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Urban food security and contemporary Istanbul: Gardens, bazaars and the countryside Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Kaldjian, Paul Jeremy Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 17:59:23 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284149 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter lace, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of ttie copy submitted. 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Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 URBAN FOOD SECURITY AND CONTEMPORARY ISTANBUL: GARDENS, BAZAARS AND THE COUNTRYSIDE By Paul J. Kaldjian Copyright © Paul Jeremy Kaldjian 2000 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN GEOGRAPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2000 UMI Number 9972091 Copyright 2000 by Kaldjian, Paul Jeremy All rights reserved. __ . <S]i UMI UMI Microform9972091 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company. Ail rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of Che Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Paul Jeremy Kaldjian entitled Urban Food Security and Contemporary Istanbul; Gardens, Bazaars and the Countryside and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dr. Michael Bonine Date ^Dr.Diana Uivdrman Dat*' ' Charles Hutchinson Date Datf/'' Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Disse^ation Director Dr. Michael Bonine Date J STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation was made possible with the help and support of many people and organizations. To duly thank them all would be impossible. Still, at the risk of omitting major contributors, I must thank some by name. My fieldwork was made possible by a research fellowship from the American Research Institute in Turkey (ARIT), with additional support through a Graduate Research Grant from the Social and Behavioral Sciences Research Institute, University of Arizona. I would especially like to thank ARIT's Istanbul Director, Tony Greenwood, and his staff for their encouragement and help with a wide variety of tasks in Istanbul, and people like Caroline Finkel for their friendship and ongoing interest in my project. Countless Istanbullus made my field year personally rewarding and academically meaningful. From the Cideli bostancis who gave me open access to their gardens and the numerous officials who entrusted me with records and information to the many citizens that opened unexpected doors and shared tea, food and personal stories, I am indebted. Examples from among them include: Seyid and his wife, from Sivas, the first bostancis 1 interviewed; Servet Ye§ilyurt, for his help as my field translator and, more importantly, for his fnendship; Muazzez Garibagaoglu, docent at the <^apa Medical Faculty, for the invaluable contribution she and her interviewees made to my project; Dmitri Bey and others of the Istanbul Tohum Magazasi for introductions to their operations and customers; Faruk Bey and the helpful staff of the Istanbul Pazarcilar Esnafr Odasi for insights into the institutional side of Istanbul's neighborhood bazaars; to gracious people like Mehmet, for keeping me primed with tea while working; the honorable Ahmet Bey, agriculturalist and former mayor of Istanbul, for showing me around his fields and orchards in Yalova, and serving a fine lunch; our neighbors in Bakirkoy for the warmth and generosity that they showed our family, and their living example of the Anatolian concept of kom^u hakki; officials at organizations such as Istanbul Halk Ekmek and Uluslararasi Anadolu ve Trakya Otobiis^iiler Demegi for helping and appreciating my research efforts despite not really being sure about my project and its intentions; and, for all the others who, in many capacities, went out of their way to be helpfiil and friendly. At the University of Arizona, I must thank the members of my dissertation committee - Dr. Charles Hutchinson, Dr. Mark Langworthy, Dr. Diana Liverman, and Dr. Emily Young - for their help in the accomplishment of this dissertation. The contribution from each has been critical and is valued. Specifically, I want to express my appreciation to Dr. Michael Bonine - teacher, colleague, friend and chair of my committee - for his untiring support and encouragement throughout the course of my studies at the University of Arizona. Every doctoral student should have a mentor so dedicated to his students. Finally, little of this dissertation would have been possible without the commitment of my wife, Meg Nord. Her support and willful participation in this adventure has been a blessing. I trust that she finds the endeavor to have been worth it. The proof will be in the pudding, or the tavukgogsti, as the case may be. DEDICATION To Meg. And to Mami and Anne, our magnum opera. And to Movses and Maija, my parents, for living the love of learning and of all people. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 10 LIST OF TABLES 11 ABSTRACT 14 CHAPTER I; FOOD SECURITY AND ISTANBUL 16 Introduction 16 Theoretical and Conceptual Background 24 Research Objectives 26 Methods, Methodologies and Data 35 Interviews and Surveys 44 Other Interviews and Observations 51 Contextual Data and Information 52 Field Study Site 54 Dissertation Outline 55 CHAPTER II: UNDERSTANDING URBAN FOOD SECURITY 59 Introduction 59 Urban Food Security 66 Introduction to Food Security 66 Concepts in Food Security 68 The Entitlement Approach 72 Applications of the Entitlement Approach 75 Urban Applications 81 Urban Political Ecology 87 Introduction to Cultural and Political Ecology 87 The Urbanization of Political Ecology 92 Urban Food Systems 105 Introduction to Food Systems 105 Conceptualizing an Urban Food System 113 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued CHAPTER III: THE SMALLHOLDER IN TURKISH AGRICULTURE: OBSTACLE OR OPPORTUNITY 119 Introduction 119 Overview of Smallholder Production 124 Characteristics of the Peasant Smallholder 124 Scale (of Production) 125 Scale and Self-sufficiency 130 Turkish Agriculture, Smallholders and Productivity 133 Agricultural Setting 133 Distribution of Agricultural Production in Turkey 134 The Turkish Smallholder 140 Market Participation 145 Migration 150 Productivity and the Smallholder 152 Persistence of the Small Farm 155 Fragmentation of Farms in Turkey 159 Regional Variation 161 Conclusion 168 CHAPTER IV: ISTANBUL'S CHANGING SOCIAL CONTEXT 174 Introduction 174 The Demographics of Istanbul 178 The Population of Istanbul 178 Education and Literacy 185 Internal and Rural-to-Urban Migration 188 Socioeconomic Setting 197 Housing and Informal Housing in Istanbul 197 Social fabric and Social Capital 206 Labor and Employment 213 Poverty in Istanbul 221 Food Prices, Supply, and Access in Istanbul 228 Food Policy 233 Conclusion 240 CHAPTER V: ISTANBUL'S BOSTANGARDENS 242 Introduction. 242 Historical Boston Production in Istanbul 246 Contemporary Bostans and