Parasites As Biological Tags for Stock Identification of Blackspot Seabream, Pagellus Bogaraveo, in Portuguese Northeast Atlantic Waters
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SCIENTIA MARINA 77(4) December 2013, 607-615, Barcelona (Spain) ISSN: 0214-8358 doi: 10.3989/scimar.03859.17A Parasites as biological tags for stock identification of blackspot seabream, Pagellus bogaraveo, in Portuguese northeast Atlantic waters MARGARIDA HERMIDA 1,2, CRISTINA CRUZ 1,2 and AURÉLIA SARAIVA 1,2 1 Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] 2 CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. SUMMARY: In this study the following parasites were selected as biological tags for the identification of blackspot sea- bream (Pagellus bogaraveo) stocks in the northeast Atlantic: Diphterostomum vividum (Digenea: Zoogonidae), Anisakis sim- plex s.l., A. physeteris, Anisakis sp. PB-2010 (Nematoda: Anisakidae), and Bolbosoma sp. (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae). These parasite species point to the existence of three blackspot seabream stocks in the northeast Atlantic: one in the Azores region (ICES Area X), one in continental Portuguese shelf/slope waters (ICES Area IXa), and one in the waters around Ma- deira (sub-area 1.2 of FAO 34, central-eastern Atlantic). Keywords: parasites, biological tags, populations, stocks, northeast Atlantic, blackspot seabream, Pagellus bogaraveo. RESUMEN: Parásitos como marcadores biológicos para la identificación de stocks del besugo, PAGELLUS BOGA- RAVEO, en aguas portuguesas de Atlántico nordeste. – En este estudio se seleccionaron especies de parásitos como marcadores biológicos para la identificación de las poblaciones de besugo (Pagellus bogaraveo) del Atlántico nordeste: Diphterostomum vividum (Digenea: Zoogonidae), Anisakis simplex s.l., A. physeteris, Anisakis sp. PB-2010 (Nematoda: Anisakidae), y Bolbosoma sp. (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae). Estas especies de parásitos indican la existencia de tres poblaciones distintas de besugo en el Atlántico nordeste: una en la región de los Azores (ICES Zona X), otra en la plataforma/ talud continental portugués (ICES Zona IXa), y una tercera en las aguas adyacentes a la isla de Madeira (Subzona 1.2 de la FAO 34, Atlántico centro-este). Palabras clave: parásitos, marcadores biológicos, poblaciones, stocks, Atlántico nordeste, besugo, Pagellus bogaraveo. INTRODUCTION collapse of the Cantabrian Sea stock (Lorance 2011). At present, the most important grounds for commercial The blackspot seabream, Pagellus bogaraveo fisheries of blackspot seabream are the waters around (Brünnich, 1768), is a benthopelagic sparid fish that the Azores archipelago (ICES Area X). occurs in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Little is known about the population structure of this Sea, mostly on the continental shelf break and slope, important sparid fish in the northeast Atlantic. Studies on seamounts and around islands, at depths of up to of mitochondrial DNA markers show that P. bogara- 800 m (Spedicato et al. 2002, Menezes et al. 2006). veo exhibits an exceptionally low genetic variability, It is a slow-growing and relatively long-lived species, consistent with the occurrence of a past bottleneck with a protandric hermaphroditic reproductive system. (Bargelloni et al. 2003, Stockley et al. 2005, Lemos et All these features render it particularly vulnerable to al. 2006), which has been estimated to have happened fishing pressure, which indeed has already caused the in the late Pleistocene, a period characterized by strong 608 • M. Hermida et al. climate change (Patarnello et al. 2007). Stockley et al. (2005), however, point out that recent effects of fish- ing, especially the reduction in the number of females, could also have contributed to the low diversity in the mitochondrial genome. A study using microsatellite markers found no sig- nificant genetic differentiation between Mediterranean and Atlantic blackspot seabream populations along the European continental shelf/slope, which might be due to the absence of strong barriers to gene flow (Piñera et al. 2007), whereas a morphological study detected some variation in morphometric features between populations, but no geographical gradient to this vari- ation (Palma and Andrade 2004). Within the northeast Atlantic significant, albeit low, genetic variation has been detected in the mitochondrial D-loop region and microsatellite markers between populations from mainland Portuguese waters and the Azores (Stockley et al. 2005; Lemos et al. 2006). Identifying stocks is of primary interest to fisher- ies management because population dynamics such as recruitment and the response to fishing pressure can operate independently on individual stocks (Waldman 1999). Though at first sight there appear to be less con- spicuous barriers