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PA00D5SS.Pdf Final Baseline Report on Citizen Security in the Northern Caribbean Coast in Nicaragua and Targeted Municipalities of the Northern and Southern Borders Written by Mariana Rodríguez, Ph.D. Program Coordinator at LAPOP Juan Carlos Donoso, Ph.D. Consultant at LAPOP Edited by Elizabeth J. Zechmeister, Ph.D. Director of LAPOP Daniel Montalvo, Ph.D. Program Manager of LAPOP March 2016 This study was performed with support from the Program in Democracy and Governance of the United States Agency for International Development. The opinions expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the point of view of the United States Agency for International Development. Contents Part I. Main Findings of the Study........................................................................................ 8 I.1 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... 9 I.1.1 How do communities in target municipalities define citizen security? .............. 9 I.1.2 How do communities in target municipalities perceive their own risk and do they see that risk increasing?................................................................................................ 9 I.1.3 What are indicators and triggers of insecurity that mark communities’ and municipalities’ perception of their risk? ........................................................................... 10 I.1.4 What are the common perceptions about the risks and opportunities of why community members/youth become involved in gang/drug or other forms of illicit activities? .............................................................................................................................. 12 I.1.5 In the diversity of multi-cultural communities of the RACCN, what differences exist (if any) in perceptions about security between women and men, different age groups, different ethnic groups, and different wealth levels? ................... 12 I.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 13 I.3 Context and Background ............................................................................................. 15 I.4 Major Findings and Conclusions ................................................................................ 17 I.4.1 Crime ...................................................................................................................... 17 I.4.2 Perception of Insecurity and Gangs .................................................................... 20 I.4.3 Gender Issues, Domestic Violence and Human Trafficking ............................. 21 I.4.4 Drug Trafficking and Drug Consumption .......................................................... 25 I.4.5 Ethnic relations ..................................................................................................... 27 I.4.6 Evaluations of Law Enforcement Institutions .................................................... 28 I.4.7 Citizens’ Participation .......................................................................................... 31 I.5 Contributions to USAID’s Efforts for Building Local Capacity.............................. 31 I.6 Programming Recommendations ............................................................................... 32 Part II. The Survey Study in RACS ..................................................................................... 35 II.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 36 II.2 Understanding Figures in this Study .......................................................................... 39 II.3 Perceptions of Insecurity ............................................................................................. 40 II.3.1 Security as Most Serious Problem ....................................................................... 40 II.3.2 General Insecurity ................................................................................................ 42 II.4 Crime Victimization ..................................................................................................... 46 II.4.1 Household Crime Victimization .......................................................................... 46 2 II.4.2 Home Burglaries ................................................................................................... 48 II.4.3 Personal Victimization by Theft or Aggression ................................................. 50 II.5 Crime as a Community Problem ................................................................................ 53 II.5.1 Illegal Drug Sales in Neighborhood .................................................................... 53 II.5.2 Illegal Drug Consumption in the Neighborhood ................................................ 55 II.5.3 Murders in Neighborhood .................................................................................... 57 II.5.4 Violence against Women in the Neighborhood .................................................. 59 II.5.5 Human Trafficking ............................................................................................... 61 II.6 Levels of Violence in the Neighborhood ..................................................................... 68 II.6.1 Current Levels of Violence ................................................................................... 69 II.6.2 Trend in Violence in the Neighborhood .............................................................. 70 II.6.3 Presence of Gangs in the Neighborhood ............................................................. 72 II.6.4 Trend in Gang Activity in the Neighborhood .................................................... 74 II.7 Evaluations and Perceptions of Law Enforcement Institutions ............................... 76 II.7.1 Evaluation of Police in Controlling Crime ......................................................... 76 II.7.2 Police Harassment as a Problem ......................................................................... 78 II.7.3 Police Response Time ........................................................................................... 80 II.7.4 Trust in the Police ................................................................................................. 83 II.7.5 Confidence that the Justice System Would Punish the Guilty ......................... 85 II.7.6 Trust in the Judicial System................................................................................. 87 II.8 Participation in Local Governments and Communities ........................................... 89 II.8.1 Participation in Municipal Meetings ................................................................... 89 II.8.2 Tried to Help Solve a Community Problem ....................................................... 91 II.9 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 93 Part III. Armed Conflict and Citizen Security in Waspán .................................................. 98 III.1 Context and Background ............................................................................................. 99 III.2 Perspectives from In-Depth Interviews ...................................................................... 99 III.2.1 Armed Conflict ...................................................................................................... 99 III.2.2 Crime and Violence............................................................................................. 100 III.2.3 The Role of the State ........................................................................................... 101 III.3 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 103 Part IV. Understanding the Specific Problems of Coastal Municipalities through Focus Groups .................................................................................................................................. 104 3 IV.1 Understanding the Specific Problems of the Northern Coastal Municipalities through Focus Groups .......................................................................................................... 105 IV.1.1 Puerto Cabezas .................................................................................................... 105 IV.1.2 Waspán................................................................................................................. 116 IV.1.3 Bonanza ................................................................................................................ 126 IV.1.4 Siuna ..................................................................................................................... 133 IV.1.5 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 140 Appendix 1: Methodology .................................................................................................... 142 Appendix 2: Variables by Municipality and Region .......................................................... 144 Appendix 3: Questionnaires ................................................................................................. 248 Appendix 3a. Focus Group Questionnaire ...................................................................... 248 Appendix 3b. Survey Questionnaire
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