers (currently order Grylloblattodea) in the moths are nocturnal) and are able to grasp flying order [8]. Later on, it was placed along mosquitoes and flies. However, they lack key with the cockroaches and termites (now order attributes of biocontrol agents [6], hence cannot Blattodea) into the order Dictyoptera, as suborder be used successfully in biological control Mantodea [8]. Recently, the ordinal rank of programme [7]. Moreover, mantids are purchased Dictyoptera was elevated to Superorder by growers to keep pest population down in encompassing cockroaches and termites (currently International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 7, Issue. 12, Page: 20256-20270 20256 2016-12-29. ISSN 0976-4852. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2016/7/12/93.

Order Blattodea), and mantids (currently Order , and all were raised to family-rank by Mantodea) [9-11]. The suprageneric of Ehrmann [18]. Mantodea was revised considerably in the recent In general, Tarachodidae may initially be years on the basis of molecular data [12-16]. identified by having slightly flattened habitus, The checklists of Mantodea of different flattened cerci and shortened meso- and countries/continents/ecozones are published in metathoracic legs. The head is comparatively recent past by several authors, but are scattered in large with respect to the often slender body. The literature. Familywise distribution pattern of males are mostly fully winged, while the females mantids of the world is not compiled so far. Very are often brachypterous [18-21]. Nearly all genera recently, Patel and Singh [1-2] and Patel et al. [3- are distributed in the Afrotropical and Oriental 5] provided the checklist of global distribution of regions, ranging from Africa to East Asia. Detail following 14 families of Mantodea comprising phylogenetic relationship between genera of the 382 genera and 2333 species/subspecies: family and detail morphology was described by (14 genera, 96 species/subspecies), Wiedland [16]. In past, 40 genera were recognised (15 genera, 95 in Tarachodidae [18, 22-27]. However, currently it species/subspecies), Chaeteessidae (1 , 6 comprises only 31 genera in two subfamilies, species), (11 genera, 54 species), Caliridinae (6 genera and 23 species) and (2 genera, 73 species), Tarachodinae (25 genera and 224 speciesc) [28]. Galinthiadidae (4 genera, 24 species), The Caliridinae are distributed in China [29], (34 genera, 238 species), Indomalaisan countries and tropical Africa [17, (47 genera, 136 species), 30-39]. The Tarachodinae, a highly speciose (19 genera, 92 species), group are widely distributed in tropical and (188 genera, 1261 species), Mantoidae (2 genera, subtropical Asia, Indomalaya, Tropical Africa, 12 species), Metallyticidae (1 genus, 5 species), south-western Europe and even in Neotropical Sibyllidae (3 genera, 17 species/subspecies), and USA. Only Saussure, 1869 is reported to be (41 genera and 224 species). In the distributed in the Neotropical region [18] but in present compilation, world distribution of 2 checklist of Neotropical mantids, none of the families Tarachodidae (31 genera, 247 species) species of Tarachodidae was listed [40], even in and Toxoderidae (14 genera, 61 species) are the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São presented. Paulo (MZSP), one of the largest collections Tarachodidae and Toxoderidae have traditionally representative of the Neotropical fauna, none of been included in Mantidae as subfamilies the specimen belong to Tarachodidae [41]. None (Tarachodinae and Toxoderinae) in the of the species of Tarachodidae is recorded in the classification of Beier [17] along with Australian region [18, 42-44]. Figure illustrates Liturgusinae, Iridopteryginae, , the distribution of Tarachodidae in the world.

Figure Global Distribution of Tarachodidae and Toxoderidae

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In India, 11 genera are reported in the family and 27 species distributed in Indomalaya, Tarachodidae : Aethalochroa Wood-Mason, 1877, Afghanistan, and Australia [37, 54-56, 60]. In his Caliris Giglio-Tos, 1915, Didymocorypha Wood- detailed revision of Toxoderini, Roy [54, 61] Mason, 1877, Stål, 1877, presented an attempt to reconstruct the Leptomantella Burmeister,1838, phylogenetic relationships among the tribe. Figure Dysaulophthalma Stiewe,2009,Euthyphleps Wood illustrates the distribution of Tarachodidae in the -Mason, 1889, Iris Saussure, 1869, Oxyophthalma world. Saussure, 1861, Toxoderopsis Wood-Mason, 1889 In the present compilation, global distribution of and Toxomantis Giglio-Tos, 1914 [27, 45-53]. the aforesaid 2 families of Mantodea, i.e. The mantids of Toxoderidae are large and exhibit Tarachodidae and Toxoderidae are provided. The bizarrely shaped bodies [21, 45, 50, and 54]. The work will help to solve some needs pertaining to prothorax of most of the species is very long, studies on world mantids of these families, such as often being nearly half as long as the entire body. synonymic handling and distributions, as well as The metazona is laterally compressed and often the lack of a complete and up-todate listing of the carries a dorsal ridge. The detail morphological species. In preparing of this checklist, recent description of this group was provided by several world literatures (published up to November, authors [18, 20, 21, 54-58]. In this family, only 17 2016) were scrutinized for synonymy of the genera are assigned from the Afrotropical and species along with the information available at Oriental regions. However, currently only 14 two websites (http://mantodea.speciesfile.org and genera were validated under the group [28]. http://www.gbif.org/species) accessed on 25 Toxoderidae includes 3 subfamilies: November, 2016. Aethalochroaini, Calamothespini and Toxoderini. Outline Classification And Distribution Pattern The Aethalochroaini contains 3 genera and 16 species mainly distributed in Indian subcontinents, Due to continuous changes in the taxon Indonesia, Southwest Asia and East Africa [59]. nomenclature, variable number of genera was In Calamothespini, only 2 genera are assigned assigned to these families in past [18, 27, 45, 47- containing 18 species distributed only in Tropical 49, 51-54]. The following table displays the Africa. The subfamily Toxoderini is outline classification and distribution pattern of comparatively large group containing 9 genera the families, Tarachodidae and Toxoderidae.