in the ocean than in other ecosystems, marine fish can exhibit a complex population structure (Abaunza et al. 2008). In some cases, such as when recent recolonization has occurred after an evolution- ary bottleneck event, population structure may be ef- fectively invisible to the most commonly used genetic markers; in such cases, using an additional non-genetic approach, such as biological tagging, can enhance resolution (Waldman 1999). Parasitological approaches can be excellent indica- tors of stock separation (Pawson and Jennings 1996). Fig. 1. – A, map of the north-east Atlantic with ICES divisions; B, sampling localities on the Portuguese mainland coast (M, Matosin- Parasites can be used as biological tags since their geo- hos; F, Figueira da Foz; P, Peniche; S, Sagres) and islands (Mad, graphic ranges are limited by the abiotic and ecological Madeira; Az, Azores). conditions that permit their development and comple- tion of their life cycles. The principle of the method stocks in the study area. The main aim of this paper is is that a fish can only become infected with a parasite to provide additional information that will complement when entering its endemic range (MacKenzie and genetic studies, in order to achieve a better understand- Abaunza, 2005). In order to qualify as an appropriate ing of the population structure of blackspot seabream in biological tag, a parasite must be present with different northeastern Atlantic waters. infection levels in the fish host within the study area, must remain in the host for long periods of time (usu- MATERIALS AND METHODS ally more than a year), and should not cause serious pathology or alter its host’s behaviour (MacKenzie and A comprehensive study on the metazoan parasite Abaunza 1998, 2005). fauna of blackspot seabream in the north-east Atlantic Due to the almost complete lack of information on was carried out from 2009 to 2011. A total of 348 fish the parasite fauna of blackspot seabream in the northeast were obtained from commercial catches, including the Atlantic Ocean, a comprehensive survey was carried archipelagos of Madeira (56 specimens) and the Azores out in the study area, in order to permit selection of ap- (86), and four localities on the Portuguese mainland coast: propriate parasite tags, as recommended by MacKenzie Matosinhos (42), Figueira da Foz (92), Peniche (42) and and Abaunza (2005). Here we select appropriate parasite Sagres (30) (Fig. 1). Sampling was carried out during the tags for the study of P. bogaraveo populations, follow- spring/summer and autumn/winter periods, except at Sa- ing the criteria outlined in Lester (1990), MacKenzie and gres where only spring/summer samples were obtained. Abaunza (1998, 2005), and further clarified by Lester Fish were dissected and observed for the presence and MacKenzie (2009). We then proceed to analyse that of metazoan parasites according to routine parasitolog- information with a view to identifying P. bogaraveo ical techniques. All parasites detected were collected, SCI. MAR., 77(4), December 2013, 607-615. ISSN 0214-8358 doi: 10.3989/scimar.03859.17A Parasites of blackspot seabream as biological tags • 609 Table 1. – Prevalence of parasites of Pagellus bogaraveo from Portuguese waters and statistically significant differences between localities and/or regions detected by chi-square test (similar letters indicate no statistical differences). Ectoparasite results previously in Hermida et al. (2013); gastrointestinal parasites in Hermida et al. (in press). Matosinhos Figueira da Foz Peniche Sagres Total Madeira Azores Significant Parasites (N = 42) (N = 92) (N = 42) (N = 30) Mainland (N = 56) (N= 86) Overall differences MYXOSPOREA Ceratomyxa sp. 2.4 0.0 4.8 3.3 1.9 1.8 0.0 1.4 MONOGENEA Choricotyle chrysophryi 4.8 1.1 2.4 6.7 2.9 0.0 0.0 1.7 Lamellodiscus virgula 9.5 2.2 11.9 30.0 9.7 1.8 1.2 6.3 b ab a 3 reg: p=0.007 DIGENEA Accacladocoelium petasiporum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.3 Brachyenteron helicoleni 7.1 1.1 23.8 10.0 8.3 0.0 0.0 4.9 Derogenes varicus 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.2 0.9 Diphterostomum vividum 14.3 17.4 23.8 23.3 18.9 8.9 0.0 12.6 ab ab b ab a c 6 loc: p=0.000 a a b 3 reg: p= 0.000 Glomericirrus macrouri 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 Hemiurus communis 4.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 Hemiuridae gen. sp. 0.0 1.1 0.0 3.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 Lecithocladium excisum 9.5 29.3 7.1 26.7 20.4 0.0 1.2 12.4 ab c bd ac b e de 6 loc: p=0.000 a a 3 reg: p=0.000 Lepocreadium album 7.1 10.9 2.4 0.0 6.8 0.0 1.2 4.3 Opecoelidae gen. sp. 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 Pachycreadium carnosum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.2 0.6 Pycnadenoides senegalensis 2.4 3.3 11.9 0.0 4.4 0.0 1.2 2.9 CESTODA Tetraphyllidea gen.