IEA WIND 2012 Annual Report

Executive Committee of the Implementing Agreement for Co-operation in the Research, Development, and Deployment of Wind Energy Systems of the International Energy Agency

July 2013

ISBN 0-9786383-7-9 Message from the Chair

Welcome to the IEA In 2013, we expect to approve Recommended Wind 2012 Annual Re- Practices on social acceptance of wind energy proj- port of the coopera- ects, on remote wind speed sensing using SODAR tive research, develop- and LIDAR, and on conducting wind integration ment, and deployment studies. The 12 active research tasks of IEA wind will (R,D&D) efforts of our offer members many options to multiply their na- member governments and tional research programs, and a new task on ground- organizations. IEA Wind based testing of wind turbines and components is helps advance wind en- being discussed for approval in 2013. ergy in countries repre- With market challenges and ever-changing re- senting 85% of the world's search issues to address, the IEA Wind co-operation wind generating capacity. works to make wind energy an ever better green In 2012 record ca- option for the world's energy supply. Considering pacity additions (MW) these accomplishments and the plans for the coming were seen in nine member countries, and coop- years, it is with great satisfaction and confidence that erative research produced five final technical re- I hand the Chair position to Jim Ahlgrimm of the ports as well as many journal articles and confer- United States. ence papers. The technical reports include: • IEA Wind Task 19 State-of-the Art Report off Wind Energy in Cold Climates • Design and operation of power systems with largee amounts of wind power: Final summary report, IEA Wind Task 25, Phase two 2009–2011 • The Past and Future Cost of Wind Energy, IEA Wind Task 26 Work Package 2 Report, HanneleH l Holttinen H ltti • Final Report IEA Wind Task 28 on Social Accep- Chair of the Executive Committee, 2011 to 2012 tance of Wind Energy Projects 2008–2011 • Final report of IEA Wind Task 29, Mexnext (Phase 1): Analysis of MEXICO wind tunnel measurements.

In 2012, we approved another IEA Wind Recommended Practice, RP 13 Wind Energy Proj- ects in Cold Climates, which contributed to reducing the risks of projects in cold climates, where the wind resource is so abundant. We held Topi- cal Experts Meetings on advances in wind turbine and component testing, social acceptance of wind energy projects, and wind farm control methods. Moving forward, we approved a new research task to share results on environmental assessment and monitoring techniques for wind developments on land and offshore. Jim Ahlgrimm Chair-Elect of the Executive Committee Contents

Chapter 1 Executive Summary ...... 4 Chapter 2 The Implementing Agreement ...... 18

IEA Wind and Research Task Reports

Chapter 3 Base Technology Information Exchange – Task 11 ...... 23 Chapter 4 Wind Energy in Cold Climates – Task 19 ...... 26 Chapter 5 Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power – Task 25 ...... 28 Chapter 6 Cost of Wind Energy – Task 26 ...... 32 Chapter 7 Development and Deployment of Small Wind Turbine Labels for Consumers (2008–2011) and Small Wind Turbines in High Turbulence Sites (2012–2016) – Task 27 ...... 35 Chapter 8 Social Acceptance of Wind Energy Projects – Task 28 ...... 38 Chapter 9 Mexnext: Analysis of Wind Tunnel Measurements and Improvement of Aerodynamic Models – Task 29 ...... 41 Chapter 10 Offshore Code Comparison Collabaration (OC4) Project – Task 30 ...... 45 Chapter 11 WAKEBENCH: Benchmarking of Wind Farm Flow Models – Task 31 ...... 48 Chapter 12 LIDAR: Lidar Systems for Wind Energy Deployment – Task 32 ...... 51 Chapter 13 Reliability Data: Standardizing Data Collection for Wind Turbine Reliability, Operation, and Maintenance Analyses – Task 33 ...... 54 Chapter 14 Assessing Environmental Effects and Monitoring Efforts for Offshore and Land-Based Wind Energy System – Task 34 ...... 57

COUNTRY REPORTS

Chapter 15 Australia ...... 60 Chapter 16 Austria ...... 64 Chapter 17 Canada ...... 68 Chapter 18 Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA) ...... 74 Chapter 19 Denmark ...... 78 Chapter 20 The European Union/European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) ...... 84 Chapter 21 Finland ...... 90 Chapter 22 Germany ...... 96 Chapter 23 Greece ...... 102 Chapter 24 Ireland ...... 104 Chapter 25 Italy ...... 108 Chapter 26 Japan ...... 114 Chapter 27 Republic of Korea ...... 118 Chapter 28 Mexico ...... 122 Chapter 29 The Netherlands ...... 126 Chapter 30 Norway ...... 132 Chapter 31 Portugal ...... 136 Chapter 32 Spain ...... 140 Chapter 33 Sweden ...... 146 Chapter 34 Switzerland ...... 150 Chapter 35 The United Kingdom ...... 154 Chapter 36 The United States ...... 160

APPENDICES

Appendix A The Executive Committee (photo) ...... 166 Appendix B List of Executive Committee Members, Alternate Members, and Operating Agents ...... 167 Appendix C Currency Conversion Rates 2012 ...... 170 Appendix D Abbreviations and Terminology ...... 171

IEA Wind 3 1 Executive Summary Source: PWT Communications

1.0 Introduction Agreement, an international co-operation Chinese Wind Energy Association (reporting ind generation now meets a signifi- that shares information and research activities on the People’s Republic of China), and the Wcant percentage of electrical demand that advance wind energy deployment. These European Wind Energy Association and Eu- worldwide. In 2012, the world added a re- IEA Wind member countries added nearly ropean Commission (reporting on all of the cord 44.8 gigawatts (GW) of wind genera- 37 GW of capacity in 2012, which is more European Union countries). The countries tion, bringing the total to more than 282.5 than 82% of the worldwide market for the report on 2012 activities: how much wind GW (GWEC 2013). This capacity, now op- year. With approximately 240 GW of wind energy they have deployed, how they benefit erating in 100 countries, can provide more generating capacity, electrical production from wind energy, and how their policies and than 3% of the world’s electricity demand from wind met 3.3% of the total electrical research programs will increase wind’s contri- (WWEA 2013). demand in the IEA Wind member countries bution to the world energy supply. This 2012 Nearly 85% of the world’s wind-gen- (Tables 1–3). annual report also presents the latest research erating capacity resides in the 21 countries This IEA Wind 2012 Annual Report con- results and plans of the 13 active co-operative participating in the IEA Wind Implementing tains chapters from each member country, the research activities (Tasks) of IEA Wind.

4 2012 Annual Report Record increases Table 1. Key Statistics of IEA Wind Member Countries through December 31, 2012 in MW capacity Total installed capacity 239.59 GW were reported in Total offshore wind capacity* 4.58 GW Total new wind capacity installed On land 35.71 GW Australia, Austria, in 2012 Offshore 1.25 GW Total 36.96 GW Finland, Italy, México, Total annual output from wind 449.39 TWh Wind generation as a percent of IEA 3.3% Norway, Sweden, Wind members’ national electric demand in 2012

* In the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard Document, IEC United Kingdom, and 6MMZOVYL>PUK;\YIPULZVMMZOVYL^PUK[\YIPULPZKLÄULKHZH¸^PUK turbine with a support structure which is subject to hydrodynamic loading.” For this report, wind turbines standing in lakes, rivers, and shallow and deep waters the United States. are considered offshore.

Table 2. National Statistics of the IEA Wind Member Countries 2012

Country Total installed Total offshore Annual net Total number Average Wind- National National wind capacity installed wind increase in of turbines capacity of generated electricity electricity (MW) capacity capacity new turbines electricity demand demand (MW) (MW) (kW) (TWh/yr) (TWh/yr) from wind* (%)

Australia 2,584 0 358 1,397 2,000 7.7 226.0* 3.4%

Austria 1,378 0 296 763 2,740 2.5 60.5 5.0%

Canada 6,201 0 936 3,580 1,975 16.3 590.0 2.8%

China 75,324 389.6 12,960 53,764 1,646 100.4 4,940.0 2.0%

Denmark 4,162 920.0 210 5,016 2,731 10.3 34.9 29.9%

Finland 288 26.0 90 162 2,800 0.5 85.2 0.6%

Germany 31,315 280.0 2,244 22,962 2,377 46.0 594.5 7.7%

Greece** 1,749 0 117 1,357 1,145 3.3 57.0 5.8%

Ireland 1,827 25.0 153 1,266 2,420 4.0 27.8 14.5%

Italy 8,144 0 1,266 6,166 1,760 13.1 325.3 4.0%

Japan 2,614 25.3 78 1,887 2,438 4.5 860.8 0.52%

Korea 487 2.0 81 301 1,209 0.86 451.1 0.2%

México 1,212 0 645 800 1,500 3.4 272.0 1.2%

Netherlands 2,431 228.0 161 2,062 2,370 4.9 120.3 4.1%

Norway 704 2.0 195 325 2,166 1.6 130.0 1.1%

Portugal 4,517 2 .0 147 2,408 1,800 10.0 49.1 20.0%

Spain 22,785 0 1,112 20,185 1,920 48.2 252.19 17.8%

Sweden 3,524 0 755 2,391 2,127 7.1 142.0 5.0%

Switzerland 49 0 3.9 32 1,531 0.1 59.8 0.1%

UK 8,292 2,679.0 1,822 4,414 2,200 21.8 365.3 6.0%

United States 60,007 0 13,131 45,125 1,945 140.1 4,054.5 3.5%

Totals 239,594 4,576.9 36,957.0 175,671 2,038 449.4 13,705.49 3.3

Bold italic indicates estimates * Percent of national electricity demand from wind = (wind generated electricity / national electricity demand) × 100 ** Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC 2013) numbers in 2012

IEA Wind 5 Table 3. Worldwide Installed Wind Capacity for 2012 Austria, Finland, Italy, México, Norway, Swe- IEA Wind Members* Rest of World** den, United Kingdom, and the United States.

Country MW Country MW 2.1 National targets China 75,324 India 18,421 The IEA Wind member countries have tar- United States 60,007 France 7,564 gets embedded in legislation, appearing in roadmap documents, or announced by elect- Germany 31,315 Other Countries*** 4,650 ed officials for increasing the amount of re- Spain 22,785 Brazil 2,508 newable energy or low-carbon energy in the UK 8,292 Poland 2,497 electrical generation mix (Table 4). Italy 8,144 Turkey 2,312 In response to European Union (EU) Di- rective 2009/28/EC, all EU member states Canada 6,201 Romania 1,905 have submitted National Renewable Energy 1 Executive Summary 1 Executive Portugal 4,517 New Zealand 623 Action Plans (NREAPs) detailing sectoral and Denmark 4,162 Taiwan 564 technology-specific targets and policy mea- Sweden 3,524 Egypt 550 sures to reach the renewable energy systems target of 20% by 2020. Some EU countries Japan 2,614 Morocco 291 have chosen goals that exceed the targets of Australia 2,584 Caribbean 271 their NREAPs (including Austria, Denmark, Netherlands 2,431 Argentina 167 and Germany). Ireland 1,827 Costa Rica 147 Outside of Europe, planning is under way to increase wind power development. Austra- Greece** 1,749 Tunisia 104 lia’s Renewable Energy Target scheme is de- Austria 1,378 Nicaragua 102 signed to deliver 20% of Australia’s electricity México 1,212 Iran 91 from renewable sources by 2020. Canada set

Norway 704 Pakistan 56 the goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 17% below 2005 levels by 2020. The Chi- Korea 487 Ethiopia 52 nese government issued its 12th Five-Year Finland 288 Uruguay 52 Plan, which included goals for grid-integrated Switzerland 49 Venezuela 30 wind capacity of 100 GW by 2015. After the Fukushima nuclear power plant Totals 239,594 Cape Verde 24 accident in 2011, a fundamental review of * Numbers reported 7HJPÄJ0ZSHUKZ 12 Japan’s Basic Energy Plan was conducted. All by IEA Wind member countries Total Rest of World 42,993 but one of the 190 wind turbines shaken by ** Numbers reported by Grand Total 282,587 the earthquake or struck by the tsunami re- GWEC (2013) sumed operation immediately after and con- *** Countries not in this list or in IEA Wind tributed to Japan’s power supply during the Bold italic indicates continuing crisis. Therefore, wind energy is estimates viewed as a viable contributor in the future. The review developed new options or scenarios for energy through 2030. In the three This Executive Summary presents high- global electricity from wind power by 2050. new scenarios, the share of renewable energy lights from the report’s country and task The previous target of 12% has been seen as would be from 25% to 35%. It is estimated chapters as well as compiled statistics for all too conservative. that a reasonable growth rate of 18% in wind countries. Data from the past 16 years as re- In 2012, wind energy supplied 3% of capacity would meet the most aggressive (0% ported in previous IEA Wind documents global electricity. Significant investments will nuclear) scenario for Japan by 2030. (IEA Wind 1995–2011) are included as be required to reach that goal. Governments The Republic of Korea’s Third National background for discussions of 2012 events. and industry in IEA Wind member countries Energy Plan 2030 sets the goal to replace have set national targets for renewable energy 11% of electrical consumption with wind 2.0 Objectives and Progress and wind energy (Table 4), designed incen- energy and to develop the domestic wind In 2012, the International Energy Agency tive programs (Table 9), and conduct focused industry. México is on track to have 12 GW (IEA) published its Energy Technology Per- research and demonstration programs to help of wind generation by 2020, supplying ap- spectives 2012 that demonstrates how tech- reach these targets (Table 14). Their reasons proximately 5% of electric consumption. nologies can make a difference in limit- for supporting wind energy include increasing ing global temperature rise to 2 degrees C. domestic energy supply, reducing greenhouse 2.2 Progress (IEA 2012). Wind energy, especially offshore gas emissions, building domestic industry, and 2.2.1 Capacity increases wind energy, are seen as having great poten- replacing coal-fired and nuclear generation. In 2012, wind generation capacity increased tial. In 2013, IEA will update its Technology In 2012, the fruits of these efforts came in every IEA Wind member country; the Roadmap for Wind Energy (IEA 2010). The to bear as nine IEA Wind countries saw re- countries added a total of nearly 37 GW, a upcoming roadmap targets 15% to 18% of cord increases in wind capacity: Australia, 15% increase over 2011 capacity. Capacity has

6 2012 Annual Report Table 4. Renewable Energy and Wind Energy Targets Reported by Member 113% increase. Nine countries saw Countries growth of 20% or more in 2012, com- Country Renewable Energy Sources Wind Target pared to five countries in 2011 (Table 5). (RES) Target

Australia 45 TWh by 2020 --- A notable shift toward renewable energy sources was reported in 2012. In the EU, re- Austria --- 3 GW by 2020 newable power installations accounted for Canada ------70% of new capacity, and wind power alone China --- 100 GW (5 GW offshore) by 2015; accounted for 26.5% of total 2012 power 200 GW (30 GW offshore) by 2020 capacity installations. In the United States, Denmark 100% by 2050 50% of electricity by 2020 wind capacity represented 43% of new gen- More than 35% renewable eration installed in 2012. by 2020

European 20% by 2020 --- 2.2.2 Offshore wind progress and plans Commission Among the IEA Wind member countries, Finland 38% of gross energy 6 TWh/yr (2.5 GW) in 2020 offshore wind systems totaling more than consumption by 2020 4.5 GW were operating at the close of 2012 Germany 35% of electrical energy 10 GW offshore by 2025 (Table 6), with the addition of more than consumption by 2020 1.25 GW in China, Denmark, Germany, Greece 40% of electricity by 2020 --- and the United Kingdom. The UK brought Ireland 40% by 2020 3.5 GW by 2020 841 MW online in 2012 and will connect

Italy 17% by 2020 12.68 GW and 20 TWh/yr by 2020 the 630-MW London Array in 2013 as the world’s largest offshore wind power plant. Japan Prospect: 25% to 35% by 2030 Prospect: 5 GW by 2020 During 2012 in the EU, offshore wind Korea, Republic of 12% of consumption by 2030 7.3 GW by 2030; 11% of power installations represented 10% of the an- consumption nual EU wind energy market, up from 9% in México --- 12 GW by 2020 2011. With the completion of the wind farms Netherlands 16% by 2020; 20% reduction --- that were not fully grid-connected during

CO2 in 2020 as compared to 2012, approximately 1.4 GW of new offshore 1990 level capacity is due to come online in 2013. The Norway 67.5% of total energy --- European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) consumption in 2020 has identified 18.4 GW of consented offshore Portugal 31% of gross energy 6.8 GW onshore, 0.075 GW offshore wind farms in Europe and plans for offshore consumption by 2020 by 2020 wind farms totaling more than 140 GW. Spain 20% of overall energy 35 GW onshore, 0.75 GW offshore Outside of Europe, many countries are consumption by 2020 by 2020 planning to expand capacity with offshore Sweden Increase generation by 22.6 30 TWh by 2020: 20 TWh onshore, wind. In China, nine coastal provinces have TWh/yr over 2002 level by 2050 10 TWh offshore released offshore wind power development Switzerland Increase generation by 22 TWh 4.0 TWh/yr by 2050 (0.6 TWh by plans. Japan installed a demonstration float- by 2050 2020, 1.5 TWh by 2035) ing offshore wind project and is planning United Kingdom 15% by 2020 --- for wind turbines in its deep waters offshore. United States 80% of electricity from clean 54 GW offshore by 2030 Korea began construction of the first phase sources by 2035 of a 2.5-GW offshore wind farm in 2011— --- = No target available the first 100 MW will demonstrate the technology and the quality of the site. In the United States, 10 offshore wind projects totaling 2.84 GW were identified by the end of 2012 as advancing in the develop- increased in the IEA Wind member countries Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and the ment process. The National Offshore Wind as a whole from less than 5 GW in 1995 to United States. Strategy published in 2011 calls for reducing more than 239 GW in 2012 (Figure 1). • More than 1 GW was added in six the cost of offshore wind energy and deploy- countries: United States (13.13 GW), ment of 54 GW by 2030. In 2012, the De- • Record increases in capacity were re- China (12.96 GW), Germany (2.44 partment of Energy made Phase 1 awards in a ported in Australia, Austria, Finland, Italy, GW), the United Kingdom (1.82 GW), 168 million USD (127 million EUR) offshore México, Norway, Sweden, United King- Italy (1.27 GW), and Spain (1.11 GW) wind initiative. Seven technology partnerships dom, and the United States. (Table 2). Canada, Sweden, and México will plan and design offshore wind demon- • More wind capacity was added in 2012 also added more than 600 MW each. In stration projects. In Phase 2, three of these than in 2011 in 13 countries: Australia, all, 17 countries added more than 100 partnerships will be selected to build full- Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, MW of new capacity. scale offshore wind generation facilities. Off- Italy, Korea, México, the Netherlands, • México had the highest growth: a shore wind facility developments were further

IEA Wind 7 Ireland, and the Netherlands, where lower- than-average winds dominated the year. Electrical production is influenced by the quality of the wind resource for the year and the operating availability of the wind plants. Regarding the wind resource, correcting annual production to wind indexes is becoming more common as wind capacity increases and the effects of variations across years are experienced. These indexes are based on a five-year or ten-year average wind resource. Table 7 classifies the wind resource in 2012 compared to average as reported by some 1 Executive Summary 1 Executive member countries. Some countries set records in 2012 for Figure 1. Annual installed capacity, cumulative installed capacity, and annual generation as re- WVY[LKI`0,(>PUKTLTILYJV\U[YPLZ ¶5V[L!*OPUHPZÄYZ[YLWYLZLU[LKPU wind penetration (contribution to electric demand) (Table 8). Denmark has the new world record by meeting nearly 30% of national electric demand from wind energy in Table 5. Wind Energy Capacity Increases in IEA Wind Member Countries 2012. Wind energy met 20% of Portuguese Country Cumulative capacity 2012 added capacity Increase electricity demand in 2012 and at one mo- (MW) (2011) (MW) (%) ment in October, instantaneous wind con- México 570 645 113 tribution to demand reached 86%. In Spain, Finland 199 90 45 wind power exceeded previous instantaneous power peaks and maximum hourly and daily Norway 511 195 38 energy production. In November 2012, wind United Kingdom 6,470 1,822 28 generation contributed 21.3% of the energy United States 46,916 13,131 28 mix, the highest of all the existing technolo- Austria 1,084 296 27 gies in Spain.

Sweden 2,899 755 26 2.3 National incentive programs China 62,364 12,960 21 All IEA Wind member countries have gov- Korea 406 81 20 ernment structures designed to encourage Canada 5,265 936 18 renewable energy development. Most of these incentives also apply to wind energy Italy 6,878 1,266 18 (Table 9). In 2012, feed-in tariffs (FITs) were Australia 2,224 358 16 used by 16 of the 21 IEA Wind member Ireland 1,633 153 9

Germany 29,075 2,440 8

Switzerland 46 3.9 8 Table 6. Offshore Wind Energy Capacity in IEA Wind Member Greece 1,640 117 7 Countries 2011–2012 Netherlands 2,368 161 7 Country 2011 2012 Denmark 3,952 210 5 Capacity Capacity (MW) (MW) Spain 21,673 1,112 5 United 1,838 2,679 Japan 2,536 78 3 Kingdom

Portugal 4,302 147 3 Denmark 871 920

% increase = (added capacity 2012 / capacity in 2011) x 100 China 108 390 Bold italic indicates estimates Germany 200 280

Netherlands 228 228

facilitated with the adoption of the American more than 73 TWh in 2012. Meanwhile, total Finland 26 26 Wind Energy Association (AWEA) Offshore national electrical demand for 2012 increased Ireland 25 25 Compliance Recommended Practices that address in six IEA Wind member countries (Can- the unique conditions for wind energy devel- ada, China, Finland, Japan, México, and the Japan 25 25 opment in U.S. waters. United States) and decreased in nine countries Korea 0 2 (Australia, Austria, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Norway 2 2 2.2.3 Electrical production Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and Spain). Portugal 2 2 Total wind energy electrical production from National electrical output from wind energy all IEA Wind member countries increased by increased in all countries except Germany, Total 3,325 4,579

8 2012 Annual Report Table 7. Reported Wind Resource for 2012 Compared to Average Policy Uncertainty: Government programs High wind Average wind Low wind to increase access to financing, provide larger Country (index%) Country (index%) Country (index%) subsidies, and issue targeted grants are men-

Austria (110%) Australia Denmark (95.2%) tioned as ways to reduce the effects of policy Canada China Finland (88%) uncertainty. In several countries, government Italy Japan Germany cost-cutting measures have targeted funds al- Norway (103%) Korea Ireland Switzerland (110%) Spain the Netherlands (89%) located for incentive programs. United Kingdom Sweden Portugal (97%) Shortage of Sites on Land: A shortage of United States* onshore wind sites was cited in some coun- * Regional resources vary across the continent in any year tries (Denmark, Germany, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) as a reason to develop offshore wind projects. Grid Integration and Capacity Issues: In ma- countries to encourage wind development The following issues, which are report- ny countries, the electrical grids are adapted and are reported as very effective tools in ed as limiting renewable energy growth, are to the needs of centralized, large-scale power that regard. Also popular with the IEA Wind being addressed through national research plants, and their capacity is limited to absorb member countries are programs that man- projects, incentive programs, and co-op- large amounts of wind power. Curtailment date utilities to supply a portion of electricity erative research projects of IEA Wind and results when the grid operators shut down from renewables. Eleven countries use these other groups: wind farms to alleviate transmission bottle- utility obligations, renewable obligations, or Economic Climate: Surprisingly, the global necks. Improved forecasting and grid upgrades renewable portfolio standards (RPS). economic climate did not have the expected are addressing this problem. Several countries In some countries, existing incentive slowing effect in 2012, but a slow economy made progress in upgrading or adding trans- programs were at risk of expiring or be- is expected to reduce renewable energy in- mission lines to carry wind capacity. ing rescinded (e.g., Portugal, Spain) due to stallations in 2013. Permitting Delays: Delays due to permit- changes in the political climate or, in some ting requirements have limited wind devel- cases, resulting from the financial crisis. In opments in several countries. In Finland, the others, new incentives are being discussed, Table 8. Percent Contribution effect of wind turbines on radar became a such as carbon taxes. In Australia, a fixed car- of Wind to National Electricity permitting issue, so an impartial and trans- Demand 2010–2012 bon price per ton of carbon dioxide equiva- parent procedure and scientific tool were lent emissions began in July 2012. This cost Country 2010 2011 2012 developed to help the Ministry of Defence is added to the retail product (mostly elec- Denmark 21.9 28.0 29.9 estimate the radar impacts. In Japan, adding tricity) resulting from combustion. Half of the requirement for an environmental impact Portugal 17.0 18.0 20.0 the income raised will be used to accelerate assessment could delay projects for 3–5 years. the deployment of clean energy sources. The Spain 16.4 16.3 17.8 Environmental Impacts: Concerns about other half will assist households to pay for Ireland 10.5 15.6 14.5 environmental impacts were also mentioned the higher cost of electricity. Germany 6.0 7.6 7.7 as issues affecting the permitting of new In China, the trading of green certificates wind projects. Research projects on envi- United Kingdom 2.6 4.2 6.0 by electricity-generating enterprises was be- ronmental impacts are underway in most ing considered. In Japan, incentives will be Greece 4.0 5.8 5.8 countries, and the new IEA Wind Task 34 considered as part of the new energy scenarios Sweden 2.6 4.4 5.0 Environmental Impacts and Assessment will to reduce dependence on nuclear and fos- leverage the findings of these projects for the Austria 3.0 3.6 5.0 sil energy. In Korea, the RPS that took effect task participants. in 2012 is having a positive effect. In México, Netherlands 4.0 4.2 4.1 Social Acceptance: Social acceptance is the new law for renewable energy instructs Italy 2.6 3.0 4.0 becoming an issue in nearly every country the Secretariat of Energy and the Secretary of United States 2.3 2.9 3.5 with wind development. IEA Wind Task 28 Economy to promote manufacturing of wind Social Acceptance of Wind Energy Projects is Australia 2.0 2.4 3.4 turbines in México. In the United States, a key addressing the process of wind project devel- incentive, the production tax credit, was ex- Canada 1.8 2.3 2.8 opment. In Australia, best practice documents tended for another year. China 1.2 1.6 2.0 include Community Engagement Guidelines México 0.6 0.6 1.2 for the Australian Wind Industry and Wind In- 2.4 Issues affecting growth dustry Best Practice Technical Guidelines for the Norway 0.7 1.0 1.1 At the end of 2012, fewer countries were implementation of wind energy projects in able to report on projects planned or under Finland 0.3 0.6 0.6 Australia. construction due to uncertainty in many Japan 0.4 0.5 0.52 Skilled Labor Availability: Demand for markets (Table 10). For the EU, EWEA has Korea 0.2 0.2 0.2 skilled labor is increasing with annual in- identified 1.4 GW due to come on line in creases in operating wind capacity. The Switzerland 0.05 0.1 2013 and another 1.9 GW in 2014. EWEA 0.1 United Kingdom commissioned its first also reports 18.4 GW of consented offshore IEA Wind 2.3 2.8 3.3 Industrial Doctorate Centre in Renew- wind farms in Europe and plans for wind Average able Energy. It will train up to 50 stu- farms totaling more than 140 GW. Bold italic = estimate dents in the research and skills needed to

IEA Wind 9 Table 9. Incentive Programs in IEA Wind Member Countries for 2012 into 2013 Type of program Description Countries implementing

Feed-in tariff An explicit monetary reward for wind-generated electricity that is paid Australia; Austria; Canada; China; (usually by the electricity utility) at a guaranteed rate per kilowatt-hour Denmark (offshore and small wind that may be higher than the wholesale electricity rates paid by the [\YIPULZ"-PUSHUKZWLJPHSKLÄUP[PVU" utility. Germany; Ireland; Italy; Japan (from :WLJPHSKLÄUP[PVUPU-PUSHUKHUK[OL5L[OLYSHUKZ!:\IZPK`PZ[OL July 2012); Korea; the Netherlands difference between a guaranteed price and the electricity market ZWLJPHSKLÄUP[PVU"7VY[\NHS" price—producers are in the electricity markets. Switzerland; United Kingdom (15 countries)

Renewable portfolio Mandate that the electricity utility (often the electricity retailer) source Australia; Canada; China; Italy; standards (RPS), renewables a portion of its electricity supplies from renewable energies. Japan (till June 2012); Korea; Norway; production obligation (RPO), Portugal; Sweden; United Kingdom; or renewables obligation (RO) United States (11 countries)

1 Executive Summary 1 Executive Green electricity schemes Green electricity based on renewable energy from the electric utility, Australia; Austria; Canada; Denmark; which can be purchased by customers, usually at a premium price. Finland; Netherlands; Sweden; Switzerland; United States (9 countries)

Capital subsidies +PYLJ[ÄUHUJPHSZ\IZPKPLZHPTLKH[[OL\WMYVU[JVZ[IHYYPLYLP[OLYMVY Canada; China; Korea (3 countries) ZWLJPÄJLX\PWTLU[VY[V[HSPUZ[HSSLK^PUKZ`Z[LTJVZ[

Spatial planning activities (YLHZVMUH[PVUHSPU[LYLZ[[OH[HYLVMÄJPHSS`JVUZPKLYLKMVY^PUKLULYN` China; Denmark; Korea; México; the development. Netherlands; Sweden; Switzerland (7 countries)

Special incentives for small Ireland: Reduced connection costs, conditional planning consent Australia; Canada; Denmark; wind exemptions. Value-added tax (VAT) rebate for small farmers. Ireland; Italy; Japan (from July 2012); Accelerated capital allowances for corporations. Can include Portugal; United States (8 countries) microFIT.

Income tax credits Some or all expenses associated with wind installation that may be Canada; Ireland; México; deducted from taxable income streams. Netherlands; United States (5 countries)

Net metering The system owner receives retail value for any excess electricity fed Canada; Denmark; Italy; Korea; into the grid, as recorded by a bi-directional electricity meter and United States (5 countries) netted over the billing period.

Electric utility activities Activities include green power schemes, allowing customers to Canada; Denmark; Finland; Ireland purchase green electricity, wind farms, various wind generation (voluntary supplier tariff for domestic V^ULYZOPWHUKÄUHUJPUNVW[PVUZ^P[OZLSLJ[J\Z[VTLYZHUK^PUK micro-wind); Sweden; Switzerland; electricity power purchase models. United States (7 countries)

Investment funds for wind Share offerings in private wind investment funds are provided, plus Australia; Canada; Switzerland; energy other schemes that focus on wealth creation and business success United Kingdom (4 countries) using wind energy as a vehicle to achieve these ends.

Net billing Electricity taken from the grid and electricity fed into the grid are Netherlands (small wind only); tracked separately, and the electricity fed into the grid is valued at a Portugal (micro-generation only); given price. United States (3 countries)

.YLLUJLY[PÄJH[LZ (WWYV]LKWV^LYWSHU[ZYLJLP]LJLY[PÄJH[LZMVY[OLHTV\U[4>OVM Norway; Sweden; and UK electricity they generate from renewable sources. They sell electricity (3 countries) HUKJLY[PÄJH[LZ;OLWYPJLVM[OLJLY[PÄJH[LZPZKL[LYTPULKPUH separate market where demand is set by the obligation of consumers to buy a minimum percentage of their electricity from renewable sources.

Sustainable building ;OLYLX\PYLTLU[ZVMUL^I\PSKPUNKL]LSVWTLU[ZYLZPKLU[PHSHUK Denmark; Ireland; Portugal YLX\PYLTLU[Z commercial) to generate a prescribed portion of their heat and/or (3 countries) electricity needs from on site renewable sources (e.g., wind, solar, IPVTHZZNLV[OLYTHS,_PZ[PUNI\PSKPUNZJHUX\HSPM`MVYÄUHUJPHS PUJLU[P]LZ[VYL[YVÄ[YLUL^HISL[LJOUVSVNPLZ

Commercial bank activities Includes activities such as preferential home mortgage terms for Netherlands; Switzerland houses, including wind systems, and preferential green loans for the installation of wind systems.

Payroll tax credit A rebate for payroll tax (4.95% of wages) incurred during project Australia construction that developers of renewable energy projects with capacities greater than 30 MW may receive.

Carbon tax A tax on carbon that encourages a move to renewables and provides Australia investment dollars for renewable projects.

Relief from import tax Large wind turbine technology and related components included on China lists of imports are exempt from customs and import VAT charges.

Special licensing to reduce RES plants are exempt from the obligation to attain certain licenses; Greece administrative burden on islands, RES plants that are combined with water desalination plants get priority.

