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I:\ Publikationen\Amerindianresearch\2008-04\193-Cover Coverbild: Powwow: tanzende Lakota; s. Kurzbeitrag auf Seite 244f.; Foto: Günter Macho, s. auch: http://www.gunter-macho.at Backcover: Abbildungen © GRASSI Museum für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig (s. S. 240) printmix herr sickinger am waldrand 8 018209 bad doberan tel.: 038203-739173 Impressum: AmerIndian Research. Zeitschrift für indianische Kulturen von Alaska bis Feuerland. ISSN: 1862-3867 Gegründet im Jahr 2005 von Mario Koch und Rudolf Oeser. Englische Übersetzung der Einleitungen, sofern nicht von den Autoren geliefert, von Robert A. Oeser, Brattleboro, VT (USA). Spanische Übersetzungen, sofern nicht von den Autoren geliefert, von Christian Voggenreiter. Der Beitrag ab S. 226 wurde auf Wunsch des Autors in "alter" Rechtschreibung gedruckt. Die Preisangabe dieser Zeitschrift (inklusive Versand) gilt für Deutschland. Verlag: Dr. Mario Koch (Eigenverlag, nicht im Handelsregister eingetragen), Bergstr. 4, 17213 Fünfseen / OT Rogeez Tel. 039924-2174 (abends), E-Mail: [email protected], Homepage: www.amerindianresearch.de Herausgeber und Chefredakteur: Dr. Mario Koch Satz und Layout: Rudolf Oeser gedruckt bei printmix24, Bad Doberan Redaktionsanschrift: AmerIndian Research, Dr. Mario Koch, Bergstr. 4, 17213 Fünfseen/OT Rogeez Copyright beim Verlag. Für gezeichnete Beiträge liegen die Rechte bei den Autoren, ansonsten beim Verlag. Manuskripteinsendungen müssen frei von Rechten Dritter sein. Keine Haftung für unverlangt eingesandte Beiträge. Kein Teil dieser Zeitschrift darf ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Herausgebers reproduziert werden. Alle gezeichneten Beiträge geben die Meinungen bzw. das Sachwissen der Autoren wieder und müssen nicht der Meinung der Redaktion entsprechen. Bankverbindung: Commerzbank Rostock-Roggentin Konto 190 99 77 01 BLZ 130 400 00 BIC: COBADEFFXXX IBAN: DE47 1304 0000 0190 99 77 01 Liebe Leserinnen und Leser, mit dem vorliegenden 10. Heft können wir ein kleines Jubiläum feiern. Wir wollen an dieser Stelle natürlich vor allem denen danken, die uns mit Rat und Tat unterstützt haben. Unser besonderer Dank gilt hierbei Frau Prof. Ursula Thiemer-Sachse sowie unserer zuverlässigen Druckerei, printmix24, in Bad Doberan. Wir danken aber auch allen Autoren, die fleißig recherchiert und uns mit Beiträgen versorgt haben. Zehn pünktliche Ausgaben von AmerIndian Research stehen für Kontinuität und gelegentliche Äußerungen beweisen uns, dass wir inzwischen zur "festen Größe" unter den fachspezifischen Zeitschriften geworden sind. Wir möchten diese Gelegenheit gern nutzen, Sie als Leser aufzufordern, uns per Mail, Postkarte oder telefonisch Ihre Meinung mitzuteilen: Welche Themen interessieren Sie besonders, was sollte aus Ihrer Sicht am Erscheinungsbild der Zeitschrift geändert werden? Noch ein weiteres Wort in eigener Sache: ohne Geld läuft natürlich nichts. Wir werden den Einzel- und Abo- Preis für AmerIndian Research auch im nächsten Jahr nicht ändern. Das heißt, der Preis für ein Jahresabonnement beträgt weiterhin 25 Euro. Nur unsere Leser außerhalb Deutschlands müssen wegen der Portokosten seit diesem Jahr 8 Euro mehr bezahlen. Für diejenigen unserer Leser in der Schweiz und in Österreich, die jedoch bereits Abonnenten sind, ändert sich nichts. Um den Zahlungsverkehr zu vereinfachen, legen wir diesem Heft eine „Ermächtigung zum Einzug von Forderungen durch Lastschriften“ bei (gilt nur für Leser in Deutschland!). Wer sich einverstanden erklärt, dass wir seinen Abo-Beitrag abbuchen, der möchte diesen Auftrag bitte ausfüllen, unterschreiben und an die Redaktionsadresse senden. Die Abbuchung des Jahresbeitrages erfolgt dann jeweils Anfang Februar, wenn keine anderen Absprachen getroffen werden. Selbstverständlich kann jederzeit ein Rücktritt vom Lastschriftverfahren erfolgen. Wir hoffen, das neue Heft findet Ihr Interesse, und Sie bleiben uns auch im nächsten Jahr treu! Ihr Redaktionsteam Dr. Mario Koch, Herausgeber Inhalt: Lars Frühsorge & Traditionelle Salzgewinnung in San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala: Vorspanische Ulrich Wölfel Wurzeln, religiöse Bedeutung, kulturhistorische Implikationen S. 196 Jörg Ludwig Indianische Arbeitskräfte in der Indigoproduktion Mittelamerikas im 16./17. Jahrhundert S. 204 Stephan Augustin Inuit und Yupik – Eskimo-Sammlungen und Ausstellung im Völkerkundemuseum Herrnhut S. 211 Lysann Schneider AYAHUASCA – kein bunter Zauber. Ein ethnographischer Selbstversuch. S. 222 Jan Henrik Holst Geschichte der Klassifikationen der nordamerikanischen Indianersprachen S. 226 Kurzbeiträge UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe: Teotihuacán, Mexiko S. 238 Die Amerikas - Lebenswelten vom Eismeer bis nach Feuerland. Teil der Dauerausstellung "Rundgänge in einer Welt" ab 28.11.2008 im GRASSI Museum für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig S. 240 Richard Erdoes verstorben