Table. Outline classification of the families Tarachodidae and Toxoderidae and number of genera and species assigned to them and their global distribution.

Family Subfamily Tribe Genera Species Distribution Tarachodidae Caliridinae - 6 23 China, Indomalaya, Tropical Africa Tarachodinae Tarachodini 25 224 Tropical and subtropical Asia, Indomalaya, Tropical Africa, south-western Europe, Neotropical USA Toxoderidae Toxoderinae Aethalochroaini 3 16 Indian subcontinents, Indonesia, Southwest Asia, TropicalAfrica Calamothespini 2 18 Tropical Africa Toxoderini 9 27 Indomalaya, Afghanistan, Australia Total 45 308

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17. Leptomantella Global Checklist: (Leptomantella) lactea (Saussure, 1870) Following is the checklist of the global [India, Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sunda distribution of the families: Liturgusidae and Island] Thespidae. Synonymy of the taxa was avoided 18. Leptomantella and for that literature published in recent past may (Leptomantella) montana (Beier, 1942) be consulted for synonymy [15, 18, 44, 45, 61- [India] 67]. 19. Leptomantella Family 1: Tarachodidae: (Leptomantella) nigrocoxata (Mukherjee, Subfamily 1: Caliridinae: 1995) [India] 1. Genus: Caliris Giglio-Tos, 1915: 20. Leptomantella (Leptomantella) parva (Uvarov, 1933) 1. Caliris elegans Giglio-Tos, 1915 [Borneo, [India] Malaysia, Sumatra] 21. Leptomantella (Leptomantella) tonkinae 2. Caliris keralensis (Vyjayandi, 2006) [India] tonkinae (Hebard, 1920) [Vietnam] 3. Caliris masoni (Westwood, 1889) [India, 22. Leptomantella Vietnam] (Leptomantella) tonkinae hainanae 4. Caliris melli Beier, 1933 [China] (Tinkham, 1937) [China] 5. Caliris pallens Wang, 1993 [China] 23. Leptomantella 2. Genus: Deromantis Karsch, 1892: (Leptomantella) xizangensis Wang, 1993 [China] 6. Deromantis limbalicollis (Karsch, 1892) [Cameroon, Gabon] Subfamily 2: Tarachodinae 3. Genus: Gildella Giglio-Tos, 1915: Tribe 1: Tarachodini 7. Genus: Stal, 1876: 7. Gildella suavis (Giglio-Tos, 1915) [Sabah- Borneo, Malaysia] 24. Antistia maculipennis (Stal, 1876) [Botswana, Cape of Good Hope, Namibia, 4. Genus: Hebardia Werner, 1921: Tanzania, Transvaal] 8. Hebardia pellucida Werner, 1921 [Sumatra] 25. Antistia parva Beier, 1953 [Namibia, Cape of Good Hope, Republic South Africa] 5. Genus: Hebardiella Werner, 1924: 26. Antistia robusta Kaltenbach, 1996 [Cape of 9. Hebardiella karnyi Werner, 1927 [Sumatra] Good Hope, Transvaal] 10. Hebardiella rehni Werner, 1927 [Mentawai 27. Antistia vicina Kaltenbach, 1996 [Namibia, Islands, Sumatra] Cape of Good Hope] 6. Genus: Leptomantella Burmeister, 1838: 8. Genus: Ariusia Stal, 1877: 11. Leptomantella (Aetaella ) bakeri Hebard, 28. Ariusia conspersa (Stal, 1877) [Angola, 1920 [Borneo, Philippines] Namibia, Republic South Africa, Zambia, 12. Leptomantella (Aetaella ) pluvisilvae Henry, Zimbabwe] 1931 [Philippines, Sri Lanka] 9. Genus: Charieis Burr, 1900: 13. Leptomantella (Leptomantella) albella (Burmeister, 1838) [Sabah-Borneo, 29. Charieis peeli Burr, 1900 [Ethiopea, Kenya, China, Java, Malaysia, Philippines, Sumatra, Somalia] Sulawesi] 10. Genus: Didymocorypha Wood-Mason, 1877: 14. Leptomantella (Leptomantella) ceylonica (Beier, 1956) [Sri Lanka] 30. Didymocorypha lanceolata (Fabricius, 1798) 15. Leptomantella (Leptomantella) [India, Nepal, Sri Lanka] fragilis (Westwood, 1889) [Borneo, Java, 11. Genus: Dysaules Stal, 1877: Labun Island, Philippines, Sumatra] 16. Leptomantella (Leptomantella) 31. Dysaules brevipennis Wood-Mason, 1882 indica (Giglio-Tos, 1915) [India, Nepal] [India] International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 7, Issue. 12, Page: 20256-20270 20259 2016-12-29. ISSN 0976-4852. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2016/7/12/93.