10 2012 Annual Report Table 10. Potential Increases to Capacity in IEA Wind Member Countries 3.3 Operational details Country Planning approval* Under construction** Total planned and/ Wind plants composed of many individual (MW) (MW) or under construction wind turbines are becoming more produc- (MW) tive by several measures. One of these is Australia 4,277 1,627 5,904 capacity factor. The annual capacity fac-

Austria 400 419 819 tor is the amount of energy a generating plant produces over the year divided by the Canada 5,000 --- 5,000 (by 2016) amount of energy that would have been produced if the plant had been running at China 18,000 --- 60,000 full capacity during that same time interval. Denmark --- 400 400 For wind turbines, capacity factor is depen- (Anholt) dent on the quality of the wind resource, the Finland 104 21 125 availability of the machine (i.e., reliability) to Korea --- 420 420 generate when there is enough wind, and the turbine design. México 2,082 413 2,495 The capacity factor will be reduced if Norway 1,943 66 2,009 the utility curtails production due to load Spain 245 115 360 management. Most wind power plants oper- Switzerland 15 3 18 ate at a capacity factor of 25% to 40%. For reference, the world average capacity factor United Kingdom 6,441 4,904 11,345 for wind has been estimated at 21% (IEEE United States ------539 2012); the highest capacity factor reported --- = no data available offshore is 52% at Horns Rev, Denmark (en- * Projects have been approved by all planning bodies. ergynumbers 2013); and the highest capacity ** Physical work has begun on the projects. factor reported onshore is 57.9% at Burra- dale, Shetland Islands (REUK 2013). IEA Wind countries report their average annual accelerate the development of renewable 3.2 Industry status capacity factors Table 12. energy technologies. The wind industry is growing, and several The average power rating of new wind countries are making concerted efforts to at- turbines installed in 2012 was slightly 3.0 Implementation tract wind turbine manufacturing to their do- more than 2 MW; however, turbines as 3.1 Economic impact mestic economies. Wind projects are owned large as 7.5 MW have been installed. In A key impact of wind energy development is by utilities, co-operatives, independent power Austria one of these 7.5-MW turbines creating employment and economic activity. producers (IPPs), private companies (i.e., in- covers the energy requirements of approxi- A study in Australia estimated that a 50-MW dustries for self-supply), income funds, and mately 4,000 households. wind farm could contribute up to 2.6% to communities (including First Nations). the gross regional product. A Canadian study estimated that 1 GW of new wind energy creates 10,500 person-years of employment. In 2012, Canada added 0.94 GW of new wind capacity. A study in the United States concluded that wind plant installations between 2000 and 2008 in 12 states resulted in local employment of 0.5 jobs/MW. Another key impact is domestic manufacture and export of wind turbines, components, and consulting expertise. Table 11 shows reported labor and economic turnover effects for 2012 in the IEA Wind member countries. One of the positive effects of wind energy is displacing fossil fuel consumption and the related economic and environmental costs. Most countries perform a calculation of avoided emissions attributable to wind energy and the number of households supplied with electricity generated by wind turbines. These calculations are based on the generation mix Figure 2. Average installed costs of wind turbines 2007–2012 as reported by IEA Wind member countries. Costs are not adjusted. and usage patterns of each country reporting.

IEA Wind 11 Table 11. Capacity in Relation to Estimated Jobs and Economic Impact 2012 14. The country chapters contain references Country Capacity Estimated number Economic impact to recent reports and databases resulting (MW) of jobs (million EUR; million USD) from this research. One clear trend is that

China 75,324 250,000 --- most countries with shorelines are placing a high priority on research to support offshore United States 60,007 80,700 91,000; 120,000 wind technology (Denmark, China, Finland, Germany 31,315 117,900 --- Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain 22,785 16,970 2,894; 3,744 Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States). It is dif- United Kingdom 8,292 ------ficult to calculate the total research dollars Italy 8,144 30,000 2,100; 2,768 supporting wind energy technology; how- Canada 6,201 10,500 1,520; 2,003 ever Table 15 lists government budgets re- Portugal 4,517 3,200 --- ported by some countries. The investment of 1 Executive Summary 1 Executive research partners must be considered as well. Denmark 4,162 23,000 7,400; 9,575 The European Commission is a sig- Sweden 3,524 ------nificant source of funding for wind energy Japan 2,614 2,500 1,582; 2,109 research projects proposed by its member Australia 2,584 1,800 709; 935 countries. In 2012, 28 wind R&D projects were running with the support of the Sev- Netherlands 2,431 2,100 740; 957 enth (FP7) Framework Programme of the Ireland 1,827 2,200 --- EU (the Framework Programmes are the Greece 1,749 1,800 --- main EU-wide tool to support strategic re-

Austria 1,378 3,300 500; 647 search areas). In addition, five offshore demonstration projects funded by the European México 1,212 1,500 208; 269 Energy Programme for Recovery (EEPR) Norway 704 ------were under construction and three more Korea 487 1,103 1,092; 1,413 were in the pipeline. Finally, six other inno-

Finland 288 2,000 930; 1,230 vative demonstration projects were awarded funding by the New Entrants Reserve fund- Switzerland 49 --- 38.9, 51.3 ing program in late December. Fourteen EU Total 239,594 Countries and the European Commission --- = No data available participate in IEA Wind research activities. Bold italic = estimate Outside of Europe, countries establish their research priorities and benefit from cooperation in the IEA Wind research tasks. For 3.4 Wind energy costs reported installed costs for wind projects by more information on test centers and research The cost of electricity from wind genera- country. Please note that the historic cost num- activities, please refer to the country chapters tion, often referred to as the levelized cost bers have not been corrected to 2012 currency. and to the chapter from the European Com- of energy (LCOE) is declining. IEA Wind mission/European Wind Energy Association. Task 26 is addressing this key metric by 4.0 R, D&D Activities A few highlights are presented here. collecting data on system and project costs, A significant benefit of participation in the assessing methodologies for projecting fu- IEA Wind agreement is the ability to par- 4.1.1 New test and research facilities ture wind technology costs, and survey- ticipate in the research tasks that are only Several important new research centers ing methods for determining the value of open to organizations within member coun- were opened, under construction, or being wind energy (Lantz et al. 2012). The indi- tries. In 2012, 12 active research tasks were planned in 2012. vidual country chapters include estimated advancing wind energy technology and de- Denmark opened the new onshore test costs of energy based on local conditions. ployment. To guide these activities, the Exec- center at Oesterild for wind turbines up to Country chapters also address costs for utive Committee of IEA Wind will prepare 250 m and plans an offshore test center for turbine, development, and O&M costs in in 2013 a new strategic plan for the period turbines up to 10 MW. some detail. For example, a study in Austra- 2014 through 2019. This plan will be based In Canada, construction of WEICan’s lia found that the turbines represented 60% on the document Long-Term Research and De- new 10-MW Wind Energy R&D Park was to 75% of project development costs. An velopment Needs for Wind Energy for the Time completed in December 2011. In 2013, the Austrian study estimated O&M costs per Frame 2012 to 2030 developed through a park will be adding a utility-sized electric- kilowatt-hour (kWh) showing expected in- Topical Expert Meeting, a working group, ity storage system. The park will be able to creases over time. Costs are higher for areas and a consensus process within the IEA study the economic and technical feasibility with mountainous terrain, long permitting Wind participants in 2012. of wind-generated storage in Canada, in or- processes, or long waits for grid connection. der to examine grid integration technologies Table 13 shows reported turbine costs 4.1 National R, D&D efforts to increase the economic viability of variable in 2012 currency. Figure 2 shows trends of The major research areas discussed in the in- electricity generation. dividual country chapters are listed in Table

12 2012 Annual Report In Germany, research at the alpha ven- Table 12. Reported Average Capacity Factors (%)* tus test site continued with 45 organizations Country 2011 Average capacity 2012 Average capacity including universities, institutes, and compa- factor (%) factor (%) nies. Three years of results were published in Australia --- 35.0 2012. Among the extensive research activities on wind energy in Germany, test stands are Austria --- 30.0 under construction for 4-MW and 10-MW Canada 31.0 31.0 drive trains and for large support structure China --- 18.4 components. Denmark 28.4 22.6 In Spain, an experimental onshore wind farm located in complex terrain has six cali- Finland 28.0 24.0 brated positions to install prototypes of large Germany 19.0 --- wind turbines up to 5 MW. A deep-sea off- Greece ------shore test station will test new technology and Ireland 31.6 28.4 stimulate collaboration among major research centers, the industry, and universities. And, an Italy 18.0 --- open sea test facility can test full-scale proto- Japan 19.0 19.9 types as single devices or arrays to assess and Korea ------monitor performance. A small wind test site can perform tests needed for certification. México 30.0 30.0 In the United Kingdom, the National Netherlands --- On land 20.0 Renewable Energy Centre, (Narec) opened a Offshore 39.5 new 100-m wind turbine blade test facility Norway 31.3 31.2 in 2012. A 15-MW drive train test facility for Portugal 26.0 28.0 offshore wind turbines will be commissioned Spain --- 24.1 in summer 2013. Narec obtained a 100-MW grid connection and a lease from The Crown Sweden --- 26.0 Estate for an offshore wind demonstration Switzerland 20.0 <20.0 site in deep water, just off the Blyth coast. An United Kingdom On land 27.4 On land 27.4 Offshore Anemometry Hub was installed in Offshore 36.7 Offshore 36.7 November 2012 as part of the project. United States 33.0 33.0 In the United States, a new Scaled Wind * The amount of energy the plant produces over the year divided by the Farm Technology test facility will open in amount of energy that would have been produced if the plant had been 2013 with three research-scale wind turbines running at full capacity during that same time interval. spaced and oriented to study turbine-to- --- = No data available turbine interactions. It will also help validate aerodynamic, aero-elastic, and aero-acoustic simulations used to develop new technolo- the focus of several national research projects completed in 2012. The results show that the gies. Blade test facilities and dynamometers and of IEA Wind Task 25 Wind Energy in wind farm had few negative effects and several for testing large drive trains are operating or Cold Climates. positive effects upon marine life. It also be- near completion. Japan demonstrated a major commit- came clear that fruitful monitoring can only ment to offshore wind in 2012 by installing be done when good models exist to interpret 4.1.2 Highlights of completed research the following: a 2.4-MW wind turbine with the data. The new IEA Wind Task 34 Envi- Details of these and other completed proj- a gravity foundation and offshore platform in ronmental Assessment and Monitoring will ects, references to the resulting publications, the Pacific Ocean 3 km offshore; an offshore address the state of the art in techniques and and planned R&D activities can be found in measurement platform 1.4 km offshore; and models for evaluating environmental impacts the country chapters of this report. a 100-kW demonstration wind turbine on of wind farms on land and offshore. In Canada, the production penalties due a spar-type floater 1 km offshore. In 2013, In Norway, a 1:6 scale model floating to cold climates was assessed using actual a large-scale floating offshore wind demon- offshore turbine called SWAY is being tested production data from 24 wind farms located stration project will begin 20 km offshore in the sea outside Bergen under real condi- across the country. It is estimated that the of Fukushima prefecture. In Phase 1 of that tions. Also, the world’s first full-scale floating cumulative weighted average loss for all wind demonstration, a 2-MW downwind wind wind turbine (Hywind concept developed farms currently operating in Canada is 6.6%. turbine with a 4-column semi-submersible by Statoil) has operated for over two years In eastern Canada, annual production loss floater and a 66 kV floating offshore electri- and results for both production and technical percentage is much higher at 15.7%. cal substation will be installed. availability have been positive. Hywind sur- In Finland, the wind atlas was amended In the Netherlands, the ecology/en- vived a powerful extra tropical cyclone, other by adding an icing atlas in 2012. Challeng- vironmental study of the Monitoring and storms with winds over 40 m/s, and maxi- ing environments (e.g., offshore, in complex Evaluation Program (MEP) of the Offshore mum waves over 18 m. The next generation terrain, and exposed to extreme weather) are Wind farm Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) was

IEA Wind 13 Table 13. Estimated Average Turbine Cost and Total Acceptance of Wind Energy; and Wind Project Cost for 2012 Farm Control Methods. Meetings planned Country Turbine cost Total installed project for 2013 include Wind Energy in Complex (EUR/kW*) cost (EUR/kW*) Terrain; Operation and Maintenance Chal- Australia 1,220 2,000 lenges; Noise Reduction Technologies; and Forecasting. In 2012, Task 11 also managed Austria 1,430 1,675 the approval process for three new Recom- Canada --- 1,824 mended Practices from IEA Wind research China 463.6 1,220 tasks (see below). IEA Wind Recommended Denmark --- on land 1,240 Practices serve as pre-normative guidelines in advance of formal standards to promote Greece 1,050 --- best practices available for wind technol- Ireland 900 1,500 ogy and deployment. They are often used 1 Executive Summary 1 Executive Italy 1,200 1,750 as input to the more lengthy full standards Japan 1,740 2,610 process. Task 19 Wind Energy in Cold Climates México 1,200 1,500 task participants developed and IEA Wind Netherlands --- on land: 1,376 approved a Recommended Practice 13 Wind En- offshore: 3,200 ergy Projects in Cold Climates early in 2012. Spain 800 1,000–1,400 This work formed the basis for the fourth Sweden 1,400 1,600 revision of the IEC standard 61400-1 De-

Switzerland 1,450 2,070 sign Requirements, which included the effect of ice loads and low temperatures in design United States 720-985 1,470 load cases. Having a dedicated design load * Total Installed Project Cost includes: costs for turbines, case for wind turbines with ice accretion on YVHKZLSLJ[YPJHSLX\PWTLU[PUZ[HSSH[PVUKL]LSVWTLU[HUKNYPK connection. blades gives manufacturers a tool to design ** Applicable conversion rate EUR to USD: 1.318 turbines for these adverse conditions. This, in --- = No data available turn, leads to better technologies, reduction of O&M costs, and lower cost of energy from cold climate wind plants. of Hywind will be deployed in the United than 180,000 days of turbine operation. IEA Task 25 Design and Operation of Power States off the coast of Maine. Wind Task 33 Reliability: Standardizing Data Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power In Switzerland, an experimental design Collection for Wind Turbine Reliability, Op- published a paper, “Recommendations for was used to determine the influence on lo- eration, and Maintenance Analyses will be Integration Studies,” that will evolve into an cal public acceptance of three wind project accumulating the information from this kind IEA Wind Recommended Practice in 2013. characteristics. Acceptance was higher if the of study worldwide. A summary report of the 2009-2012 work project developer was a well-known Swiss Small wind turbines are attracting consid- was published at the beginning of 2013. company experienced with wind energy erable interest in research programs. In Austria, Analysis of recent wind integration studies projects in contrast to an unknown devel- several projects are underway addressing issues has addressed reserve requirements, balanc- oper acting on behalf of an investor. Local of small wind turbine deployment and opera- ing costs, impacts to the transmission grid, benefits associated with the project had the tion. Ireland completed its field trials of small and capacity value of wind power. The task highest impact on local acceptance. Wind wind turbines and concluded that turbulent has involved the transmission system opera- energy projects that included financial invest- winds are a key design driver for small wind tors to ensure seamless application of the re- ment opportunities for local citizens were turbines. The United States published the sults. Publication through journal articles and perceived more positively by local citizens Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap conference presentations further improves than wind energy projects with the leasing of in 2012 to guide development of safe, reliable understanding of wind integration issues. land as the only local benefit. IEA Wind Task small wind turbines. IEA Wind Task 27 Small Task 26 Cost of Wind Energy issued a re- 28 Social Acceptance of Wind Energy Proj- Wind Turbines in Turbulent Sites began its port The Past and Future Cost of Wind Energy ects is continuing its work with researchers second term by adding research on the tur- Work Package 2 that reviews historical costs, of social acceptance issues. bulent wind regime of the urban or complex evaluates near-term market trends, reviews A U.S. study used a global positioning environment. the methods used to estimate long-term cost system to track the movements of golden trajectories, and summarizes the range of eagles and gain a deeper understanding of 4.2 Collaborative research costs projected for land-based wind energy their movements and hence, the risks they The collaborative research conducted by or- across forward-looking studies and scenarios. face from wind energy development. A reli- ganizations in the IEA Wind member coun- It also highlights high-level market variables ability database tracking the performance of tries made significant progress in 2012. that have influenced wind energy costs in the the country’s wind facilities published its sec- Task 11 Base Technology Information past and are expected to do so in the future. ond benchmark report in 2012, which cov- Exchange held Topical Expert Meetings Continuing work of this task will identify the ers three turbine manufacturers, six turbine on the following topics: Advances in Wind primary cost drivers of offshore wind energy models (at least 1-MW capacity), and more Turbine and Components Testing; Social

14 2012 Annual Report Table 14. Reported Research Activities in IEA Wind Member Countries Type of program Country activities reported IEA Wind co-operative activities in 2012

Offshore wind Technology development and testing for Task 30 Comparison of Dynamic Codes and Models turbines, including turbines up to 10 MW and for Offshore Wind Energy (structures) MV\UKH[PVUZÄ_LKHUKÅVH[PUN"KLZPNU^VYR" drive train advances; transmission issues; bigger blades; resource assessment; and reliability of operations and maintenance.

Wind farm modeling +H[HHJX\PZP[PVUHUKTVKLSKL]LSVWTLU[H[ Task 31 WAKEBENCH: Benchmarking of Wind Farm alpha ventus offshore test site. Flow Models

Small wind Technology development and testing of Task 27 Small Wind Turbine Labels for Consumers turbines generating 50 kW or less; investigation in conjunction with IEC MT2 standards work; of legal and social issues; tools for siting in Second term title for Task 27 is Small Wind Turbines urban settings. at Turbulent Sites

Mid-sized wind Technology development of turbines between 50 kW and 1 MW.

Technology improvements Two-bladed rotors, upwind and downwind designs, blade materials and design work, control systems.

Resource assessment, mapping, and Measurement programs and model Task 32 LIDAR: Wind lidar systems for wind forecasting development to assess and map the wind energy deployment and work to develop IEA Wind resource; remote sensing programs and Recommended Practices for using SODAR and [LJOUPX\LZ"^PUKH[SHZKL]LSVWTLU["^VYRVU LIDAR for Wind Measurements MVYLJHZ[PUN[LJOUPX\LZ"PTWSLTLU[H[PVUVM predictions of wind energy generation.

Environmental issues Developing assessment procedures and Task 34 Environmental Assessment and Monitoring conducting assessments in sensitive areas. of Wind Energy Projects Includes wildlife impacts, sound propagation, and impacts on radar systems.

Social impacts +L]LSVWPUN[LJOUPX\LZMVYHZZLZZTLU[HUK Task 28 Social Acceptance of Wind Energy Projects; mitigation of negative attitudes toward wind Task 27 Small Wind Turbine Labels for Consumers projects to improve permitting and approval Recommended Practice for Consumer Labeling of processes. Small Wind Turbines

Cold climate, severe conditions, and Assessing effects of cold on production; Task 19 Wind Energy in Cold Climates and work complex terrain mitigating ice formation; design for lightning, to update IEA Wind Recommended Practice on turbulence, and high winds. Calculation of Performance and Load Conditions for Wind Turbines in Cold Climates

Building domestic industry Support to domestic turbine or component developers to optimize, manufacture, and develop supply chain.

Test centers Increase or enhance public/private test centers Task 29 Analysis of Wind Tunnel Measurements and for design and endurance testing of wind Improvement of Aerodynamic Models turbines and components including blades, gearboxes, control systems, wake effects, etc.

Reducing and assessing costs Wind turbine research and design to Task 26 Cost of Wind Energy; work to draft IEA reduce manufacturing costs and operation Wind Recommended Practice for Calculating Cost; and maintenance costs; improvement of Task 29 Analysis of Wind Tunnel Measurements and modeling tools used for wind turbine design; Improvement of Aerodynamic Models; development of condition monitoring systems Task 30 OC4; MVYLMÄJPLU[VWLYH[PVUZ Task 31 WAKEBENCH; Task 33: Reliability Data: Standardizing Data Collection for Wind Turbine Reliability and Maintenance Analyses

Integration with electric power Model and measure impacts of wind Task 25 Design and Operation of Power Systems systems generation on the power supply system and with Large Amounts of Wind Power develop strategies to minimize costs, including use of storage and demand management.

Innovative concepts Vertical axis, hydraulic drive, kites, airships, etc.

IEA Wind 15 and explore the variation of these costs among carry out analysis of these “lost” data sets to and guidelines for data collection, and set participating countries. improve models. up procedures for analysis and reporting. Task 27 Development and Deployment Task 30 Offshore Code Comparison The expected outcome is the formulation of Small Wind Turbine Labels for Consumers Collaboration Continuation (OC4) is of guidelines for data collection, data struc- was organized to increase the use of com- coordinating the work of 12 countries ture, and data analyses for overall wind tur- mon methodologies for testing small wind and 47 organizations to improve the de- bine failure statistics. As the foundation for turbines that can quickly provide feedback sign of offshore wind turbines using ver- developing Recommended Practices for and know-how to develop international ified and improved codes. Jacket struc- Reliability Data, three State-of-the-Art Re- standards in the area of quality and perfor- ture results were published in 2012 and ports are planned. In 2012, work began on mance. IEA Wind Recommended Practice 12 provide enhanced tools for designers of the first State-of-the-Art Report, “Initia- Consumer Label for Small Wind Turbines (2011) offshore wind turbines. Work on semi- tives Concerning Reliability,” that will sum- has been included as an appendix to the IEC submersible substructures contributed to marize activities in the wind energy sector TC 88 standard on wind system testing. In work with DeepCwind model test data as well as relevant experience from other 1 Executive Summary 1 Executive 2012, the IEC compliance group began to advance the offshore floating wind sectors. work to implement the labelling of small turbine industry. The new IEA Wind Task 34 Environ- wind turbines applying the IEA Wind RP Task 31 Wakebench: Benchmarking mental Assessment and Monitoring of Wind 12. The Small Wind Turbine Association of Wind Farm Flow Models manages the Energy Projects on Land and Offshore was Testers organized by Task 27 will work to in- work of 16 countries and 30 organizations approved in 2012 to share information from crease the number of accredited test facilities to improve atmospheric boundary layer and completed and on-going environmental as- of small wind turbines. wind turbine wake models. The Task pro- sessment and monitoring efforts on land Task 27 Small Wind Turbines at Turbu- vides a forum for industrial, governmental, and offshore, both pre- and post-construc- lent Sites will continue with the partici- and academic partners to develop and define tion, to: (1) improve monitoring approaches; pants of the original task (and others) to quality-check procedures. In 2012, the first (2) make data easily accessible to all inter- conduct research to evaluate the wind re- benchmarks from the identified test cases and ested parties; (3) aggregate information on source in areas of high turbulence (forests, model inter-comparisons were initiated. The biological species affected; (4) aggregate rooftops, complex terrain, etc.) and effects work will produce a Model Evaluation Pro- information on effects of mitigation strate- on small turbine performance. It is expect- tocol for wind farm flow models in 2013. gies; and (5) identify successful approaches ed to produce a Recommended Practice Task 32 LIDAR: Wind Lidar Systems to monitoring impacts, analysis techniques, on micro-siting of small turbines at turbu- for Wind Energy Deployment was ap- and assessment methodologies. Participants lent sites. proved in late 2011. Remote sensing could will begin work in 2013. Task 28 Social Acceptance of Wind En- increase the accuracy and reduce the cost ergy Projects is translating the findings of of wind resource assessment and wind 5.0 The Next Term social scientists into the language of plan- farm operation. This task provides an in- Based on the upcoming IEA Technology ners and engineers to improve the process of ternational information exchange on lidar Roadmap for wind energy and the targets bringing wind energy projects to comple- technology. In 2012, participants and an and strategies of the IEA Wind member tion. In 2012, participants developed and extended group of experts developed Rec- countries, wind energy deployment will IEA Wind approved Recommended Practices ommended Practice 15 Ground-Based, Vertical- continue to expand over the next decade. 14 Social Acceptance of Wind Energy Projects to ly-Profiling Remote Sensing for Wind Resource The stress being felt in many markets across guide good practices by developers and local Assessment. This document is expected to Europe throughout the wind industry’s value authorities. The wide input collected dur- promote use of this new, potentially pow- chain may translate to a reduced level of in- ing the development of this document has erful method for measuring the wind re- stallations for some countries in 2013, pos- already increased the knowledge base and source with remote sensing devices (Sodar sibly continuing into 2014. However, eco- a database of studies is available on the Task and Lidar) by consolidating descriptions of nomic recovery and stable incentives in other 28 web pages at ieawind.org. The task issued current theory and industry practices. IEA countries may counteract this trend overall. a final report on the first phase of the work Wind Task 32 will refine this document Expanded efforts to develop offshore (2008–2011) in 2012. The second term will based on results of the task work into a wind will be seen in China, Denmark, continue through 2015. second edition and provide input to IEC Finland, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Task 29 MexNext II: Analysis of Wind standards development. Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, Tunnel Measurements and Improvement of Task 33 Reliability Data: Standardiza- and the United States. Aerodynamic Models is working with exist- tion of Data Collection for Wind Turbine The work of the IEA Wind research ing wind tunnel data sets to improve aerody- Reliability and Operation & Maintenance tasks will support efforts worldwide to namic models used to design wind turbines. Analyses was approved late in 2011. Col- increase the contribution of wind en- Improving these models should result in lection, processing, and analysis of wind ergy. New activities will be guided by the more durable, productive wind turbines. A fi- turbine reliability and failure statistics is Long-Term Research and Development Needs nal report was issued in 2012 and analyses of crucial to developing operations and main- for Wind Energy for the Time Frame 2012 the databases were published in journals and tenance strategies that minimize costs. The to 2030 and by the Strategic Plan for the presented at conferences. Additional work work will apply the experience of reliability term 2014–2019 to be published in 2013. approved for the next term will assemble an analyses and failure statistics to determine Significant reports are expected on inte- inventory of unexplored experiments and common terminologies, prepare formats gration of large amounts of wind power,

16 2012 Annual Report Table 15. National R&D Budgets 2010–2012 for Reporting Countries Country 2010 R&D Budget 2011 R&D Budget 2012 R&D Budget (million EUR; (million EUR; (million EUR; million USD) million USD) million USD)

Canada --- 6.00; 7.76 ---

China 7.63; 10.00

Denmark 134.00;173.00 134.00; 173.00 7.80; 10.40

Finland 4.00; 5.20 10.00; 12.90 2.00; 2.64

Germany 53.00; 71.40 77.00; 101.60 93.20;122.80

Ireland 0.30; 0.40 0.30; 0.40 ---

Italy 3.00; 3.96 3.00; 3.96 3.00; 3.96

Japan 22.51; 30.01 39.30; 52.40 50.61; 67.48

Netherlands 38.00; 51.07 7.08; 9.15 ---

Norway 12.60; 16.72 14.87; 19.69 17.14; 22.68

Spain 150.00; 197.70 150.00; 197.70 120.00; 158.16

Sweden 10.80; 14.51 10.80; 14.51 ---

Switzerland 0.41; 0.53 0.41; 0.53 0.41; 0.53

United States 59.52; 80.00 59.52; 80.00 70.90; 93.50

--- = no data available

cost of wind energy, small wind systems, IEA Wind. (1995–2011). IEA Wind Annual REUK. (2013). www.reuk.co.uk/Burra- social acceptance of wind energy projects, Reports. www.ieawind.org. Boulder, Colorado, dale-Wind-Farm-Shetland-Islands.htm and aerodynamic models and wind tunnel USA: PWT Communications, LLC. World Wind Association. (WWEA). data. It is expected that the International Institute of Electrical and Electronics (2013). World Wind Energy Report 2012. Energy Agency will approved the IEA Engineers (IEEE). (2012). “A Skeptic Looks www.wwindea.org/home/index. Wind Implementing Agreement to con- at Alternative Energy.” IEEE Spectrum Statistics for IEA Wind member coun- tinue its work for another 5-year term. (49:7). tries have been provided by the authors International Energy Agency. (2012). of the country chapters and represent the References and notes: Energy Technology Perspectives 2012. www. best estimates of their sources in February Opening Photo: NEDO offshore wind iea.org/etp/etp2012/ 2012. For the latest information, visit www. turbine and wind and wave measurement platform International Energy Agency (IEA). ieawind.org. in Choshi, Japan. Credit: Rick Hinrichs, PWT (2010). Technology Roadmap: Wind Energy. Communications, LLC. www.iea.org/papers/2009/Wind_Road- Author: Patricia Weis-Taylor, Secretary, EnergyNumbers. (2013); energynumbers.info/ map.pdf IEA Wind. capacity-factors-at-danish-offshore-wind-farms Lantz E., Wiser R., Hand M. (2012). Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC). Past and Future Cost of Wind Energy, Work (2013). “Global Wind Report, Annual Package 2, IEA Wind Task 26. NREL/TP- Market Update 2012. www.gwec.net/ 6A20-53510. www.ieawind.org/ publications/ IEA Wind. (2011). Strategic Plan for 2009–2014. www.ieawind.org/

IEA Wind 17 2 Implementing Agreement

1.0 Introduction parties from 20 member countries, the Chi- planned for 2013 are reported for the overall National governments agree to participate nese Wind Energy Association (CWEA), the agreement (Chapter 2) and for the research in the IEA Wind Implementing Agreement European Commission, and the European tasks (Chapters 3 through 14). Member coun- so that their researchers, utilities, companies, Wind Energy Association (EWEA) (Table try chapters (Chapters 15 through 36) de- universities, and government departments 1). Since it began in 1977, participants have scribe activities in the research, development, may benefit from the active research tasks worked together to develop and deploy wind and deployment of wind energy in their and information exchange of the group. In- energy technology through vigorous national countries during the year just ended. The terested parties in member countries should programs and through co-operative interna- IEA Wind 2012 Annual Report is published contact their country representative listed tional efforts. They exchange the latest infor- by PWT Communications, LLC in Boulder, at www.ieawind.org IEA Wind Members mation on their continuing and planned ac- Colorado, United States, on behalf of the IEA about ways to benefit from the IEA Wind re- tivities and participate in selected IEA Wind Wind Executive Committee (ExCo). search tasks. research tasks. Under the auspices of the International This, the thirty-fifth IEA Wind Annual 2.0 Collaborative Research Energy Agency (IEA*), the Implementing Report, lists accomplishments by the close Participation in research tasks (Table 2) is Agreement for Co-operation in the Re- of 2012. The Executive Summary (Chap- open to any organization located in mem- search, Development, and Deployment of ter 1) compiles information from all coun- ber countries of IEA Wind (Table 1). Mem- Wind Energy Systems (IEA Wind†) is a col- tries and tasks to highlight important statistics ber countries choose to participate in tasks laborative venture among 25 contracting and trends. Activities completed in 2012 and that are most relevant to their current

* The IEA was founded in 1974 within the framework of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to collaborate on international energy programs and carry out a comprehensive program about energy among member countries. The 28 OECD member countries, non-member countries, and international organizations may participate. For more information, visit www.iea.org.

† The IEA Wind implementing agreement functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views and findings in this Annual Report do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual member countries..

