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Revision of the European Species of Torymus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)

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Revision of the European Species of Torymus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) Revision of the European species of Torymus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) M.W.R. de Vere Graham + & M.J. Gijswijt Graham, M.W.R. de Vere & M.J. Gijswijt. Revision of the European species of Torymus Dalman (s. lat.) (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Zool. Verh. Leiden 317, 31.iii.1998: 1-202, figs 1-266.— ISSN 0024-1652/ISBN 90-73239-62-1. + Deceased 27.iii.1995. M.J. Gijswijt, Wessel ten Damstraat 2, 1244 RA Ankeveen, The Netherlands. Key words: Hymenoptera; Torymidae; Torymini; Diomorus; Torymus; Europe; distribution; keys; biol• ogy; types; synonymy; new species. In this revision the generic synonymy as proposed by Grissell (1976, 1995) is followed. The genus Dio• morus Walker is here synonymised with Torymus as well, so that the tribe Torymini (sensu Grissell) includes only one genus in the West Palaearctic region. In Torymus, 154 species are recognised, 38 of which are here described as new. The existing types of nearly all names have been examined and 272 synonyms, 67 of them new, are listed. The genus is subdivided in 13 species groups, five species standing apart as species solae. Keys to the species groups, females and more distinctive males are presented. Contents Introductionary section Preface .4 Introduction .4 Host-relationships .6 Immature stages ,7 Morphological characters .8 Abbreviations, terminology and measurements .8 Rearing and mounting 10 Acknowledgements , 10 Taxonomic section Definition of the subfamily, the tribe Torymini and the genus Torymus ,. 11 Subdivision of the genus Torymus, with key to species groups .12 Key to European females of the genus Torymus ,. 16 Key to some of the more distinctive males of the genus Torymus ..40 Synonymy, biology, distribution and descriptions of the species ..49 Species inquierendae 159 Excluded species 163 References 163 Index to Torymus species , 192 Index to hosts 201 4 De Vere Graham & Gijswijt. Revision of the European Torymus. Zool. Verh. Leiden 317 (1998) Preface In 1948 Graham took initial steps in a project to revise British Torymidae, work on this being carried out intermittently for many years, during which many types were examined and information collected. A first draft of a key to the species was prepared before 1951 and used as a basis. In succeeding years it was modified and extended to include European species. In 1970 he suggested to Boucek, who started the study independently, that a joint effort might be advantageous. This was taken up and some preliminary steps were taken but since 1972 Boucek's preoccupation with other studies prevented further collaboration. At this late stage the first author decided to go ahead with his own results, with the assistance of Gijswijt, who had taken a great interest in the group. In 1994, Graham published descriptions of ten new species of Torymus and Boucek indicated that he wished to validate a number of others, descrip• tions of which have been published since (Boucek: 1994,1996). M.W.R. de Vere Graham, Oxford 1994. On the 27th of March 1995, Dr. M.W. R de Vere Graham died before he could see the final version of what is clearly his work. The major part of the research being completed, the second author has tried to finish the manuscript according to Graham's intentions, without too many alterations. However, because more information has become available, a change of names became a necessity in several cases, a never ending pest in taxonomy. The status of Diomorus was a hot item in mutual discussions. The description of Torymus pulcher by Boucek (1996) made the separation of the two genera even more difficult and after all it approved impossible to separate the two genera properly on morphological charac• ters. I have synonymised the two (firmly welcomed by Boucek). This point, and the descriptions of a few new species together with some refinements in the keys are the main alterations that were made without the knowledge of the first author. I feel the result would carry his approval. M.J. Gijswijt, Ankeveen, August 1997. Introduction The genus Torymus was described by Dalman in 1820. He included a key to the 22 females and the 6 males known at the time. Subsequent works in the nineteenth century which covered Torymidae contained descriptions of Torymus species without any attempt at their systematic arrangement (Walker, 1833; Boheman, 1834; Nees, 1834; Foerster, 1840). Foerster (1840) calls for a special remark. Boucek mentioned to the second author a little known publication on that work (Griffin, 1931), which clearly shows that the generally used "Beiträge zur Monographie der Pteromalinen" (Foerster, 1841), is not more than a reprint of the original work, which appeared in 