32. Dysaules himalayanus Wood-Mason, 1889 54. Galepsus (Galepsus) thomseni Werner, 1923 [India, Nepal] [Namibia] 33. Dysaules longicollis Stal, 1877 [India] 55. Galepsus (Lygdamia) brincki Beier, 1955 34. Dysaules uvana Henry, 1932 [India, Sri [Namibia] Lanka] 56. Galepsus (Lygdamia) cacuminatus Beier, 1954 [Congo] 12. Genus: Dysaulophthalma Stiewe, 2009: 57. Galepsus (Lygdamia) culminans Beier, 1954 35. Dysaulophthalma nathani Stiewe, 2009 [Congo] [India] 58. Galepsus (Lygdamia) lenticularis (Saussure, 13. Genus: Episcopomantis Uvarov, 1940: 1872) [Botswana, Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal] 36. Episcopomantis chalybea (Burmeister, 1838) 59. Galepsus (Lygdamia) nimulensis (Giglio- [Angola, Botswana, Cape Province, Kenya, Tos, 1916) [Cameroon, Nigeria, Senegal, Namibia, Orange Free State, Republic South Uganda] Africa, Transvaal] 60. Galepsus 37. Episcopomantis congica Roy, 1968 [Congo] (Lygdamia) oxycephalus (Gerstaecker, 1883) 14. Genus: Galepsus Stal, 1876: [Gabon, Guinea] 61. Galepsus (Lygdamia) scorteccii La Greca, 38. Galepsus (Galepsus) affinis Giglio-Tos, 1956 [Somalia] 1911 [Cameroon] 62. Galepsus (Lygdamia) signatus Beier, 1954 39. Galepsus (Galepsus) binotatus (La Greca, [Congo] 1950) [Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia] 63. Galepsus (Lygdamia) trilobus Giglio-Tos, 40. Galepsus (Galepsus) brunneri Giglio-Tos, 1911 [Tanzania] 1911 [Cameroon] 64. Galepsus 41. Galepsus (Galepsus) buettneri Giglio-Tos, (Onychogalepsus) aberrans Kaltenbach, 1911[Cameroon, Togo] 1996 [Namibia] 42. Galepsus (Galepsus) congicus Rehn, 1912 65. Galepsus [Fiji] (Onychogalepsus) angolensis Werner, 1907 43. Galepsus (Galepsus) coronatus La Greca, [Angola, Mozambique, Transvaal] 1952 [Ethiopia] 66. Galepsus 44. Galepsus (Galepsus) dubius Giglio-Tos, (Onychogalepsus) bioculatus abyssinicus Bei 1911 [Kenya] er, 1961 [Ethiopia] 45. Galepsus (Galepsus) feae Giglio-Tos, 1911 67. Galepsus [Guinea, Nigeria] (Onychogalepsus) bioculatus bioculatus 46. Galepsus (Galepsus) globiceps Beier, 1942 (Beier, 1957) [Burundi, Congo] [Cameroon, Congo] 68. Galepsus 47. Galepsus (Galepsus) inermis Giglio-Tos, (Onychogalepsus) bispinosus Beier, 1957 1916 [Angola, Mozambique, Tanzania] [Congo] 48. Galepsus (Galepsus) konakrynus Giglio-Tos, 69. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) capensis Beier, 1911[Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, 1930 [Cape Province] Guinea] 70. Galepsus 49. Galepsus (Galepsus) laticeps Werner, 1907 (Onychogalepsus) capitatus (Saussure, 1869) [Cameroon, Nigeria] [Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kenya, Natal, 50. Galepsus (Galepsus) montanus Werner, Tanzania, Transvaal, Zimbabwe] 1907 [Tanzania] 71. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) centralis Beier, 51. Galepsus (Galepsus) nigricoxa Giglio-Tos, 1957 [Congo, Tanzania] 1927 [Sub Saharan Eastern Africa] 72. Galepsus 52. Galepsus (Galepsus) nyassensis Giglio-Tos, (Onychogalepsus) cliquennoisi Roy, 2005 1911 [Tanzania] [Comoros] 53. Galepsus (Galepsus) tenuis Stal, 1877 73. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) damaranus [Congo] damaranus Giglio-Tos, 1911 [Angola, Congo, Namibia, Zimbabwe] International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 7, Issue. 12, Page: 20256-20270 20260 2016-12-29. ISSN 0976-4852. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2016/7/12/93.

