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The Case of Fiji
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform Volume 25 Issues 3&4 1992 Democracy and Respect for Difference: The Case of Fiji Joseph H. Carens University of Toronto Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjlr Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Cultural Heritage Law Commons, Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons, and the Rule of Law Commons Recommended Citation Joseph H. Carens, Democracy and Respect for Difference: The Case of Fiji, 25 U. MICH. J. L. REFORM 547 (1992). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjlr/vol25/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEMOCRACY AND RESPECT FOR DIFFERENCE: THE CASE OF FIJI Joseph H. Carens* TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................. 549 I. A Short History of Fiji ................. .... 554 A. Native Fijians and the Colonial Regime .... 554 B. Fijian Indians .................. ....... 560 C. Group Relations ................ ....... 563 D. Colonial Politics ....................... 564 E. Transition to Independence ........ ....... 567 F. The 1970 Constitution ........... ....... 568 G. The 1987 Election and the Coup .... ....... 572 II. The Morality of Cultural Preservation: The Lessons of Fiji ................. ....... 574 III. Who Is Entitled to Equal Citizenship? ... ....... 577 A. The Citizenship of the Fijian Indians ....... 577 B. Moral Limits to Historical Appeals: The Deed of Cession ............. ....... 580 * Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Toronto. -
C:\Users\User\Desktop\Dr Hasan Colgis\Kertas Kerja\MOHD FO'ad
Politics of Accommodation, Power Sharing and Consociational Democracy Dr. Mohd Foad Sakdan Dr. Oemar Hamdan Political of Accommodation The concept of accommodation refers to pragmatic solution to divisive conflicts by abandoning the principles of unilateral majority decisions and including representatives of the main group in the organs of government and decision marking. The political of accommodation is based mainly on a recognition of the need for political stability, and not necessarily on a recognition in principle of the right of all group in society to participation, representation and equal status. Therefore, the more societal and political a particular group has, the more willingness there will be to consider it as a partner to the politics of accommodation.1 The political potential of a group is not determined exclusively or even mainly by its electoral achievements or even its coalition bargaining position. Other important factors are recognition of the legitimacy of the value and interests represented by group and acceptance of the group as part of the social and cultural consensus. Meanwhile, political stability in the country has been attributed to the political system that could be called `an elite accommodation model' or `consociational model' in which each ethnic community is unified under a leadership that can authoritatively bargain for the interests of that community. The leaders of each community, in turn, have the capacity to secure compliance and legitimacy for the bargains that are reached by elite negotiations. Under such circumstances, there exists sufficient trust and empathy among the elite to be sensitive to the most vital concerns of other ethnic communities. -
Elections and Politics in Contemporary Fiji
Chiefs and Indians: Elections and Politics in Contemporary Fiji Brij V. Lal 1he Republic of Fiji went to the polls in May 1992, its first election since the military coups of 1987 and the sixth since 1970, when the islands became independent from Great Britain. For many people in Fiji and out side, the elections were welcome, marking as they did the republic's first tentative steps toward restoring parliamentary democracy and interna tional respectability, and replacing rule by decree with rule by constitu tionallaw. The elections were a significant event. Yet, hope mingles eerily with apprehension; the journey back to genuine representative democracy is fraught with difficulties that everyone acknowledges but few know how to resolve. The elections were held under a constitution rejected by half of the pop ulation and severely criticized by the international community for its racially discriminatory, antidemocratic provisions. Indigenous Fijian po litical solidarity, assiduously promoted since the coups, disintegrated in the face of the election-related tensions within Fijian society. A chief-spon sored political party won 30 of the 37 seats in the 7o-seat House of Repre sentatives, and was able to form a government only in coalition with other parties. Sitiveni Rabuka, the reluctant politician, became prime minister after gaining the support of the Fiji Labour Party, which he had over thrown in 1987, and despite the opposition of his predecessor and para mount chief of Lau, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara. In a further irony, a consti tutional system designed to entrench the interests of Fijian chiefs placed a commoner at the national helm. -
