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On the Origin of the Different Mayan Calendars Thomas Chanier On the origin of the different Mayan Calendars Thomas Chanier To cite this version: Thomas Chanier. On the origin of the different Mayan Calendars. 2014. hal-01018037v1 HAL Id: hal-01018037 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01018037v1 Submitted on 3 Jul 2014 (v1), last revised 14 Jan 2015 (v3) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. On the origin of the different Mayan Calendars T. Chanier∗1 1 Department of Physics, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium The Maya were known for their astronomical proficiency. Whereas Mayan mathematics were based on a vigesimal system, they used a different base when dealing with long periods of time, the Long Count Calendar (LCC), composed of different Long Count Periods: the Tun of 360 days, the Katun of 7200 days and the Baktun of 144000 days. There were three other calendars used in addition to the LCC: a civil year Haab’ of 365 days, a religious year Tzolk’in of 260 days and a 3276- day cycle (combination of the 819-day Kawil cycle and 4 colors-directions). Based on astronomical arguments, we propose here an explanation of the origin of the LCC, the Tzolk’in and the 3276-day cycle. The study provides new evidences on the astronomical knowledge of the Maya. The Maya had a very elaborate and accurate Long the Tzolk’in, which has been associated with various as- Count Calendar (LCC) that was used to pinpoint his- tronomical cycles. Three Tzolk’in correspond to Mars torical events from a selected beginning time. The small- synodic period, 16 Tzolk’in equal 11 of Saturn synodic est unit of time is the day (Kin); 20 Kin form a Winal, periods (+2 days), and 23 Tzolk’in are equivalent to 15 18 Winal form a Tun (360 Kin), 20 Tun form a Katun Jupiter synodic periods (-5 days).2 It has been tentatively (7200 Kin), and 20 Katun form a Baktun (144000 Kin). connected to the eclipse half-year (173.31 days) because 2 The LCC represents a date D as a set of coefficients Tzolk’in are very close to 3 eclipse half-years.3 Finally, it (Ci,...,C3,C2,C1,C0) such that: D = C0 + C1 × 20 + has been noted that the Tzolk’in approximates the length n i−1 4 Pi=2 Ci × 18 × 20 with C0 = mod(D,20), C1 = of time Venus is visible as a morning or evening star. i int(mod(D,360)/20) and Ci = int(mod(D, 18 × 20 )/(18 However, these interpretations fail to link the Tzolk’in × 20i−1) for i> 1. The day count usually restarts when to the LCPs. The Kawil cycle has been attributed to 5,6 C4 reaches 13, such as the date is given as a set of 5 co- the observation of Jupiter and Saturn because 19 (6) efficients: D ≡ mod(D, 13 × 144000) = C4.C3.C2.C1.C0. Kawil correspond to 39 (13) Jupiter (Saturn) synodic pe- The Maya used three other independent calendars: a reli- riod. Four numbers of possible astronomical significance gious year (Tzolk’in), a civil year (Haab’) and a 3276-day have been discovered on the walls of a residential struc- cycle. One Tzolk’in of 260 days comprised 13 months ture in Xultun, Guatemala and have been dated from (numerated from 1 to 13) containing 20 named days the early 9th century CE. The Xultun numbers are given (Imix, Ik, Akbal, Kan, Chicchan, Cimi, Manik, Lamat, in Table I. They are such that X1 = 365 × 3276 and Muluc, Oc, Chuen, Eb, Ben, Ix, Men, Cib, Caban, Et- X3 = X2 + 2X0. znab, Cauac, and Ahau). One Haab’ of 365 days com- prised 18 named months (Pop, Uo, Zip, Zotz, Tzec, Xul, Xi LCC D [day] Xi/56940 Yaxkin, Mol, Chen, Yax, Zac, Ceh, Mac, Kankin, Muan, X0 2.7.9.0.0 341640 6 X Pax, Kayab, and Cumku) with 20 days each (Winal) 1 8.6.1.9.0 1195740 21 X plus 1 extra month (Uayeb) with 5 nameless days. The 2 12.5.3.3.0 1765140 31 X Tzolk’in and the Haab’ coincide every 73 Tzolk’in or 52 3 17.0.1.3.0 2448420 43 Haab’ or a Calendar Round. Their least common multi- 7 TABLE I. Xultun numbers Xi. 56940 = LCM(365,780) is ple (LCM) is 73 × 260 = 52 × 365 = 18980 days. In the their largest common divisor. Calendar Round, a date is represented by αXβY with the religious month 1 ≤ α ≤ 13, X one of the 20 re- ligious