18 2012 Annual Report Table 1. Participants in IEA Wind in 2012 Country/Organization Contracting Party to Agreement

Australia Clean Energy Research Institute

Austria Republic of Austria

Canada Natural Resources Canada

Denmark Ministry of Business and Economic Affairs, Danish Energy Authority

European Commission The European Commission

Finland The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Information, (TEKES) national research and development pro- Germany Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature grams. A lead organization in each country Conservation and Nuclear Safety must agree to the obligations of task par- Greece Center of Renewable Energy Resources (CRES) ticipation (pay a common fee and agree to Ireland Sustainable Energy Ireland perform specified parts of the work plan). Research tasks are approved by the ExCo Italy RSE S.p.A. and ENEA as numbered annexes to the Implement- Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science ing Agreement text. Tasks are referred to by and Technology (AIST) their annex number. The numbers of active Korea Government of Korea tasks are not sequential because some tasks México Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) are extended and some have been complet- Netherlands The Netherlands Agency ed and do not appear as active projects. Additional tasks are planned when new Norway Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) and Research Council of areas for co-operative research are identified Norway by members. In 2012, member countries con- Portugal National Laboratory of Energy and Geology tinued work on eleven tasks and approved the (LNEG) start of one new research task: Task 34 Assess- Spain Centro de Investigaciónes Energetícas ing Environmental Effects and Monitoring Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)

Sweden Swedish Energy Agency

Switzerland :^PZZ-LKLYHS6MÄJLVM,ULYN`

United Kingdom National Renewable Energy Centre (NAREC)

United States U.S. Department of Energy

Sponsor Participants

CWEA Chinese Wind Energy Association

EWEA European Wind Energy Association

IEA Wind 19 Table 2. Active Cooperative Research Tasks (OA indicates operating agent that manages the task) Task 11 Base Technology Information Exchange OA: Vattenfall, Sweden (1987 to 2008) changed to CENER, Spain (2013-2014)

Task 19 Wind Energy in Cold Climates OA: Technical Research Centre of Finland - VTT (2012-2015)

Task 25 Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power OA: Technical Research Centre of Finland – VTT, Finland (2012-2014)

Task 26 Cost of Wind Energy OA: NREL, United States (2013-2016)

Task 27 Consumer Labeling of Small Wind Turbines OA: CIEMAT, Spain (2012-2015)

Task 28 Social Acceptance of Wind Energy Projects OA: ENCO Energie-Consulting AG, Switzerland (2012-2014)

Task 29 Mexnex(T): Analysis of Wind Tunnel Measurements and Improvement of Aerodynamic Models OA: ECN, the Netherlands (2012-2014)

2 Implementing Agreement 2 Implementing Task 30 Offshore Code Comparison Collaborative Continuation (OC4) OA: NREL, the United States and Fraunhofer IWES, Germany (2010-2013)

Task 31 WAKEBENCH: Benchmarking of Wind Farm Flow Models OA: CENER, Spain and NREL, United States (2010-2013)

Task 32 Lidar: Wind Lidar Systems for Wind Energy Deployment OA: ForWind Center for Wind Energy Research, Germany (2011-2014)

Task 33 Reliability Data: Standardizing Wind Data Collection for Wind Turbine Reliability and Operation and Maintenance Analyses OA: Fraunhofer Institute For Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES), 2012-2014)

Task 34 Environmental Assessment and Monitoring for Wind Energy Systems 2013-2016 OA: NREL, United States

Efforts for Offshore and Land-Based Wind Contribution per participant for two For more information about the co-oper- Energy Systems. Discussion began for a task to years: 6,666 EUR (8,786 USD) plus in- ative research activities, contact the OA repre- be proposed in 2013 on full-scale ground test- kind effort. Total value of shared labor sentative for each task listed in Appendix B of ing of blades and gearboxes. received: 11,199,600 EUR (14,761,072 this report). The combined effort devoted to a task USD) is typically the equivalent of several people • Task 26 Cost of Wind Energy 3.0 Executive working full-time for a period of three years. Contribution per participant for three Committee (ExCo) Each participant has access to research results years: 17,430 EUR (22,972 USD) The ExCo consists of a member and one or many times greater than could be accom- plus in-kind effort. Total value of more alternate members designated by each plished in any one country. Some tasks have shared labor received: 5,799,600 EUR participating government or international been extended so that work can continue. (7,643,873 USD). organization that has signed the IEA Wind Some projects are cost-shared and carried • Task 29 Mexnext Aerodynamic Mod- Implementing Agreement. Most countries out in a lead country. Other projects are task- els and Wind Tunnel Measurements are represented by one contracting party that shared, in which the participants contribute Contribution per participant for three is a government department or agency. Some in-kind effort, usually in their home organiza- years: 30,000 EUR (39,540 USD) plus in- countries have more than one contracting tions, to a joint research program coordinated kind effort. Total value of shared labor re- party in the country. International organiza- by an operating agent (OA). In most projects, ceived: 2,775,600 EUR (3,658,241 USD). tions may join IEA Wind as sponsor members. each participating organization agrees to carry The contracting party may designate mem- out a discrete portion of the work plan. By the close of 2012, 20 IEA Wind re- bers or alternate members from other organi- Research efforts of each country are research tasks had been successfully completed zations in the country. turned many times over. The following statis- and two tasks had been deferred indefinitely. The ExCo meets twice each year to ex- tics reported by the task OAs show the added Final reports of tasks are available through the change information on the R&D programs of value of co-operative research. IEA Wind Web site: www.ieawind.org. Table 3 the members, to discuss work progress on the • Task 25 Design and Operation of shows participation by members in active re- research tasks, and to plan future activities. De- Power Systems with Large Amounts of search tasks in 2012. cisions are reached by majority vote or, when Wind Power financial matters are decided, by unanimity.

20 2012 Annual Report Table 3. Member Participation in Research Tasks During 2012 Participant * Research Task Number

11 19 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Australia X

Austria X

Canada XX X XX

CWEA, ChinaXXX X XXXXX

DenmarkXXXX XXXXX

European Commission

EWEA XX

Finland X OA** OA X X

GermanyXXXX XXXXOAOA

Greece XXX

Ireland X X XX

Italy X X X XX

JapanX X XXXXXX

Korea, XXXX Republic of

México X

Netherlands X XX X OA X X X X

NorwayXXXX XXXX X

Portugal X X X

SpainOA X XOA X XOAX

SwedenXXXX X X X

Switzerland X X X OA X

United XX XX Kingdom

United States X X X OA X X X X OA X X

Totals 16 10 16 9 7 11 10 12 14 12 6

* For the latest participation data, check the task websites at www.ieawind.org. ** OA indicates operating agent that manages the task.

Members share the cost of administration for Chairs. Jim Ahlgrimm was elected Chair be- Meetings the ExCo through annual contributions to ginning in 2013. Tetsuya Kogaki (Japan), Brian The ExCo met twice in 2012 to review on- the Common Fund. The Common Fund Smith (United States), and Joachim Kutscher going tasks, approve publications, plan for new supports the efforts of the Secretariat and oth- (Germany) were elected as vice chairs. tasks, and report on national wind energy re- er expenditures approved by the ExCo in the search, development, and deployment activi- annual budget, such as preparation of this An- Participants ties (R,D&D). The first meeting of the year nual Report and maintenance of the ieawind. In 2012, there were several personnel changes was devoted to reports on deployment activi- org website. among the members and alternate members ties in the member countries and in the re- representing their organizations (See Appen- search tasks. The second meeting was devoted Officers dix B IEA Wind Executive Committee). For to reports from member countries and tasks In 2012, Hannele Holttinen (Finland) served the latest and most complete ExCo mem- about R&D activities. as chair. Joachim Kutscher (Germany) and ber contact information, please click the IEA The 69th ExCo meeting was hosted by Jim Ahlgrimm (United States) served as Vice Wind Members tab at www.ieawind.org. the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy

IEA Wind 21 Directorate (NVE) on behalf of the Govern- Mexnext (Phase 1): Analysis of MEXICO to the IEAWind.org website. All reports ment of Norway, 22–24 May 2012. Twenty- wind tunnel measurements. from 1978 to the present are now available four representatives from 17 of the contracting in searchable form. parties attended, along with nine operating IEA Wind issued a new recommended agent representatives of the tasks. The Com- practice Recommended Practices 13. Wind Energy 5.0 Outreach Activities mon Fund audit report for 2011 was ap- Projects in Cold Climates. The ExCo approved A planning committee consisting of the proved. The meeting included a technical tour extending three research tasks (Task 11 Base Chair, Vice Chairs, the Secretary, the former to the Sarecta wind farm under construction Technology Information Exchange, Task 26 Chair, and the OA Representative for Task outside of Rorvik. Before the ExCo meeting, Cost of Wind Energy, and Task 28 Social Ac- 11 Base Technology Information Exchange the Norwegian wind power industry asso- ceptance of Wind Energy Projects). perform communication and outreach activ- ciation (Norwea) hosted a pre-conference on An important new research task was ap- ities between ExCo meetings. One of these Monday 21 May where OAs presented infor- proved: Task 34 Assessing Environmental Ef- activities is providing support for IEA Paris mation about IEA Wind research activities. fects and Monitoring Efforts for Land-Based initiatives. For example, the Chair attended The 70th ExCo meeting was hosted in and Offshore Wind Energy Systems. the IEA REWP meeting in Paris and ExCo Tokyo, Japan, 23–25 October 2012 by the The IEA Wind 2011 Annual Report was members reviewed the Mid-term Market New Energy and Industrial Technology De- published in July 2012; 2,200 copies were Report (MRMR).

2 Implementing Agreement 2 Implementing velopment Organization (NEDO), the Na- printed and distributed to member or- Invitations to attend ExCo meetings tional Institute of Advanced Industrial Sci- ganizations; and press releases were issued were extended to Belgium, France, India, Is- ence and Technology (AIST), and the Japan with links to the electronic version on the rael, Malaysia, Poland, Russia, and Turkey. All Electrical Manufacturing Association (JEMA). website. countries with active interest in wind en- Twenty-nine participants from 16 contract- The website, www.ieawind.org, con- ergy are welcome to explore participation by ing parties were present. OA representatives tinued to expand coverage of IEA Wind ac- contacting the Chair or Secretary by email at from all of the active tasks gave reports. And tivities. Four Task 11 Proceedings of Experts [email protected]. observers from the IEA Secretariat and from Meetings from 2011 were posted on the Japan were present. The ExCo approved The public website. In addition to the five techni- National Renewable Energy Centre to re- cal reports approved for publication and the place the Department of Energy and Climate Recommended Practice 13 on cold climate, Change (DECC) as contracting party to IEA countless journal articles, conference presenta- Wind. Budgets were approved for the ongo- tions, and poster presentations drew upon the ing tasks and for the Common Fund for 2013. work of the IEA Wind research tasks. Many The ExCo elected officers for 2013. On 25 of these are posted on the task websites ac- October, the technical tour included the cessible from the home page of IEA Wind. In NEDO offshore wind turbine and wind and addition, Recommended Practices are under wave measurement platform and the offshore development in Task 25 on integration studies, wind farm with downwind turbines that sur- Task 28 on social acceptance, and in Task 32 vived the tsunami. on remote sensing. In response to requests for IEA Wind 4.0 Decisions Annual Reports prior to 1999, the Secre- and Publications tary had the old reports scanned and posted In 2012, IEA Wind approved publication of five final technical reports: • IEA Wind Task 19 State-of-the Art Report of Wind Energy in Cold Climates • Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power: Final summary report, IEA Wind Task 25, Phase two 2009–2011 • The Past and Future Cost of Wind En- ergy, IEA Wind Task 26 Work Package 2 Report, • Final Report IEA Wind Task 28 on So- cial Acceptance of Wind Energy Projects 2008–2011 • Final report of IEA Wind Task 29,

22 2012 Annual Report Four meetings on different topics are arranged every year. These meetings are attended by invited, active researchers and experts from the participating countries. The topics are selected by the IEA Wind ExCo and have covered the most important topics in wind energy for decades. A TEM can also begin the process of organizing new research tasks as additional annexes to the IEA Wind Agreement. Table 2 lists the TEMs arranged in the last five years (2008–2012). A second activity of Task 11 is to develop IEA Wind Recommended Practices (RPs) for wind turbine testing and evaluation. So far, 13 IEA Wind Recommended Practices have been issued. Many of the IEA Wind Recommended Practices documents have served as the basis for both international and national standards.

3.0 Progress in 2012 3.1 Topical expert meetings Four TEMs were organized in 2012. Pro- ceedings were published on the internal ftp- server for participating countries. Proceed- ings will be available to the public after one year on www.ieawind.org. TEM 68: Advances in Wind Turbine and Components Testing included 28 participants from 7 countries—Denmark, China, Germany, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and USA. A total of 18 presentations were given. The participants represented a great variety of Base Technology stakeholders related to the topic: manufacturers, wind farm operators, research orga- Information Exchange 3 Task 11 nizations, universities and consultants. After the two days of presentations the floor was opened and a general discussion took place. After the discussion it was decided to launch a new Task Force under the umbrella of the 1.0 Introduction of IEA Wind. Task 11 is also an important IEA Wind Implementing Agreement on ask 11 of the IEA Wind Agreement has catalyst for starting new tasks within IEA “Full-Scale Testing.” Task 35 was approved at Tthe objective to promote and dissemi- Wind. Documents produced are available ExCo 71. nate knowledge through co-operative activi- to organizations in countries that partici- TEM 69: Operation and Maintenance ties and information exchange on R&D top- pate in the Task immediately following the Challenges scheduled for 2012 was cancelled ics of common interest to the Task members. meetings. After one year, documents can because only one expert outside China reg- These co-operative activities have been part be accessed on the IEA Wind public Web istered in time to attend the meeting. This of the Wind Implementing Agreement since pages (www.ieawind.org). TEM will be hosted by The Chinese Wind 1978. Table 1 lists the countries participat- Energy Association in October 2013. ing in this Task in 2012. These countries pay 2.0 Objectives and Strategy TEM 70: Social Acceptance of Wind En- a fee to support the work of the Operat- The objective of Task 11 is to promote wind ergy was organized in cooperation with IEA ing Agent (OA) that manages the Task. The turbine technology through information Wind Task 28. The local host was the Swiss Spanish National Centre of Renewable En- exchange among experts on R&D topics Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), and the ergies (CENER) is the current OA. of common interest. The main activity is to venue for the meeting was Biel, Switzer- Task 11 is an important instrument arrange Topical Expert Meetings (TEMs) land. In conjunction, a Swiss expert session of IEA Wind. It can react quickly to new focused on priority issues. To participate in was organized together with the Swiss Wind technical and scientific developments and Task 11 meetings, experts must be in the Energy Association Suisse Eole. A total of 19 information needs. It brings the latest countries listed in Table 1. The meetings are presentations were given. Following the two knowledge to wind energy players in the hosted by organizations within countries days, a general discussion of IEA Wind Task member countries and collects informa- participating in the task. 28 took place. Participants identified issues to tion and recommendations for the work

IEA Wind 23 Table 1. Countries and Organizations Participating in Task 11 During 2012 Country Institution

1 Canada National Resources Canada (NRCan)

2 Republic of China Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA)

3 Task 11 Task 3 3 Denmark Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Risø National Laboratory

4 EC European Commission (EC)

5 Finland Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT Energy)

6 Germany Bundesministerium für Unwelt , Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU)

7 Ireland Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI)

8 Italy RSE S.p.A. and ENEA Casaccia

9 Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

10 Republic of Korea Korea Energy Management Corporation (KEMCO)

11 Mexico Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IEE)

12 Netherlands NL Agency

13 Norway Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE)

14 Spain Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)

15 Sweden Energimyndigheten - Swedish Energy Agency

16 Switzerland :^PZZ-LKLYHS6MÄJLVM,ULYN`:-6,

17 United States U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

be addressed in the possible extension of IEA As a final result of research carried out in these areas. This document addresses many Wind Task 28 into a second period. the IEA Wind Tasks, Recommended Practic- special issues that must be considered over TEM 71: Wind Farm Control Methods es, Best Practices, or Expert Group Reports the lifetime of a wind energy project in cold was hosted by Vattenfall on 27–28 November may be issued. These RP documents are de- climate. The importance of site measure- 2012 in Solna, Sweden. It was attended by 18 veloped and reviewed by experts in the spe- ments, project design, and system operation participants from six countries (China, Den- cialized area they address. They are reviewed is emphasized. RP 13 Wind Energy Projects mark, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and and approved by participants in the research in Cold Climates was approved at the ExCo Sweden). Following the 11 presentations, the Task, and they are reviewed and approved by 70 Meeting in 2012. floor was opened and a general discussion the IEA Wind Executive Committee. They took place among the participants. serve as guidelines useful in the development 3.2.2 RP 14 Social Acceptance Meeting topics for 2013 have been se- and deployment of wind energy systems. Use of Wind Energy Projects lected by the IEA Wind ExCo (Table 3). of these documents is completely voluntary. These Recommended Practices were elabo- However, these documents are often adopted rated by the IEA Wind Task 28 participants. 3.2 Development of in part or in total by other standards-making They present strategies from around the recommended practices bodies. IEA Wind RP 12 Consumer Label world that have been successfully used to im- The IEA Wind Recommended Practices for Small Wind Turbines was approved in prove wind power projects for the benefit of activity was initiated to satisfy the need for 2011 and has been incorporated as an ap- all. These strategies have been used to imple- standard procedures for testing wind tur- pendix in draft standards documents of the ment projects that are acceptable to a ma- bines. When this action began, no standards IEC as an approach to collection test data jority of citizens. The Recommended Prac- for wind energy systems were available. For- and presenting consumer labels. tices on “Social Acceptance of Wind Energy tunately, the situation has changed dramati- Projects” RP was approved at the ExCo 71 cally, and now there are a large number of 3.2.1 RP 13 Wind Energy Projects Meeting in early 2013. International Electrotechnical Commission in Cold Climates (IEC) standards available in the wind energy The large-scale exploitation of cold climate 3.2.3 RP 15 Ground-Based, Vertically-Profiling Re- sector. Much work is going on under the sites has been limited by our lack of knowl- mote Sensing for Wind Resource Assessment umbrella of IEC for developing new stan- edge about their special challenges and the The purpose of this RP is to document the dards. However, many in the industry point lack of proven and economical technological steps required to collect high-quality, well- to the problem of the long time required solutions. The purpose of RP 13 Wind En- documented remote sensing data for use in (years in most cases) for elaboration of new ergy Projects in Cold Climates is to provide wind resource assessments on land. Recom- IEC standards. IEA Wind Recommended the best available recommendations on this mendations are made that apply to both lidar Practices can be prepared in a shorter period topic, reduce the risks involved in undertak- and sodar because of the similarities between of time and will be an important input for ing projects in cold climates, and accelerate these technologies and the sources of uncer- the future elaboration of IEC standards. the growth of wind energy production in tainty that are observed when they are used

24 2012 Annual Report Table 2. Topical Expert Meetings (2008–2012) No. Meeting Title Year Location

71 Wind Farm Control Methods 2012 Solna, Sweden

70 Social Acceptance of Wind Energy 2012 Biel, Switzerland

69 Operations and Maintenance Issues of Wind Farms (cancelled) 2012 Beijing, China

68 Advances in Wind Turbine and Components Testing 2012 Aachen, Germany

67 Long Term R&D Needs on Wind Power 2011 Brussels, Belgium

66 Offshore Foundation Technology and Knowledge, for Shallow, Middle and Deep Water 2011 Esbjerg, Denmark

65 International Statistical Analysis on Wind Turbine Failures 2011 Kassel, Germany

64 Wind Conditions for Wind Turbine Design 2010 Tokyo, Japan

63 High Reliability Solutions and Innovative Concepts for Offshore Wind Turbines 2010 Trondheim, Norway

62 Micrometeorology inside Wind Farms and Wakes between Wind Farms 2010 Pamplona, Spain

61 Wind Farms in Complex Terrain 2010 Pohang, S. Korea

60 Radar Radio and Links with Wind Turbines 2009 Amsterdam, The Netherlands

59 9LTV[L>PUK:WLLK:LUZPUN;LJOUPX\LZ

58 Sound Propagation Models and Validation 2009 Stockholm, Sweden

57 Turbine Drive Train Dynamics and Reliability 2008 Jyväskylä, Finland

56 The Application of Smart Structures for Large Wind Turbine Rotor Blades 2008 (SI\X\LYX\L

For proceedings and previous meetings visit ieawind.org/task_11/topical_experts.html

to measure winds. RP 15 Ground-Based, Table 3. Topical Expert Meetings for 2013 Vertically-Profiling Remote Sensing for No. Meeting Title Date Host Country

Wind Resource Assessment was approved at 72 Forecasting 23–24 April RSE S. p. A. Milano, Italy the ExCo 71 Meeting in early 2013. 73 Noise Reduction 11-12 June VTT Energy, Tampere, Technologies Finland 4.0 Plans for 2013 74 Operation and 21–22 October CWEA, Beijing, and Beyond Maintenance Challenges Republic of China Task 11 Base Technology Information Ex- change can be defined as a “continuous” task. 75 Wind Energy in Complex 12–13 November University of Stuttgart, Germany Terrain Started in 1987, every two years the Task is extended. The latest extension covers the period 2013–2014. extensive review and should be issued in ongoing tasks to develop additional IEA The process for selecting topics for 2013. This document will present long-term Wind Recommended Practices. 2013 meetings started in August 2012. The R&D priorities from IEA Wind countries in OA solicited topics of interest from IEA a condensed way. Author: Félix Avia Aranda, Centro Wind members and from Task 11 partici- Recommended Practices for conduct- Nacional de Energías Renovables (CENER), pants. The resulting high-priority topics are ing grid integration studies have been drafted Spain. listed in Table 3. in Task 25 Design and Operation of Power Following up on recommendations from Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power TEM 67 Long-Term R&D Needs for Wind will be reviewed and approved in 2013. The Power, a working group was assembled to OA of Task 11 will work with the OAs of develop updated Long-Term R&D Priori- ties for 2012–2030. The working group has developed a draft document for planning new research activities that is undergoing

IEA Wind 25 4 Task 19 Wind Energy in Cold Climates

Courtesy VTT: M. Tiihonen

1.0 Introduction 60 GW in Scandinavia, North America, Eu- and to analyze the performance data of the eployment of wind energy in cold cli- rope, and Asia, although only a small por- adapted technologies being used in wind Dmate areas is growing rapidly. Wind tion of this wind turbine fleet is designed for energy projects. It is also essential to gather resources in cold climate areas are typically icing and low temperature conditions. more information to be publicly available. good, but icing of turbines and low ambient The potential to install new capacity in Table 1 shows the countries and orga- temperatures pose additional challenges for cold climate areas is vast and it is estimated nizations participating in Task 19 during wind energy projects. Experience has shown that the capacity will grow more especially 2012. The group collects, evaluates, and that icing of wind turbine rotor blades reduc- in Canada, the northern United States, Chi- creates information covering all aspects of es energy yield, shortens the mechanical life na, and in northern Scandinavia. In 2011, wind energy in cold climates. For example, time of turbines, and increases safety risks participants in IEA Wind Task 19 estimated the group has published procedures for site due to risk of ice throw. However, these chal- that about 4,000 MW of wind energy is be- assessment in icing conditions, worked to lenges can be taken into account in turbine ing installed annually on cold climate sites. clarify the economics of cold climate wind design and by using appropriate materials. However, recent data show that figure to be projects, and examined ways to improve An expert group under IEA Wind research an underestimate. health and safety surrounding wind energy collaboration Task 19 Wind Energy in Cold Turbine manufacturers have developed projects operating in cold climate areas. A Climates has been working to solve the addi- technical solutions for low temperature ver- major milestone for Task 19 was the pub- tional challenges in cold climates since 2002. sions of their standard turbines, and first lication in 2012 of the IEA Wind Recom- Cold climate areas have gained more generation commercial solutions for de- mended Practices 13: Wind Energy Projects focus compared to the earlier years as na- icing of wind turbine blades have entered in Cold Climates. tional wind energy targets have been raised. the marketplace. R&D activities have been Also, increased experience, knowledge, and conducted in a number of countries to mas- 2.0 Objectives and Strategy improvements in cold climate technologies ter the difficulties of atmospheric icing and The objectives of Task 19 for 2012 were as have improved the economics of wind proj- low temperatures. These activities aim at follows: ects making them competitive with standard improving the economics of wind power in • Determine the current state of cold wind projects. The current wind generation new areas around the globe. It is important climate solutions for wind turbines, capacity in cold climates is approximately to validate the latest theories and models, especially anti-icing and de-icing

26 2012 Annual Report Table 1. Countries and Organizations Participating in Task 19 During 2012 Wind Energy report. The recommended Country Institution(s) practices report was well received by the industry. One of the most important items 1 Austria Energiewerkstatt in the report was a classification system of 2 Canada Natural Resources Canada wind energy sites regarding icing condi- 3 Finland VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland tions. The recommended IEA Wind ice classification is shown in Table 2. Using this 4Germany Fraunhofer IWES classification, a wind power developer can 5 Norway Kjeller Vindteknik get an early understanding of the severity 6 Sweden WindREN AB and consequences of a particular site under 7 Switzerland Meteotest interest. Also, a set of recommended practices can be chosen based on the ice classifi- 8 United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory cation. And finally, the IEA Wind ice classification can be used for comparing different ;HISL0,(>PUKPJLJSHZZPÄJH[PVUZ`Z[LT sites when choosing the most promising site IEA Wind Meteorological Instrumental icing Production loss for the wind project. ice class icing (% of year) (% of annual An important step for developing (% of year) production) wind energy in cold climates was taken 5>10>20>20in 2012 when standardization work be- 45-1010-3010-25gan under IEC to incorporate cold climate issues as a part of wind turbine 33-56-153-12 design standard (IEC 61400-1). The 2 0.5-3 1-9 0.5-5 evolving dedicated design load case for 1 0-0.5 <1.5 0-0.5 wind turbines representing extra loading from ice accretion on turbine blades, will allow wind turbine manufacturers to solutions that are available or are enter- energy projects in cold climates and thus design turbines for these adverse condi- ing the market significantly lower the risks of developing tions. This in turn leads to better tech- • Review current standards and recom- in areas where low temperatures and atmo- nologies, reduction of O&M costs, and mendations from the cold climate point spheric icing are occurs. lower cost of energy from wind projects of view and identify possible needs for The collaboration actively dissemi- in cold climates. updates nates results through the Task 19 website • Find and recommend a method for es- and through conferences and seminars 4.0 Plans for 2013 timating the effects of atmospheric icing (ieawind.org). and beyond on energy production to improve the Task 19 enters its fourth three-year period in commonly used standard tools that do 3.0 Progress in 2012 2013, to continue coordinating research into not address cold climate specific issues The main activities during 2012 were the cold climate wind development. The main • Clarify the significance of extra load- finalization and publication of the Recom- goals of the new term are: ing that ice and cold climate induce on mended Practices report, see Figure 1, and • Execution of a market study for cold wind turbine components update of State-of-the-Art of Cold Climate climate wind technology • Perform a market survey for cold cli- • Updating the third-term recommenda- mate wind technology, including wind tions: verification of the recommenda- farms, remote grid systems, and stand- tions, especially cold climate site clas- alone systems sification and methods for energy yield • Define recommended limits for estimation, as well as health and safety the use of standard technology (site recommendations aiming to harmonize classification) safety regulations with respect to icing • Create and update the Task 19 state-of- conditions the-art report and expert group study on • Update of the State-of-the-Art report guidelines for applying wind energy in of cold climate wind energy. cold climates. It is expected that Denmark and China The items above have been identified will join Task 19 for the period 2013–2015 as key topics that are slowing cold climate in addition to the countries participating in wind power development. The ongoing na- 2012. tional R&D activities in task participant New results, publications, and reports countries are contributing to tackling of can be found online (ieawind.org). these challenges and provide new information and know-how on the subject. The Author: Tomas Wallenius, VTT Technical results of the ongoing national activities Figure 1. Recommended Practices 13—Wind Research Centre of Finland, Finland. will improve the overall economy of wind Energy Projects in Cold Climates cover

IEA Wind 27 Power Systems with 5 Task 25 Large Amounts of Wind Power

Courtesy: PWT Communications LLC

1.0 Introduction methodology, data, and tools, as well as differ- amounts of wind power, with also transmis- ind power will introduce more un- ent terminology and metrics in representing sion system operators (TSOs) participating in Wcertainty into operating a power sys- the results. Task 25 has worked on summa- the meetings. tem because it is variable and partly unpre- rizing results from its participating countries, The participants are collecting and shar- dictable. To meet this challenge, there will be as well as formulating recommendations on ing information on the experience gained in need for more flexibility in the power system. best practices for integration studies. Because current and past studies. Their case studies How much extra flexibility is needed depends system impact studies are often the first steps will address different aspects of power system on the one hand on how much wind power taken towards defining wind penetration tar- operation and design: reserve requirements, there is and on the other hand how much gets within each country, it is important that balancing and generation efficiency, capacity flexibility exists in the power system. commonly accepted standard methodologies credit of wind power, efficient use of exist- The existing targets for wind power an- are applied in system impact studies. ing transmission capacity and requirements ticipate a quite high penetration in many for new network investments, bottlenecks, countries. It is technically possible to inte- 2.0 Objectives and Strategy cross-border trade, and system stability issues. grate very large amounts of wind capacity The ultimate objective of IEA Wind Task The main emphasis is on technical opera- in power systems; the limits arise from how 25 is to provide information to facilitate the tion. Costs will be assessed when necessary as much can be integrated at socially and eco- highest economically feasible wind energy a basis for comparison. Also, technology that nomically acceptable costs. The integration penetration within electricity power sys- supports enhanced penetration will be ad- of wind power into regional power systems tems worldwide. Task 25 work supports this dressed: wind power plant controls and oper- was first studied on a theoretical basis, be- objective by analyzing and further develop- ating procedures, dynamic line ratings, stor- cause wind power penetration is still rather ing the methodology to assess the impact of age, demand side management, etc. limited in most countries and power sys- wind power on power systems. Task 25 has The task work began with a state-of- tems. However, already some countries, e.g., established an international forum for ex- the-art report that collected the knowledge Denmark, Ireland, and the Iberian Penin- change of knowledge and experiences re- and results so far. This report, first published sula (Spain and Portugal) show a high pen- lated to power system operation with large in 2007, was updated and published in 2009 etration of 15–30% of yearly electricity as a final report of the 2006–2008 work. A consumption coming from wind power and new report summarizing 2009–2012 work have significant practical experience with was published in January 2013. Best practice wind integration. recommendations have been formulated in In recent years, several reports have been 2012–2013 on how to perform wind inte- published investigating the power system gration studies. The recommended practices impacts of wind power. However, results on report is currently in review process. the costs of integration differ substantially Task 25 of the IEA Wind Implement- among reports and comparisons are dif- ing Agreement was approved at ExCo 56 in ficult to make. This is due to using different September 2005 for three years, 2006–2008.

28 2012 Annual Report Market Structures to Enable Efficient Wind and Solar Power Integration; Energy Stor- age for Wind Integration: Hydropower and Other Contributions; Recommendations for Wind Integration Studies; Contribution of Energy Storage for Large-Scale Integration of Variable Generation; Wind Power Fore- casting Error Distributions, an International Comparison. Collaborative journal articles were published in IEEE Transactions on Sustain- able Energy, Volume 3 on Methodologies to Determine Operating Reserves due to Increased Wind Power; Short Term Energy Figure 1. Results from estimates for the increase in balancing and operating costs due to wind Balancing with Increasing Levels of Wind power (The currency conversion used here is 1 EUR = 0.7 GBP and 1 EUR = 1.3 USD. For the Energy, and Experience and Challenges with <2Z[\K`[OLH]LYHNLJVZ[PZWYLZLU[LKOLYL Short-term Balancing in European Systems with Large Share of Wind Power. An article The work was granted a second term EWEC 2008 Brussels, EWEA 2012 Copen- was published at WIREs Energy Environ 2009–2011 at ExCo 62 in 2008, and a third hagen, and Bremen and Quebec Integration 2013, No 2. on transmission planning for term 2012–2014 was approved at ExCo 68 Workshops in 2009 and 2010. wind energy in the United States and Eu- in 2011. Table 1 shows the participants in Task 25 work and results were presented rope: status and prospects. the task. During the first term, there were at several meetings in 2012. First, findings Work on a simplified assessment of wind 11 countries plus EWEA participating in on recommendations were presented in the integration effort and power system flexibil- the Task. For the second term, Canada, Ja- EWEA Copenhagen conference and May ity, has been made in collaboration with the pan, and Italy have also joined Task 25. For Wind Integration Symposium in Frank- IEA secretariat study on integrating renew- the third term, a Chinese participant from fort. Collaborative papers were presented at able energy sources (GIVAR project). SGERI has joined. the IEEE Power and Energy Society Gen- The Task 25 website is at www.ieawind. eral Meeting in July 2012 in San Diego, org under Task Web Sites. The public portion 3.0 Progress in 2012 and Wind Integration Workshop WIW12 in of the site contains the Task 25 publications The meetings organized by Task 25 have November 2012 in Lisbon. Titles include: as well as literature bibliography, updated in established an international forum for exchange of knowledge and experiences. The spring task meeting in 2012 was organized in Table 1. Countries and Organizations Participating in Task 25 (third term 2012–2014) Rome hosted by Italian system operator Ter- na. The autumn meeting was hosted by AIST Country Institutions coordinating work in countries (TSO participating in some meetings in parenthesis)* and JEMA in Tokyo, and also a workshop on wind integration was organized where 1 Canada Hydro Quebec Task 25 participants presented experience on 2CWEA SGERI wind integration. 3 Denmark DTU Wind; TSO Energinet.dk Coordination with other relevant activities is an important part of the Task 25 effort. 4 EWEA European Wind Energy Association Links between TSO organization working 5 Finland VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland groups at CIGRE and the European Wind 6 Germany Fraunhofer IWES; (Amprion) Integration Study (EWIS project) were 7 Ireland ECAR; (Eirgrid) formed in the beginning of Task 25 work; observers have been joining Task 25 meet- 8 Italy TSO Terna ings in 2008–2009. Task 25 has organized 9 Japan AIST, Kansai University workshop sessions for TSO organizations in 10 Netherlands ECN, TUDelft Europe (ENTSO-E) and America (UWIG). 11 Norway SINTEF Energy Research; The system operators of Canada (Quebec), Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portu- 12 Portugal LNEG; (REN Rede Electrica Nacional) gal, and the UK have joined the meetings 13 Spain Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; (REE) through 2012. Task 25 has joined the advi- 14 Sweden KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan sory group of the IEA Secretariat work on 15 United DG & SEE Centre for Distributed Generation & Sustainable Electrical integrating renewable energies (GIVAR Kingdom Energy; (National Grid) project). 16 United National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL); Publication of the work is a key goal of States Utility Variable Generation Integration Group (UVIG) Task 25 cooperative research. The highlights *In some countries like Finland and Sweden, the TSO follows the national advisory group. have been the Task 25 sessions organized in CIGRE JWG C1, 3, 6/18, IEA Secretariat in Paris and European TSO consortium EWIS have several conferences: EWEC 2007 Milan, sent observers to meetings.