The Experiences of Indo-Fijian Immigrant Women in California
LOOKING BACKWARD, MOVING FORWARD: THE EXPERIENCES OF INDO-FIJIAN IMMIGRANT WOMEN IN CALIFORNIA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology San José State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Ambrita Nand December 2015 © 2015 Ambrita Nand ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled LOOKING BACKWARD, MOVING FORWARD: THE EXPERIENCES OF INDO-FIJIAN IMMIGRANT WOMEN IN CALIFORNIA by Ambrita Nand APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY December 2015 Dr. Chuck Darrah Department of Anthropology Dr. James Freeman Department of Anthropology Dr. Roberto Gonzalez Department of Anthropology ABSTRACT LOOKING BACKWARD, MOVING FORWARD: THE EXPERIENCES OF INDO- FIJIAN IMMIGRANT WOMEN IN CALIFORNIA This study helps address gaps in knowledge concerning the lives of Indo-Fijian immigrant women in California and offers a space for their voices to be heard. The subsequent chapters investigate the lives of five Indo-Fijian immigrant women and their experiences upon migrating to Modesto, California. Using a qualitative research approach, data were collected through participant-observations, semi-structured in-depth interviews and informal conversations. The data are presented as anthropological silhouettes, a form of life-writing (the recording of events and experiences of a life), which explores each individual woman’s experience with life in Fiji to her eventual migration and transition to life in California. The study reveals heterogeneity amongst the women’s experiences and perspectives as well as commonalities that arise in their collective experiences as Indo-Fijian immigrant women residing in the city of Modesto. Overall, the anthropological silhouettes reveal that migration has led to shifts in the women’s identities and their prescribed gender roles. -
Melanesia in Review: Issues and Events, I998
Melanesia in Review: Issues and Events, I998 Reviews of Irian Jaya and Vanuatu dollar was to be expected. Investment are not included in this issue. was sluggish, consumer spending was low, and there was moderate infla tion. The Fiji dollar had also strength FIJI ened against those of its major trad Sociopolitical and economic conse ing partners, Australia and New quences of the 1987 coups in Fiji Zealand (Review, Feb 1998, 2). A were still unfolding by January 1998. local economist argued, with refer The year began with a 20 percent ence to a popular international rugby devaluation of the Fiji dollar by event, that devaluation is a short-term Finance Minister James Ah Koy. solution to an economic crisis and Apart from the external negative that "even the 20 per cent devalua impact of the economic turmoil in tion is too low. Someone has to pay Southeast Asia, there have been major for things like the Hong Kong 7S holi internal contributions to the down day" (Review, Feb 1998), let alone turn of Fiji's economy since the coups. the National Bank's F$220 million in Politico-economic instability after bad debts and the regular overseas the coups has been compounded by trips of members of Parliament. deliberate economic disasters such as The governor of the Reserve Bank the F$220 million loss by the of Fiji stated that the devaluation National Bank of Fiji due to bad would, among other things, increase debts. Furthermore, there is still the competitiveness of Fiji's exports, uncertainty surrounding the renewal make locally produced goods cheaper, of leases under the Agriculture encourage overseas investment in Fiji, Landlords and Tenants Act and the increase demand for locally produced relocation of tenants whose leases goods, and prop up employment and have not and will not be renewed. -
The People Have Spoken the 2014 Elections in Fiji
THE PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN THE 2014 ELECTIONS IN FIJI THE PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN THE 2014 ELECTIONS IN FIJI EDITED BY STEVEN RATUVA AND STEPHANIE LAWSON PACIFIC SERIES Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: The people have spoken : the 2014 elections in Fiji / editors: Steven Ratuva, Stephanie Lawson. ISBN: 9781760460013 (paperback) 9781760460020 (ebook) Subjects: Elections--Fiji Election law--Fiji. Fiji--Ethnic relations--Political aspects. Fiji--Politics and government. Other Creators/Contributors: Ratuva, Steven, editor. Lawson, Stephanie, editor. Dewey Number: 324.99611 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph: ‘The Government Buildings in Suva Fiji’ by Stemoc. This edition © 2016 ANU Press Contents 1. ‘The People Have Spoken …’ ...........................1 Steven Ratuva and Stephanie Lawson 2. Shifting democracy: Electoral changes in Fiji. .17 Steven Ratuva 3. Chiefly leadership in Fiji after the 2014 elections .............41 Stephanie Lawson 4. Fiji Indians and the Fiji general elections of 2014: Between a rock and a hard place and a few other spots in between ....................................59 Brij V Lal 5. ‘Unfree and unfair’?: Media intimidation in Fiji’s 2014 elections ...83 David Robie 6. From the land to the sea: Christianity, community and state in Fiji—and the 2014 elections .................109 Lynda Newland 7. -
Melanesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1999
Melanesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1999 Reviews of Irian Jaya, Papua New the Fijian Association Party (fap), and Guinea, and Solomon Islands are not the western Viti Levu–based Party of included in this issue. National Unity (panu)—the so-called People’s Coalition. The partnership that had been Fiji forged between the svt’s Rabuka The year 1999 marked the end of an and nfp’s Jai Ram Reddy during the era in Fiji’s politics. Few events were review and promulgation of the new more momentous and unexpected constitution flowed into other areas than the overwhelming electoral vic- of cooperation. The parties agreed to tory of the Fiji Labour Party and its a seat-sharing formula in early 1999 coalition partners in May and the that would see the svt contest all swearing in of Labour Party leader Fijian communal seats and 14 open Mahendra Chaudhary as the country’s seats, and the nfp all Indian commu- first Indo-Fijian prime minister. With nal seats and 11 open seats. The ugp a new government taking office, there was given all 3 general communal occurred an upheaval in Fiji’s political seats and 2 of the open seats allocated leadership not seen since 1987. Exit- to the svt. There was also agreement ing parliament were Prime Minister that in the event of a svt-nfp-ugp vic- Sitiveni Rabuka and National Federa- tory Rabuka would become prime tion Party (nfp) leader Jai Ram Reddy, minister, while Reddy would be a veteran of Fiji’s politics for the past deputy prime minister. -
History of Inter-Group Conflict and Violence in Modern Fiji
History of Inter-Group Conflict and Violence in Modern Fiji SANJAY RAMESH MA (RESEARCH) CENTRE FOR PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY 2010 Abstract The thesis analyses inter-group conflict in Fiji within the framework of inter-group theory, popularised by Gordon Allport, who argued that inter-group conflict arises out of inter-group prejudice, which is historically constructed and sustained by dominant groups. Furthermore, Allport hypothesised that there are three attributes of violence: structural and institutional violence in the form of discrimination, organised violence and extropunitive violence in the form of in-group solidarity. Using history as a method, I analyse the history of inter-group conflict in Fiji from 1960 to 2006. I argue that inter- group conflict in Fiji led to the institutionalisation of discrimination against Indo-Fijians in 1987 and this escalated into organised violence in 2000. Inter-group tensions peaked in Fiji during the 2006 general elections as ethnic groups rallied behind their own communal constituencies as a show of in-group solidarity and produced an electoral outcome that made multiparty governance stipulated by the multiracial 1997 Constitution impossible. Using Allport’s recommendations on mitigating inter-group conflict in divided communities, the thesis proposes a three-pronged approach to inter-group conciliation in Fiji, based on implementing national identity, truth and reconciliation and legislative reforms. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis is dedicated to the Indo-Fijians in rural Fiji who suffered physical violence in the aftermath of the May 2000 nationalist coup. I would like to acknowledge those Indo- Fijians who agreed to be interviewed at a time when they feared further racial violence in December 2000. -
FIJI Dates of Elections: September 17 to 24, 1977 Purpose of Elections Elections Were Held for All the Members of the House of R
FIJI Dates of Elections: September 17 to 24, 1977 Purpose of Elections Elections were held for all the members of the House of Representatives following the premature dissolution of Parliament on June 1, 1977. Previous general elections had taken place in March and April, 1977*. Characteristics of Parliament The bicameral Parliament of Fiji is composed of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 22 members appointed by the Governor-General, of whom: — 8 nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs; — 7 nominated by the Prime Minister; — 6 nominated by the Leader of the Opposition; — 1 nominated by the Council of the Island of Rotuma. Appointments are for 6 years, 11 members retiring every 3 years. The House of Representatives consists of 52 members elected for 5 years on the following basis: — Fijian: 12 members elected by voters on the Fijian Communal Roll; 10 members elected by voters on the National Roll. — Indian: 12 members elected by voters on the Indian Communal Roll; 10 members elected by voters on the National Roll. — General (persons neither Fijian nor Indian): 3 members elected by voters on the General Communal Roll; 5 members elected by voters on the National Roll. The "National Roll" consists of all registered electors on the three Com munal Rolls. • See Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections XI (1976-1977), pp. 57-69. Chron. XII (1977-78) 65 II Fiji Electoral System Any person may by registered as elector on a Roll if he is a citizen of Fiji and has attained the age of 21 years. The insane, persons owing allegiance to a State outside the British Commonwealth, those under sentence of death or imprisonment for a term exceeding 12 months and those convicted of electoral offences may not be registered. -