74. Galepsus 93. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) rouxi Werner, (Onychogalepsus) damaranus orientalis Kalt 1929 [Mozambique] enbach, 1996 [Namibia, Transvaal, 94. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) schwetzi Beier, Zimbabwe] 1957 [Angola, Congo] 75. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) decipiens Beier, 95. Galepsus 1950 [Congo] (Onychogalepsus) sudanensis Beier, 1954 76. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) diversus Giglio- [Sudan] Tos, 1911 [Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda] 96. Galepsus 77. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) supervacaneus Beier, (Onychogalepsus) erythraeus Giglio-Tos, 1954 [Tanzania] 1911 [Ethiopia] 97. Galepsus 78. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) transvaalensis Beier, (Onychogalepsus) fallaciosus Beier, 1957 1954 [Cape Province, Congo, Transvaal] [Congo] 98. Galepsus 79. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) fallax La Greca, (Onychogalepsus) ulricae Kaltenbach, 1996 1955 [Burundi, Rwanda] [Namibia] 80. Galepsus 99. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) wittei Beier, (Onychogalepsus) femoratus Giglio-Tos, 1954 [Congo] 1911 [Namibia] 100. Galepsus 81. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) focki Werner, (Onychogalepsus) zambesicus Giglio-Tos, 1923 [Namibia, Republic South Africa] 1911 [Republic South Africa] 82. Galepsus 101. Galepsus (Syngalepsus) beieri Kaltenbach, (Onychogalepsus) fumipennis Beier, 1954 1996 [Natal, Republic South Africa] [Congo] 102. Galepsus (Syngalepsus) bipunctatus Beier, 83. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) gracilis Giglio- 1931 [Mozambique, Natal, Transvaal] Tos, 1911 [Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda] 103. Galepsus 84. Galepsus (Syngalepsus) birkenmeierae Beier, 1969 (Onychogalepsus) intermedius Werner, 1907 [Malawi] [Kenya, Mosambique, Natal, Republic South 104. Galepsus (Syngalepsus) denigratus Beier, Africa, Transvaal, Zimbabwe] 1954 [Angola, Congo] 85. Galepsus 15. Genus: Iris Saussure, 1869: (Onychogalepsus) letabaensis Kaltenbach, 1996 [Transvaal] 105. Iris caeca Uvarov, 1931 [, , Saudi 86. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) machadoi Beier, Arabia, Sudan, Yemen] 1969 [Angola] 106. Iris deserti Uvarov, 1923 [, , 87. Galepsus Tunesia] (Onychogalepsus) malawiensis Beier, 1969 107. Iris insolita Mistshenko, 1956 [] [Malawi] 108. Iris nana (Uvarov, 1930) [Afghanistan, 88. Galepsus Beluchistan, India, Iran, Iraq, ] (Onychogalepsus) meridionalis (Saussure, 109. Iris narzykulovi Lindt, 1961 [Tajikistan] 1872) [Congo, Natal, Republic South Africa, 110. (Linne, 1758) [, Tanzania, Zimbabwe] Algeria, , Croatia, , Egypt, 89. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) minima Werner, France, Greece, India, Iran, , Italy, 1907 [Tanzania] , , Pakistan, Palestine, , 90. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) minutus Giglio- , Chad, , Turkey, United States] Tos, 1911 [Ethiopia, Malawi, Tanzania] 111. Iris orientalis Wood-Mason, 1882 91. Galepsus (Onychogalepsus) pentheri Giglio- [Afghanistan, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Tos, 1911 [Cameroon, Congo, Transvaal, France, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, Java, Namibia] Jordan, Morocco, Nepal, Pakistan, , 92. Galepsus Spain peninsula, Mallorca, Tunisia, Turkey, (Onychogalepsus) rhodesicus Beier, 1954 United States] [Zimbabwe, Zambia] 112. Iris persa Uvarov, 1922 [Iran] International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 7, Issue. 12, Page: 20256-20270 20261 2016-12-29. ISSN 0976-4852. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2016/7/12/93.

113. Iris persiminima Otte, 2004 [Iran] 22. Genus: Paragalepsus Beier, 1930:

114. Iris pitcheri Kaltenbach, 1982 [Saudi 132. Paragalepsus bassari Roy, 1972 [Senegal] Arabia] 133. Paragalepsus gestri (Giglio-Tos, 1911)

115. mongolica Sjostedt, 1932 [Ethiopea, Cameroon, Uganda] [China, Mangolia] 134. Paragalepsus nigericus Beier, 1930