IEA Wind 29 early 2012. The members-only section details wind power from electricity markets: 1.3– penetration increases (Figure 2). The results the meeting presentations and information 1.5 EUR/MWh (1.7–2.0 USD/MWh) for summarized in this report show a range from relevant to task participants. 16% wind penetration (Spain), and 1.4–2.6 40% of installed wind power capacity (in EUR/MWh (1.8–3.4 USD/MWh) for 24% situations with low wind penetration and a 3.1 Summary of recent wind penetration (West Denmark). When es- high-capacity factor at times of peak load)

5 Task 25 Task 5 wind integration studies timating balancing costs, a general conclusion to 5% in higher wind penetrations, or if re- The national case studies address impacts that is that if interconnection capacity is allowed gional wind power output profiles correlate are grouped under balancing the power sys- to be used for balancing purposes, then the negatively with the system load profile (i.e., tem on different short-term time scales: grid balancing costs are lower compared to the low capacity factor at times of peak load). congestion, reinforcement, and stability as case where they are not allowed to be used. Aggregation benefits apply to capacity credit well as power adequacy (i.e., capacity value Other important factors that were identified calculations—for larger geographical areas, of wind). as reducing integration costs were aggregat- the capacity credit will be higher. Incremental increase in reserve requirements: ing wind plant output over large geographi- There is a large range of results for estimates cal regions, and scheduling the power system 3.2 Recommended practices of increases in reserve requirements. This is operation closer to the delivery hour. of wind integration studies mainly due to different time scales of uncer- Impacts to transmission grid: Grid studies The methods of wind integration studies are tainty taken into account in different studies: involve a more detailed simulation of power evolving, building on the experiences from • If only hourly variability of wind is flows in the transmission grid, to confirm the previous studies, with more data on system taken into account when estimating the steady-state adequacy and utilization of the wide wind power production and improved increase in short-term reserve require- transmission system and to assess if the grid is models. Task 25 has made a recommendation ment, the results are 3% of installed wind sufficiently strong to cope with added wind report to compile the best practices and in- capacity or less, with penetrations below power plants also during significant failures. structions on how to perform an integration 20% of gross demand. Dynamic system stability analyses are usually study. Participants started by making a flow • When four-hour forecast errors of wind not performed at lower penetration levels chart of all phases of an integration study. A power are taken into account, an increase unless particular stability issues are foreseen complete integration study will include sev- in short-term reserve requirement of up in the system. Wind turbine capabilities are eral parts, and this usually means an iterative to 9–10% of installed wind capacity has still evolving and may mitigate some poten- process, as described in the flow chart in Fig- been reported for penetration levels of tial impacts of wind power. There is a trend ure 3. Often wind integration studies only 7–20% of gross demand. towards regional planning efforts around the cover one or a few parts of a complete study. world. The allocation of grid investments A wind integration study usually has Increasing reserve requirement is usually to wind power is challenging, in a similar as a starting point a set of input data. These calculated for the worst case. However, this manner to balancing costs. System operators data include wind power plant location and does not necessarily mean new investments rarely make allocation of grid infrastructure output, the configuration of the remain- for reserve capacity—rather, generators that because new infrastructure usually benefits ing power system, and the load level for the were formerly used to provide energy could all users. The investments are made for im- particular year(s) of interest. The study iden- now be used to provide reserves. The experi- proving electricity market operation, to in- tifies a wind penetration level of interest to ence so far is that wind power has not caused crease the security of the system and to bring be studied (the blue boxes). At this stage, the investments for new reserve capacity. How- about strategic transitions in the long-term scope of the system to be studied should be ever, some new pumped hydro schemes are sustainability of electricity supply. Even in determined—i.e. the whole synchronous planned in the Iberian Peninsula to manage cases where wind power would be the main system or a part of it. more than 20% wind penetration levels in reason for investing, after the grid is built, it The portfolio development step is need- the future. is not possible to allocate the benefits to any ed to set up the details of the system to be Because wind power output varies, it is single user. studied—the present or future system, as- now widely recognized that wind-induced Capacity value of wind power: The ca- sumed generation fleet and transmission reserves should be calculated dynamically: if pacity value of wind will decrease as wind network, demand and flexibility options allocation is estimated once per day for the next day instead of using the same reserve requirement for all days, the low-wind days will make less requirements on the system. Avoiding allocation of unnecessary reserve is cost effective and can be needed in higher penetration levels of wind power. Balancing costs: At wind penetrations of up to 20% of gross demand, system operating cost increases, arising from wind variability and uncertainty amounting to approximately 1–4.5 EUR/MWh (1.3–5.9 USD/ MWh) (Figure 1). This is 10% or less of the wholesale value of the wind energy. In addition to estimates, there is some experience Figure 2. Capacity credit of wind power, results from ten studies, showing reduction of capacity with actual balancing costs for the existing value as penetration level increases. New York on-offshore shows the range of capacity value MVY^PUK^OLUJHSJ\SH[LKVUS`MVYVUZOVYLZP[LZ VYVUS`VMMZOVYLZP[LZ

30 2012 Annual Report reinforcement costs—with the allocation challenge because most grid upgrades also benefit other users. Most studies so far have concentrated on the technical costs of integrating wind into the power system. Another approach is cost- benefit analysis. The benefit when adding wind power to power systems is reducing the total operating costs and emissions as wind replaces fossil fuels.

4.0 Plans for 2013 The meetings in 2013 will take place in Fin- land, hosted by the Operating Agent VTT, and Beijing, hosted by SGERI. Task 25 work and results will be presented also at several meetings in 2013; there will be a session in UVIG workshop in Charleston, U.S. and a session for ENTSO-E working groups is planned for summer 2013. The Recommended Practices report will be published after the review process. Journal articles and conference presentations will be made about critical modeling issues in wind Figure 3. Flow chart of a complete wind integration study, showing relevant iteration loops from integration studies: integration costs, electricity simulations to set-up and portfolio development market design, curtailments, wind-hydro integration, forecast error modeling, and variability. Work will start to make fact sheets of wind in- available, as well as interconnection options when studying higher penetration levels of tegration issues, and collect time series of large to neighboring areas. The basic setup as- wind power. Reliability constraints from scale wind power relevant for integration stud- sumptions will have a crucial impact on the transmission or capacity adequacy or reserve ies, as basis for the database aimed for during results of the study. How is the wind power margins may require iteration on the initial this phase. added—replacing something else or with the results to change the installed capacity of the The topic being addressed by Task 25 is remaining generation staying the same? For remaining power plants, the transmission grid, growing exponentially in importance within lower penetration levels, the assumption of the operational methods, or the reserves. the member countries and more broadly. keeping the remaining system the same can Analyzing and interpreting results of There is a consensus that the work of the task be used as a starting point. However, to reach wind integration studies is not straightfor- has only just begun. During the third term higher penetration levels usually also means ward. Integration impacts depend crucially (2012–2014), participants will expand into a future system where the conventional gen- on the assumptions made and especially the more high-penetration studies, and go deeper eration portfolio may change. set-up of the study, like investments in the into the subject of modeling power systems Changes in system management may remaining system. Larger wind shares in the with wind power. need to be made from the start to accom- power system usually mean 10–30 years in modate large amounts of wind power. This the future, and the question is which other Author: Hannele Holttinen, Operating involves checking the options for flexibility investments are to be performed in the pow- Agent Representative, VTT Technical Re- available in the power system through opera- er system during these years. search Centre of Finland, Finland. tional measures and through the transmission Integration costs are especially chal- grid. Allocation, procurement, and use of lenging to derive. Because system costs are reserves in a cost effective manner may also difficult to allocate to any single plant or have to be changed. technology, wind integration studies aim Wind integration studies usually involve to quantify the incremental increases in investigations of transmission adequacy, simu- costs for power systems. One issue is grid lations of the operation of the power plants in the system and calculations on the capacity adequacy to meet the peak load situations (the green boxes in the flow chart). More detailed level includes also dynamic simulations and flexibility assessment—these are necessary

IEA Wind 31 6 Task 26 Cost of Wind Energy

1.0 Introduction development cost assumptions. The work • Identification of the primary offshore ind power generation has come to undertaken in this task is also expected to wind energy cost drivers and the varia- Wa “historical” point where, just as assess methodologies for projecting future tion of these costs among participating installed costs were becoming competitive wind technology costs. Finally this task aims countries with other conventional technologies, the to survey methods for determining the val- • Collaborative journal articles summa- investment cost per megawatt has started ue of wind energy. rizing and further analyzing work con- increasing for new wind power projects. ducted to understand trends in cost of This is believed to be the result of increas- 2.0 Objectives and Strategy energy ing commodity prices (mainly raw material The objective is to provide information on • Workshop or experts meeting on such as copper and steel, plus a bottleneck cost of wind energy in order to understand methods to value wind energy and in certain sub-products), the current tight- past, present and anticipate future trends us- methods to evaluate historical and future ness in the international market for wind ing consistent transparent methodologies as technology cost trends. turbines, and other factors. Recent ex- well as understand how wind technology pectations, however, include reductions in compares to other generation options with- 3.0 Progress in 2012 investment cost along with increased per- in the broader electric sector. Task 26 will A report published in 2012 emphasized formance due to a range of wind turbine continue to add data and analysis, develop 1) the collection of historical cost and per- options which may yield historically low methodologies, and enhance collaboration. formance data from multiple participating cost of wind energy. In addition, natural gas countries; 2) analysis of the expected near- prices have experienced a significant mar- Expected results include: term Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) ket impact resulting from innovative drill- • Enhanced international collaboration from projects in late-stage development ing practices in some parts of the world, and coordination in the field of cost of in the U.S. and Denmark; 3) evaluation of particularly the United States. The impact wind energy wind energy cost forecasts in the literature of wind technology advances, market in- • Updated data, analysis and understand- including work to convert existing forecasts fluences and the relative cost of natural gas ing of on-shore wind energy cost trends of capital costs, capacity factors, and other will influence future wind deployment. and comparison among countries variables into estimates of LCOE. These da- This is precisely the background that ta and analysis were compiled into the sec- justifies the continuation of this task on Table 1. Countries and ond report of Task 26 (1). This report also the cost of wind energy. As wind is be- Organizations Participating in highlighted the importance of considering coming an important source of electricity Task 26 During 2012 LCOE relative to an exclusive look at capital generation in many markets and competes Country Institution(s) costs or performance, discussed the strengths with other technologies—notably natural and weaknesses of the existing methods that 1 Denmark Risoe/DTU, EA Energy gas—in terms of new installed capacity, it Analyses have been applied to forecast future wind is crucial that governments and the wind energy costs, and summarized technical European Commission research community are able to discuss the – Joint Research sources of future cost reductions described in specific costs of wind systems on the basis Centre (JRC) the literature. of a sound methodology. Without a clear 2 Germany Deutsche WindGuard Historical cost and performance data impartial voice regarding the costs of wind were collected from three participating 3 Ireland Dublin Institute of systems, organizations without a clear un- Technology (DIT) countries and from the European Wind En- derstanding of wind systems are left to de- ergy Association. These data were compiled 4 Netherlands ECN, TKI termine and publicize the costs of wind to illustrate the significant reductions in capi- systems, often in error. These issues are ex- 5Norway SINTEF tal costs achieved by the wind industry from acerbated by the diversity of the wind port- 6United NREL, LBNL 1980 to the early 2000s and to demonstrate folio and variations in international project States the relative magnitude of the cost increases

32 2012 Annual Report observed between the early 2000s and 2010. studies typically rely on learning curves, ex- financing costs) and in each of the wind en- Historical performance data were used to pert elicitation, or bottom-up engineering ergy markets around the globe. An enhanced demonstrate the continual improvements analyses, they do not reflect the potential for capacity to model the cost and performance in wind turbine technology that have been short-term turbine supply and demand pres- impacts of new technological innovation realized but also to highlight how trends in sures, competition among manufacturers, or opportunities, taking into account the full siting such as the moving into lower wind changes in global commodity prices to influ- system dynamics that result from a given resource quality locations can mask the im- ence the ultimate delivered cost of wind en- technological advancement, is also essential. pacts of improvements in technology as has ergy. Moreover, they do not anticipate trends Together these efforts would enhance our occurred in Spain and to some extent in in the quality of the wind resource where ability to understand future costs, facilitate other countries. projects are sited or potential transmission prioritization of R&D efforts, and help to Analysis of near-term wind energy and integration costs. As such, the delivered understand the role and required magnitude LCOEs in Denmark and the United States price of power may vary, particularly over of deployment incentives into the future. revealed that wind energy costs are antici- the short-term from those shown in Figure pated to fall dramatically for projects under 3. Nevertheless, over the long-term wind en- 4.0 Plans for construction today and into 2013 (Figure 2). ergy’s LCOE is expected to continue to de- 2013 and Beyond In fact, LCOE is expected to be at an histor- cline for some time. In 2012, a task extension proposal was ap- ical low over this time period, assuming fixed Further improving our understanding proved by the Executive Committee. The wind resource quality. However, transmission of possible future cost trends is anticipated task extension includes the following activi- access, public acceptance, or other variables to require additional data gathering and im- ties over the next three years (October 2012 may push newer projects into lower wind re- proved modeling capability. Robust data col- through September 2015). source quality locales, in which case histori- lection is needed across the array of variables Land-based cost of energy estimates cal lows in LCOE may not be fully realized that must be factored into estimating LCOE will be updated by each of the participants in actual wind energy sales contracts. These (e.g., capital cost, capacity factor, O&M costs, to include a record of project cost estimates analyses relied on anticipated project capital component replacement rates and costs, and from 2007 through the present. In addition, costs for projects under development and estimates of energy production from turbines available on the market today. This work was particularly revealing because the achievement of record low LCOE in two countries is likely despite installed capital costs that remain well above their historical low in the early 2000s. The relatively low LCOEs anticipated in the near-term are a result of reductions in capital cost and significant performance improvements from turbines available today, compared to those that were installed roughly ten years ago. This finding highlights the importance of evaluating future LCOE, which considers both capital costs and technology improvements, rather than simply forecasting future capital costs or capacity factors. Such considerations are all that much more critical in the wind industry where the current maturity of the technology suggests that the optimal cost of onshore wind energy may result from little or no further capital cost reductions (and perhaps even modest capital cost increases), but continued performance improvements. Farther into the future a review of anticipated costs and performance trends suggests reductions in LCOE on the order of 20–30% over the next two decades. As future technology advancement opportunities become increasingly incremental, LCOE reductions are anticipated to slow. This is reflected in forecast data shown in Figure 3 whereby LCOE reductions, across virtually all studies and scenarios in the literature today, fall to less than 1%/yr by 2030. As these -PN\YL3*6,MVY^PUKLULYN`V]LY[PTLPU[OL

IEA Wind 33 6 Task 26 Task 6

Figure 3. Estimated range of wind LCOE projections across 18 scenarios

new participants representing Ireland and identify the primary elements of informa- References Norway will expand the countries repre- tion needed to estimate the value of wind (1) Lantz, E.; Wiser, R.; Hand, M. (2012). sented in the analysis. Examination of trends energy and the potential data gaps that IEA Wind Task 26 – The Past and Future within countries and among countries will may exist. For example, is it more valu- Cost of Wind Energy; Work Package 2 Final also be conducted. able to estimate net employment or wind Report. NREL/TP-6A20-53510. Because offshore wind cost of energy technology-specific employment impacts? is very site-specific and currently concen- What are current methods used to conduct Author: Eric Lantz and M. Maureen trated in a small number of markets, an ap- such analysis and are there data gaps that Hand, National Renewable Energy Labora- proach for consolidating data among par- inhibit accurate comparisons? tory, United States. ticipating countries will be devised. This In addition to these specific work pack- approach will allow analysis of cost drivers ages, regular meetings will be held to stimu- based on information provided from the late collaboration among the participants, various participants and will represent off- resulting in additional publications at confer- shore wind project costs generically—rather ences or in journals. than specific to those countries where projects are in operation. Two workshops will be held to assemble experts in the field of valuing wind energy or other generation technologies. The purpose of these workshops is to

34 2012 Annual Report Development and Deployment of Small Wind Turbine Labels for Consumers (2008–2011) and 7 Task 27 Small Wind Turbines in High Turbulence Sites (2012–2016)

Source: CEDER-CIEMAT

1.0 Introduction Consumer Label for Small Wind Turbines. As a work will develop recommendations for t the IEA Wind ExCo 61 in 2008, result of the collaborative work between IEC wind resource assessment for areas of high ATask 27 was launched with two MT2 and IEA Wind Task 27, the Commit- turbulence, develop potential changes to main objectives: tee Draft of the Third Edition IEC 61400-2 small wind turbine design per IEC 61400- 1) Development and Deployment of a Standard includes an informative annex with 2, and perform power performance tests in Small Wind Turbine Consumer Label: This the same label requirements and the IEA urban environments. subtask included the development of a Rec- Wind RP 12. The Task 27 extension proposal was ommended Practices: Consumer Label for The labeling activity will start as soon as drafted in the ExCo 68 in October 2011. Small Wind Turbines to provide a label for possible under the guidance of the SWAT, an During the ExCo 69 meeting held in Nor- small wind turbines and to guide testing pro- international network that is still under de- way this extension proposal was defined and cedures to generate the data for the label; and velopment. In April 2011, a successful Inter- issued for approval. The task extension was 2) Development of the Small Wind Asso- national Conference of SWAT was held in approved in principal but some questions ciation of Testers (SWAT) to advance the use Ithaca (United States). The topic and future about the proposal remained. Finally at the of the consumer label. of labeling will be undertaken by the TC88 ExCo 70 in 2012, the extension of Task 27 Since 2008, ten IEA Wind Task 27- Certification Advisory Council (CAC) Small was approved with the new title “Small Wind IEC MT2 liaison meetings have been held Wind Turbine subcommittee, who now has Turbines in High Turbulence Sites.” The IEA in the following locations: Madrid (Spain), purview over the important labeling task. Wind Task 27 extension will continue for London (United Kingdom), Wausau (Unit- During the activity to develop the rec- four years (2012–2016). ed States), Toronto (Canada), Tokyo (Japan) ommended practice on labeling, some new (Figure 1), Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog (Ger- issues were identified related to small wind 2.0 Objectives and Strategy many), Glasgow (United Kingdom), Boul- turbines for in the built environment. There The Task 27 extension has three main der (United States), Perth (Australia), and in was interest in extending the work of IEA objectives: 2012 in Madrid (Spain). Wind Task 27 participants to better under- • Develop a Recommended Practice that In 2011, the participants completed de- stand the special wind conditions found provides guidelines and information on velopment, gained approval, and published in the urban environment and in areas of micro-siting and possible energy produc- the IEA Wind Recommended Practices for complex terrain, and its effect on wind re- tion of small turbines in highly turbulent Wind Turbine Testing and Evaluation: RP 12. sources assessment methodology. The new

IEA Wind 35 Table 1. Task 27 Participants in 2012 two different times of the day to facilitate the # Country Institution(s) participation of partners from different continents. Hosted by NREL, experts from cer- 1 Australia Australian National Small Wind Turbine Centre (RISE) Murdoch University tification bodies, science, and the small wind turbine industry were invited to exchange 2 China Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA)

7 Task 27 Task 7 knowledge on 3-D wind resource data ac- 3 Denmark Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU) quisition and analyses. In the first time pe- 4 Ireland Dundalk Institute of Technology (DKIT) riod, ten experts from seven countries were represented: Argentina, Canada, China, Ire- 5 Italy University of Napoli (UNINA) land, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. 6 Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and In the second time period, ten experts from Technology (AIST) Australia, China, Spain, and the United States 7 Korea, Republic of Korean Institute for Energy Research (KIER) participated. The meeting refined the Task 27 8 Spain Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y extension proposal by separating testing and Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) modeling work relating to the built environ- 9 United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) ment for small wind turbines. With this re- France (Observer) *LU[YL:JPLU[PÄX\LL[;LJOUPX\LK\)o[PTLU["*:;)0UZ[P[\[V finement, each country can participate in se- Argentina (Observer) Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI) lect tasks and discussion of the scope of work within the extension proposal. Additionally, participants addressed questions raised dur- sites (urban/suburban settings, on roof- Since the Task 27 extension was approved, ing the IEA Wind ExCo meeting about the tops, in forested areas, etc). progress has been made in WP1 and WP2. consumer label. It was reiterated that the • Prepare for the next revision of IEC consumer label is not a certification. To sup- 61400-2 by developing a new design 3.0 Progress in 2012 port this message, disclaimer text was drafted classification for urban turbines with 3.1 Meetings of participants for the website and information explaining specific guidance on I15 or similar vari- Two physical meetings and two virtual accredited and unaccredited test organiza- ables and new external conditions (nor- meetings were held during 2012. The first tions was developed. The governance of the mal turbulence model and extreme di- meeting in 2012 (#8 of the task) was a label was reviewed and a reconsideration rection change). physical meeting held in Ithaca, New York began about whether the A, B, C, D evalua- • Compare existing power performance (United States). Hosted by INTERTEK, tions (described in the Recommended Prac- test results (typically from accredited USA (28–29 March 2012), twelve experts tice 12) should be applied for different levels power performance test organizations) to from research organizations, test centers, of certification and testing. In particular a power performance results taken in high- and universities represented China, Ireland, “C” evaluation would be for those who are ly turbulent sites. Italy, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom, SWAT members. the United States, and Argentina (observer) The third meeting of 2012 (#10 meet- Four Work Packages were defined: (Figure 2). Representatives from Australia ing of the task) was a physical meeting held WP 1: SWAT / Label deployment and Korea gave presentations. During the in Dundalk, Ireland (26–28 September WP 2: Analyze and model highly turbu- meeting, consumer label deployment and 2012), hosted by SEAI in Dundalk in col- lent wind resource round-robin verification tests were planned. laboration with the Centre for Renewable WP 3: Collect wind resource and tur- Participants discussed governance, develop- Energy Dundalk Institute of Technology. bine power performance data from rooftop ment, and deployment of the SWAT orga- Thirteen experts from Australia, China, Ire- and complex terrain test sites nization. The task extension proposal reland, Japan, Korea, Spain, and the United WP 4: Develop Recommended Practice lated to Built-Environment Recommended States (Figure 3) participated. The following on micro-siting of small turbines in highly Practice was discussed and refined. topics were discussed. turbulent sites. The second and third meetings of 2012 • The current status of small and medium (#9 of the task) were virtual meetings held at

Figure 1. IEA Wind Task 27 meetings were held in conjunction with IEC meetings on 61400-2

36 2012 Annual Report the NREL TurbSim Stochastic Simulator will take place as data is required. The IEA Wind Task 27 extension should last four years (2012–2016). Meet- ings scheduled for 2013 include: Virtual meeting #2 Research/literature review for papers on rooftops and tool identification and presentation of Progress report #2, due January 2013; Virtual meeting #3 Discus- sion of measurement strategy for rooftop test site and presentation of Progress report #3, (extra Virtual Meeting not part of original plan); Face-to-face Meeting Second International SWAT meeting and presentations on wind characterization of rooftop test, April 2013; Virtual meeting #4 Discus- Figure 2. IEA Wind Task 27 team, Ithaca, New York sion of measurement strategy for rooftop test site and presentation of Progress report #4, July 2013; Face-to-face Meeting Pre- wind in Australia, China, Ireland, Japan,. at the World Wind Energy Conference sentations on rooftop test data compared to Korea, Spain, and the United States side event held in Bonn, Germany on 3 modeling results, October 2013. • IEA Wind Task 27 Extension Proposal July 2012. • 3-D turbulence data reduction, analysis, References: and conclusions 4.0 Plans for 2013 Opening photo shows the PEPA 5 Test • CFD Analysis of flow around buildings and beyond facility in Soria, Spain. (Kanazawa University) In 2013, the IEA Wind Task 27 Small Wind • Tamkang University of Taiwan build- Annual Report 2012 will be completed. A Authors: Ignacio Cruz, CIEMAT, Spain ing engineering wind tunnel and some round-robin test in several sites with different and Trudy Forsyth, Wind Advisors Team, modeling results (TIER) condition (in special TI conditions) is on-go- United States. • The experimental design for a building ing. The labeling activity could be transferred integrated wind turbine testpad to the new IEC WT CAC Small Wind Tur- • Consumer labeling and SWAT status bine subcommittee. A proposal on the methodology of Rooftop Small Wind Turbine 3.2 Reports, conferences Power Performance Tests is being developed. and decisions Standardization of measurements for roof- The first label from the manufacturer of top wind monitoring is being investigated. the SOMA Small Wind Turbine appeared The deployment of SWAT will be complet- on the Task 27 Members Only web page of ed, along with governance issues, and orga- IEA Wind in 2012. Other dissemination ac- nization of the relation between laboratories. tivities include: Analysis and data collection methodology • Presentation “Development and De- discussion for rooftop and complex terrain ployment of a Consumer Label for testing and analysis is on-going. Training on Small Wind Turbines” by Raymond By- rne (DiT/CREDIT - Ireland) at World Summit of Small Wind held in Husum, Germany in March 2012 • Presentation “Development and De- ployment of a Small Wind Turbine Con- sumer Label” by Trudy Forsyth (Wind Advisors Team) at the first Small Wind Association of Testers Conference held in New York, US on 25 April 2012 • Presentation “Development and De- ployment of Consumer Label for Small Wind Turbines” by Ignacio Cruz the at the Norwegian Seminar on IEA Wind’s research and activities held in Trondheim, Figure 3. IEA Wind Task 27 team photo, Dundalk, Ireland Norway on 21 May 2012 • Presentation “Small Wind Turbines for Mini-grids and Islands” by Ignacio Cruz

IEA Wind 37 Social Acceptance of 8 Task 28 Wind Energy Projects

1.0 Introduction trans-national working group, practitioners practices. The extension proposal prepared by ind power in some countries is re- and researchers share their knowledge and the working group for the phase 2012–2015 Walizing its potential and contribut- experience so that participating countries was approved at the IEA Wind ExCo meeting to the renewable energy targets set by benefit from successful strategies and in- ing in autumn 2012 (2). Table 1 gives an governments in previous years. With wind novative ideas. Then by publishing state-of- overview on current participation. power growing in contribution to the na- the-art reports and recommended practices tional energy statistics, knowledge based on the entire wind community can benefit 2.0 Objectives and Strategy long-term wind power deployment is ac- from the work of the participants. IEA Wind Task 28 will support partici- cumulating; project developers are involv- Early in 2012, the first phase of the task pating countries by ing local stakeholders, local and regional au- (2008–2011) was completed with the pub- • Providing up to date information on thorities are taking an active role in the de- lication of the Final Report (1). Then in social acceptance of wind energy in each velopment of the renewable energy sources, June, a Topical Expert Meeting in Switzer- of the participating countries planning experts are preparing the basis for land was organized with IEA Wind Task 11. • Identifying and documenting successful renewable energy production by setting the Experts from 13 countries discussed results policy strategies anticipated to be appli- ground rules, etc. The opening photos illus- of IEA Wind Task 28 (2008–2011) and col- cable across local contexts trate workshops addressing social acceptance lected ideas and needs for the second phase • Enabling sharing of practical informa- of wind energy development in Denmark, 2012–2015. This will enable Task 28 work- tion, learning from each other, comple- Germany, and the Netherlands. These and ing group members to exchange experi- menting each other’s approaches other success stories provide approaches that ences of social acceptance, review current • Discussion of the complex issues have proven valuable. research, define research gaps, and identify around social acceptance and gaining However, the good stories may not possible synergies between participating in- additional insights from the broad trans- reach a broad audience, while some of the stitutions. The working group members will national and interdisciplinary experience bad examples receive widespread cov- also develop inputs to IEA Wind, e.g. on of the network in Task 28 erage. This is where IEA Wind Task 28 topics such as measurement and monitoring • Working together on open issues and comes in: Set up as an interdisciplinary and of social acceptance or dissemination of good

38 2012 Annual Report research gaps, including opportunities for • Participation in conferences, e.g. the well as their use, taking into account the joint research annual EWEA conference whole life-cycle of wind turbines • Enlarging the network and knowledge • Articles in industry journals and branch • Discussion of current and new is- on good practice of institutions, organi- magazines, and the sues influencing social acceptance that zations, experts and practitioners, and • Task 28 website homepage. are being debated in the participating • Providing reports, publications and pre- countries, stressing of research gaps and sentations in the language of planners, Task 28 will focus on an issue at each discovering of opportunities for joint developers, authorities and other stake- meeting to give more detailed recommen- research, e.g. (far) off-shore, repowering, holders outside the research community dations. The main areas of the future work electricity grid expansion due to wind who need to be sensitized on the issue to of Task 28 proposed for the next period are energy production develop good projects. summarized as: • Deduction, documentation, and dis- • Measurement, monitoring, or assess- semination of the lessons learned, good The intended means to provide these in- ment of social acceptance respectively practices, successful strategies, etc. with puts are: quantification and valuation of the phe- the aim of improving projects and their • Working group meetings, national ex- nomenon of social acceptance and the implementation and to support the defi- pert meetings, Topical Expert Meeting impacts when it has not been sought nition of the common understanding of • Good Practice Recommendations and • Documentation of existing policies and “sustainable, acceptable projects” other publications standards that have been demonstrated • The role of neutral intermediaries, • Reports to IEA Wind ExCo, annual to increase social acceptance, including management of controversial projects, reports evaluation of checklists and guidelines as “guichet unique” for developers or public authorities.

Table 1. Countries Participating in Task 28 The contact and exchange with further Country Institution(s) 2008–2011 2012–2015 projects in the area of social acceptance of

1 Canada Natural Resources Canada, x-renewable energies will also be sought. CANMET Energy Technology Centre; University of Québec 3.0 Progress in 2012 at Montréal The highlight of IEA Wind Task 28 in 2012 2 Denmark Danish Energy Authority; x-was the Topical Expert Meeting (3) that took Ministry of Climate and Energy place in Biel, Switzerland. It united experts 3 Finland Finnish Funding Agency for x-from 13 countries for a two-day meet- Technology and Innovation, Energy and Environment ing, followed by a one-day Task 28 working Industries (TEKES); wpd group meeting. It also included a half-day Finland Oy meeting with Swiss practitioners that were 4 Germany Federal Ministry for the xxinvited in close cooperation with the Swiss Environment, Nature wind branch organization “Suisse Eole.” The Conservation and Nuclear target audience for this workshop included Safety; Martin Luther University; University IEA Wind Task 28 working group mem- Saarbrücken bers and national experts from its network; 5 Ireland Sustainable Energy Authority; xxresearchers, experts, and practitioners from Queen's University Belfast IEA Wind countries; and countries interested 6 Italy ENEA Agenzia nazionale per -xin participation in the second phase of IEA le nuove tecnologie, l`energia Wind Task 28. e lo sviluppo economico The Topical Expert Meeting on Social sostenibile; RSE Ricerca Sistema Energetico Acceptance in 2012 provided feedback on the success of the first phase. The results and the 7 Japan National Institute of Advanced xx Industrial Science and final report of IEA Wind Task 28 stimulated Technology; Nagoya University discussion of issues and targets for the sec- 8 Norway Norwegian Water Resources x-ond phase. The meeting provided the Task 28 and Energy Directorate; Enova working group and participants from coun- SF; Norwegian University tries in Task 11 new insights from the presen- of Science and Technology, Centre for Energy and Society tations of current projects and the discussions. The Final Report of Task 28, phase 9 Switzerland Federal Department of the xx Environment, Transport, 2008–2011 was published in 2012 (1). The Energy and Communications, report summarizes the work of the group, :^PZZ-LKLYHS6MÄJLVM,ULYN`" the results of the discussions, and recommen- ENCO Energie Consulting AG, dations for further work. It also describes the 10 The Netherlands Agentschap NL, NL Energy x-network established by the Task 28 activities, and Climate e.g. by the national expert meetings, and the 11 United States U.S. Department of Energy, xxdissemination activities established. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Wind Technology The extension proposal for continuation Center; Lawrence Berkeley Lab of Task 28 in 2012–2015 (2) was approved

IEA Wind 39 meetings and at least one working group meeting. The first meeting is planned for Japan, in connection with a national expert meeting. In parallel, insights from the task work of the last year will be disseminated in the participating countries by the working

8 Task 28 Task 8 group members in their teaching or implementation work or by various kinds of publications. IEA Wind Recommended Practice 14. Social Acceptance of Wind Energy Proj- ects, 1. Edition 2013 will be published and widely distributed.