Fiji Before the Storm
Fiji Before the Storm Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Fiji before the storm : elections and the politics of development / Brij V. Lal, editor. ISBN: 9781922144621 (pbk.) 9781922144638 (eBook) Includes bibliographical references and index. Subjects: Constitutional law--Fiji. Fiji--Politics and government--20th century. Fiji--Economic conditions. Other Authors/Contributors: Lal, Brij V. Dewey Number: 320.99611 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover photo courtesy of AP Photo/Edward Wray. This edition © 2012 ANU E Press Contents Tables and figures vi Glossary viii Contributors x Acknowledgments xi Map xii Chapter one The future of our past 1 Brij V. Lal Chapter two The Fiji Islands in transition: personal reflections 7 Sitiveni L. Rabuka Chapter three A time to change: the Fiji general elections of 1999 21 Brij V. Lal Chapter four Understanding the results of the 1999 Fiji elections 49 Robert Norton Chapter five Elections and the dilemma of indigenous Fijian political unity 73 Alumita Durutalo Chapter six Peripheral visions? Rabi Island in Fiji's general election 93 Teresia K. Teaiwa Chapter seven Land, Lome and the Fiji sugar industry 111 Padma Lal Chapter eight Inshore fisheries development in Fiji 135 Joeli Veitayaki Chapter nine Women and politics in Fiji 149 Chandra Reddy Chapter ten Economic challenges facing Fiji before the storm 161 Biman Prasad Chapter eleven Madness in May: George Speight and the unmaking of modern Fiji 175 Brij V. -
Dossier Nr. 85
Pazifik-Informationsstelle, Hauptstr. 2, 91564 Neuendettelsau Tel: (+49) (0)9874/9 12 20, Fax: (+49) (0)9874/9 31 20, Email: [email protected] Dossier Nr. 85 Fidschi Diskurse und Akteure der Gewalt Militärparade in Fidschi (© Foto http://www.fijivillage.com) Autor: Dr. Eberhard Weber (Head of the School of Geography, Faculty of Islands and Oceans, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji Islands) Erscheinungsdatum: April 2008 Inhalt Seite Einleitung 4 Gewaltökonomie, Neue Kriege und alte Weisheiten 4 Die doch nicht so „edlen Wilden“ – Diskurse über Gewalt im vorkolonialen 7 Fidschi Staatswerdung und koloniale Befriedung 9 Kolonialwirtschaft und die Arbeitskräftefrage 12 Missionierung und Gewalt: Die Rolle der Kirchen im vorkolonialen und 17 kolonialen Fidschi Die Coups von 1987, 2000 und 2006 23 Coups in Fidschi und multi-kulturelle Gesellschaft 25 Fidschi im Kalten Krieg 27 Ratu Mara und die Coups von 1987 und 2000 33 Die Rolle der Kirchen in den Coups 1987, 2000 und 2006 34 Die Militarisierung Fidschis 38 Greed und Grievance: Renteneinkommen und Ressourcenkonflikte 43 Globalisierungsverlierer 47 Migration 53 Von Fidschi nach Falludscha und Kabul 54 Ausblick 56 Literatur 60 2 Diskurse und Akteure der Gewalt in Fidschi Between 1987 and 2006 Fiji, a small state in the Pacific Ocean, experienced four coups in which Governments were removed from office by the military forces of the country or parts of it. Many observers contribute politically motivated violence in Fiji to ethnic tensions between indigenous ethnic Fijians and people of Indian origin, who immigrated to Fiji mainly between 1880 and 1920. While ethnicity can be considered as a contributing factor to political instability and violence in Fiji the existence of additional cleavages based on class and centre/periphery dichotomy creates a rather complex picture. -
Fiji's Relationship with India: the Answer to Or the Source of Fiji's Problems?
SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Fall 2008 Fiji’s Relationship with India: The Answer to or the Source of Fiji’s Problems? Julia Fogleman SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Race and Ethnicity Commons Recommended Citation Fogleman, Julia, "Fiji’s Relationship with India: The Answer to or the Source of Fiji’s Problems?" (2008). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 581. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/581 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fiji’s Relationship with India: The Answer to or the Source of Fiji’s Problems? Julia Fogleman Aisake Casimira, Research Advisor Fetaomi Tapu-Qiliho, Academic Director SIT Fiji, Fall 2008 Fogleman 2 Abstract Fiji is a nation constantly confronted by the difficult realities of having a multicultural population. One of these delicate situations is its relationship with India, the country of origin of Fiji’s largest and most controversial minority group, the Indo-Fijians. India has historically taken a great interest in Fiji because of its large population of overseas Indians, a result of the nations’ shared colonial heritage. This paper thoroughly examines the nations’ past at times rocky relationship in light of race relations, both Indo- Fijian and ethnic Fijian struggles, and decades of political instability from indigenous Fijian eugenics.