S. 242 WINTERPROJEKT: Pine Ridge Reservat Winter 2008/2009 S. 243 Kurzer Bericht einer Studienreise nach Pine Ridge, 2008 S. 244 Barack Obama, der neue Präsident der USA S. 248 Rezensionen S. 249 Außerdem finden Sie Informationen zu aktuellen Ausstellungen. Lars Frühsorge & Ulrich Wölfel Traditionelle Salzgewinnung in San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala Traditionelle Salzgewinnung in San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala: Vorspanische Wurzeln, religiöse Bedeutung, kulturhistorische Implikationen Lars Frühsorge & Ulrich Wölfel In der Chuj-Gemeinde von San Mateo Ixtatán im nordwestlichen Hochland Guatemalas hat sich eine Salzproduktion erhalten, deren Wurzeln bis in die vorspanische Zeit zurückreichen. Als ein zentrales Symbol lokaler Religion und Identität ist das Salz Gegenstand von Ritualen und mündlichen Überlieferungen, die von seinem übernatürlichen Ursprung und einem Krieg um die Salinen berichten. Diese Traditionen werden mit historischen und archäologischen Quellen in Zusammenhang gesetzt, um die kulturgeschichtliche Entwicklung in der Region nachzuvollziehen. Ausgehend von der Annahme, dass die historischen Um- stände ein langfristiges Überleben traditioneller religiöser Elemente ermöglichten, präsentieren wir in diesem Artikel eine These zum Zusammenhang zwischen Religion und Produktion in vorspanischer Zeit. In the Chuj-Mayan community of San Mateo Ixtatán in northwestern Highland Guatemala there is a traditional salt-production with pre-Hispanic roots. As a symbol of local identity and religion the salt is subject to various rituals and histories about its supernatural origin and an ancient war over the salines. These and other aspects of traditional culture can be related to archaeological and historical sources. Based upon the hypothesis that favorable historical circumstances permitted the long term transmission of traditional religious elements, we present a theory about the relationship between religion and production in pre-Hispanic times. En la comunidad Maya-Chuj de San Mateo Ixtatán (Huehuetenango, Guatemala) hay una producción de sal con raíces en la época pre-colonial. Sirviendo como símbolo religioso de la identidad local, la sal tiene un papel importante en ceremonias. Cuentos tradicionales naran del orígen de la sal y una gran guerra sobre las minas. Relacionado con fuentes arqueológicos e históricos argumentamos que ciertas dinamicas históricas facilitaron la superviviencia de elementos tradicionales que permiten la reconstrucción hipotética de un modelo para la relación entre religión y producción en el mundo pre-Hispanico. Einleitung mit Stockfisch. Auch für die Region Mesoamerika wird von der Existenz einer ritual economy (Wells & Davis- Der Zugang zu Rohstoffen, Produktion und Han- Salazar 2007) ausgegangen, in der sich Produktion und del sind zentrale Voraussetzungen in kulturhistorischen Religion gegenseitig bedingten. Heute wird es jedoch Entwicklungsprozessen weltweit. Allerdings können zunehmend schwieriger, Reste jener nichtwestlichen auch kulturelle Faktoren ihrerseits wirtschaftliche Ent- Denkweisen zu finden, die Rückschlüsse auf vergange- wicklungen beeinflussen. So führten im mittelalterli- ne Wirtschaftsformen zulassen. Eine solche Gelegen- chen Europa katholische Fastenvorschriften zum wirt- heit bietet sich unserer Ansicht nach in der Gemeinde schaftlichen Aufstieg Skandinaviens durch den Handel von San Mateo Ixtatán, die am nördlichen Rand der Gebirgskette der Cuchumatanes im nordwestlichen Hochland Guatemalas liegt. Die dortige Chuj- Bevölkerung, eine Gruppe von Sprechern einer Maya- sprache, betreibt eine Form der Salzgewinnung, die von zentraler Bedeutung für die Identität und traditio- nelle Religion des Ortes ist, und deren Wurzeln bis in vorspanische Zeit zurückreichen. Der vorliegende Bei- trag beruht auf Beobachtungen während zweier Besu- che im Jahr 2006 und einer ethnoarchäologischen Feld- forschung im Sommer 2007, bei der archäologische Stätten und mündliche Überlieferungen in der Region dokumentiert wurden. Die Salzproduktion von San Mateo Ixtatán und ihre vorspanischen Wurzeln Schon der heutige Ortsname der Gemeinde belegt eine lange Tradition der dortigen Salzproduktion. Ixta- Karte von Guatemala und dem Departamento Huehuete- tán bedeutet in der aztekischen Sprache Nahuatl soviel nango mit Sprachen. wie "Ort des Salzes". Wie viele andere solcher Topo- AmerIndian Research, Bd. 3/4 (2008), Nr. 10 196 Lars Frühsorge & Ulrich Wölfel Traditionelle Salzgewinnung in San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala Das Tal mit den Salzquellen. Chuj-Frauen transportieren das Salzwasser in den Ort. nyme geht dieser Name wahrscheinlich auf die zen- Nach Zahlung einer geringen Gebühr an die Gemein- tralmexikanischen Hilfstruppen der spanischen Con- deverwaltung schöpfen sie das salzige Wasser mit gro- quistadoren zurück. Ob es sich dabei um eine
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