References: Opening photos show workshops on wind power in the Netherlands (Agentschap NL), Denmark (Wind Tur- bine Secretariat) and Germany (fg-upsy, Energiepark-Druiberg). (1) Horbaty and Huber. (2012). Final Report of IEA Wind Task 28 2008–2011, -PN\YL>VYRWHJRHNLZHUK[PTLSPULMVY0,(>PUK;HZR ¶ available on www.socialacceptance.ch (2) Horbaty, Huber, Lantz, et al. (2012). by the ExCo late in 2012. Exchange with Learning from Wind Power: Governance and Extension proposal for IEA Wind Task 28 continuing countries continues, while talks Societal Perspectives on Sustainable Energy 2012–2015 with possible new participants are ongoing. (4), edited by amongst others Geraint El- (3) Horbaty, Huber, Ellis. (2012). “Large- Canada and Finland will not participate in lis, working group member of IEA Wind scale wind deployment, social acceptance.” the Task 28 second phase; however, Italy has Task 28. WIREs Energy Environ. 2012, 1: 194–205 joined and contacts have been established • Participation at the workshop “wind doi: 10.1002/wene.9 with Australia, Austria, and Sweden. parks for all–increasing social acceptance (4) Szarka, Cowell, Ellis, Strachan, Warren IEA Wind Task 28 has been working to by citizen involvement” at the Third Fo- (ed.). (2012). Learning from Wind Power: Gov- develop IEA Wind Recommended Practices rum in St. Gallen, Switzerland, on Man- ernance and Societal Perspectives on Sustainable on the issue of social acceptance of wind agement of Renewable Energies (5). Energy. Palgrave Macmillan energy projects. The Recommended Prac- (5) www.iwoe.unisg.ch/ tices will be published in 2013 and will be 4.0 Plans for LehrstuhlManagementEE/StGallerForum/ available on the IEA Wind website (www. 2013 and beyond Rueckblick+2012.aspx ieawind.org). In 2013, the working group will focus on Dissemination activities in 2012 also the issue of monitoring and quantifying so- Author: Robert Horbaty and Stefanie included: cial acceptance. There will be several web Huber, ENCO AG, Switzerland. • Publication of the peer-reviewed article in WIREs Energy and Environment (3) • Collaboration for the publication,

Figure 2. Participants of the Topical Expert Meeting on Social Acceptance of Wind Energy Projects in Switzerland

40 2012 Annual Report Analysis of Wind Tunnel Measurements and 9 Task 29 Improvement of Aerodynamic Models (Mexnext I and II)

1.0 Introduction gain insight into these uncertainties and to Wind (DNW) Tunnel in the Netherlands. In the past, the accuracy of wind turbine de- validate and improve aerodynamic wind tur- The measurements were performed in De- sign models has been assessed in several vali- bine models. The main aim of IEA Wind Task cember 2006 and resulted in a large data- dation projects (1). They all showed that the 29 Mexnext: Analysis of Wind Tunnel Mea- base of combined blade pressure distribu- modeling of a wind turbine response (i.e. the surements and Improvement of Aerodynamic tions, loads, and flow field measurements, power or the loads) is subject to large uncer- Models is to analyze the measurements from which can be used for aerodynamic model tainties. These uncertainties mainly find their the European Union (EU) project Model validation and improvement. origin in the aerodynamic modeling where Rotor Experiments In Controlled Conditions In the first phase of IEA Wind Task 29 several phenomena such as 3-D geometric (MEXICO) (1), hence the name Mexnext. Mexnext, 20 participants from 11 countries and rotational effects, instationary effects, yaw In the EU MEXICO project, ten in- analyzed the EU MEXICO data and found effects, stall, and tower effects, among others, stitutes from six countries cooperated in some very interesting results that were re- contribute to unknown responses, particu- doing experiments on an instrumented, ported in numerous journal articles and in larly at off-design conditions. 4.5-m diameter, three-bladed wind turbine the Final Report (40). That first phase of The availability of high quality measure- placed in the open section of the Large the work began in June 2008 and ended ments is the most important pre-requisite to Low-speed Facility of the German-Dutch on 1 June 2011. A second phase of Task 29,

IEA Wind 41 Mexnext II, was approved through 31 De- work package is to provide high qual- • A questionnaire was prepared on the cember 2014. ity measurement data to facilitate and experimental facilities in order to assess The work of Mexnext-II is still to im- compare calculations. To that end, the the usefulness of each experiment. This prove aerodynamic models by analyzing data quality of the data is assessed and the questionnaire has been completed by from measurements. The main difference lies data are reprocessed. Moreover, in the the experimental participants on basis

9 Task 29 Task 9 in the fact that the activity will first compile case of wind tunnel measurements, the of which the usefulness of the various an inventory of all historical aerodynamic tunnel effects are assessed. experiment could be established. Apart wind turbine measurements, from long past • WP3: Comparison of calculational re- from the EU MEXICO and NASA- to very recent including the EU MEXICO sults from different types of codes with Ames wind tunnel measurements, the experiment. Then the participants will con- various measurement data. In this work wind tunnel experiments from KARI, duct further analysis of these historical data. package, the calculational results from CARDC, and INTA on scaled down This work will take full advantage of existing the codes that are used by the partici- MEXICO and NASA rotors are con- “lost” data to increase understanding of wind pants are compared with the data from sidered, together with measurements turbine aerodynamics. the various experiments. from Mie University (opening photo Originally, no new measurements were • WP4: Deeper investigation into phe- top) the Open Jet Facilities of TUDelft foreseen in Mexnext II. However in 2012, nomena. In this work package, a deep- (opening photo bottom) and along the EU Aerospace program, the European er investigation of different phenomena with field measurements from Dan- Strategic Wind tunnels Improved Research takes place. The phenomena are inves- Aero, Kiel University and measure- Potential (ESWIRP), approved a New tigated with isolated sub-models, sim- ments taken by TUDelft on the ECN MEXICO experiment in which additional ple analytical tools, or by physical rules. HAT-25 turbine in the 1980s. The lat- measurements are performed on the MEXI- The phenomena investigated include ter three experiments also consider CO model wind turbine in the DNW-Large 3-D effects, instationary effects, yawed boundary layer transition. Low-speed Facility. ESWIRP will fund the flow, non-uniformity of the flow be- • The activities have begun to prepare costly wind tunnel time using the same in- tween the blades (i.e. tip corrections), the New MEXICO experiment. The strumented wind tunnel model from the EU the wake flow at different conditions, technical experts who worked on the MEXICO project. The labor is funded from standstill, rotational effects, and bound- original EU MEXICO experiment the EU FP7 project INNWIND.EU. The ary layer transition. visited the DNW tunnel where the New MEXICO measurements are sched- MEXICO model was stored. During uled for mid-2014. Then IEA Wind Task 29 3.0 Progress in 2012 the visit, they assessed the status of the Mexnext II participants will use this new In 2012, the Mexnext I project was fully model. A limited number of technical data set to approach the questions raised dur- completed and the final report (40) was problems were found but these are ex- ing Mexnext I. The result will be improved approved by the IEA Wind Executive pected to be solvable. The most impor- understanding of wind turbine aerodynamics Committee. tant conclusion from the visit was that that can be used to improve design models. In the framework of Mexnext II the the model can be brought ‘alive’ again The Operating Agent of Mexnext is following main activities were carried out: for the new experiment. the Energy Research Center of the Neth- erlands where the following institutes participate (Table 1). Table 1. Countries and Organizations Participating in Task 29 During 2012 2.0 Objectives and Strategy Country Institution(s)* The objective of the IEA Wind Task 29 1 China Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA) Mexnext is to improve aerodynamic mod- 2 Denmark Danish Technical University (DTU); Vestas els used for wind turbine design based on 3 Germany Fraunhofer IWES, University of Stuttgart (IAG); University of Applied aerodynamic (field and wind tunnel) mea- Sciences at Kiel; ForWind; Windnovation; Enercon surements and on the resulting mutual co- 4 Japan Mie University/National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science (Mie/ operation and information exchange be- AIST) tween aerodynamic experts worldwide. 5 Korea Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER); Korea Aerospace Research The approaches in Mexnext I and Institute (KARI) Mexnext II are very similar but there is a 6 Netherlands Energy Research Center of the Netherlands (ECN); Delft University difference in the first Work Package (WP). of Technology (TUDelft); Suzlon Blade Technology (SBT); and the The first WP in Mexnext II carries out an University of Twente inventory of the unexplored experiments. 7 Norway Institute for Energy Technology/Norwegian University of Science and In Mexnext I, the attention was focused Technology (IFE/NTNU) on the EU MEXICO measurements alone 8 Spain Renewable Energy National Center of Spain (CENER); National as an unexplored data set. Apart from that Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA)

difference, both Mexnext I and Mexnext 9 Sweden Royal Institute of Technology/University of Gotland (KTH/HGO) II are carried out along the following WPs. 10 United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) • WP2: Processing/presentation of data, uncertainties. The aim of this * Technion in Israel is a subcontractor to Task 29.

42 2012 Annual Report • A meeting of Mexnext II (the sev- experiment. Such conditions go togeth- wind turbine, with reference to the recent mea- enth meeting of the overall Mexnext er with a higher induction and less stall surements gathered during the Mexico project. project) was held on 5-6 November than experienced in most NASA Ames TU master project report 2012 at NREL in the United States. measurement data. (7) L. Pascal. (2009). Analysis of Mexico This meeting was followed by a meet- • The next plenary meeting of measurements. ECN-Wind Memo-09-010. ing of IEA Wind Task 31 Wakebench: Mexnext II will be held in September (8) S. Schreck. (2008). IEA Wind Annex Benchmarking Wind Farm Flow Mod- 2013 at CENER, Spain. The meeting XX: HAWT Aerodynamics and Models from els. Wakebench and Mexnext are related; will be combined with a meeting from Wind Tunnel Measurements. TP-500-43508, Mexnext works on rotor aerodynamics the subgroup aerodynamics of Europe- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and the near wake, which act as starting an Energy Research Alliance (EERA). Golden, Colorado. www.nrel.gov/docs/ conditions for the so-called far wake. gen/fy09/43508.pdf The far wake is the subject of Wake- References: (9) K. Boorsma and J.G. Schepers. bench). At the meeting, the usefulness of (1) J.G. Schepers, J.J. Heijdra, D. (2009). Description of experimental set-up, the New MEXICO experiments to the Foussekis, S Øye, R. Rawlinson Smith,; Mexico measurements. Available in draft. work of both tasks was discussed. This M. Belessis, K. Thomsen, T. Larsen, I. ECN-X-09-021. input helped prepare the strategy of the Kraan, I. B. Visser, I. Carlen, H. Ganander, (10) H. Snel, J.G. Schepers and A. Sic- New MEXICO experiment. H. L. Drost (2002). ‘Verification of Euro- cama. (2009). Mexico, the database and results pean Wind Turbine Design Codes, VEWT- of data processing and analysis. 47th AIAA During the activities of IEA Wind Task DC’ final report. ECN-C--01-055, En- Aerospace Sciences meeting, Orlando, FL, 29, results have been published and pre- ergy Research Center of the Netherlands, USA. sented in at least 27 papers and articles; see ECN, www.ecn.nl/publicaties/default. (11) A. Bechmann and N. Sørensen. references 10, 11, and 15–39. Moreover, aspx?nr=ECN-C--01-055 (2009). CFD simulation of the Mexico ro- the results from Mexnext together with re- (2) J. G. Schepers and H. Snel. (2008). tor wake, European Wind Energy Conference. sults from previous aerodynamic IEA Wind ‘Model Experiments in Controlled Condi- Marseille France. Tasks 14, 18, and 20 formed the basis for a tions, Final report.’ ECN-E-07-042, En- (12) D. Micallef. (2009). MEXICO Da- PhD thesis defended in November 2012 at ergy Research Center of the Netherlands, ta Analysis, Stage I - MEXICO Data Valida- TUDelft (41). Another PhD thesis defend- ECN. www.ecn.nl/publicaties/default. tion and Reliability Tests. ed in December 2012 at TUDelft contains aspx?nr=ECN-E--07-042. (13) D. Micallef: MEXICO Data Analy- knowledge on detailed wind turbine rotor (3) J.G. Schepers, A.J. Brand, A. Bruin- sis, Stage V - Investigation of the Limitations of flows based in part on the EU MEXICO ing, R. van Rooij, J.M.R. Graham, R.J.H. Inverse Free Wake Vortex Codes on the Basis of rotor experiments (42). Paynter, M.M. Hand, D.A. Simms, D.G. In- the MEXICO Experiment field, H.A. Madsen, T. Maeda, Y. Shimizu, N. (14) A.K. Kuczaj. (2009). Virtual Blade 4.0 Plans for Stefanatos. (2002). ‘Final Report of IEA An- Simulations of the Mexico Experiment. 2013 and beyond nex XVIII: ‘Enhanced Field Rotor Aerodynamics NRG-21810/09.97106. The main activities in 2013 will involve Database.’ ECN-C--02-016, Energy Research (15) J.G. Schepers, L. Pascal and H. the analysis of various measurements in Center of the Netherlands, ECN. www.ecn. Snel. (2010). First results from Mexnext: WP4, the simulation of measurements nl/en/wind/additional/special-projects/ Analysis of detailed aerodynamic measurements in WP3, and the preparation of the New field-rotor-aerodynamics-database/ on a 4.5 m diameter rotor placed in the large MEXICO experiment in WP1. More (4) H. Snel, J.G. Schepers, B. Mont- German Dutch Wind Tunnel DNW. Euro- specifically: gomerie. (2007). ‘The MEXICO project pean Wind Energy Conference, EWEC, • Task leaders have been appointed for (Model Experiments in Controlled Con- Warsaw Poland. various WP4 activities. These task lead- ditions): The database and first results of (16) D. Micallef, et al. (2010). Validating ers have prepared a more detailed work data processing and interpretation’, The BEM, direct and inverse free wake models with plan of their task, which will form the Science of Making Torque from the Wind. the Mexico experiment. 48th AIAA Aero- basis for the activities in their tasks. Technical University of Denmark, iop- space Sciences meeting. • Several meeting and activities are science.iop.org/1742-6596/75/1/012014/ (17) A. Bechmann and N. Sørensen. planned to prepare the New MEXICO pdf?ejredirect=iopsciencetrial (2009). CFD simulation of the Mexico ro- experiment, which is now scheduled (5) W. Haans T. Sant, G.A.M. van kuik, tor wake, European Wind Energy Conference. for mid-2014. G.J.W. van Bussel. (2006). "Stall in Yawed Marseille France. • TUDelft offered a 2-D test of the Flow Conditions: A Correlation of Blade (18) S Breton, C Sibuet, C Masson. MEXICO model blades in the Delft Element Momentum Predictions With Ex- (2010). Using the Actuator Surface Method Low Speed Low Turbulence Tunnel. periments" Journal of Solar Energy Engineering to Model the Three-Bladed MEXICO Wind This tunnel slot is scheduled for Sep- Vol. 128; pp 472-408. www.lr.TUDelft.nl/ Turbine. 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences tember 2013. live/pagina.jsp?id=3dcbe092-4334-4d47- meeting. • A new calculation round on axial flow 9f82-dff9ed15ab5e&lang=en&binary=/ (19) Wen Zhong Shen, et al. (2010). will be defined. The first calculation doc/2006Stall in Yawed Flow Conditions.pdf ‘Validation of the Actuator Line / Navier round will concern NASA-Ames mea- (6) Kay, A. Investigating the Unsteady Stokes technique using Mexico measure- surements at a rotational speed, which is Aerodynamics associated with a horizontal axis ments,’ The Science of Making Torque from the higher than commonly addressed in this Wind.

IEA Wind 43 (20) Yang Hua, et al. (2010). ‘Determi- conference on Wind Engineering, ICWE, (39) Yang Hua et al. (2011). ‘Extraction nation of Aerofoil Data and Angle of At- Amsterdam, Holland. of airfoil data using PIV and pressure mea- tack on the Mexico Rotor using Experi- (30) D. Micallef et al. (2011). The rel- surements.’ Journal of Wind Energy, 14 pp. mental Data,’ The Science of Making Torque evance of spanwise flows for yawed horizontal- 539-556. from the Wind. axis wind turbines. 13th International con- (40) J.G. Schepers, K. Boorsma, T. Cho,

9 Task 29 Task 9 (21) S. Schreck, et al. (2010). ‘Rota- ference on Wind Engineering, ICWE, Am- S. Gomez-Iradi, P. Schaffarczyk, A. Jeromin, tional Augmentation Disparities in the sterdam, Holland. W.Z. Shen, T. Lutz, K. Meister, B. Stoeves- UAE Phase VI and MEXICO Experi- (31) Réthoré, P.-E., Sørensen, N.N., andt, S. Schreck, D. Micallef, R. Pereira, ments,’ The Science of Making Torque from the Zahle, F., Bechmann, A., Madsen, H.A. T. Sant, H.A. Madsen, N. Sorensen, Final Wind. (2011). CFD model of the MEXICO wind report of IEA Task 29, Mexnext (Phase 1), (22) S. Gomez-Iradi and X. Mundu- tunnel. EWEA Annual Event. Analysis of Mexico Wind Tunnel Measure- ate. (2010). ‘A CFD Investigation of the (32) Réthoré, P.-E., Sørensen, N.N., ments, ECN-E-12-004, February 2012 Influence of Trip-Tape on the MEXICO Zahle, F., Bechmann, A., Madsen, H.A. (41) J.G. Schepers Engineering mod- Wind Turbine Blade Sections,’ The Science (2011). MEXICO Wind Tunnel and Wind els in aerodynamics, PhD thesis, No- of Making Torque from the Wind. Turbine modelled in CFD. AIAA Confer- vember 27th, 2012, Technical Uni- (23) B. Stoevesandt, et al. (2010). ence. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. versity of Delft, Netherlands, ISBN ‘OpenFOAM:RANS-Simulation of a (33) K. Meister. Grid dependency stud- 9789461915078. repository.tudelft.nl/ wind turbine and verification,’ The Science ies on tip vortex preservation in wind turbine view/ir/uuid%3A92123c07-cc12-4945- of Making Torque from the Wind. CFD simulations. Wake Conference. Got- 973f-103bd744ec87/ (24) S. Breton, C. Sibuet, C. Masson. land University, Sweden. (42) D. Micallef, “"3D flows near a (2010). ‘Analysis of the inflow conditions (34) W.Z. Shen. (2011). Actuator Line / HAWT rotor: A dissection of blade and of the MEXICO Rotor : comparison be- Navier Stokes Computations for Flows past the wake contributions" Delft, 213 p. reposito- tween measurements and numerical simu- Yawed MEXICO Rotor. Wake Conference. ry.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid%3Aca471701- lations,’ The Science of Making Torque from Gotland University, Sweden. 2817-4a36-9839-4545c1cceb45/ the Wind. (35) N. Sorensen. (2011). Near Wake (25) J.G. Schepers, K. Boorsma, H. Predictions Behind the MEXICO Rotor in Author: J. Gerard Schepers, Energy Re- Snel. (2010). ‘ IEA Task 29 Mexnext: Anal- Axial and Yawed Flow Conditions. Wake search Center of the Netherlands (ECN), the ysis of wind tunnel measurements from the Conference. Gotland University, Sweden. Netherlands. EU project Mexico,’ The Science of Making (36) R. Szasz. (2011). LES of the near Torque from the Wind. wake of the MEXICO wind turbine. Wake (26) T. Lutz, K. Meister, E. Krämer Conference. Gotland University, Sweden. (2011). Near Wake studies of the Mexico Ro- (37) S. Breton. (2011). Numerical Analy- tor. EWEA Annual Event. sis of the Vorticity Structure of the MEXICO (27) J.G. Schepers, K. Boorsma, C. Kim, Rotor in the Near Wake. Wake Conference. T Cho. (2011). Results from Mexnext: Analy- Gotland University, Sweden. sis of detailed aerodynamic measurements on a (38) K. Nillsen. (2011). The wake behind 4.5 m diameter rotor placed in the large Ger- the Mexico rotor. Wake Conference. Gotland man Dutch Wind Tunnel DNW. EWEA An- University, Sweden. nual Event. (28) R. Pereira, J.G. Schepers, KM. Pavel. (2011). Validation of the Beddoes Leishman Dynamic Stall model for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines using Mexco data. 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Orlan- do, FL, USA. (29) S.K. Guntur, C. Bak and N.N. Sorensen. (2011). Analysis of 3D stall models for wind turbine blades using data from the Mexico experiment. 13th International

44 2012 Annual Report Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration 10 Task 30 Continuation (OC4) Project

1.0 Introduction domain in a coupled simulation environment. 2.0 Objectives and Strategy he vast offshore wind resource rep- In recent years, some of these codes have been The purpose of the OC4 project is to per- Tresents a potential to use wind tur- expanded to include the additional dynam- form a benchmarking exercise of offshore bines installed offshore to make a significant ics pertinent to offshore installations, including wind turbine dynamics computer codes. To contribution to the world’s energy supply. incident wave characteristics, sea currents, hy- test the codes, the main activities of OC4 Design of offshore wind turbines can be drodynamics, and foundation dynamics of the are to (a) discuss modeling strategies, (b) complicated because offshore sites vary sig- support structure. The sophistication of these develop a suite of benchmark models and nificantly through differences in water depth, aero-hydro-servo-elastic codes and the limited simulations, (c) run the simulations and soil type, and wind and wave severity, which data available to validate them underscores the process the simulation results, and (d) com- requires the use of a variety of support struc- need to verify their accuracy and correctness. pare and discuss the results. These activities ture types (opening graphic). These types in- The Offshore Code Comparison Collabo- fall under broader objectives including: clude fixed-bottom monopiles, gravity bases, ration (OC3), which operated under Subtask • Assessing the accuracy and reliability space-frames—such as tripods and lattice 2 of the IEA Wind Task 23, was established of simulations to establish confidence frames (“jackets”)—and floating structures. to meet this need. Task 23 was completed in in their predictive capabilities In this context, the offshore wind industry 2009; in 2010, a new project (OC4) was es- • Training new analysts to run and ap- faces many new design challenges. tablished to continue the work. OC4 is led ply the codes correctly Wind turbines are designed and analyzed cooperatively by the National Renewable En- • Identifying and verifying the capa- using simulation tools (i.e., design computer ergy Laboratory (NREL) and the Fraunhofer bilities and limitations of implemented codes) capable of predicting the coupled Institute for Wind Energy and Energy Systems theories dynamic loads and responses of the system. Technology (IWES). • Investigating and refining applied Land-based wind turbine analysis relies on Since the project began, 130 participants analysis methodologies the use of aero-servo-elastic computer codes, from 50 organizations in 18 countries have • Identifying further research and de- which incorporate wind-inflow, aerodynam- participated in the task. Many more have par- velopment needs. ic (aero), control system (servo), and struc- ticipated via e-mail communication, but have tural-dynamic (elastic) models in the time not been able to attend physical meetings.

IEA Wind 45 Table 1. Countries and Organizations Participating in Task 30 During 2012 Phase I of the project, the analysis of a Country Institution(s) wind turbine on an offshore fixed-bottom jacket was completed. Sixteen organizations 1China *OPUH.LULYHS*LY[PÄJH[PVU*LU[LY".VSK^PUK ran some or all of the load cases prescribed 2 Denmark DTU Wind Energy; campus Risø; DHI; Rambøll for this phase. Comparison of the results was 3 Finland VTT Technical Research Centre made through component masses, system ei-

10 Task 30 Task 10 4 Germany Fraunhofer IWES; Germanischer Lloyd; Leibniz Universität genfrequencies, static loads, time histories, Hannover; Repower; University of Stuttgart spectra, statistics, and damage-equivalent loads. Participants made several rounds of revisions 5 Greece Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; National Technical University of Athens in an attempt to converge to similar values. With a few exceptions, the results have com- 6 Japan University of Tokyo; National Marine Research Institute pared well among the various models. The 7 Korea Pohang University of Science and Technology; University lessons learned so far have improved our un- of Ulsan derstanding of the modeling and dynamics of 8 the Netherlands Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN); The offshore jacket support structures applied to Knowledge Centre WMC; GustoMSC; TU Delft wind turbines. A summary paper of the Phase 9 Norway Center for Ships and Ocean Structures at Norwegian I analysis was written and presented at the University of Science and Technology (NTNU); FEDEM Technology; Institute for Energy Technology, Marintek; ISOPE conference (3). 4subsea; University of Stavanger A Topical Experts Meeting under IEA 10 Portugal Wave Energy Centre; Instituto Superior Tecnico Wind Task 11 was held on Offshore Wind Model Validation in Boulder, Colorado 11 Spain Acciona Energia; ALSTOM Wind; CENER; LMS; IREC (United States) on 15-16 May 2012. The 12 United States ABS Consulting; National Renewable Energy Laboratory purpose of the meeting was to begin devel- (NREL); Principle Power; MSC Software; Texas A&M University; Clear Path Energy; Penn State University opment of a plan for international collaboration on validating the codes used for mod- Observers eling and designing offshore wind turbines. Belgium LMS The meeting was attended by 60 experts Canada McGill from national laboratories, industry, and aca- France Principia demia. Invited speakers gave 17 presentations and NREL moderated four discussions. A Italy Polytechnico Di Milano report summarizing this meeting was distrib- Sweden GE Wind; Teknikgruppen uted to participants. United Kingdom GL Garrad Hassan; Lloyd’s Register Work began on Phase II of the project, the analysis of a wind turbine on an offshore floating semisubmersible platform. A specifi- Such verification work, in the past, led to the OC3 project are summarized in its final cation document was developed describing dramatic improvements in model accuracy as report (2). the semisubmersible design. The specification the code-to-code comparisons and lessons OC4 consists of two phases that were consists of the geometry, mechanical proper- learned helped identify model deficiencies not considered in OC3: (I) analysis of a ties, hydrodynamic coefficients, and mooring and needed improvements. wind turbine on an offshore fixed-bottom design of the system. Several modifications In OC3 and now again in OC4, the jacket and (II) analysis of a wind turbine on have been made to this document, based on “NREL 5-MW offshore baseline turbine” an offshore floating semisubmersible (Figure feedback and discussion with participants. (1) is used as the simulated turbine model. 1). Additionally, in OC4 an experts meeting The load cases to be analyzed in Phase Emphasis is given to the verification of the on the topic of test methods, data availabil- II were developed and disseminated to the offshore support-structure dynamics as part ity, and code validation is planned as a stand- project participants. The specifications con- of the dynamics of the complete offshore alone meeting. sist of the model features, wind conditions, wind turbine system. This emphasis distin- wave conditions, analysis type, and output guishes OC3 and OC4 from previous wind 3.0 Progress in 2012 parameters appropriate for each case. Using turbine code-to-code verification activities. Task 30 had one physical meeting in 2012 the Phase II semisubmersible design and load To encompass the variety of support at the International Offshore and Polar En- cases, models were developed by 12 of the structures required for cost effectiveness at gineering (ISOPE) Conference in Rhodes, project organizations, and initial simulation varying offshore sites, different support struc- Greece in June. In between physical meet- results were compared for Load Case (LC) tures (for the same wind turbine) are inves- ings, progress was made through e-mail 1.X. This load case focuses on identification tigated in separate phases of the projects. In communication and Internet-meetings of the system properties and includes an ei- OC3, four phases were used to consider (I) scheduled every one to two months. genanalysis of the system and simulations of a fixed-bottom monopile with rigid founda- A number of tasks have been addressed the static equilibrium and free decay from tion, (II) a fixed-bottom monopile with flex- since the project’s inception and 12 countries various offset positions. ible foundation, (III) a fixed-bottom tripod, have joined IEA Wind Task 30. The IEA Wind Task 30 operating agent and (IV) a floating spar buoy. The results of representative, Walt Musial, presented the

46 2012 Annual Report codes and needed improvements, which will be used to improve the accuracy of future predictions.

References: Vorpahl F, Strobel M, Jonkman JM, Lars- en TJ, Passon P, and Nichols J. (2013). "Veri- fication of aero-elastic offshore wind turbine design codes under IEA Wind Task XXIII." Wind Energy. DOI: 10.1002/we.1588. (1) Jonkman J, Butterfield S, Musial W, and Scott G. (2009). Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System De- velopment. NREL/TP-500-38060. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Labora- tory, February 2009. (2) Jonkman J and Musial M. (2012). Off- H-P_LK)V[[VT1HJRL[)LPUN(UHS`aLKPU6*7OHZL0>PUK ;\YIPUL5V[:OV^U shore Code Comparison Collaboration (OC3) for IEA Task 23 Offshore Wind Technology and I-SVH[PUN:LTPZ\I- Deployment. NREL/TP-500-48191. Golden, mersible Analyzed in OC4 CO: National Renewable Energy Labora- Figure 1. Offshore wind system designs analyzed in OC4 Phase II tory, December 2010. (3) Popko W, Vorpahl F, Zuga A, Kohl- meier M, Jonkman J, Robertson A, Larsen idea of extending the OC4 project for an- conclusion of this work, a conference paper T, Yde A, Saetertro K, Okstad K, Nichols other three years at the October meeting will be written summarizing the findings, to J, Nygaard T, Gao Z, Manolas D, Kim K, of the IEA Wind Executive Committee. be presented in 2014. Yu Q, Shi W, Park H, Vasques-Rojas A, Du- The focus of the extension would be on Following the enthusiasm expressed by bois J, Kaufer D, Thomassen P, de Ruiter the validation of offshore wind modeling task participants and the ExCo, NREL and M, Peeringa J, Zhiwen H, and von Waaden tools through the comparison of participant Fraunhofer IWES will pursue the idea of ex- H. (2012). "Offshore Code Comparison simulations to experimental data from actual tending the OC4 project for another three Collaboration Continuation (OC4), Phase offshore wind systems. The committee ex- years. In the coming months, NREL will I – Results of Coupled Simulations of an pressed support for this extension. identify available datasets for use in a valida- Offshore Wind Turbine with Jacket Support tion project. Then, a formal proposal for the Structure." Proceedings of the 22nd International 4.0 Plans for task extension will be presented at the next Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference. Vol. 1, 2013 and Beyond IEA executive committee meeting in Octo- pp 337 – 346. June 2012. The first three-year term of IEA Wind Task ber of 2013. 30 will end in December 2013. Each phase The next physical meeting for the project Authors: Walt Musial, Jason Jonkman, (I analysis of a wind turbine on an offshore will be held in Nantes, France in June of 2013 and Amy Robertson, National Renewable fixed-bottom jacket and II analysis of a wind in conjunction with the Ocean, Offshore and Energy Laboratory (NREL), the United turbine on an offshore floating semisubmers- Arctic Engineering (OMAE) Conference. States; Fabian Vorpahl and Wojciech Popko, ible) will last about two years, with overlap The verification activities performed in Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy in the middle year. Phase I of the project OC3 and continuing in OC4 are important and Energy Systems Technology (IWES), was completed in the summer of 2012, with because the advancement of the offshore Germany. a paper presented at the ISOPE conference. wind industry is closely tied to the devel- A report summarizing the topical experts opment of accurate dynamics models. Not meeting on model validation was written. only are vital experiences and knowledge An additional paper will be presented on the exchanged among the project participants, results of the Phase II analysis. A final report but the lessons learned have and will con- encompassing the entire project will be pub- tinue to help identify deficiencies in existing lished at the end of the task. Work has begun on Phase II. Three sets of load cases will be run for this design, including system identification (1.X), wave- only simulations (2.X), and combined wind/ wave cases (3.X). The simulation work for this phase began in August of 2012 and is anticipated to be completed in 2013. At the

IEA Wind 47 WAKEBENCH: Benchmarking 11 Task 31 Wind Farm Flow Models Source: CENER

1.0 Introduction are currently a large variety of commercial As with wind modeling, wake model- ince the late 1980s with the appearance and research models in the market. Yet, the ing for wind turbines originated in the 1980s Sof the European Wind Atlas (1), the stan- transition from traditional linear models re- with work by Ainslie (1988) (2). These al- dard model for wind resource assessment has quires significant training and experience gebraic models, which are still widely used been Wind Atlas Analysis and Application from the user due to the extended degrees of for wind farm layout today, are based on Program (WAsP) with its Wind Atlas Meth- freedom of the CFD solver, compared with simple momentum and fluid dynamic simi- odology. The alternative to linear models like the linear model, which is more user-depen- larity theories or simplified solutions to the WAsP is to retain the non-linearity of the dent. To overcome this difficulty, commercial Navier Stokes equations. The problem with Navier Stokes equations and simulate both CFD software developers are designing user- these models is that they lack many of the momentum and turbulence with computa- friendly interfaces that can emulate to some required physical processes needed to predict tional fluid dynamics (CFD) models adapted extend the traditional way of working with wind turbine wake behavior, which results in to atmospheric flows. Even though the com- linear models. Research CFD models in con- unpredicted wake losses by 10% in many op- putational cost is significantly higher com- trast are either based on generic commercial erational wind farms. pared to linear models, it is currently afford- CFD solvers or on in-house or open-source The turbine models embedded in an able for conventional personal computers. codes and are used by researchers due to their atmospheric model come in many different Using CFD in operational wind resource flexibility to adapt to site-specific topographic varieties and ranges of complexity and they assessment is less than ten years old and there and atmospheric conditions. are used for different scales of calculations.