116. Iris polystictica polystictica (Fischer- [Cameroon, Nigeria] Waldheim, 1846) [Afghanistan, Armenia, 135. Paragalepsus toganus (Giglio-Tos, 1911) Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, Iran, Tajikistan, [Sierra Leone, Togo] , Turkey] 136. Paragalepsus vrydaghi Beier, 1957 [Congo] 117. Iris polystictica shahdarinica Lindt, 1963 [Tajikistan] 23. Genus: Paralygdamia Saussure & Zehntner, 118. Iris polystictica shugnanica Lindt, 1963 1895: [Tajikistan] 137. Paralygdamia fisheri Roy, 2016 119. Iris senegalensis Beier, 1931 [Mauritania, [Medagascar] Niger, Senegal, Chad] 138. Paralygdamia gigliotosi Roy, 2016 120. Iris splendida Uvarov, 1922 [Afghanistan, [Medagascar] Iran, Pakistan] 139. Paralygdamia grandidieri Roy, 2016 16. Genus: Metagalepsus Roy, 1971: [Medagascar] 140. Paralygdamia ifatyensis Roy, 2016

121. Metagalepsus occidentalis Roy, 1972 [Medagascar] [Senegal] 141. Paralygdamia madagascariensis (Serville,

122. Metagalepsus stramineus (Sjostedt, 1930) 1839) [Medagascar] [Burkana Faso, Senegal] 142. Paralygdamia madecassa Saussure & 17. Genus: Nesogalepsus Beier, 1954: Zehntner, 1895 [Comoros, Medagascar]

123. Nesogalepsus hova (Saussure & Zehntner, 143. Paralygdamia nosyensis Roy, 2016 1895) [Medagascar] [Medagascar] 144. Paralygdamia punctata Roy, 2016 18. Genus: Nothogalepsus Beier, 1969: [Medagascar] 124. Nothogalepsus planivertex (Beier, 1953) 145. Paralygdamia sikorai (Beier, 1931) [Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic [Medagascar] South Africa, Zimbabwe] 146. Paralygdamia wintreberti Roy, 2016 [Medagascar] 19. Genus: Oxyelaea Giglio-Tos, 1917: 24. Genus: Paroxyophthalmus Wood-Mason, 125. Oxyelaea elegans Giglio-Tos, 1917 [Congo, 1889: Tasmania] 126. Oxyelaea heteromorpha Beier, 1930 [Kenya, 147. Paroxyophthalmus collaris (Saussure, 1872) Uganda, Somalia] [Chad, Sudan] 127. Oxyelaea stefaniae Lombardo, 1989 148. Paroxyophthalmus nigericus Giglio-Tos, [Somalia] 1917 [Burkana Faso, Nigeria, Niger] 149. Paroxyophthalmus ornatus Werner, 1918 20. Genus: Oxyophthalma Saussure, 1869: [Sudan] 128. Oxyophthalma engaea (Wood-Mason, 1889) 150. Paroxyophthalmus savatieri (Rochebrune, [India, Sri Lanka] 1883) [Gambia, Senegal] 129. Oxyophthalma gracilis (Saussure, 1861) 25. Genus: Plastogalepsus Beier, 1954: [India, Sri Lanka] 151. Plastogalepsus kuhlgatzi (Werner, 1907) 21. Genus: Oxyophthalmellus Giglio-Tos, 1917: [Kenya, Tasmania] 130. Oxyophthalmellus rehni La Greca, 1952 26. Genus: Pseudogalepsus Beier, 1954: [Kenya, Somalia] 131. Oxyophthalmellus somalicus (Rehn, 1911) 152. Pseudogalepsus dispar (Werner, 1907) [Ethiopea, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania] [Cameroon, Ethiopea, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania]

