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The Influence of the Industrial Revolution on Nineteenth-Century Literary and Artistic Movements University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2019 The Influence of The Industrial Revolution on Nineteenth-Century Literary and Artistic Movements Warisara Emily Sawin University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the French and Francophone Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Sawin, Warisara Emily, "The Influence of The Industrial Revolution on Nineteenth-Century Literary and Artistic Movements" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1697. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/1697 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Influence of the Industrial Revolution on Nineteenth-Century French Literary and Artistic Movements A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Mississippi Warisara Emily Sawin May 2019 Copyright © 2019 by Warisara Emily Sawin All rights reserved ABSTRACT This is a study of the impact and the influence of the Industrial Revolution on French literary and artistic movements in the nineteenth century. ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the professors of the French Department who have supported and inspired me throughout the process and my many years of study. I will always appreciate all they have done, especially Dr. Sara Wellman for helping me develop my analytical thinking and research writing skills. I dedicate this work and give special thanks to my best friends, Roshan Naran, and Hannah Arrington for being there for me throughout the entire master program. You two have been my best cheerleaders. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this thesis could not have been possible without the assistance of so many people whose names may not all be mentioned. Their contributions are deeply, gratefully, and sincerely appreciated. However, I would like to express my gratitude to the following: I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Sara Wellman, for her care and support. I want to thank the department chair, Dr. Daniel O’Sullivan, as well as Dr. Anne Quinney and Dr. Louise Arrizoli for their endless support and understanding spirit throughout the progress of my thesis. I also take this opportunity to express deep sense of gratitude to all family and relatives, especially to my sister—Jenny Sawin. Last but not least, I would like to thank Kurt Bond and Bahij El Baba for their endless encouragement; as well as my friends and others who have shared their assistance and support, either morally or physically, thank you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii DEDICATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv LIST OF FIGURES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 CHAPTER 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 CHAPTER 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 CHAPTER 3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 CHAPTER 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 CONCLUSION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................107 VISUAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................113 VITA ................................................................................................................................119 v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. The Raft of the Medusa ................................................................................................114 2. Liberty Leading the People ..........................................................................................114 3. The Cellist, Self Portrait ..............................................................................................115 4. The Stone Breakers ......................................................................................................115 5. A Burial at Ornans .......................................................................................................116 6. Gargantua ....................................................................................................................116 7. Rue Transnonain ..........................................................................................................117 8. The Death of Marat ......................................................................................................117 9. Behold our Nuptial Chamber .......................................................................................118 vi Introduction This thesis is a study of the impact and the influence of the Industrial Revolution (1830- 1870) on French literary and artistic movements in the 19th century. I am focusing on socio- economic changes as well as the development of the novel, and how these changes introduced French people to a new way of life and the way in which intellectuals saw the purpose of their works. The Industrial Revolution created a new social identity and made France the core of modernity while it brought forth new revolutionary ideas in terms of art and literature. The thesis explores the way in which the Industrial Revolution changed the purpose of literature and artworks. My thesis is divided into four chapters. Each chapter is focusing a different aspect of 19th century artistic and literary movements, as well as social changes which took place in that time period. The Industrial Revolution gave certain groups of French people access to more wealth and social mobility. With the support of the government during the Second Empire, the bourgeoisie was the group who gained the most profit. While they rose in power and played a significant role in political affairs, members of the working-class were suffering. Besides giving more access to wealth, the revolution also increased the production of books. Machines were able to produce books in mass and several volumes at the same time, which allowed people from different classes to gain access to novels. They became easier to access and were not limited to the members of the Salon: a refined gathering group of intellectuals and privileges elites 1 developed in the 17th century joined together in order to increase knowledge and ideas through conversation. It was very popular during the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789. In order to be published, writers in Neoclassical and Romantic era often had to be approved by the Salon whereas Realists writers wrote for all readers from all social classes. Therefore, a new public began to emerge. My thesis is divided into four chapters. Each chapter focuses on different aspects of 19th century artistic and literary movements, and their connection to social changes that took place in that time period. The first chapter, entitled “The Development of Romanticism and the Novel in the Industrial Era” discusses the impacts of the Industrial Revolution on French Romanticism, as well as the development of novel. These two factors inspired artists and writers to look at the society they lived in differently. The chapter is going to explore the pre-Romantic era writers such as Rousseau and Lamartine, to explore transformation of the relationship between nature and men. The chapter also explores the influence of German culture and literary ideas introduced to French intellectuals by Germaine de Staël as well as the work of Walter Scott, an author who influenced Balzac’s writing style enormously. Furthermore, this chapter also explores the impact of advanced book production which changed the target audience and provided authors and artists a new purpose to write. Lastly, this chapter is going to explore the shift from Romanticism to the rise of Realism toward the end of the chapter as a response to a changing France. Before the development of Romanticism in France, French intellectuals focused mainly on philosophical ideas such as human inner relationship with God as Lamartine stated “J’étais une glace vivante qu’aucune poussière de ce monde n’avait encore ternie, et qui réverbérait 2 l’œuvre de Dieu !”1 in the preface of Méditations Poétiques. He compared himself as one of the creations of God. Pre-romantic literary works of Rousseau and Lamartine focused mainly on nature, philosophy, and human development. Even though, by the beginning of 19th century, Romanticism made its appearance, it still did not get recognized by literary intellectuals. Albert Joseph George points out that “not even the publications of Atala and Génie du Christianisme made conservatives expect that Chateaubriand would become a grand scheme of a new movement.”2 By 1809, Modernism—a new writing style which embodied ideas that focused on nature rather than on nationalism and the importance
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