48 2012 Annual Report As turbine models get more complicated, complexity. Some test cases are readily avail- for using these models under a range of the details of the blade aerodynamics be- able from the literature and some others conditions, both onshore and offshore, from come more prevalent. With the need to cal- will come from experimental facilities and flat to very complex terrain. These bench- culate viscous aerodynamics of the blades, operational wind farms. These inter-com- marks will involve model inter-comparison researchers have moved into CFD modeling. parison case studies will produce enough versus experimental data. The best practices As with wind models, researchers have used background information for the discussion will cover the wide range of tools currently Reynolds average Navier Stokes (RANS), of the VV&UQ strategies. used by the industry and will attempt to unsteady RANS, detached eddy simulations quantify the uncertainty bounds for each (DES) (which is a hybrid between RANS 2.0 Objectives and Strategy type of model. and large-eddy simulation (LES), and even Task 31 WAKEBENCH aims at providing a Most of the work will be organized full LES of rotating blades. forum for industrial, governmental, and aca- around benchmark exercises on validation Common to both wind and wake mod- demic partners to develop and define qual- test cases. In order to facilitate the man- eling, the model developer has to design a ity-check procedures, as well as to improve agement of these exercises, the “WIND- model evaluation strategy that proves that atmospheric boundary layer and wind tur- BENCH” model validation web platform the model is correctly formulated (verifica- bine wake models for use in wind energy. will be made available by CENER, which tion) and provides an accurate representation The working methodology (Figure 1) will will act as the administrator. This tool is de- of the real world from the perspective of the be based on the benchmarking of different signed such that the test case can be man- intended uses of the model (validation). wind and wake modeling techniques in or- aged by the owner of the data, with stan- Verification, validation, and uncertainty der to identify and quantify best practices dardized procedures on how to define a test quantification (VV&UQ) are fundamental problems in the development of any engineering model. This process allows a com- Table 1. Countries and Organizations Participating in Task 31 During 2012 prehensive transition from experience and test-based design to simulation-based de- Country Institution(s) sign, producing more efficient and cost-ef- 1 Canada York University; Montreal University fective design solutions (3). The adoption of 2 China Chinese Wind Energy Association; China Aerodynamics Research VV&UQ procedures is an unresolved issue & Development Center; North China Electric Power University; in wind resource assessment due to the in- Nanjing University of Aeronautics; Goldwind herent complexity of the system to model. 3 Denmark Technical University of Denmark; Aarhus University; VESTAS Wind As stated in the COST 732 Action & Site; EMD International A/S; DONG Energy; Suzlon (2009) report on micro-scale model evalua- 4 Germany ForWind - Oldenburg University; ZMAW - University of Hamburg; tion (4), there is not a distinct definition of CFD+Engineering; DEWI; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research; Fraunhofer IWES; Anemos-Jacob the requirements of a validation test case da- GmbH taset and the procedure to use it in a con- 5 Greece Center for Renewable Energy Sources sistent and systematic way. A basic requirement for any validation exercise is that the 6 Italy University of Perugia; University of Genoa; CNR-INSEAN; Sorgenia S.p.A.; Karalit model and the validation dataset share the same or a very similar hypothesis. This basic 7 Japan University of Tokyo; Wind Energy Institute of Tokyo rule is already difficult to fulfill since most of 8 Norway Windsim; Statkraft; Agder Energy; Institute for Energy Technology; the micro-scale wind assessment models are Sintef; CMR Gexcon based on steady-state simulations and field 9 Spain National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER); Barlovento Recursos measurements are intrinsically transient and Naturales; ENEL Green Power; Iberdrola Renovables; Politechnic University of Madrid; Gamesa Eólica; AWS Truepower; Ereda; EDP modulated by mesoscale effects. Intensive fil- Renovaveis; Suzlon; Vortex tering of the field data and ensemble averag- 10 Sweden Gotland University; Statkraft; Vattenfall ing is often necessary in order to match the desired flow conditions. A complementary 11 Switzerland iJVSL7VS`[LJOUPX\L-tKtYHSLKL3H\ZHUUL":^PZZ-LKLYHS0UZ[P[\[L of Technology solution to this “limitation” of the field data is to conduct wind tunnel measurements at 12 United Kingdom Oldbaum; Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology; a reduced scale. The controlled environment Renewable Energy Systems Ltd; School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Heriot-Watt University; Mainstream; Natural Power UK; of the wind tunnel has been a fundamental E.ON New Build & Technology; University of Surrey tool for validation of CFD models even if, 13 United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL); Indiana University; for atmospheric flows, all the similarity crite- University of Washington; VESTAS U.S.; AWS Truepower; Penn- ria cannot be met at the same time. State University; University of Minnesota; University of Wyoming; A clever strategy for VV&UQ that com- E.ON; Portland State University; University of Colorado; Johns Hopkins University; Case Western Reserve University; DNV bines field and laboratory measurements Renewables (USA) Inc.; Iowa State University; Los Alamos will be developed in this IEA Wind Task. National Laboratory; Meteodyn U.S.; Lawrence Livermore National To this end, a set of verification and valida- Laboratory; 3Tier; WindLogics; General Electric; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; AES; RES Americas; Acusim tion test cases will be selected for benchmarking of models with increasing levels of 14 Other IEA Wind countries under negotiation for participation: The Netherlands

IEA Wind 49 acquisition (SCADA) data from operational wind farms. To this end, a call for test cases will be launched in 2013 in order to guide potential data contributors. The second annual meeting will take place at the University of Frankfurt (Germa- 11 Task 31 Task 11 ny) in November 2013 with focus on complex terrain and uncertainties.

References: Opening graphics: (top) Initial Bench- marks: WG5 – Mountains; (bottom) Initial Benchmarks: WG3 – Hills.

Figure 1. Structure of Task 31 and deliverables (1) Troen I., Petersen E.L. (1989). Euro- pean Wind Atlas, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde. ISBN 87-550-1482-8. 656 pp case, schedule the benchmark exercise, and 4.0 Plans for (2) Ainslie, J. F. (1988). Calculating the administer access to the data. A set of ques- 2013 and Beyond flowfield in the wake of wind turbines, Jour- tionnaires will compile relevant informa- The MEP will be the first deliverable of the nal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerody- tion and guide the benchmark exercises. An task. It will be published during in 2013 to- namics. vol. 27; 213-224 evaluation protocol will be agreed to by the gether with CENER's Windbench model (3) Oberkampf W.L. (2010). Verification, participants, and a scientific committee will validation web portal. The website will be Validation and Uncertainty Quantification of be designated to supervise the correct imple- used to manage user accounts, test case and Simulation Results, NAFEMS WWW Vir- mentation of each test case. benchmark guides as well as input, valida- tual Conference, November 15-16 tion and simulation data. From this platform, (4) Britter R. and Schatzmann M. (2007). 3.0 Progress in 2012 an inventory of test cases and benchmarks Model Evaluation Guidance and Protocol Docu- In 2012 Task 31 gathered participants from will be published as interim deliverables ment, COST Action 732, © COST Office, 14 IEA Wind member countries. The dis- of the task. Both the MEP and the inven- distributed by University of Hamburg, ISBN: tribution list counts with more than 200 tory reports will be updated throughout the 3-00-018312-4 people with different backgrounds and levels duration of the task as new information is of interest. In order to facilitate the structure produced. Authors: Javier Sanz Rodrigo, Nation- of such a large group, ten working groups In 2013 the first benchmarks launched al Renewable Energy Centre of Spain (WG) have been configured, each one deal- in 2011 will be finished in the form of sum- (CENER), Spain; Patrick Moriarty, National ing with a specific sub-domain of the build- mary reports and new benchmarks will be Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), ing-block model chain (Table 2). started to complete the first phase of test United States. Each WG has a number of associated test cases mostly based on research experiments. cases and model inter-comparison bench- The second phase of the task will focus on marks already identified (opening graphics). test cases from industry making use of data During 2012 the first benchmarks where coming from wind resource measurement initiated, namely: Monin-Obukhov and campaigns and supervisory control and data Leipzig for surface layer and ABL models in flat terrain; Askervein and Bolund for flow over hilly terrain; Waving Wheat and Furry Table 2. Thematic working groups in Task 31 for wind tunnel flow over homogeneous Working Groups Theme canopy over flat terrain and two-dimensional WG1-Flat_ABL -SV^V]LYÅH[[LYYHPU hill in a wind tunnel; Sexbierum single-wake WG2-Hills_WindTunnel Flow over hills in wind tunnel and double-wake; and Horns Rev multiple- wake under various inflow conditions. For WG3-Hills_Field -SV^V]LYOPSSZPU[OLÄLSK now, most of the benchmarks are based on WG4-Forest Flow in and above forest canopies

neutral stratification. WG5-Mountains Flow over Mountains In November 2012 the first annual WG6-Wakes_Theory >;>HRLZ;OLVYL[PJHS]LYPÄJH[PVU meeting took place at NREL (Boulder, U.S.) with focus on the Model Evaluation WG7-Wakes_WindTunnel WT Wakes. Wind tunnel experiments Protocol (MEP) for wind farm flow models. WG8-Wakes_SmallWindFarm Small wind farms / Individual wind turbines The first benchmark results were presented WG9-Wakes_LargeWindFarm Large wind farms and discussions on evaluation procedures were initiated. WG10-New_TestCases 9LX\PYLTLU[ZMVY]HSPKH[PVUL_WLYPTLU[Z

50 2012 Annual Report LIDAR: Wind Lidar Systems for 12 Task 32 Wind Energy Deployment Courtesy: Leoshere, France

1.0 Introduction Task (Canada, Denmark, Germany, Japan, data and the analysis results are mutually EA Wind Task 32 aims to address the very and the United States). In addition, another shared by the participants. Ifast development of wind lidar technolo- three countries are in the process of officially The activities build upon the discussions gies, and their use in providing more accu- joining (Norway, Switzerland, and the Unit- and work already performed in regards to rate measurement of wind characteristics that ed Kingdom) and some others have shown lidar technology during IEA Wind Topical are required for reliable deployment of wind active interest (Table 1). Expert Meetings in 2007 and 2009 on re- energy power systems (opening photo). The mote wind speed sensing techniques using purpose is to bring together the research 2.0 Objectives and Strategy sodar and lidar. Task 32 is only considering community and wind industry to create syn- The main objective of the Task is the publi- lidar systems even though sodar is another ergies in the many R&D activities already cation of experimentally tested recommend- promising remote sensing technique that was on-going in this new and very promising re- ed practices for wind lidar measurements. considered as well in the above-mentioned mote sensing-based measurement technology. This should build up based on the joint ex- IEA Wind Topical Expert Meetings. This is The Task has three main drivers. Firstly, perience of the participants. The recommen- because sodar- and lidar-based techniques no consolidated multi-lateral and interna- dations will be benchmarked with measured differ both in the nature of the signals emit- tional exchange on lidar technology has tak- data collected at various meteorological and ted (sound vs. light) and in their specific en place up to now, despite several research lidar operational conditions. The selected applications related to wind energy utiliza- projects during the last years. Secondly, the tion. For instance, sodar systems are not yet availability of new commercial lidar systems with a range of specifications makes it very difficult for the community to keep up with the advances of this specific technology. Fi- nally, new applications that are only possible with wind lidar systems are being developed. However, their real potential cannot be assessed nor exploited without strong cooperation between the research community and the industry (Figure 1). The Operating Agent is ForWind – Uni- versity of Oldenburg, Germany. Five countries are currently formal participants of the Figure 1. State of the art of lidar technology

IEA Wind 51 Table 1. Countries and Organizations Participating in Task 32 During 2012 turbulence accuracy. It will also contain rec- Country Institutions ommendations for lidar applications suitable for both flat terrain and complex flow con- 1 Canada Garrad Hassan, AXYS Technologies, et al. ditions as well as turbine assessment (to be 2 Denmark Alpha wind metrum / alpha wind energy; DONG Energy; DTU Wind published in 2014). Energy; Vestas Technology R&D; Windar Task 32 is organized in work packages

12 Task 32 Task 12 3 Germany Deutsche WindGuard; DEWI; ForWind - Univeristy of Oldenburg; gathered in three subtasks: Fraunhofer IWES; GL Garrad Hassan; SWE - University Stuttgart; WIND-consult • Subtask I: Lidar calibration and classification (Table 2) 4 Japan ITOCHU Techno-Solutions Corporation, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation • Subtask II: Lidar procedures for site assessment (Table 3) 5 United States NOOA/ESRL; DnV KEMA; NREL; University of Massachusetts; U. • Subtask III: Lidar procedures for turbine Colorado at Boulder, LLNL; PNNL; et al. assessment (Table 4) Potential participants 6 Belgium 3E One additional subtask is dedicated to the 7China CWEA data management. The subtasks have been re- discussed and revised during the first year of 8 France Avent Lidar; Leosphere the Task. The final scope of each one is de- 9 Israel Pentalum scribed and listed below. 10 Netherlands ECN

11 Norway Meventus; NORCOWE - University of Bergen 2.1 Subtask I: Calibration and classification of lidar devices 12 Switzerland EPFL, MeteoSwiss The main concern of this subtask is the ac- 13 United Kingdom Carbon Trust; Oldbaum Services Co.; SgurrEnergy Ltd; ZephIR curacy of wind lidars. At the same time, it Ltd./Natural Power Consultants aims to assess and develop calibration methods and uncertainty budgets based on the concepts presented in IEC 61400-12-1 ed. 2 suitable for power curve assessment, are not Remote Sensing for Wind Resource Assessment CD, Annex L. The work of the subtask will useful for nacelle-mounted approaches, and (Figure 2). This was also reviewed by partici- be made available in expert reports and will do not include a scanner system. pants of Task 32. The understanding gained hopefully contribute significantly to future To set the stage for research on remote in Task 32 will be collected and summarized revisions of IEC 61400-12-1 Annex L. sensing, IEA Wind under Task 11 developed in a second edition of this Recommended As lidars become more routinely used in and approved in 2012 the Recommended Prac- Practice that will include recommenda- more novel applications such as floating off- tice RP: 15. Ground-Based Vertically-Profiling tions to improve lidar-measured wind and shore or nacelle-mounted, Subtask I will act as a forum to try and form consensus concerning calibration techniques for these new Table 2. Work Packages and Goals of Subtask I devices. Expert reports will be prepared as appropriate and it is hoped that these will 6XEWDVN,/LGDUFDOLEUDWLRQDQGFODVVLðFDWLRQ Coordinator: DTU Wind Energy, Denmark form a useful starting point for future standardization efforts. 1.1 Shear and turbulence effect on the calibration

Goals ࠮)L[[LY\UKLYZ[HUK[OL^H`[\YI\SLUJLHMMLJ[Z[OLZJHSHYTLHUZVMIV[OJ\WZHUK 2.2 Subtask II: Procedure lidars for site assessment ࠮

52 2012 Annual Report Table 3. Work Packages and Goals of Subtask II included 41 experts from 27 institutions in Subtask II: Lidar procedures for site assessment 11 countries. Nearly 50% of the participants Coordinator: NREL, United States are from industry, which is important to

5HYLHZRI53*URXQGEDVHGYHUWLFDOO\SURðOLQJUHPRWHVHQVLQJIRU the success of the work plan. At the second wind resource assessment meeting, 30 experts from 19 institutions in

Goals ࠮0UJS\ZPVUVMYL]PL^ZVM97NP]LUI`;HZRWHY[PJPWHU[Z[V[OLÄUHSKVJ\TLU[ 10 countries established the detailed work of the four subtasks and 12 work packages. :LQGðHOGUHFRQVWUXFWLRQPHWKRGVLQFRPSOH[ñRZZLWKZLQGOLGDUV In 2012, all reviews to the draft IEA Goals ࠮-VYT\SH[PVUVMN\PKLSPULZVUOV^[V\ZL^PUKSPKHYZPUJVTWSL_[LYYHPUHUK^OLU Wind Recommended Practice RP 15 ÅV^JVYYLJ[PVUPZULJLZZHY` “Ground-based vertically-profiling remote 2.3 Measurement of Wind Characteristics sensing for wind resource assessment” (Fig- Goals ࠮

2.4 Subtask IV: Data management Authors: Martin Kühn and Davide Trabuc- This cross-cutting activity provides and coor- chi, ForWind – University of Oldenburg, dinates a platform for the exchange of the data Germany; Andrew Clifton, NREL, United required to meet the objectives of the entire States; Mike Courtney, DTU Wind Energy, Task 32. Two types of data have been identified Denmark, and Andreas Rettenmeier, Univer- as necessary for the work. Firstly, pure vertical sity of Stuttgart, Germany. wind speed profile measurements, and secondly, wind speed measurements plus turbine power and load data. The exchange of data is expected to take place in a “give-and-take” manner, where receivers of data also have to Figure 2. Cover of the approved IEA Wind provide some data in return. RP 15

Table 4. Work Packages and Goals of Subtask III Subtask III: Lidar procedures for turbine assessment Coordinator: University of Stuttgart, Germany

3.1 Exchange of experience in power performance testing using a ground-based Lidar acc. to 61400-12-1 ed. 2

Goals ࠮,]HS\H[PUN[OLWYHJ[PJHSL_WLYPLUJL^P[O[OLUL^0,*,KZ[HUKHYK

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3.3 Nacelle-based power performance testing

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IEA Wind 53 Reliability Data: Standardizing Data Collection for Wind Turbine Reliability 13 Task 33 and Operation & Maintenance Analyses

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1.0 Introduction one of the overriding aims of development farms can achieve availabilities equal to the EA Wind Task 33 addresses the different work in wind energy technology. Modern average on land, many have fallen behind Idevelopments of data collection and fail- land-based wind turbines attain high technical that objective. The restricted accessibility and ure statistics in the wind energy sector to availability of up to 98%. Evaluation of mainte- tough offshore environmental factors mean agree on standards and overall structures. Task nance work in previous projects shows, howev- that reliability, maintenance, and service man- 33 aims to support reliability improvement er, that achieving this high wind turbine avail- agement strategies used on land may need to and the optimization of operation and main- ability requires additional maintenance work. be adapted for offshore wind plants. tenance (O&M) procedures of wind turbines Experiences of some lower availabilities There is a considerable scope for opti- through the use of reliability data. on land and the commissioning of several off- mizing maintenance procedures and improv- The purpose is to bring together people shore wind farms has stimulated the demand ing reliability. Maintenance of wind turbines in the industry and research community to for improved reliability and maintenance strat- is currently being planned and carried out create synergies and agreements in the many egies. Figure 1 illustrates that while offshore according to statutory requirements and ongoing R&D activities in the field of statistical failure and O&M analysis. Table 1 lists countries and organizations active in Task 33. Table 1. Countries and Organizations Participating in Task 33 During 2012 Task 33 aims to: Country Institution(s) • Provide an open forum on failure and maintenance statistics on wind turbines 1 China Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA); Goldwind Science & Technology Co., Ltd. for exchange of experience from individual research projects 2 Denmark Aalborg University; The Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Wind Energy • Develop an IEA Wind Recommended Practices for collecting and reporting re- 3 Finland Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) liability data 4 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology • Identify research, development, and (IWES) standardization needs for collecting and 5 Ireland ServusNet Informatics reporting reliability data. 6 Netherlands Delft University of Technology (TU)

7 Norway Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU); SINTEF 1.1 Background Energy Research High reliability of wind plants translates to a 8 Sweden Chalmers University of Technology; Vattenfall high degree of operating and personal safety, high system availability, and lower maintenance 9 UK Durham University needs. Therefore, achieving high reliability is 10 United States Sandia National Laboratories

54 2012 Annual Report -PN\YL6MMZOVYL^PUK[\YIPULH]HPSHIPSP[`5VY[OHUK)HS[PJ:LHV]LY[PTLJVTWHYLK[VH]LYHNLH]HPSHIPSP[`VUZOVYL .LYTHU` rough guidelines from the original equip- The aim is to address the different develop- wind industry and from other relevant indus- ment manufacturers. Unplanned mainte- ments of data collection and failure statistic to tries to determine data collection and analy- nance measures due to sudden malfunction agree on standards and overall structures. To sis based on defined structures and standards. of components can cause serious economic accomplish this, the effort will bring together Task 33 has three subtasks, which have been losses especially offshore. O&M organization experienced personnel in the wind industry selected as the most relevant: I Experience, II should be shifted from response to crisis to and research community to benefit from the Data Collection, and III Data Analysis. (Figure more preventive measures. many R&D activities on-going in the field of 2). Each subtask will generate a State-of-the- Defining preventive maintenance strate- statistical failure analysis. Art Report to present its results. gies requires statistical analyses of O&M data The drivers for the IEA Task 33 based on The task participants will establish recom- of turbines and their components to identify wind turbine reliability are: mended data collection techniques and proce- weak points and to define maintenance ser- • Extensive national research projects dures, database structures (e.g. database layout, vices at an early stage. Effective analysis must dedicated to reliability analyses on wind component designation, and event descrip- consider experience represented by data from turbine failures have been performed in tion), and reliability analysis (e.g. mean time many locations. Collecting useful data is pos- Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, between failures (MTBF), mean time between sible only through semi-automated and highly Sweden, the UK, and the United States. repairs (MTBR), etc.), based on international simplified data management. Also, for effective However, this effort will be the first con- standards. This work will involve the following analysis more parameters, data, and informa- solidated multi-lateral and international activities and results. tion are needed than are being collected today. exchange to take full advantage of these • Establish an international forum for ex- A higher level of detail demands electronically national projects. change of knowledge and information re- supported reporting by service teams. • Improving the reliability and profitabil- lated to reliability data and failure statistics Gathering more, and especially more ity of wind energy use, especially offshore, of wind turbines detailed, data while reducing overall main- requires the optimization of wind turbine • Bring available knowledge together and tenance effort is the long-term goal of Task maintenance. For this, appropriate reli- use experience for improvements 33. Necessary steps have to be introduced ability data management and sophisticated •Develop and define an internationally for O&M of wind turbines to bring together decision-support tools are needed. accepted data structure that can be used available knowledge and to use experience • National working groups have been by the IEA and other organizations for improvements. At this point, information launched to develop appropriate standards • Start a broad dialogue on an interna- coming from databases, statistical methods, as for O&M of wind power plants for wind tional level between operators, manufac- well as expertise is essential. energy on land. Joint activities on stan- turers, service, component suppliers, de- dardizing O&M measures, documenta- signers, and researchers 2.0 Objectives and Strategy tion, and data structure will multiply the • Simplify the monitoring process of wind IEA Task 33 is dealing with standardized, well- effectiveness of these national activities. turbines, to improve the financial and structured databases for optimizing reliability technical reporting and to cooperate with and maintenance procedures for wind plants. Task 33 will apply the experience of re- similarly oriented businesses liability analyses and failure statistics from the

IEA Wind 55 Coordination As soon as possible, IEA Wind Task 33 Administration and Dissemination will commission the setup of an Internet home page. This homepage shall provide pub- II Data Collection Flow of maintenance information lic information as well as an internal forum for information interchange and discussion. IExperience Standardized designation Existing wind turbine failure syst ems

13 Task 33 Task 13 st at ist ics References Other failure statistics Possible level of detail (1) Wind Energy Report 2011, Recommended Dat a collect ion and analyzing Possibilities for sharing Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Practices for tools from wind sector information Energy System Technology; www.windmoni- Reliability Data Other O&M Tools Needed level of detail tor.de (2) Wissenschaftliches Mess- und Evalu- III Data Analysis O&M Tools for wind turbines ierungsprogramm/scientific measurement and evaluation Program (WMEP) funded by Figure 2. IEA Wind Task 33 scope and contents of the subtasks the German Federal Ministry for the Envi- ronment, Nature Conversation and Nuclear Safety • Provide a basis for sound conclusions The first State-of-the-Art Report will (3) Offshore WMEP – Monitoring off- based on operational experience in terms create an overview of the extensive national shore wind energy use; funded by the Ger- of reliability characteristics such as failure research/commercial projects dedicated to re- man Federal Ministry for the Environment, rates, repair times, etc. liability data. It will describe those performed Nature Conversation and Nuclear Safety; recently and those which are being developed www.offshore-wmep.de The competences gained in the IEA in each participating country. The report will (4) Erhöhung der Verfügbarkeit von Win- Wind Task 33 will be collected and summa- include a close-up view of existing failure da- denergieanlagen/improving availability of rized in an IEA Wind “Recommended Prac- tabases worldwide, including their architec- wind turbines (EVW) funded by the German tices for Reliability Data.” tures, the standards used for gathering the data, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature and the method of data management. The Conversation and Nuclear Safety; www.evw- 3.0 Progress in 2012 report will consider the analyses possible with wind.de IEA Wind Task 33 began work in October the aid of each one of the described databases. (5) Continuous Reliability Enhancements 2012. A kick-off meeting was held in Kas- for Wind Database and Analysis Program sel, Germany in November 2012 (Figure 3) 4.0 Plans for (CREW) at Sandia National Laboratories and to begin the process of providing an interna- 2013 and Beyond funded by U.S. Department of Energy; ener- tional open platform for regular and continu- The completion of the first State-of-the-Art gy.sandia.gov/crewbenchmark ous exchange of experience and progress from Report has been set for the end of April 2013. (6) OREDA – Offshore Reliability Data, individual research activities and existing mea- A meeting will be held in Trondheim, Nor- Det Norske Veritas (DNV) Oslo, Norway; surement projects on failure statistics on wind way on 6–7 March 2013 to discuss the status www.oreda.com turbines. All Task 33 participants reviewed and of the work so far and what is needed to fin- (7) Scientific Data Collection and Failure agreed on the proposed work plan. ish the first subtask. Further preparation will Classification; funded by Zhejiang Windey As the foundation for developing Rec- start concerning the second State-of-the-Art Co., Ltd ommended Practices for Reliability Data, Report, “Flow of Maintenance Information,” (8) Research on damage of genera- three different State-of-the-Art Reports are and according to the agreed schedule another tor bearing caused by axi current; funded by planned. The first State-of-the-Art Report, meeting will be held. Xi’an Dunan Electric Co., Ltd. “Initiatives Concerning Reliability,” will sum- Some countries or organizations have (9) Quality Investigation of the Wind marize the numerous activities and initiatives expressed interest but have not yet definitely Turbines Operation in Chinese Wind Farms; in the wind energy sector as well as relevant committed to participation in Task 33. In funded by National Energy Administration of experience from other sectors (See references 2013, the final team will be assembled, and ef- PRC 2–11). Work on this report began in late 2012 fort will be made to involve more knowledge (10) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) for wind when a survey was prepared and distributed to and experience. turbine reliability and operation & mainte- all participants and countries. nance; funded by Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (11) CGN Wind Farm Operation Reli- ability Research; funded by CGN Wind En- ergy Pty Ltd; cgnwp/default.aspx

Authors: Paul Kühn, Berthold Hahn, and Philipp Lyding, Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES), Germany.

Figure 3. Task 33 kick-off meeting in Kassel, Germany, November 2012

56 2012 Annual Report Assessing Environmental Effects and Monitoring Efforts for Offshore and 14 Task 34 Land-Based Wind Energy Systems Source: Lance McNew

1.0 Introduction to developing internationally recognized best social acceptance, Task 34 work will collabo- he vision of IEA Wind Task 34 is to practices for assessment and proven meth- rate with IEA Wind Task 28 Social Accep- Tform the leading international forum odologies to assess cumulative impacts on tance of Wind Energy Projects. to exchange and disseminate up-to-date, specific species. International collaboration Comprehensive monitoring procedures robust knowledge on peer-reviewed scien- becomes more important with the expansion (before and after construction) have been tific research and methods for assessing and of offshore wind deployment, where moni- employed at both land based and offshore monitoring the environmental effects of toring procedures and identification of spe- projects, however the utilization of these ap- wind energy development. This collabora- cies of greatest concern are in the early stages proaches is not universal. While there is a tive will focus on wildlife and their habitats of development. history of land based and offshore wind de- as they relate to wind project development, ployment amongst a large number of coun- both on land and offshore. 2.0 Objectives and Strategy tries, the history varies, while other countries As wind development expands, concern The following points about the impact of are in the early stages of wind deployment for impacts to wildlife and habitats must be wind development on wildlife, habitat, and (either land based and or offshore). Addi- addressed. The availability of scientifically ecosystem processes frame the need for inter- tionally, the environmental effects of off- sound environmental practices and data will national collaboration in IEA Wind Task 34. shore wind development are less well un- help wind farm development interests avoid Wind turbine deployment has measur- derstood than those for land-based wind problematic project siting decisions or proj- able environmental impacts, and these im- due to a shorter history and fewer offshore ect choices and can reduce development pacts (or effects) differ by technology, the turbines deployed. Fewer monitoring ap- costs and the risk of failure in the permit- number and density of turbines, location, proaches and mitigation strategies have been ting process. The risk of restrictions on wind habitats, and species. The risk of unantici- developed for offshore applications than for farm operations or decommissioning due to pated adverse impacts may increase with ex- wind on land. Collaboration with the IEA adverse impacts on protected species or habi- panded wind deployment, particularly where Ocean Energy Systems Annex 4: Assessment tats would also be reduced. there is a data deficit. Limited data on the of Environmental Effects and Monitoring The development of good environmen- populations of avian and bat species, marine Efforts for Ocean Wave, Tidal and Current tal data and practices will enable respon- mammals, and sea turtles make it hard to Energy Systems may provide some insight to sible development of wind energy projects determine cumulative impacts of wind de- the species and or habitat issue in the water worldwide and ultimately reduce overall ployment. Mitigation strategies for wildlife that may need to be addressed in offshore project costs, by mitigating risk. This can be mortality are evolving rapidly for land-based development. accomplished by sharing tested and proven wind but require wide-scale testing and vali- monitoring methods for wildlife, habitat, dation. Useful knowledge may be gained by 2.1 Objectives and ecosystem processes and by sharing les- considering data collection and methodolo- To address the state of environmental assess- sons from related studies. The large number gies from studies of avian, bat, and marine ment and monitoring for wind energy de- of studies conducted in countries with sig- mammal species on different continents. Due velopment, the following objectives will be nificant wind development can contribute to the close ties of environmental impact and addressed by Task 34.