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153. Pseudogalepsus inermis (Giglio-Tos, 1911) 176. Tarachodes (Barbachodes) afzelii (Stal, [Angola, Mozambique, Tanzania] 1871) [Burkana Faso, Cameroon, Congo, 154. Pseudogalepsus modestior Schulthess- Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Sierra Rechberg, 1899 [Congo, Ethiopea, Kenya, Leone, Togo] Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda] 177. Tarachodes (Chiropacha) aestuans 155. Pseudogalepsus modestus (Gerstaecker, aestuans Saussure, 1895 [Ethiopea, Kenya, 1869) [Kenya, Tanzania] Somalia, Tanzania] 156. Pseudogalepsus nigricoxa Beier, 1954) 178. Tarachodes (Chiropacha) aestuans [Tanzania] orientalis Giglio-Tos, 1911 [Ethiopea, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda] 27. Genus: Pyrgomantis Gerstaecker, 1869: 179. Tarachodes (Chiropacha) arabicus Uvarov, 157. Pyrgomantis bisignata Beier, 1957 [Congo] 1922 [Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen] 158. Pyrgomantis congica Giglio-Tos, 1917 180. Tarachodes [Angola, Congo, Tanzania] (Chiropacha) gilvus (Charpentier, 1841) 159. Pyrgomantis curta Beier, 1954 [Tanzania] [Arab, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Sudan, 160. Pyrgomantis fasciata Giglio-Tos, 1917 Uganda] [Angola, Congo, Mozambique, Tanzania, 181. Tarachodes (Chiropacha) maurus Saussure, Transvaal] 1871 [Natal, Transvaal] 161. Pyrgomantis jonesi Kirby, 1904 [Burkana 182. Tarachodes Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, Niger, (Chiropacha) modesta Schulthess, 1894 Senegal] [Kenya, Tanzania] 162. Pyrgomantis longissima Beier, 1957 [Congo] 183. Tarachodes (Chiropacha) obtusiceps Stal, 163. Pyrgomantis mabuia Werner, 1907 [Uganda] 1871 [Kenya, Somalia, Sudan] 164. Pyrgomantis mitrata Beier, 1954 [Congo] 184. Tarachodes (Chiropacha) saussurei Giglio- 165. Pyrgomantis nana Sjostedt, 1924 [Congo, Tos, 1911 [Burkana Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Rwanda, Burundi] Ghana, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal] 166. Pyrgomantis nasuta (Thunberg, 1784) 185. Tarachodes (Chiropacha) smithi Rehn, 1901 [Angola, Cameroon, Cape Province, Kenya, [Chad, Kenya, Somalia] Natal, Namibia, Republic South Africa, 186. Tarachodes Somalia, Tanzania] (Chiropus) bispinosus Kaltenbach, 1996 167. Pyrgomantis ornatipes Bolivar, 1922 [Namibia] [Ethiopea] 187. Tarachodes (Chiropus) dives Saussure, 1869 168. Pyrgomantis pallida Giglio-Tos, 1917 [Angola, Namibia, Republic South Africa, [Burkana Faso, Cameroon, Congo, Ghana, Sudan] Guinea, Nigeria, Togo] 188. Tarachodes (Chiropus) sjostedti Werner, 169. Pyrgomantis rhodesica Giglio-Tos, 1917 1907 [Angola, Congo] [Botswana, Namibia, Transvaal, Zambia, 189. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) abyssinicus Beier, Zimbabwe] 1931 [Ethiopea] 170. Pyrgomantis runifera Beier, 1957 [Congo] 190. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) alluaudi Chopard, 171. Pyrgomantis signatifrons Beier, 1954 1914 [Ethiopea, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, [Congo] Uganda] 172. Pyrgomantis simillima Beier, 1954 [Republic 191. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) beieri Kaltenbach, South Africa, Tanzania, Transvaal, 1996 [Transvaal, Zimbabwe] Zimbabwe] 192. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) betakarschi Otte 173. Pyrgomantis singularis Gerstaecker, 1869 & Spearman, 2005 [Ethiopea, Kenya, [Kenya, Natal, Tanzania, Transvaal] Somalia, Tanzania] 174. Pyrgomantis wellmani Rehn, 1912 [Angola] 193. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) bicornis Giglio- 28. Genus: Tarachodella Giglio-Tos, 1917: Tos, 1911 [Namibia] 194. Tarachodes 175. Tarachodella monticola Giglio-Tos, 1917 (Tarachodes) brevipennis Werner, 1915 [Cameroon, Congo, Ghana] [Congo] 29. Genus: Tarachodes Burmeister, 1838: International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 7, Issue. 12, Page: 20256-20270 20263 2016-12-29. ISSN 0976-4852. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2016/7/12/93.

195. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) chopardi Giglio- 216. Tarachodes Tos, 1917 [Congo, Tanzania] (Tarachodes) oxynotus tenuis Lombardo, 196. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) circulifer Beier, 1997 [Ethiopea] 1963 [Tanzania] 217. Tarachodes 197. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) perloides Burmeister, 1838 (Tarachodes) circuliferoides Kaltenbach, [Namibia, Transvaal] 1996 [Botswana, Zimbabwe] 218. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) pujoli Roy, 2002 198. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) davidi Werner, [Central Africa Republic] 1929 [Mozambique] 219. Tarachodes 199. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) feae Giglio-Tos, (Tarachodes) rhodesicus Lombardo, 1997 1911 [Congo, Gabon] [Zimbabwe] 200. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) fraterculus Rehn, 220. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) robustus Beier, 1912 [Tanzania] 1930 [Nigeria] 201. Tarachodes 221. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) fuscipennis Sjostedt, 1930 (Tarachodes) rotundiceps Werner, 1907 [Tanzania] [Cameroon, Congo, Gabon] 202. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) gibber Beier, 1954 222. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) sanctus sanctus [Congo] (Saussure, 1871) [Congo, Namibia, 203. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) gigas Sjostedt, Mozambique, Natal, Somalia, Tanzania, 1930 [Namibia] Transvaal, Zimbabwe, Zululand] 204. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) griseus Giglio- 223. Tarachodes Tos, 1911 [Ghana, Mozambique] (Tarachodes) sanctus kibwezianus Giglio- 205. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) haedus Beier, Tos, 1911 [Angola, Congo, Kenya, Namibia, 1957 [Tanzania] Republic South Africa, Somalia, Tanzania, 206. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) insidiator Wood- Zimbabwe] Mason, 1882 [Congo, Kenya, Malawi, 224. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) severini Werner, Tanzania, Transvaal, Zimbabwe] 1915 [Cameroon, Congo] 207. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) karschi Werner, 225. Tarachodes 1907 [Ethiopea, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania] (Tarachodes) taboranus Sjostedt, 1909 208. Tarachodes [Tanzania] (Tarachodes) lucubrans (Burchell, 1822) 226. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) tananus Giglio- [Cape Province, Namibia, Orange Free State, Tos, 1911 [Kenya] Republic South Africa, Transvaal] 227. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) taramassi Giglio- 209. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) maurus (Stal, Tos, 1907 [Kenya] 1856) [Cameroon, Malawi, Mozambique, 228. Tarachodes Natal, Namibia, Tanzania, Transvaal] (Tarachodes) ugandensis Werner, 1912 210. Tarachodes [Uganda] (Tarachodes) monstrosus Giglio-Tos, 1917 229. Tarachodes [Ethiopea, Somalia, Uganda] (Tarachodes) usambaricus Sjostedt, 1909 211. Tarachodes [Tanzania] (Tarachodes) namibiensis Kaltenbach, 1996 230. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) vitreus La Greca, [Namibia] 1950 [Somalia] 212. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) nubifer Sjostedt, 231. Tarachodes 1930 [Namibia] (Tarachodina) basinotatus Beier, 1957 213. Tarachodes [Congo] (Tarachodes) obscuripennis Chopard, 1940 232. Tarachodes [Chad] (Tarachodina) dissimulator Wood-Mason, 214. Tarachodes 1882 [Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory (Tarachodes) okahandyanus Giglio-Tos, Coast, Togo] 1911 [Namibia, Tanzania] 233. Tarachodes 215. Tarachodes (Tarachodes) oxynotus oxynotus (Tarachodina) gerstaeckeri Werner, 1907 La Greca, 1952 [Somalia] International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 7, Issue. 12, Page: 20256-20270 20264 2016-12-29. ISSN 0976-4852. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2016/7/12/93.

