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PDF Download ANTHROPOS 102.2007: 515–529 Quo vadis Fidschi? Ein multikultureller Staat zwischen ethnischen Spannungen und traditionellen Rivalitäten Dominik E. Schieder Abstract. – In 1987, two coups d’état took place in Fiji, which is führten traditionelle Rivalitäten zwischen einzelnen a multicultural state characterized by two leading ethnic groups. Häuptlingstümern, die nach dem zweiten Staats- These are the Fijians, who are the original Melanesians, and the streich wieder vehement aufbrachen, zu einer ver- Indo-Fijians, who are the descendants of plantation workers and free immigrants from India during the colonial period. The goal stärkten Destabilisierung. Im Jahre 2000 erschüt- of the insurgencies was to reinforce the Paramountcy of Fijian terte ein dritter Staatsstreich, der sich in einigen Interests. Until now the Indo-Fijians fight for equal rights. The Belangen maßgeblich von den beiden ersten un- Fijians themselves are also divided along traditional rivalries. terschied, das Land. Hiervon hat sich Fidschi bis The aftermath of colonial times led to a third coup in the year 2000. In 2006 new tensions between the government and the Fiji heute nicht erholt. Die Regierung um den Premier- Military Forces broke out. Six years after the last political crisis minister Laisena Quarase hat zu Beginn des neu- Fiji is standing on the edge of another conflict. [Oceania, Fiji, en Jahrtausends versucht, die ethnische Gruppe der crisis, ethnic conflicts, traditional rivalries, colonial history] Fidschianer hinter ihrer Partei zu vereinen. Indo- Fidschianer wurden hierbei aus Regierungsbelan- Dominik E. Schieder, M. A. (Bayreuth 2006), Studium der Ethnologie, Soziologie und Religionswissenschaft. Doktorand gen maßgeblich ausgeschlossen. Die Wahlen 2006 im Internationalen Promotionsprogramm “Kulturbegegnungen – waren mehr denn je geprägt durch eine Politik der Cultural Encounters – Rencontres Culturelles” an der Universi- strikten ethnischen Trennung. Die amtierende Re- tät Bayreuth. gierungspartei blieb im Amt. Das Angebot Quara- 1 Politische und gesellschaftliche Instabilität 1 Die Fidschi-Inseln befinden sich an der Schnittstelle der bei- den pazifischen Großräume Melanesien und Polynesien. Sie als Folgen der Kolonialzeit besitzen eine Gesamtfläche von ca. 18.500 km2, wobei die beiden Hauptinseln Viti Levu und Vanua Levu etwa 87 % Im Jahre 1987 waren die Fidschi-Inseln1 Schau- der Landmasse ausmachen. Im Jahre 2004 umfasste die Ge- platz der beiden ersten Staatsstreiche des Pazifiks. samtbevölkerung ca. 881.000 Personen, verteilt auf 51 % Ziel war die Wiederherstellung der politischen und Fidschianer, 44 % Indo-Fidschianer und 5 % andere Natio- nalitäten. Global gesehen ist Fidschi ein Kleinstaat, regional gesellschaftlichen Vormachtstellung der Fidschia- gesehen ein Hauptverkehrsknotenpunkt von wirtschaftlicher ner. Der multiethnische Staat ist geprägt durch und politischer Bedeutung. zwei nahezu gleich große Bevölkerungsgruppen, 2 Mit der Zuschreibung “Fidschianer” ist im Folgenden der Fidschianer auf der einen, Indo-Fidschianer auf melanesische Teil der Bevölkerung gemeint. Im Text wird 2 der Begriff “Inder” für jene Teile der Bevölkerung benutzt, der anderen Seite. Die beiden Gruppen besitzen die als Kontraktarbeiter und später als Geschäftsleute, Ärzte unterschiedliche kulturelle Wurzeln und leben bis und Anwälte nach Fidschi kamen. “Indo-Fidschianer” sind heute relativ isoliert voneinander. Darüber hinaus die Nachfahren dieser Immigranten. https://doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2007-2-515 Generiert durch IP '170.106.33.19', am 29.09.2021, 09:54:42. Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig. 516 Dominik E. Schieder ses, eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zu bil- dete Matrosen oder um entflohene Häftlinge aus den, konnte jedoch nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen, New South Wales. Diese traten als Innovatoren im dass nach wie vor Fidschianer eine nominelle Al- Rahmen des Kulturwandels auf (Bargatzky 1978, leinherrschaft im Land besitzen. 1980), wenngleich schon hinzuzufügen ist, dass Mitte des Jahres 2006 verstärkten sich die Span- die Meinungen über den Umfang und die Art der nungen zwischen der Regierung Quarases und dem Einflussnahme dieser einzelnen Fremden stark di- Militär um Commodore Frank Voreqe Bainimara- vergieren.3 Die ersten entflohenen Strafgefange- ma, der schon im Jahre 2005 die Korruption und nen und Schiffbrüchigen, wie der Schwede Kalle den Nepotismus des Staatsapparates angeprangert Svensson (Charles Savage of Bau), ließen sich hatte. Darüber hinaus warf er Quarase das Schüren 1804 in Bau und Rewa nieder. Sie lebten unter dem ethnischer Spannungen vor. Diese Anschuldigun- Schutz der Häuptlinge, denen sie im Gegenzug ihre gen wurden nach der Wiederwahl der Regierung Unterstützung in den tribalen Konflikten zusagten. erneut aufgeworfen. Am 5. 