IEA Wind 57 Table 1. Potential Countries and Organzations Participating in Task 34 regulation organizations explaining the Country Institution(s) results of the task • Publicly available, online accessible, in- 1 Germany Berlin Institute of Technology formation on the effects of wind devel- 2 Norway Research Council of Norway; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; opment on wildlife and their habitats. Statkraft; Norwegian Water Resource and Energy Directorate

14 Task 34 Task 14 3 Sweden Swedish Energy Agency; Arwen konsult 3.0 Progress in 2012 4 Switzerland -LKLYHS6MÄJLVM,ULYN` This task was first presented at ExCo 70, in September 2012 with the National Re- 5United States+LWHY[TLU[VM,ULYN`"5H[PVUHS9LUL^HISL,ULYN`3HIVYH[VY`"7HJPÄJ Northwest National Laboratory newable Energy Laboratory of the United States as Operating Agent. It was approved in principle by the ExCo with the United • Expand knowledge of environmental task based on their national program activi- States and Germany as the initial participants. effects, mitigation and monitoring meth- ties related to the task objectives. A detailed Potential participants developed a revised ods, and research being conducted to work plan, identification of specific deliver- proposal that was approved early in 2013 at assess risk that is occurring around the ables, and a timeline will be completed by ExCo 71. world; a coordinating body following the physical • Increase accessibility of information on meeting of the participants in 2013. 4.0 Plans for assessment methodologies, cumulative Because some countries are more in- 2013 and beyond impact studies, and impact mitigation terested in land-based deployment than in Virtual and in-person meetings are planned strategies; offshore issues, meetings and work packages to confirm formal membership and to iden- • Develop an internationally accepted will be structured to cover offshore assess- tify leads for each Work Package. Germany framework for pre- and post-construc- ments, general cumulative study issues, and and the United States have a particular inter- tion assessments (including assessment land-based specific topics at different times. est in offshore wind collaboration, but are al- during the operational phase); so interested in the environmental impacts of • Collaborate to develop and test mitiga- 2.3 Expected results land-based projects. The full participant list tion strategies; Task 34 is expected to publish the following will be completed at or before the in-person • Assess and develop methodologies for documents and outreach activities based on kick off meeting. Work efforts will begin and cumulative impact assessments, especially the international collaboration through 2016. a website for the public and for participants for species for which there is limited un- • State-of-the-Science Report on ac- will be active in 2013. derstanding of population effects or ef- cepted methodologies for environmental fects on their habitats; assessments with a focus on land-based, References: • Assess and develop methodologies offshore, and, potentially, distributed Opening photo: Greater Prairie Chick- for impact assessments and data collec- wind topic areas ens and wind facility in background, Kansas, tion for avian and bat mortality, includ- • Research compendium of publically United States ing new technology-based assessment available data and studies - which could options; include geospatial metadata on species or Author: Karin Sinclair, National Renew- • Develop an understanding of the effects other important aspects able Energy Laboratory, United States. of offshore wind on marine animals. • Guideline documents on research methodologies and/or mitigation 2.2 Strategy strategies The Task will draw upon current efforts • Webinars and direct outreach to the within member countries related to the dewind development community, envi- velopment of procedures and specific assess- ronmental community, and government ment of the environmental impacts of wind technology deployment in both offshore and land-based applications. An initial kick- off meeting will be held to draft a detailed workplan to address the specific issues under the Task. Participants will contribute to the

58 2012 Annual Report 2012 IEA Wind Country Reports

IEA Wind 59 15 Australia

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1.0 Overview are either in the evaluation phase or going independent Climate Change Authority re- ind energy continues to increase its through the development approval process. sisted calls from some parties to reduce the Wstake in Australia’s clean energy mix scheme’s target in order to save on the costs following another year of growth in 2012. 2.0 National of moving away from fossil-fuelled energy Wind energy now makes a significant con- Objectives and Progress generation. The Australian government is tribution to Australia’s energy mix, supplying currently considering the recommendations over 7,700 GWh annually. This equates to 2.1 National targets of the review, but has indicated it is likely to around 3.4% of the nation’s overall electricity The Australian government’s Renewable En- leave the target in its current form. needs and the equivalent of more than one ergy Target (RET) scheme aims to bridge million average Australian households. the gap between the cost of generating re- 2.2 Progress Australia’s 20% by 2020 Renewable newable energy and the cost of generating The cumulative installed wind capacity in Energy Target (RET) continues to provide electricity from traditional fossil fuel sourc- Australia has increased markedly since 2000 the greatest incentive for the development es. The RET is designed to deliver 20% of (Figure 1). The amount of installed capacity of of wind energy in Australia and has driven Australia’s electricity supply from renewable wind power has doubled in the past five years. installed wind capacity from approximately sources by 2020, or more than 45,000 GWh At the close of 2012, there were 62 wind 71 MW in 2001 to 2,584 MW as at the of renewable energy. farms (with two or more turbines) in Austra- end of 2012. The RET is now comple- Because wind power is one of the low- lia, with a total of 1,397 operating turbines. mented by Australia’s carbon price mecha- est cost large-scale technologies, it has been The estimated annual wind generation out- nism, which commenced on 1 July 2012 the dominant form of renewable generation put in Australia from the 2,584 MW of in- with the aim of reducing emissions in the to receive support under the RET. Wind en- stalled wind power capacity was 7,700 GWh stationary energy sector. ergy has accounted for approximately 38% or 3.4% of national electrical demand. At the close of 2012, Australia had 62 of all renewable capacity installed since 2000, Five new projects were commissioned wind farms with a total production capac- and has attracted over 5 billion AUD (3.9 in 2012 (Table 2) adding 358 MW of new ity of 2,584 MW. Five new projects were billion EUR; 5.2 billion USD) in investment wind capacity to the Australian electricity commissioned in 2012, adding 358 MW of since 2001 (1). It is expected that new invest- grid. This is an increase of 50% on the 234 capacity to the Australian electricity grid. ment in wind energy will be largely driven MW of new wind projects commissioned Eleven projects are currently under construc- by the RET until 2020, after which the car- in 2011. tion at the end of 2012. These projects will bon pricing scheme will likely act as the ma- An additional eleven projects (Table 3) contribute 638 MW of capacity in 2013, and jor incentive for investment. with a total of 1,627 MW are under con- approximately 1,000 MW in the following The RET which began operating in struction and expected to be fully commis- two years. A further 18,000 MW of proj- its current form in 2010, was the subject sioned within the next three years. ects are currently proposed for Australia and of a comprehensive review in 2012. The

60 2012 Annual Report Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Australia Total installed wind capacity 2,584 MW At the close New wind capacity installed 358 MW of 2012, Australia Total electrical output from wind 7.7 TWh Wind generation as % of national 3.4% had 62 wind farms electricity demand Average capacity factor 35% with a total production Target: The enhanced Renewable Energy Target will deliver 45,000 GWh (approximately capacity of 2,584 MW. 20% of demand) from renewables by 2020

Bold italic indicates estimates.

2.3 National incentive programs carbon price and the rest of the funds will be uncertainty has made it challenging for many The main incentive program for wind farms used to accelerate the deployment of clean developers to secure financing for new proj- is the national renewable energy target of 20% energy sources. ects and the RET review only added to this renewable energy by 2020, as discussed above. uncertainty. In addition to this, the South Australian state 2.4 Issues affecting growth In 2011 and 2012 a number of changes government has set a renewable energy target Wind energy is the fastest growing large were made to planning laws in different of 33% by 2020 which provides an additional scale renewable energy source for electricity states. Victoria adopted a policy that gives incentive for investment in the state. generation in Australia and several projects residents living within 2km of a proposed Some states and territories (including are currently proposed or under develop- wind farm the right to veto the development the Australian Capital Territory, New South ment across Australia. The size of projects is and the New South Wales Government re- Wales, Western Australia and Victoria) have also increasing with some very large projects leased draft planning guidelines requiring a feed-in tariff or buyback scheme that in- of up to 1,000 MW proposed. additional consultation and development ac- cludes micro-wind as an eligible technology In the past few years, policy uncertainty tivities for residents living within 2km of a for some level of payment or credit towards around the introduction of the carbon price proposed wind farm. electricity bills. mechanism, amendments to planning regula- The New South Wales government is yet South Australia has a payroll tax rebate tions and low Renewable Energy Certificate to finalize these guidelines but is expected to that allows developers of renewable energy (REC) prices, coupled with global financial finalize them in 2013. Changes in planning projects with capacities greater than 30 MW to receive a rebate for payroll tax incurred during project construction. Payroll tax in South Australia is currently 4.95% of wages and the rebate is capped at 1 million AUD (788,000 EUR; 1.04 million USD) for wind farms. The scheme commenced in July 2010 and is valid for a period of four years. Australia’s new carbon price mechanism, designed to reduce emissions from the stationary energy sector, commenced operating on 1 July 2012. The mechanism involves a fixed carbon price of 23 AUD (18.12 EUR; 23.89 USD) per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions for three years, after which there will be a transition to an emissions trading scheme from July 2015. Half of the income raised is being spent on assisting households to adjust to the impacts of the Figure 1. Cumulative installed wind capacity 2000–2012

IEA Wind 61 Table 2. New wind farms 2012 to 250,000 AUD (197,000 EUR, 259,750 Owner Location State Installed Capacity USD) in payments to farmers and an ongoing community contribution up to 80,000 UBS IIF/ REST Collgar Western Australia 205.4 MW AUD (63,040 EUR; 83,120 USD) per an- AGL Oaklands Hill Victoria 67.2 MW num for the life of the project. AGL Hallett 5 (Bluff Wind South Australia 52.5 MW Farm) 3.2 Industry status 15 Australia 15 Goldwind Australia Morton’s Lane Victoria 19.5 MW There are a wide variety of developers participating in the Australian market including Verve Energy Albany 2 (Grasmere) Western Australia 13.8 MW large energy utility companies, investment banks, superannuation funds and special- Table 3. Wind farms under construction ist wind development companies. Firms in- Owner Location/Name State Expected Installed clude Acciona Energy, AGL, EnergyAustra- Commission Capacity lia, Hydro Tasmania, Infigen Energy, Pacific Year Hydro Goldwind, RATCH Australia Cor- AGL / Meridian Macarthur Victoria 2013 420.0 MW poration and Verve Energy. In addition, com- Energy panies such as Epuron, Union Fenosa Wind TrustPower Ltd Snowtown 2 South Australia 2014 270.0 MW Farm Developments, and Wind Prospect all Acciona Energy Mt Gellibrand Victoria 2015 189.0 MW also have proposals in the pipeline. Australia also has a small number of pri- Hydro Tasmania Musselroe Tasmania 2013 168.0 MW vately and community owned wind farm Goldwind Australia Gullen Range New South 2014 165.5 MW projects currently operating and under de- Wales velopment. These projects are small and ex- Union Fenosa Ryan Corner Victoria 2014 134.0 MW amples include the recently commissioned Union Fenosa Crookwell 2 New South 2014 92.0 MW Hepburn Community Wind Farm in Victo- Wales ria and the Mt Barker Wind Farm in West- Union Fenosa Hawkesdale Victoria 2014 62.0 MW ern Australia.

Verve Energy & Mumbida Western 2013 55.0 MW The majority of wind turbine towers are 4HJX\HYPL*HWP[HS Australia locally manufactured, however all nacelles and

Wind Farm Woolsthorpe Victoria 2013 40.0 MW blades are manufactured internationally and Developments imported. A number of new turbine suppliers

NewEn Salt Creek Victoria 2015 31.5 MW have entered the Australian market recently, but the market remains dominated by two main suppliers—Vestas and REpower. RE- laws such as these have caused some wind in Queensland. South Australia remains the power merged with Suzlon’s Australian op- farm developers to reassess their planned state with the highest wind power capacity, eration in 2011 (Figure 3). projects in the affected areas. accounting for 47% of the total national ca- South Australia finalized a statewide de- pacity. South Australia produces more than 3.3 Operational details velopment plan in late 2012 which provides 20% of its electricity from wind power. The size of Australian projects also contin- increased certainty for both the wind in- Wind farm project development gener- ues to increase. Australia’s largest wind farm, dustry and communities. Its key policy is to ates employment nationally and within the Collgar, was commissioned during 2012 and ensure wind farms are an ‘envisaged’ form of local regional area. Over 1,800 people are em- has a capacity of 205.4 MW. The project, lo- infrastructure development in certain rural ployed in the wind sector directly and this fig- cated in Western Australia, is owned jointly council areas, so that they cannot be opposed ure is expected to grow as more wind farms by Investment Bank UBS International In- purely on visual grounds. are implemented. In addition to the direct frastructure Fund (UBS IIF) and the Retail employment generated by the construction 3.0 Implementation of wind farms, there are flow-on effects to the wider economy in relation to local retail and 3.1 Economic impact services in the locality of the wind farm. An- The Australian wind power sector continues other 5,400 people are estimated to be em- to make a significant contribution to Austra- ployed in these indirect services. lia’s economy, particularly in regional areas. A study on the economic benefits of Bloomberg New Energy Finance estimated wind farms in Australia (2) found that the that there was 935.3 million AUD (737 mil- construction of a 50-MW wind farm could lion EUR; 972 million USD) of new finan- contribute between 0.1% to 2.6% to gross cial investment in Australian wind power in regional product; employ between five the 2012 calendar year. and six full-time equivalent staff for op- There are wind projects spread across erations and maintenance with a potential most states in Australia, (Figure 2) with the on-going expenditure of 125,000-150,000 exception of the sparsely populated North- AUD (98,500-118,200 EUR; 129,875- Figure 2. Installed wind capacity in Australia ern Territory, and just one small wind farm 155,850 USD) per annum; and provide up by state

62 2012 Annual Report ;HISL(\Z[YHSPHU^PUKLULYN`PUK\Z[Y`·LU]PYVUTLU[HSILULÄ[Z assistance to promote research and develop- Installed megawatts 2,584 ment, demonstration, commercialization and deployment of renewable energy projects. Number of wind turbines 1,397 Average number of Australian households powered by wind energy 1,088,000 5.0 The Next Term Number of wind energy projects (two or more turbines) 62 While the wind industry was quieter in the

Annual greenhouse gas emissions displaced (tons CO /yr) 7,700,000 first half of 2012 due to investor uncertainty 2 surrounding the RET, carbon price and other ,X\P]HSLU[U\TILYVMJHYZ[HRLUVMM[OLYVHK`Y 1,717,000 policy developments, the market gained mo- 5V[L!(SSÄN\YLZHYLLZ[PTH[LZVUS`IHZLKVUJ\YYLU[H]HPSHISLPUMVYTH[PVUVI[HPULKI`[OL mentum in the second half of 2012. There Clean Energy Council. were several new power purchase agreements finalized, projects reaching financial close and several commencing construction. Wind en- Table 5. Indicative development costs for Australian wind farms ergy is still the fastest growing large-scale re- Cost Item Million AUD Million EUR Million USD Contribution to newable energy source for electricity genera- capital costs tion in Australia, and Bloomberg New Energy Turbine works 1.10–2.00 0.86–1.57 1.14–2.07 60–75% Finance predicts another two GW of wind Civil and electrical work up to 0.35–0.60 0.28–0.22 0.36–0.62 10–25% capacity will be built by 2015. the point of connection In this past year, the Australian wind in-

Grid Connection 0.05–0.35 0.04–0.27 0.05–0.36 5–15% dustry has been working extensively to ensure communities are engaged and informed Development and 0.15–0.42 0.12–0.33 0.15–0.43 5–15% consultancy work, wind about the economic benefits wind projects speed monitoring can bring to the community. In 2012, the

Total 1.7–3.4 1.3–2.6 1.7–3.5 100% Clean Energy Council published Commu- nity Engagement Guidelines for the Austra- Source: Review of the Australian Wind Industry for the Clean Energy Council, Garrad Hassan, lian Wind Industry, which is a best practice 2011 approach to community engagement and is finalizing Wind Industry Best Practice Technical Employees Superannuation Trust (REST). feasibility studies. All of the proposed projects Guidelines for the implementation of wind AGL and Meridian Energy’s Macarthur are onshore wind farms. energy projects in Australia. Wind Farm in Victoria is likely to be commissioned in 2013, and at 420 MW, is double 3.4 Wind energy costs References: the size of Collgar wind farm. The contribution of capital costs to total Opening Photo: Courtesy of Infigen Capital There are also proposals under evaluation wind farm production costs can vary sig- Wind Farm, New South Wales for larger wind farms such as AGL’s 900 MW nificantly from site to site. Table 5 shows a (1) SKM (2012) Benefits of the Renewable wind farm at Silverton and Epuron’s proposal typical breakdown of the major development Energy Target to Australia’s Energy Markets for a 1,100-MW wind farm at Liverpool costs associated with wind farm projects. and Economy, http://www.cleanenergy- Range, both of which are in New South Wales. council.org.au/policyadvocacy/Renewable- Currently there are 10,000 MW of wind 4.0 R, D&D Activities Energy-Target.html farms under development which includes Two new programs were established in (2) See and environmental approvals (Table 5). An- able Energy Agency (ARENA). The 10 bil- other 8,700 MW of projects are undergoing lion AUD (7.88 billion EUR; 1.039 billion Author: Felicity Sands, Clean Energy USD) CEFC will operate independently of Council, Australia. government to provide loans for promising clean energy initiatives and to help unlock sources of private sector capital. It is aimed particularly at assisting pre-commercial clean energy technologies meaning that wind energy projects are less likely to attract funding. ARENA will provide 3.2 billion AUD (2.5 billion EUR; 3.3 billion USD) of financial

Figure 3. Installed wind capacity in Australia by turbine supplier

Source: CEC Renewable Energy Database and Review of the Australian Wind Industry for the Clean Energy Council, Garrad Hassan.

IEA Wind 63 16 Austria

Source: Micheal Rothauer

1.0 Overview new projects). The FIT for 2012 was fixed MW in 2013 the annual production of all ith nearly 70% of renewable en- at 0.095 EUR/kWh (0.125 USD/kWh), Austrian wind turbines counts for an equiva- Wergy in its electricity mix, Austria for 2013 it is fixed at 0.0945 EUR/kWh lent of more than 6.2% of the Austrian elec- is among the global leaders in this respect. (0.1245 USD/kWh). tricity demand and avoids approximately 2.4

Without any doubt, it is the natural condi- million tons of CO2. tions in Austria—hydropower, biomass, and 2.1 National targets Most wind turbines (679.1 MW) are in a high wind energy potential—that allowed The GEA 2012 adheres to the existing target Lower Austria, followed by Burgenland (612 such a development. Due to the new Green of 15% of renewable energy supply without MW), Styria (52.7 MW), Upper Austria Electricity Act (GEA 2012) (Ökostromge- large hydro and a specific target of an addi- (26.4 MW), Vienna (7.4 MW) and Carinthia setz 2012), annual wind power installations tional 700 MW of wind power capacity by (0.5 MW), as shown in Figure 2. in Austria increased to 296 MW in 2012. 2015 (a rise to 1,700 MW). But GEA 2012 This represents an annual growth rate of 27% establishes a new long-term target of adding 2.3 National incentive programs compared to the previous year. 2,000 MW wind power to the existing ca- GEA 2012: The GEA (Ökostromgesetz), By the end of 2012, nearly 1,400 MW pacity (1,011 MW) by 2020, which means adopted in 2002, triggered investments in of wind power was operating in Austria. An a target of 3,000 MW by 2020. This target wind energy in 2003–2006 (Figure 2). Then, additional 420 MW of wind power will be is even higher than Austria’s target for wind an amendment in 2006 brought uncertainty constructed in Austria in 2013. Burgenland, energy in its National Renewable Energy Ac- to green electricity producers and new re- the easternmost of Austria's nine federal tion Plan. In this National Renewable Energy strictions for projects. This led to nearly four states, will generate enough electricity from Action Plan (according to European Union years of stagnation of the wind power market wind power to cover more than the overall directive 2009/28/EC), Austria set a target of in Austria. A small amendment to the GEA annual energy usage in 2013. 1,951 MW by 2015 and 2,578 MW by 2020. in 2009 and a new FIT set in 2010 (0.097 In a 2007 study, the Austrian Wind Energy EUR/kWh; 0.126 USD/kWh) improved 2.0 National Association estimates that by 2020 an annual the situation. However, there was still one Objectives and Progress wind power potential of 3,450 MW (produc- major problem: there were not enough sup- The GEA 2012 launched a significant ex- tion of 7.3 TWh) can be achieved (Figure 1). port funds for new projects, so many projects pansion in wind power installations and the that had obtained all planning permits had reduction of a massive project backlog in 2.2 Progress applied for a contract (granting the FIT) at 2012. This law sticks to the existing Feed- The large expansion of wind power installa- Ökoabwicklungsstelle OeMAG, but could In-Tariff (FIT) system and established a tar- tions started in 2012 (Figure 1). At the end not get a contract and had to wait in their get of adding 2,000 MW of wind power to of 2012, 1,378 MW of wind capacity were queue position. the capacity of 2010 (1,011 MW) by 2020. installed in Austria, counting for an annual In July 2011 the Austrian parliament The FIT is still set by an ordinance of the production of around 2.9 TWh of electricity adopted new legislation for electricity from Minister for Economic Affairs and is not production. This is equivalent to more than renewable energy sources, GEA 2012. This fixed in the GEA itself. The tariff is appli- 5% of the Austrian electricity demand (end law sticks to the existing FIT system but for cable only for the year 2012, bringing some energy consumption of households). This the first time establishes a stable legal frame- uncertainty for investors. The purchase obli- way wind electricity avoids 1.8 million tons work through 2020, with a target of adding gation is limited to a specific amount of ca- of CO2 emissions every year. With the esti- 2,000 MW wind power to the existing capacity (depending on the available funds for mated increase in installations of about 419 pacity (1,011 MW) by 2020. Furthermore all

64 2012 Annual Report By the end of 2012, nearly 1,400 MW of Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Austria wind power was Total installed wind capacity 1,378 MW operating in Austria. New wind capacity installed 296 MW Total electrical output from wind 2.5 TWh

An additional Wind generation as % of 5% national electric demand

420 MW of wind Average capacity factor 30% power will be Target: N/A constructed in 2013.

wind power projects that were queuing for a green electricity at the FIT and selling it to Commission dating from February 2012, the contract at OeMAG got the possibility to get the electricity traders. The Ökostromabwick- GEA 2012 entered into force on 1 July 2012. contracts immediately (those with a queue lungsstelle OeMAG has to give contracts to Green Electricity Regulation–Ökostromver- position in the years 2012 and 2013 got the green electricity producers as long as there ordnung 2012: The FIT is still set by an or- original FIT of 0.097 EUR/kWh (0.0126 are enough funds for new projects (that is dinance and is not fixed in the GEA 2012 USD/kWh); those with a queue position in 50 million EUR/yr; 66 million USD/yr for itself. The FITs are fixed in the Ökostrom- 2014 and 2015 got a FIT of 0.095 EUR/ new projects—enough for approximately verordnung/Green Electricity Regulation kWh (0.123 USD/kWh). 120 MW–350 MW of new wind capacity by the Minister of Economy in accordance However, there are still restrictions for per year depending on the market price for with the Minister of Environment and the new projects: those projects only get a pur- electricity and the applications from PV and Minister of Social Affairs. The tariffs are chase obligation and a FIT if they get a con- small hydro power plants). Applicants have guaranteed for 13 years. The purchase obli- tract with the Ökostromabwicklungsstelle to submit all legal permissions in order to be gation is limited to a specific amount of ca- OeMAG. The Ökostromabwicklungsstelle able to get money from these funds. After a pacity (depending on the available funds for is the institution that is in charge of buying positive state-aid decision of the European new projects). Currently there are 1,306.8 MW supported by a FIT under the Green Electricity Regulation, producing more than 2.39 TWh/yr. The FIT for 2012 was fixed at 0.095 EUR/kWh (0.125 USD/ kWh), for 2013 it is fixed at 0.0945 EUR/ kWh (0.1245 USD/kWh). This tariff is valid for all turbines with valid approval by the authorities.

2.4 Issues affecting growth Crucial for the growth of wind power capacity are the amount of the FIT, the stability of the incentive program, and the annual amount of money for new projects (annual funds). Due to the adoption of the GEA 2012, the determining factor for wind power growth will be the amount of the FIT. The FIT will be fixed year by year, but for technologies like wind power can also be fixed Figure 1. Cumulative wind power installation in Austria 1997–2013 for a longer period.

IEA Wind 65 of generators in 2009 and established a joint venture with Suzlon in India. Wind energy also gives highly specialized small and medium enterprises the possibility to enter a new, growing market. Especially in the Austrian market such companies count for a grow-

16 Austria 16 ing share of revenues generated from wind energy. For customers these firms develop customized wind turbine concepts and work advisors for technology transfer.

3.3 Operational details Enercon and Vestas are the most important suppliers of turbines (Figure 3). Most of the turbines in Austria are 1.8 MW–2.3 MW in capacity, but since 2012 more than 60% of new installations are 3-MW turbines or larger. Enercon and Energie Burgenland Wind- Figure 2. Wind power capacity of the federal states kraft GmbH built two of the largest wind turbines in the world– E-126 models rated at 7.5 MW each. With an annual yield of 15 3.0 Implementation most active operators planning new wind million kWh, each turbine covers the energy projects are cooperatives and traditional elec- requirements of around 4,000 private house- 3.1 Economic impact tricity utilities. The Austrian operators are holds since the beginning of 2012. The Austrian wind power market is made up very active in the neighboring countries of of wind turbine operators and planning of- central and eastern Europe, and some inde- 3.4 Wind energy costs fices on the one hand and component sup- pendent companies have also started busi- Table 2 shows estimated costs for wind en- pliers to international wind turbine manu- nesses outside Europe. ergy project elements (Price basis 2012). facturers on the other hand. In 2010 the an- The one domestic manufacturer of nual turnover of operators of existing wind large turbines, Leitwind, began the manu- 4.0 R, D&D Activities parks was over 150 million EUR (197.7 mil- facture of wind turbines in Telfs in Tyrolia lion USD). in 2008. Apart from Leitwind there are no 4.1 National R, D&D efforts Austria's wind energy industry includes major manufacturers of wind turbines, how- Due to the importance of better knowledge more than 120 supplier and service com- ever there are manufacturers of small (micro) as to the risk of ice fall from wind turbines, panies. These are leading companies in the wind turbines. the Austrian Climate and Energy Fund sup- fields of conducting, wind power genera- Austrian component suppliers also ports a research project on that issue. The tors, wind turbine generator design and high serve the international wind turbine mar- project has a duration of two and a half tech materials. Moreover, Austrian service ket. Bachmann Electronic GmbH is a lead- years and aims at a model to estimate the providers such as crane companies, planning ing manufacturer of turbine control systems. risk zones in the close vicinity of wind tur- offices, and software designers work inten- Hexcel Composites GmbH develops and bines, taking into consideration site specific sively abroad. Local companies are commit- produces materials for blades. Elin EBG parameters. ted successfully both in the onshore and the Motoren GmbH expanded its production National research funds have also been offshore sector. At the same time, many wind allocated to investigate the usability and energy operators have taken the step abroad economics of small wind turbines to ac- to be able to realize their know-how on a commodate growing demand in this field. global level. One third of the Austrian sup- Five Small Wind Power projects are funded plier industry obtains an export volume of by the Austrian Research and Development more than 500 million EUR (659 million Program “Neue Energien 2020” of the Aus- USD). This strongly increasing tendency re- trian Climate and Energy Fund. Four of flects in growth rates between 20–25%. these were finalized in 2012. The fifth project called ‘Kleinwindkraft’ started at the be- 3.2 Industry status ginning of 2011 and focuses on the follow- Cooperatives own 40% of all existing wind ing challenges: uncertainty about the quality turbines, and another 40% are owned by and about the energy harvest, open questions utilities. The rest are owned by private com- about power quality and applicable invert- panies. The first wind turbines in Austria ers, as well as uncertainties about the legal where built in 1994 when cooperatives or framework and gaining permissions. The ob- single wind turbines built by farmers were jective of this project is to resolve technical, most common. With a more stable frame- legal, and organizational questions. From the work in the support system since 2000, but results of the analyses, specific information especially since 2003, utilities and other packages will be prepared targeting all groups companies entered the market. Today the Figure 3. Market shares of suppliers in Austria of stakeholders involved in the process of

66 2012 Annual Report Table 2. Cost of new wind energy projects SEEWIND are also important for the Aus- Total investment costs 1,675 EUR/kW 2,207 USD/kW trian market, because the three SEEWIND project sites have challenges similar to many Turbine costs 1,375 EUR/kW 1,812 USD/kW locations in Austria. Incidental costs (planning, logistics, connection to 300 EUR/kW 395 USD/kW grid and grid reinforcement, etc.) 5.0 The Next Term O&M costs years 1–4 0.009 EUR/kWh 0.0119 USD/kWh The GEA 2012 is a solid basis for the further O&M costs years 5–15 0.021 EUR/kWh 0.0277 USD/kWh development of wind power in Austria. Cru-

O&M costs years 16–20 0.028 EUR/kWh 0.0369 USD/kWh cial for the growth of wind power capacity will be the amount of the FITs in the coming years and measures taken for grid rein- planning, permitting, constructing, grid- unit for an intelligent, demand-oriented forcement and enlargement in the eastern connecting, and operating small wind power energy supply of heated wind measure- part of Austria. stations. ment sensors In 2011, another two projects were • Evaluation of operational data of a Reference: launched and funded by the Climate and wind farm in Sweden in terms of perfor- Opening Photo: Global Wind Day 2012, Energy Fund. The project “Holzwind” is mance and vulnerability of a Siemens ro- Austrian Photo Competition Winner, Mi- designed to demonstrate wood as a sustain- tor blade heating system chael Rothauer able material for the construction of wind turbines. The second project aims to improve The Austrian company ‘Energiewerkstatt’ Authors: Irmgard Poisel and Florian Mar- productivity by managing icing of blades. (energiewerkstatt.org) is the coordinator of inger, Austrian Wind Energy Association, In total, the Climate and Energy Fund the South Eastern European Wind Energy Austria; Andreas Krenn, Energiewerkstatt, supported wind energy projects with a fund- Project (SEEWIND), one of the largest Re- Austria. ing amount of 2.8 million EUR (3.69 mil- search and Demonstration Projects carried lion USD) since 2007. out under the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6) of the European Commission. SEE- 4.2 Collaborative research WIND has ten partners from six Euro- In 2009, Austria joined IEA Wind Task 19 pean countries and a budget of 9.6 million Wind Energy in Cold Climates. The Minis- EUR (12.9 million USD). SEEWIND will try for Transport, Innovation and Technology install one pilot wind turbine each in Bos- has assigned Energiewerkstatt as the Austrian nia Croatia, Herzegovina, and Serbia. The representative in this Task due to its long ex- project began in May 2007 and will last six perience with projects in the Austrian Alps. years (www.seewind.org). The experiences of The research activities will continue until the end of 2015 and focus on the following three research aspects: • Evaluation and comparison of the licensing process and the legislative requirements in each partner country in terms of the assessment concerning the risk of down-falling ice chunks from wind turbines • Evaluation of the operational performance of a stand-alone power supply

IEA Wind 67 17 Canada

1.0 Overview Community power was given a boost targets can be found in Canada’s chapter of anada is the ninth largest producer in 2012 with the approval of 46 commu- the IEA Wind 2011 Annual Report. Cof wind energy in the world. It has nity projects under Nova Scotia's COMFIT more than 6 GW of wind energy capac- program. The projects range in size from 50 2.2 Progress ity, which produces enough power to meet KW–6 MW, and are located in over 40 dif- Electricity supply in Canada is becoming about 2.8% of the country's total electricity ferent communities across Nova Scotia. In cleaner. The electric system is transitioning to demand. Canada has more than 170 wind Ontario, the M’Chigeeng First Nation Band lower emission intensity, with the retirement farms, spread across ten provinces and two celebrated the grand opening of its 4-MW of coal plants in Ontario and growth in re- territories. Mother Earth Renewable Energy (MERE) newable energy generation facilities. In fact, In 2012, Canada placed ninth globally, in wind farm in northern Ontario. MERE is Ontario’s wind energy facilities are playing terms of new wind energy capacity installed. Ontario’s first wind farm owned entirely by an increasingly important role in meeting the Nearly 940 MW of new wind capacity were a First Nation Band. province’s demand for electricity. They sup- installed in six provinces and one territory. Canada’s federal departments and re- plied 4.6 TWh in 2012, which represented 3% The province of Quebec led the way, with search organizations are working together in of all the electricity generated in the province. 430 MW of new installations. The world’s R, D&D areas that are particularly relevant In British Columbia, the 144-MW Dok- most northern large-scale wind-diesel hybrid to Canada, including: reducing the cost per ie wind farm (the second wind farm operat- power facility was commissioned in Canada’s kWh of wind generated electricity, assessing ing in the province), exceeded its projected Northwest Territories. cold climate effects on wind energy produc- annual forecasted production in its first year The government of Canada continues tion, mitigating the environmental impacts of of operation. Under the province’s last Clean to fund the growth of Canada’s wind power wind development, wind and ice forecasting, Power Call, BC Hydro (the province’s elec- sector through its ecoENERGY programs. and addressing the issues of variable energy tric utility) awarded Power Purchase Agree- Provinces across Canada continue to offer supplied to the electrical grid. ments (PPAs) to six additional wind projects. a range of incentives for renewable power, The projects are under development. including wind. In some cases, existing pro- 2.0 National In Alberta, the province’s system opera- grams have or will undergo reviews and Objectives and Progress tor—the Alberta Electric System Operator changes. Ontario, for example, completed 2.1 National targets (AESO) —launched a six-month pilot proj- a scheduled two-year review of its Feed-in Although there are no national wind energy ect designed to test the ability of wind en- Tariff (FIT) program. A rate reduction in the deployment targets, Canada’s federal govern- ergy generators to be equivalent to other price paid for wind generated electricity was ment has set a goal to reduce greenhouse gas generators in terms of energy dispatch re- one of several recommendations put forward, emissions by 17% below 2005 levels by 2020. quirements and participation in the energy as a result of the review. In Nova Scotia, a However, some provinces have set renew- market. The “Wind Dispatch Pilot Proj- review of the province’s Community FIT able production targets. Details on provincial ect” began with two wind farms owned by (COMFIT) program is under way. TransAlta. After six months, AESO extended