1840 as a part of the "Programm zu der am 14. und 15. September 1840 in der kombinirten höhern Bürger• und Provinzial-Gewerbschule zu Aachen etc.". The 1841 reprint differs from the first edition in the numbering of the pages. In 1841, a title page and a blank, both without a page number precede the original text. The first printed page (also without a num- De Vere Graham & Gijswijt. Revision of the European Torymus. Zool. Verh. Leiden 317 (1998) 5 ber) is now page 3, instead of I in 1840. The following pages bear the numbers 4-46 (in Arabic) instead of II-XLIV in 1840. In both editions the "Erklärung der Tafel" is pro• vided with page number XLV. Mayr (1874) obviously saw the original publication: he refers to "Foerster 1841", but used the (Latin) page numbers of the 1840 edition. In the 1841 edition there are two pages numbered 31 The second should bear 33. Important advances were made by Mayr (1874) and Thomson (1876). Mayr's descriptions of the species are generally more detailed than Thomson's but there was no attempt at grouping: he arranged the species according to the relative length of ovipositor. He interpreted some of Foerster's species but evidently had not seen oth• ers, as evidenced by the absence of a page number against them in his index. When Mayr wrote his paper of 1874 he did not have access to all Foerster's types and missed some of the latter author's species. However, after Foerster's death in 1884 he bought the remaining collection (except the species described by Foerster in 1878, which went to Berlin), so that now most of the Foerster species are in Vienna. Also, Mayr could examine only a limited number of Boheman's species and could not avoid a few errors in their interpretation, as pointed out by Thomson (1876). Thom• son arranged the Scandinavian species in groups and, having examined most of Boheman's material, his interpretation of Boheman's species is more reliable. Walker (1874a) reported on Mayr's work. In 1914 Schmiedeknecht produced a key to the females, based on the descriptions of the previous authors. The next important work was that of Ruschka (1921). It only consists of descrip• tions (which are good) of many new species. Some new characters were used, the most important one being the ratio of the projecting part of the ovipositor to the length of the hind tibia. Hoffmeyer's main work (1930c-1931) contains keys to females of Callimomus, Syn- tomaspis, Lioterphus and Torymus. It is essentially a compilation and it relies heavily upon colour characters which, in many species, are quite variable. His key was used for several decades and during that time, with few additions or changes, was repub• lished in Russian (Nikol'skaya, 1952) and in Hungarian (Erdös, 1960). Also more recent keys By Nikol'skaya & Zerova (1978) and Sellenschlo & Wall (1984) are based on Hoffmeyer's. Otherwise since Hoffmeyer's time no original comprehensive key to the European species of Torymus (s. lat.) has appeared, though other studies have con• tributed to unravelling of the confused state of the taxonomy. Eady's (1959) paper was particularly valuable for its analysis of the species described by Walker (1833, 1834, 1836). A significant discovery made by Eady was the dimorphism occurring in T. auratus (now pallipes): a seasonal difference in females, those of the hibernating generation having a markedly longer ovipositor than those of the summer emer• gence. This feature was discovered by Graham in another species and is suspected to occur in at least two others. Graham (1969) indicated the usefulness of a character of the hind coxae (dorsal surface pilose in basal half, or bare). This character has proved reliable in many Euro• pean species, very few being variable in this respect and easily catered for in a key. The character was adopted by Grissell (1976) for the North American species. Grissell's work was a great advance on previous studies. The inclusion of Lioterphus and Syntomaspis in Torymus is a logical step and it avoids the inconsistent placing of 6 De Vere Graham & Gijswijt. Revision of the European Torymus. Zool. Verh. Leiden 317 (1998) some species in previous works. He introduced the character of the ratio between the intermalar space (= mouth-breadth of the present paper) and the malar space, which had been used earlier in other groups but not in Torymus. It is used in our paper, though not easy to measure in all specimens. The work of Sellenschlo & Wall (1984) is essentially a compilation. The authors perpetuate a number of nomenclatural errors, although these had been pointed out earlier by Graham (1969), Grissell (1976) and Boucek (1977), whose papers they cite. This is particularly unfortunate because many of the host-records included are clearly incorrect, whilst others are dubious. Furthermore, there is no reference to several spe• cies described by Walker (1836), Nees (1834), Forster (1840) and other authors, so that the species list is incomplete.
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