12. 2006 vollzog das Ihre Zahl blieb jedoch gering, da sie sich in perma- Militär einen unblutigen Staatsstreich der bis dato nenten Streitereien untereinander und in Konflikten anhält. mit Einheimischen dezimierten.4 Im Folgenden soll aufgezeigt werden, dass sich Diese einzelnen Fremden ebneten in der Folge- die Ursachen der Ereignisse der letzten knapp zeit den Weg für die Mission sowie für europäische zwanzig Jahre schon in kolonialer und vorkolo- Händler und Siedler. Nachdem die Nachricht über nialer Zeit finden lassen. Durch die Maßnahmen die reichhaltigen Sandelholzvorkommen in New der britischen Kolonialverwaltung kam es zwischen South Wales, New England und Kalkutta bekannt 1874 und 1970 zu schwerwiegenden gesellschaft- wurde, strömten eine Reihe von Strandräubern und lichen Wandlungsprozessen, die in ihrer Summe Händlern nach Fidschi, die Abholzungsrechte im nach der Unabhängigkeit zu weit reichenden Pro- Tausch gegen Äxte, Schmuck und später Feuerwaf- blemen für die fidschianische Gesellschaft führten. fen erwarben. Gerade durch den Einsatz letztge- Darüber hinaus bilden die Entwicklungen in Fi- nannter Waffen erhofften sich die in Dauerfehden dschi die einmalige Gelegenheit, eine multiethni- verstrickten fidschianischen Häuptlinge einen Vor- sche und multikulturelle Gemengelage in einem teil gegenüber ihren Konkurrenten. Das Eingrei- vergleichbar überschaubaren regionalen Rahmen fen der Europäer und die Verwendung europäischer zu untersuchen. Waffen veränderte die politische Konstellation Fi- dschis nachhaltig. Den Sandelholzhändlern folgten bêche-de-mer Züchter, die sich im Gegensatz zu 2 Fidschi vor 1874 den Händlern permanent in Fidschi niederließen, um diese Meeresschnecken zu kultivieren. Dies bil- 2.1 Die europäische Einflussnahme in Fidschi dete den ersten Schritt zu einer veränderten ethni- schen Zusammensetzung Fidschis.5 Im Jahre 1643 kreuzte der Holländer Abel Jans- Die Mission begann ebenfalls ab dem Beginn zoon Tasman in fidschianischen Gewässer nordöst- des 19. Jahrhunderts auf die fidschianische Kul- lich von Vanua Levu. Zurück in Batavia berichte- tur Einfluss auszuüben. Die Missionare waren zu- te er von seinen Entdeckungen. Am 2. Juni 1774 nächst wenig erfolgreich. Dies änderte sich mit warf die HMS Resolution Anker vor der Küste Va- dem Eintreffen von Rev. David Cargill und Rev. toas. Cooks Besatzung konnte zwar einige Perso- William Cross. Von den Lau-Inseln, wo bereits nen in Kanus ausmachen, eine Kontaktaufnahme ein Großteil der dort ansässigen Tongaer konver- schlug jedoch fehl. Erst 17 Jahre später kam es zu tiert war, breitete sich die methodistische Gottes- ersten bezeugten Kontakten zwischen Europäern lehre nach Westen aus. Spätestens die Schlacht von und Fidschianern. Die Folgen waren gravierend, da Kaba, in der christliche Fidschianer und Tongaer eine Epidemie ausbrach. Die ersten Kontakte lie- gegen Verfechter der traditionellen fidschianischen fen keineswegs immer friedlich ab. Oftmals kam Religion kämpften, verhalf dem Christentum zum es zu Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den Euro- päern, die von den Fidschianern als kai vavalagi (Männer von unterhalb des Himmels) bezeichnet wurden, und den furchtlosen, tapferen Kannibalen, 3 Burns (1963: 54); Clunie (2003: 189); France (1969: 22f.); von denen den Europäern in Tonga berichtet wurde Stanley (2004: 18). 4 Brown (1973: 78ff.); Gravelle (1988: 39ff.); Mückler (2001: (Brown 1973: 17ff.; Burns 1963: 43f.). 16). Den Entdeckungsreisenden folgten beachcom- 5 Derrick (1957: 21f.); France (1969: 23ff.); Mückler (1998: ber und castaways. Es handelte sich um gestran- 46ff.). Anthropos 102.2007 https://doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2007-2-515 Generiert durch IP '170.106.33.19', am 29.09.2021, 09:54:42. Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig. Quo vadis Fidschi? 517 Durchbruch.6 Wie in anderen Teilen des Pazifiks Unter diesen ist Bau eine herausragende Stel- war die Mission auch Wegbereiter neuer ökonomi- lung zuzusprechen. Die Bewohner der kleinen, scher Rahmenbedingungen und innovativer land- der Ostküste Viti Levus vorgelagerten Insel waren wirtschaftlicher Produktionstechniken. Dies führte die ersten Fidschianer, die regelmäßigen Kontakt bei vielen Fidschianern zu einer Neubewertung von mit Europäern pflegten. Die Politik Baus zeichne- Umwelt und Ressourcen (Gunson 1978: 263ff.). te sich jedoch schon vor der Ankunft der ersten Ab 1830 ließen sich zunehmend europäische Europäer durch expansive Bestrebungen aus. Un- Siedler in Fidschi nieder. Die oftmals unter du- ter Ratu Naulivou wurde Bau um 1820 erstmals biosen Umständen vollzogenen Landkäufe sollten zum “Zentrum der politischen Macht”.9 Der Tod für das koloniale und nachkoloniale Fidschi noch Naulivous führte zu einem
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