[Cameroon, Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory 254. Aethalochroa spinipes Wood-Mason, 1889 Coast] [Pakistan] 234. Tarachodes (Tarachodina) griseus (Giglio- 33. Genus: Oestomantis Giglio-Tos, 1914: Tos, 1927) [South Africa] 235. Tarachodes 255. Oestomantis anoplonotus (Werner, 1933) (Tarachodina) maculisternum Sjostedt, 1900 [Indonesia] [Cameroon] 256. Oestomantis bacillaris Giglio-Tos, 1914 236. Tarachodes [Java] (Tarachodina) natalensis Kaltenbach, 1996 34. Genus: Pareuthyphlebs Werner, 1928: [Natal] 237. Tarachodes (Tarachodina) similis Gillon & 257. Pareuthyphlebs arabica La Greca & Roy, 1968 [Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast] Lombardo, 1983 [Yemen] 258. Pareuthyphlebs occidentalis Werner, 1928 30. Genus: Tarachodula Giglio-Tos, 1917: [Israel] 238. Tarachodula ornata Beier, 1963 [Somalia] 259. Pareuthyphlebs palmonii (Uvarov, 1939) 239. Tarachodula pantherina (Gerstaecker, 1869) [Israel] [Ethiopea, Kenya, Somalia] 260. Pareuthyphlebs popovi Kaltenbach, 1991 [Saudi Arabia] 31. Genus: Tuberculepsus Roy, 2008: 261. Pareuthyphlebs scorteccii La Greca & 240. Tuberculepsus ambrensis Roy & Schütte, Lombardo, 1983 [Yemen] 2010 [Medagascar] 262. Pareuthyphlebs somalica (Beier, 1930) 241. Tuberculepsus analabensis Roy & Schütte, [Somalia] 2010 [Medagascar] 263. Pareuthyphlebs uvarovi La Greca, 1952 242. Tuberculepsus andriai (Paulian, 1961) [Somalia] [Medagascar] 243. Tuberculepsus beieri (Paulian, 1961) Tribe 2: Calamothespini [Medagascar] 35. Genus: Belomantis Giglio-Tos, 1914: 244. Tuberculepsus masoalensis Roy & Schütte, 264. Belomantis helenae Giglio-Tos, 1914 2010 [Medagascar] [Angola, Burkana Faso, Ivory Coast, Togo] 245. Tuberculepsus nigricoxa Roy & Schütte, 2010 [Medagascar] 246. Tuberculepsus orangea Roy & Schütte, 2010 36. Genus: Calamothespis Werner, 1907: [Medagascar] 247. Tuberculepsus tuberculatus (Beier, 1931) 265. Calamothespis adusta Werner, 1907 [Medagascar] [Burkina Faso, Mashonaland, Sudan, Togo, Tanzania] Family 2: Toxoderidae 266. Calamothespis aspoeckorum Roy & Stiewe, Subfamily 1: Toxoderinae 2016 [Namibia] Tribe 1: Aethalochroaini 267. Calamothespis condamini Roy, 1969 [Burkana Faso, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Senegal, 32. Genus: Aethalochroa Wood-Mason, 1877: Togo] 248. Aethalochroa affinis (Wood-Mason, 1889) 268. Calamothespis congica (Giglio-Tos, 1914) [India, Iran, Pakistan, Sri Lanka] [Congo] 249. Aethalochroa afghana Anisyutkin, 2008 269. Calamothespis guineensis Roy & Stiewe, [Afghanistan] 2016 [Guinea] 250. Aethalochroa ashmoliana (Westwood, 1841) 270. Calamothespis kibweziana Roy & Stiewe, [India, Iran, Sri Lanka] 2016 [Kenya] 251. Aethalochroa indica Giglio-Tos, 1914 271. Calamothespis lesnei Roy & Stiewe, 2016 [India] [Mozambique] 252. Aethalochroa insignis Wood-Mason, 1878 272. Calamothespis lineatipennis Werner, 1923 [India] [Namibia] 253. Aethalochroa simplicipes Wood-Mason, 273. Calamothespis nathani Roy & Stiewe, 2016 1878 [India] [Zambia] International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 7, Issue. 12, Page: 20256-20270 20265 2016-12-29. ISSN 0976-4852. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2016/7/12/93.