days, the civil day 0 ≤ β ≤ 19, and Y one of the 18 civil months, 0 ≤ β ≤ 4 for the Uayeb. According This paper explains a possible origin of the LCPs, the to the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson (GMT) correlation religious year Tzolk’in and the relationship between the to the Gregorian calendar, which is based on historical Kawil cycle and the 4 colors-directions. This new in- facts, the Mayan Calendar began on 11 August 3114 BC terpretation, based on the periodic movements of the or 0(13).0.0.0.0, 4 Ahau 8 Cumku and ended on 21 De- planets in the night sky, gives rise to different day cy- cember 2012. This corresponds to a 13 Baktun cycle or cles that have been identified in the Maya Codices and a period of approximately 5125 years. The 3276-day cy- monuments. Attempts are made to provide a meaning cle is a combination of the Kawil, a 819-day cycle, and a to the Xultun numbers. The study shows that Mayan 4-day cycle corresponding to the 4 colors-directions. astronomers knew the synodic periods of all the planets of the Solar System visible to the naked eye: Mercury, The origin of the Long Count Periods (LCPs) is un- Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. known. A common assumption is the desire of the cal- The Maya were known for their astronomical skills as endar keeper to maintain the Tun in close agreement exemplified by the Dresden Codex, a bark-paper book with the tropical/solar year of approximately 365.24 of the 11th or 12th century CE. On page 24 of this days.1 There is no consensus concerning the origin of Codex is written the so-called Long Round number noted 2 Planet P [day] Prime factorization structure. Mercury 116 22 × 29 3 Venus 584 2 × 73 Name i Ci [day] Pi Di Earth 365 5 × 73 N 6 - 018 /13/73/ P0 Ci 18 Mars 780 22 × 3 × 5 × 13 N 5 Tun 1360 /13/73/ P0 Ci 360 × × 4 Jupiter 399 3 7 19 N i 3 Katun 27200 /13/73/ P0 C 7215 Saturn 378 2 × 3 × 7 N 3 Baktun 3 144000 /13/73/ P0 Ci 144304 Lunar 177 3 × 59 N 2 Pictun 4 2880000 /13/73/ P0 Ci 2886428 senesters 178 2 × 89 1 Calabtun 5 57600000 N /13/73/ P Ci 57866020 Pentalunex 148 22 × 37 0 Kinchiltun 6 1152000000 N /13/73/C0 1215186420 8,9 TABLE II. Planet cycles and their prime factorizations. TABLE III. Divisibility of N = 20757814426440 days by a 6−i polynomial expression of the type Pi = 13 × 73 × (Pn 18 × n =0 20 ). Di = int(N /Pi). 9.9.16.0.0 in the LCC or 1366560 days, a whole multiple of the Tzolk’in, the Haab’, the Calendar Round, the Tun, Venus and Mars synodic periods: LR = 1366560 = 5256 Table IV gives the coincidence of the 338-day period × 260 = 3744 × 365 = 72 × 18980 = 3796 × 360 = with the LCPs, as well as the Tzolk’in and the 234-day 2340 × 584 = 1752 × 780. Only the moon, Mercury, period. As described earlier, the Tun and 338-day period Venus, Earth (solar year), Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are coincide every 60840 days, or 234 Tzolk’in. The 338-day visible to the naked eye. Their respective mean synodic period also coincides with the Winal every 3380 days, periods are given in Table II. Evidences have been found corresponding to 13 Tzolk’in, a cycle that does not coin- in different Mayan Codices that Mayan astronomers ob- cide with the 234-day period. Rather, the 234-day period served the periodic movements in the night sky of Mer- coincides with the Winal every 2340 days or 9 Tzolk’in = cury, Venus, and Mars, but it is unclear whether they 9 × 260 = LCM(9,13,20). This 2340-day cycle is present tracked the movements of Jupiter and Saturn.10 The pe- in the Dresden Codex on pages D30c-D33c and has been riods relevant for the prediction of solar/lunar eclipses are attributed to a Venus-Mercury almanac because 2340 = the pentalunex of 148 days (5 Moon synodic periods of 20 × 117 = 5 × 585 is an integer multiple of Mercury 29.53 days) and the lunar semesters of 177 or 178 days (6 and Venus mean synodic periods (+1 day).11 Another Moon synodic periods), which are the time intervals be- explanation may be of divination origin because 117 = 9 tween subsequent eclipse warning stations present in the × 13.
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