274. Calamothespis oxyops Rehn, 1927 [Natal] 42. Genus: Toxodera Serville, 1837:

275. Calamothespis prosti Roy & Stiewe, 2016 295. Toxodera beieri Roy, 2009 [Laos, Java, [Burkina Faso] Malaysia, Myanmar, Sumatra]

276. Calamothespis rourei Chopard, 1941 [Chad] 296. Toxodera denticulata Serville, 1837

277. Calamothespis subcornuta La Greca, 1952 [Borneo, China, Laos, Halbinsel Malaysia, [Somalia] Java, Myanmar, Sumatra, Thailand]

278. Calamothespis tanzaniensis Roy & Stiewe, 297. Toxodera fimbriata Werner, 1930 [Borneo, 2016 [Tanzania] Halbinsel Malaysia, Myanmar, Sumatra]

279. Calamothespis taylori La Greca, 1952 298. Toxodera hauseri Roy, 2009 [Java, [Somalia] Malaysia, Thailand]

280. Calamothespis vansoni Roy & Stiewe, 2016 299. Toxodera integrifolia Werner, 1925 [South Africa] [Halbinsel Malaysia, Java, Myanmar,

281. Calamothespis vuattouxi Gillon & Roy, 1968 Thailand] [Ivory Coast] 300. Toxodera maculata Beier, 1913 [Borneo, China, Halbinsel Malaysia, Java, Laos, Tribe 3: Toxoderini Sumatra, Thailand] 37. Genus: Euthyphleps Wood-Mason, 1889: 301. Toxodera maxima Roy, 2009 [Borneo, 282. Euthyphleps curtipes (Westwood, 1889) Malaysia] [India] 302. Toxodera monstrosa Werner, 1930 [Borneo, 283. Euthyphleps rectivenis Wood-Mason, 1889 Sumatra, Nias Island] [India, Nepal] 303. Toxodera pfanneri Roy, 2009 [Laos, 284. Euthyphleps tectiformis Lombardo, 1992 Malaysia] [Afghanistan] 43. Genus: Toxoderella Giglio-Tos, 1914: 38. Genus: Metatoxodera Roy, 2009: 304. Toxoderella fortnumi (Westwood, 1889) 285. Metatoxodera subparallela Roy, 2009 [Australia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sumatra] [Malaysia, Myanmar] 44. Genus: Toxoderopsis Wood-Mason, 1889: 39. Genus: Paratoxodera Wood-Mason, 1889: 305. Toxoderopsis spinigera Wood-Mason, 1889 286. Paratoxodera borneana Beier, 1931 [India, Sri Lanka] [Borneo, Java, Malaysia, Sumatra] 306. Toxoderopsis taurus Wood-Mason, 1889 287. Paratoxodera cornicollis Wood-Mason, [India, Pakistan] 1889 [Java] 288. Paratoxodera gigliotosi Roy, 2009 45. Genus: Toxomantis Giglio-Tos, 1914: [Malaysia] 307. Toxomantis sinensis Giglio-Tos, 1914 289. Paratoxodera marshallae Roy, 2009 [China] [Borneo-Sabah, Sumatra] 308. Toxomantis westwoodi Westwood, 1889 290. Paratoxodera meggitti Uvarov, 1927 [China, [India] Borneo, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sabah] Conclusion: 291. Paratoxodera polyacantha Roy, 2009 [Borneo-Sabah] The distribution pattern of two families of Mantodea: Tarachodidae and Toxoderidae 40. Genus: Protoxodera Roy, 2009: demonstrated that most of the species belongs to 292. Protoxodera monstrosa (Werner, 1930) Tropical ecozone of the world, i.e. countries of [Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra] Africa, southwest Asia and southeast Asia, southwest Europe, and Australia. Out of 309 valid 41. Genus: Stenotoxodera Roy, 2009: species of these families, only 28 species belong 293. Stenotoxodera pluto (Rehn, 1909) [Borneo, to India. Sumatra] 294. Stenotoxodera porioni Roy, 2009 [Borneo, Java, Malaysia]

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