68 2012 Annual Report Canada has more than 6 GW Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Canada of wind capacity, Total installed wind capacity 6,201 MW which produces New wind capacity installed 936 MW Total electrical output from wind 16.3 TWh enough power to Wind generation as % of national 2.8% electric demand meet about 2.8% of Average capacity factor 31% the country's total Target: N/A electricity demand.

participation in the project to all other ex- the South Canoe Wind Project totaling 102 In addition, the federal government contin- isting wind generating facilities. The project MW and the 13.8-MW Sable Wind Project ues to provide an accelerated capital cost al- will continue and a new timeline will be set led by the Municipality of the District of lowance for wind energy equipment through once new participants have been brought Guysborough. the Federal Income Tax Act. Start-up ex- onboard. The COMFIT program is part of Nova penses may also qualify under the tax sys- Manitoba’s largest wind farm—the St. Scotia’s 2010 Renewable Electricity Plan. tem as Canadian renewable and conservation Joseph Wind Project—reached its first full COMFIT supports the development of lo- expenses. year of operation. The 138-MW wind power cal renewable energy projects by munici- The ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and project, supplied the region with more than palities, First Nations, and other community Northern Communities Program is focused 500 MWh, and produced more than 1 mil- and non-profit groups. Projects approved for exclusively on providing Aboriginal and lion CAD (760,000 EUR; 1 million USD) COMFIT support will be connected to the northern communities with funding support in property tax revenue for the region. grid at the distribution level, and they must for clean energy projects. In August 2011, In July 2012, the government of Qué- fall within the capacity of the local distribu- the program received an injection of 20 mil- bec announced its plan to procure 700 MW tion grid. COMFIT began accepting appli- lion CAD (15.2 million EUR; 20 million of wind energy capacity. A 450-MW block cations on 19 September 2011. Since then, USD) over the following five years to sup- would be procured through a new request for a total of 120 COMFIT applications have port pre-feasibility and feasibility studies of proposal, and the remaining 250-MW block been submitted to Nova Scotia’s Depart- renewable energy projects as well as the de- would be procured from Aboriginal commu- ment of Energy, and a total of 46 projects sign and construction of energy projects in- nities through a dedicated purchase program. have now received COMFIT approval. The tegrated within community buildings. In the As in previous Requests for Proposals (RFPs), projects range from 50 kW–6 MW and are fiscal year 2011–2012, the program provided the Québec government intends to maximize located in more than 40 communities. 285,000 CAD (216,600 EUR; 285,855 regional and provincial economic benefits USD) to three wind projects. Applications through domestic content requirements. The 2.3 National incentive programs for funding for the next fiscal year (2012– formal call for proposals is pending. The government of Canada launched the 2013) were accepted until 1 May 2012 and In August 2012, Nova Scotia selected 1.48 billion CAD (1.12 billion EUR; 1.48 the selection process is underway. three proposals for wind projects totaling 116 billion USD) ecoENERGY for Renewable Provinces across Canada continue to of- MW, completing the province’s RFP for 300 Power (ecoERP) program in 2007. Through fer a range of incentives for renewable pow- GWh of renewable energy from Indepen- this program, the government has committed er, including wind. In Ontario for example, dent Power Producers (IPPs). The procure- close to 1.014 billion CAD (0.771 billion the Ministry of Energy announced that the ment process administered by the Renew- EUR; 1.017 billion USD) for 67 qualify- province would add 150 million CAD (114 able Electricity Administrator (REA) was ing wind energy projects, representing 3,518 million EUR; 150 million USD) to its Ab- kicked off in September of 2011. The REA MW. These projects will receive funding of original Loan Guarantee Program. The pro- received proposals for 19 projects in response 0.01 CAD/kWh for ten years or until the gram provides loan guarantees of up to 75% to the RFP—about eight times the target. end of the program (fiscal year 2020–2021). of an Aboriginal community's investment in The winning proposals include two phases of eligible renewable energy projects. The loan

IEA Wind 69 helps to reduce financial barriers and en- 3.2.1 Ownership tower manufacturing facility in Thorold, courage Aboriginal participation. In Canada, wind farms are typically owned Ontario through a joint venture with Brit- The province of Ontario also completed by IPPs, utilities, or income funds (CanWEA ish Columbia-based Top Renergy Inc. The a scheduled two-year review of its FIT pro- maintains a list of wind farm owners/opera- facility will be TSP’s first outside China. The gram. A cut of about 15% to 0.115 CAD/ tors at www.canwea.ca). However, in recent first phase will be the manufacturing of wind kWh (0.087 EUR/kWh; 0.115 USD/kWh) years, the provinces of Nova Scotia, Ontario, towers for onshore wind farms. Approxi-

17 Canada from 0.135 CAD/kWh (0.102 EUR/kWh; and Quebec have introduced policies to en- mately 150 people will be hired to work in 0.125 USD/kWh) in the price paid for wind courage community ownership, including the plant by 2013. The second phase will add generated electricity, was announced in March First Nation communities. offshore wind tower production. TSP is ex- of 2012. The rate reduction was one of several Ontario’s revised FIT rules contain expected to begin manufacturing its first tow- recommendations put forward, as a result of plicit provisions for cooperatives and First ers in January of 2013. The company has the review. Other recommendations included Nations who are developing renewable en- secured its first multimillion dollar order—a new incentives for community and Aboriginal ergy projects, with the goal of greater citizen trial order for 58 wind towers to be exported participation, changes to streamline the project support through community participation, to an undisclosed location. approvals process, and a plan to examine the ownership and profit-sharing. In response, German wind turbine manufacturer En- potential for continued procurement of non- community power cooperatives have come ercon has plans to open a new Ontario man- hydro renewable energy generation beyond together under a new umbrella organiza- ufacturing facility that will produce electrical the current 10.7-GW target. tion—the Federation of Community Power parts for converters and control panels. The In Saskatchewan, the province’s elec- Cooperatives (FCPC). FCPC will facilitate 38,000-square-foot factory will be located in tric utility SaskPower did not hold its an- renewable energy project development by the community of Beamsville in the prov- nual Green Options (GO) Partners Program setting standards and sharing experiences and ince’s Niagara region, and employ 50 people. lottery. The GO Partner Program was sus- resources. The Cooperative expects to sup- Up to 60 different types of electrical compo- pended in order to allow SaskPower to assess, port at least 100 MW of community-con- nents for Enercon’s wind turbines and solar evaluate, and potentially enhance the pro- trolled projects by 2015. products will be manufactured in the facil- gram for the future. On 15 June 2012, the M’Chigeeng First ity—the first of its kind for Enercon outside In Nova Scotia, a review of the prov- Nation Band celebrated the grand open- of its home market of Germany. ince’s COMFIT program was announced ing of its 4-MW Mother Earth Renewable during the Canadian Clean Energy Confer- Energy (MERE) wind farm on Manitoulin 3.2.3 Applications ences FIT Forum in September 2012. The Island, in northern Ontario. The wind farm’s In December 2012, NaiKun Wind Energy review will include public consultation and two Enercon E82 2-MW turbines are locat- Group Inc. announced that it signed a pre- discussions with those in the program and ed on M’Chigeeng First Nation Band lands. ferred supplier Agreement with Siemens will examine applicant eligibility, geographi- The MERE wind farm is expected to gen- Canada Limited. Siemens and NaiKun Wind cal distribution, eligible technologies, quan- erate 300,000 CAD (228,000 EUR; 300,900 will work together to move forward on a tity of energy being offered, community en- USD) a year net for the first 14 years while proposed 396-MW project off the north- gagement and support, things learned from loans are being repaid and 1.2 million CAD west coast of British Columbia. The NaiKun previous projects, and administration. (912,000 EUR; 1.2 million USD) a year for Wind project is at an advanced stage of de- the remaining six years. MERE is Ontario’s velopment, and is in a position to begin con- 3.0 Implementation first wind farm owned entirely by a First struction within two years, pending a PPA 3.1 Economic impact Nation Band. with the province’s utility. Wind energy is generating affordable, On 28 September 2012, Diavik Dia- clean electricity while creating new jobs and 3.2.2 Manufacturing mond Mine’s four 2.3-MW wind turbines economic development opportunities in Canada continues to attract wind power began delivering power to the mine’s grid. communities across Canada. According to the equipment manufacturers. The country’s The mine is located on East Island in a sub- Canadian Wind Energy Association (Can- manufacturing capacity is primarily based in arctic lake called Lac de Gras, in the North- WEA), every 1,000 MW of new wind energy Ontario and Quebec. The past year has seen west Territories. At 62° North, the 9.2-MW drives 2.5 billion CAD (1.9 billion EUR; 2.5 the province of Ontario open another new wind farm is the world’s most northern billion USD) in investments, creates 10,500 manufacturing facility and plan for the con- large-scale wind-diesel hybrid power facility person-years of employment, and provides struction of two more. and first large-scale wind farm in Canada’s enough clean power for over 300,000 Cana- In June 2012, Automodular Corporation Northwest Territories. Temperatures at the dian homes. Nearly 940 MW of new wind celebrated the official opening of its new as- mine site drop as low as -40°C in the winter. energy capacity were added in 2012. sembly facility in Brantford, Ontario. The All the turbine’s blades have therefore been facility will service Automodular’s agree- fitted with de-icing technology. The facility 3.2 Industry status ment with Vestas Nacelles (a subsidiary of the represents a new benchmark for the produc- CanWEA is the voice of Canada’s wind publicly-traded Danish company Vestas Wind tion of wind power in low temperatures. Rio energy industry and represents over 450 Systems) to sub-assemble wind turbine com- Tinto, the mine’s owner, invested 33 million companies. The wind industry is present ponents. The work undertaken at the facility CAD (25 million EUR; 33 million USD) in throughout Canada, with manufacturing fa- helps Vestas to meet the Domestic Content the wind farm and estimates that the mine's cilities in provinces such as Ontario, Quebec, Requirements under Ontario's FIT Program. annual diesel fuel consumption will decrease and Nova Scotia. Shanghai Taisheng Wind Power Equip- by 10% and its carbon footprint will be re- ment Co. Ltd. (TSP) plans to open a wind duced by 6%.

70 2012 Annual Report Table 2. Statistics for new wind farms commissioned in 2012 MM92 CCV wind turbines, each with a Smallest wind farm 2.3 MW—Lingan Wind Facility, Nova Scotia capacity of 2.05 MW. In February 2012, TCE installed and commissioned Canada’s Largest wind farm 149.4 MW—Halkirk Wind Farm, Alberta tallest weather mast at its Site Nordique Ex- Wind farm locations Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, périmental en Éolien CORUS (SNEEC). (provinces/ territories) Quebec, Northwest Territory The 126-m mast was equipped with more Turbine manufacturers Enercon, GE, Suzlon, Siemens, RE Power, Vestas than 30 weather sensors, located at 15 dif- Turbine sizes (range) 1.5–2.3 MW ferent heights. TCE plans to erect two additional masts at SNEEC, in partnership with Average turbine size 1.975 MW Cégep de la Gaspésie et des Îles. The Cé- gep was awarded a 480,000 CAD (364,800 3.3 Operational details value chain of wind energy. The network fo- EUR; 481,400 USD) grant from the Col- Eighteen wind farms were commissioned cuses on developing innovative solutions to lege-Industry Innovation Fund. The grant across six provinces and one territory in 2012. the critical technical issues confronting the will be used to erect two 120-m masts and Canadian wind sector, strengthening broad- equip them with pressure sensors, anemom- 4.0 R, D&D Activities based partnerships among researchers and eters, precipitation collectors, and icing-rate The focus of Canada’s wind energy R&D with industry, and training highly qualified meters. activities is 1) the integration of wind energy personnel. In December 2012, WESNet’s TCE works with companies to validate technologies into the electrical grid and into program was extended by one year, with re- and test instruments at SNEEC. For exam- remote community applications, and 2) the maining funds. The original 5-year program ple, TCE has agreed to have two companies advancement and development of safe, reli- was scheduled to be completed by 31 March (NRG Systems and Catch the Wind) install able, and economic wind turbine technology. 2013. During this final year (2012–13), the and validate their instruments (condition- Several departments of the federal gov- Network will focus on moving the technol- based turbine health monitoring system and ernment are active in wind energy R&D. ogy solutions developed by researchers down optical control system, respectively) on TCE’s Natural Resources Canada’s (NRCan’s) the innovation chain, towards demonstration Repower MM92 wind turbines. R&D priority areas include: reducing the and commercialization. WESNet will actively The Wind Energy Institute of Canada cost per kilowatt-hour of wind generated seek opportunities for technology transfer to (WEICan), located at North Cape, Prince electricity, and assessing cold climate ef- the Canadian wind industry, and disseminate Edward Island is a not-for-profit, indepen- fects on wind energy production. Environ- research results to the wind energy com- dent research and testing institute. WEICan is ment Canada conducts research on the en- munity. For more information see (www. recognized as a preferred non-accredited test vironmental impacts of wind development, wesnet.ca). site for small wind turbines by the Small Wind including potential impacts on migratory TechnoCentre éolien (TCE) is a not- Certification Council (SWCC) for the North birds and bats and other wildlife. The depart- for-profit institution whose mission is to American market; and a non-accredited test ment also conducts research on wind and ice conduct research in cold climate issues and site by TUV-NEL (www.tuvnel.com), for Mi- forecasting. contribute to the development of an indus- crogeneration Certification Scheme (MCS) Health Canada is working with Statistics trial wind energy network in Quebec. TCE certification for the United Kingdom market. Canada and other external experts possess- (www.eolien.qc.ca) owns an experimental The Institute is collaborating with Riamwind ing expertise in areas including noise, health cold climate wind energy site in Rivière- Co. of Japan on the testing of Riamwind’s assessment, clinical medicine and epidemi- au-Renard where there are two REpower 3-kW Wind-lens horizontal axis wind turbine ology, to conduct a research study that will explore the relationship between wind turbine noise and the extent of health effects reported by, and objectively measured in, those living near wind power developments. The study aims to support the government of Canada and other stakeholders by strengthening the evidence base that supports decisions, advice and policies regarding wind turbine development proposals, installations and operations in Canada. For more information and updates on the study, go to (http://hc- sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/consult/_2013/wind_ turbine-eoliennes/index-eng.php). A number of other organizations active in wind energy research are, in part, government funded. NSERC Wind Energy Strategic Network (WESNet) is a Canada- wide multi-institutional (16 universities) and multi-disciplinary research network. WESNet’s research program spans the entire Figure 1. Riamwind turbine under test in winter. Credit: WEICan

IEA Wind 71 17 Canada

-PN\YL(Y[O\Y>PUK-HYT*YLKP[!1PTT`9V`LY5H[\YHS9LZV\YJLZ*HUHKH

(Figure 1). The turbine was installed at the In- (76 million EUR; 100 million USD) in lost electricity and renewables, bio-energy, elec- stitute’s site and is undergoing testing for pow- revenue. The highest losses occur in eastern trification of transportation, and unconven- er performance, duration, safety and acoustic Canada where the average annual produc- tional oil and gas. The initiative consists of emissions, in accordance with the American tion loss is 15.7%. Further research is being two separate funding streams: one for R&D Wind Energy Association Small Wind Tur- undertaken to gain a better understanding projects, and one for demonstration projects. bine Performance and Safety Standard and the of the losses associated with cold climate Both streams were launched with requests British Wind Energy Association Small Wind operation, and in areas such as icing charac- for Letters of Expression of Interest (LOIs) Turbine Performance and Safety Standard. terization and icing maps, as well as ice de- followed by invitations to submit Full Proj- The Institute is conducting the tests for even- tection and protection. ect Proposals (FPPs). Successful proposals tual certification by the SWCC and MCS, as The Université du Québec à Chicoutimi were selected to proceed to the next stage of well as Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (Class NK) cer- received 394,000 CAD (299,400 EUR; consideration, a rigorous due diligence pro- tification in Japan. Construction of WEICan’s 395,182 USD) from the Canada Foundation cess, which includes confirming that the pro- new 10-MW Wind Energy R&D Park, with for Innovation Leaders Opportunity Fund ponent’s offered funding is secured over the installation of five DeWind model D-9.2 for a research project on ice-phobic coatings. lifetime of the proposed project. This stage wind turbines, was completed in December The investment will enable the university has been completed, and proponents of those 2011. For more information and updates, visit to obtain the tools needed to study how ice proposals that passed the due diligence assess- (www.weican.ca). builds up on equipment, structures and other ment have been invited to sign a contribu- surfaces in order to make coatings that are tion agreement. 4.1 National R, D&D efforts practical and cost-effective. The ecoEII program also supports gov- Research efforts conducted by federal gov- EcoENERGY Innovation Initiative ernment research initiatives, of which there ernment researchers include an assessment (ecoEII) is a federal program that received are three wind related projects: of cold climate effects on electricity pro- 97 million CAD (73 million EUR; 97 mil- • Mitigating ecological impacts of clean duction of commercial wind farms across lion USD) in budget for 2011, for a compre- energy project—Previous studies have Canada. The study took a comparative ap- hensive suite of R, D&D projects. EcoEII’s indicated that wind energy projects result proach—actual production data from 24 objective is to support energy technol- in relatively low impacts on birds, but wind farms were compared with reference ogy innovation to produce and use energy potentially significant impacts on bats, in- data generated using a combination of wind more cleanly and efficiently. In May 2012, cluding some species currently proposed data from Environment Canada’s weather the government of Canada announced that for listing as endangered. Currently, stations, a Measure-Correlate-Predict algo- it was investing a further 184 million CAD there is limited ability to predict risks to rithm (MCP), and a data analysis program (139 million EUR; 184 million USD) in the wildlife specifically concentrated in cer- called Windographer. The results indicate Initiative, bringing the total to 281 million tain geographic areas and time frames. that in Canada, cold climate effects on an- CAD (213 million EUR; 281 million USD). This project uses technology (radar and nual wind energy production average 6.6%, EcoEII supports activities in five stra- acoustic monitoring tools) to improve which is equivalent to 100 million CAD tegic priority areas: energy efficiency, clean the ability to predict these high risk areas

72 2012 Annual Report and time periods such that cost-effective Energy Fund (CEF). Up to 146 million CAD 5.0 The Next Term mitigation procedures may be developed. (110 million EUR; 146 million USD) are Another record year is expected in 2013, • Mesoscale modeling of wind speed being invested in small-scale renewable and with the addition of over 1 GW of new ca- time series project—This project will clean energy demonstration projects. Two of pacity. More than 5 GW of new wind ener- produce a data set that provides a five- these are wind projects and are underway. The gy capacity have been contracted to be built year, ten-minute interval data set across CEF also invested in renewable and clean en- over the next four years. Canada for wind, solar radiation and a ergy R&D projects within the federal govern- variety of other meteorological data. The ment. Approximately 918,000 CAD (697,680 References: data set will standardize with a U. S. data EUR; 920,754 USD) were invested in three Opening photo: Caribou Wind Park, set, enabling cross-border integration wind projects, which are now completed. Paul D studies. The data will also provide infor- Descriptions of the demonstration and R&D mation for assessing ice formation on projects can be found in Canada’s chapter of Author: Melinda Tan, Natural Resources wind turbines, solar radiation, and other the IEA Wind 2010 Annual Report. Canada, Canada. renewable energy resource studies. • Wind forecasting in support of the de- 4.2 Collaborative research ployment and integration of wind power Canada participates in IEA Wind Task 31 projects—This project will create a wind (Wakebench), as well as in Technical Com- forecasting model for use by industry for mittee-88 (TC-88) of the International applications such as wind power plant op- Electrotechnical Commission. eration and maintenance, electric grid balancing, electricity trading, etc. The proba- bilistic forecasting system will be based on an ensemble forecasting approach.

In 2009, the government of Canada announced a five-year, 795 million CAD (604 million EUR; 795 million USD) Clean

IEA Wind 73 is written in these development plans that in 2015 the accumulated grid-integrated capacity of wind power will be 100 GW (5 GW offshore), and annual electricity generation will be 190 TWh, representing more than 3% of the national generation. In 2020, the accumulated grid-integrated capacity will be 200 GW (30 GW offshore), and annual electricity generation will be 300 TWh, accounting for more than 5% of national generation. Wind power will be a major electricity source for China. Meanwhile, developing wind technology and equipment during 2011 and 2015 is also addressed in 12th Five-Year Plan for Re- newable Energy Development. The plan identifies manufacturing of 6–10 MW wind turbines and their key components, developing grid-friendly wind integration technology, optimizing the design of large wind farms, improving wind power forecasting, and enhancing related grid operation control.

2.2 Progress By the end of 2012, according to CWEA's statistics, 7,872 new wind turbines with generation capacity of 12,960 MW were installed in China (Taiwan excluded), which accounted for 29% of the new global capac- 18 CWEA ity for the year. China’s total wind generation capacity reached 75,324.2 MW, the most for any country in the world (Figure 1). The accumulated offshore wind power capacity reached 389.6 MW, with the addition of 1.0 Overview for Wind Power Industry Development were re- 127 MW (46 new offshore wind turbines) in n 2012, 12,960 MW of new wind capac- leased in 2012. They set clear wind power 2012. The new capacity added in 2012 was Iity was installed in China, increasing the development and technology goals for 2015 26.5% less than was added in 2011. How- accumulated capacity to 75,324.2 MW. Dur- and 2020. The report at the 18th CPC Na- ever, total installed capacity still increased by ing the year, wind power generated 100.4 tional Congress clearly stated that the Chinese 20.8%. The wind power electrical genera- TWh of electricity replacing nuclear power government will promote the construction tion of 2012 reached 100.4 TWh, which ac- as the third largest electricity source in China. of ecological civilization, work hard to build counted for 9.4% of renewable energy elec- But compared to conventional power, wind a beautiful country, and support the develop- tricity for the year. power only accounted for 2% of generation, ment of energy-efficient and low-carbon in- so there is a high potential for growth. In the dustries, as well as new and renewable energy 2.3 National incentive programs future, wind power could and should play a sources. China’s 2012 Energy Policy states that In 2012, the Chinese government formulated more important role in the clean and sustain- by the end of 2015 the consumption of non- or adjusted policies to promote stable devel- able energy and electricity supply. fossil energy will account for 11.4% of pri- opment of wind power. These policies are After years of rapid development, China’s mary energy consumption and the propor- aimed at quickly addressing the scientific and wind power industry has entered an adjust- tion of non-fossil energy installed capacity technical problems and trends of the wind ment period and development has slowed. will reach 30%. Compared to 2010, the en- power industry. For example, to solve the bot- The industry has shifted from expansion of ergy consumption per gross domestic prod- tleneck of grid integration, the government quantity to the improvement of quality. The uct (GDP) will be reduced by 16% and the summarized the experience of wind power

government and enterprises are paying atten- emission of CO2 per GDP will be reduced dispatch timing, carried out policies to im- tion to improving the quality of the Chinese by 17%. prove wind power forecasting, and built ultra- wind power industry. In 2012, grid integra- high voltage (UHV) DC transmission projects tion and consumption were the most impor- 2.0 National to improve the transmission ability of grid. To tant bottlenecks that restrict China’s wind Objectives and Progress explore and utilize wind energy more ratio- power development. The government is tak- 2.1 National targets nally, the government carried out policies to ing policy, management, and technical mea- In 2012, the 12th Five-Year Plan for Renew- approve and plan wind farm projects, and ensures to overcome these problems. able Energy Development and the 12th Five- couraged the exploration of distributed wind The 12th Five-Year Plan for Renewable En- Year Plan for Wind Power Industry Development resources. To encourage the development of ergy Development and the 12th Five-Year Plan were released by the Chinese government. It renewable energy, the government not only

74 2012 Annual Report Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: China During the year, Total installed wind capacity 75,324.2 MW wind power generated New wind capacity installed 12,960 MW Total electrical output from wind 100.4 TWh 100.4 TWh of electricity Wind generation as % of national 2% electric demand replacing nuclear power Average national capacity factor 18.4% Targets for wind: 18,000 MW new capacity in as the third largest 2013; 100 GW total capacity (5 GW offshore) and 190 TWh/yr electricity source electrical output by 2015; 200 GW (30 GW offshore) in China. total capacity and 390 TWh/yr electric output by 2020

clarified the requirements of the renewable to limit the development of Chinese wind (Table 2). This list did not change much from energy tariff subsidy, but also pre-appropriated power. In addition, structural overcapacity those active in 2011. 5.8 billion Yuan (708 million EUR; 928 mil- and wind equipment quality control are also lion USD) to the wind electricity in coinci- problems needing to be solved to realize the 3.2.2 Manufacture industry dence with the standards.. goal of sustainable development. In 2012, the top five manufactures of newly In the mean time, the Chinese quota sys- installed capacity were Goldwind (2,521.5 tem is being discussed. Electricity generating 3.0 Implementation MW), United Power (2,029 MW), Sinovel enterprises, grid enterprises, and provincial gov- 3.1 Economic impact (1,203MW), Mingyang (1,133 MW) and ernments are all responsible for the generation In 2012, China invested 27.2 billion USD XEMC-wind (893 MW). There were seven and consumption of wind-generated electricity. (20.618 billion EUR) in wind farm devel- manufactures whose newly installed capac- The generating enterprises are mainly responsi- opment. Wind generation contributed 100.4 ity in 2012 was over 500 MW (Table 3). And ble for generating; grid companies are responsi- TWh, which could satisfy the electrical the top 10 manufactures accounted for 81% ble for purchasing; and provincial governments needs of 62.75 million households in China. of China’s new wind turbines. are in charge of renewable electricity consumption with the help of the grid enterprises. Re- 3.2 Industry status 3.3 Wind farm operation newable electricity generating enterprises could 3.2.1 Developers By the end of 2012, the Chinese mainland get green certificates, which could be used in In 2012, the top five developers in China completed construction of more than 1,000 carbon emission trading. And the Chinese gov- accounted for 56% of new wind projects wind farms, and the accumulated installed ernment will carry out green certificate trading in the future. To make sure offshore wind power is developed, local governments drew up offshore wind power development plans and designated key develop zones according to their specific situations. In 2012, Shandong and Hebei released offshore wind power development plans. So far, nine coastal provinces have released offshore wind power development plans.

2.4 Issues affecting growth After several years of extremely rapid growth, wind power in China has entered an adjust- ment period. During this period, problems such as difficulties with grid integration, consumption, and wind power curtailed have emerged and become the main bottlenecks Figure 1. New and accumulated installed capacity from 2006–2012 in China

IEA Wind 75 Table 2. Top ten developers of new wind capacity in China in 2012 UHV transmission project from South Rank Developer Capacity/MW Share Hami of Xinjiang Autonomous Region to No. Zhengzhou of Henan province. By 2015,

1Guodian Group 2,895.0 22.3%the national UHV power grid will cover the regions of north China, east China, and cen- 2 Datang Group 1,546.6 11.9% 18 CWEA tral China, and the transmission capacity will 3Huadian Group 1,040.5 8.0%reach 150 GW to meet the needs for wind 4 Huaneng Group 815.5 6.3% power installed capacity of 100 GW. To improve power quality, ensure safe 5Huarun 751.5 5.8% transmission, and stable operation of the 6 Guohua 704.0 5.4% power grid, research projects were car- 7 China Power 611.3 4.7% ried out in 2012 to address the no reactive Investment Group voltage control problem that exists in the 8CGN Wind 572.6 4.4%large-scale wind power grid-integration of 9 Tianrun 265.5 2.1% Northwest Power Grid. A pilot project was completed at a 330-kV wind power cable 10 The Three Gorges 223.5 1.7% station of the China Northwest Power Grid. Others 3,534.2 27.3% Bi-directional regulation was realized for the Total 12,960.0 100% reactive power output of 34 units of 1.5- MW wind turbines from AVC master. Also, the automatic adjusting control was realized capacity exceeded 75 GW. The top three • Key technology research and dem- of the wind farm dynamic wattles power provinces installed the following amounts in onstration on offshore wind power compensation device. 2012: Inner Mongolian Autonomous Re- transmission, construction, and floating gion (1,119.4 MW), Hebei (908.8 MW), foundations. 4.1.3 Offshore wind power technology and Gansu (1,069.8 MW). The annual full Offshore wind power is an important aspect load hours were 1,890 in 2012. 4.1.2 Application research of wind power development in China. In In 2012, according to the restricting factors 2015, installed capacity of offshore wind pow- 3.4 Capital expenditures in the development of China’s wind power er will reach 5 GW (including wind power in Compared to 2011, average wind farm capi- in application research, China focuses on inter-tidal areas). In recent years, the Chinese tal expenditure increased a little in 2012. solving wind power grid-integration and government is encouraging the development On one hand, this was partly caused by the consumption so that wind power can de- of offshore wind power technology. The gov- increase of average price of wind turbines velop with the power grid coordinately. In ernment supports basic research in the 973 (Figure 2); on the other hand, with the de- addition to solving problems by planning and the 863 Research Programs. Research velopment of southern market, special wind and system integration, the State Grid also and development also continues on large- turbines with longer blades became the focus approved a number of UHV AC and DC scale offshore wind turbines in the 7-MW of the market, which caused an increase in transmission projects, including the +800 size range and above. Offshore wind farm turbine price, transportation costs, and installation fees in 2012.

4.0 R.D&D Activities Table 3. Top ten manufactures of newly installed capacity in China in 2012 4.1 National R.D&D efforts Rank Manufacturer Capacity/MW Share 4.1.1 Fundamental Research No.

In 2012, China continues to support the 1 Goldwind 2,521.5 19.5% fundamental research work of wind energy. 2 United Power 2,029.0 15.7% Several wind power projects have been put into the National High Technology Devel- 3 Sinovel 1,203.0 9.3% opment Program 863, including 4Mingyang 1,133.5 8.7% • Advanced wind turbine airfoil family 5 XEMC-wind 893.0 6.9% design and application technology • Key technology research on offshore 6 Shanghai Electric 822.0 6.3% wind farm construction 7Envision 544.0 4.2% • Research on super large-scale offshore 8Gamesa 493.2 3.8% wind turbine design technology 9 Dongfang Electric 466.5 3.6% • Key technology research on front speed Corporation wind turbine design and manufacture 10 Vestas 414.4 3.2% • Key technology research on the wind turbines suitable for low speed, high alti- Others 2,439.9 18.7% tude, and low temperature conditions Total 12,960.0 100%

76 2012 Annual Report 4.2 Collaborative research In 2012, CWEA organized manufactures, research institutions, and universities to participate in the following IEA Wind cooperative research tasks: Task 11 Base Technology Information Exchange, Task 25 Power Sys- tems with Large Amounts of Wind Power, Task 30 Offshore Code Comparison, Task 31 Wakebench and Task 33 Reliability Data. In 2013, CWEA plans to apply to participate in Task 27 Small Wind in Turbulent Sites, and Task 29 Aerodynamics. Furthermore, CWEA took part in the activities organized by Tech- nical Committee 88 (TC88) of the Interna- Figure 2. Price trends of wind turbines in China; 1,000 yuan = 122 EUR or 160 USD tional Electro-technical Commission.

5.0 The Next Term engineering equipment has also been devel- turbines can be used off-grid, but also in The Chinese wind energy industry has oped with government support. In addition, grid-integration or miro-grid system com- moved from a rapid development period the nation’s largest offshore wind power in- bined with PV and other energy sources. into a stable development period. In 2013, stallation vessel has been put into use recently A series of small wind turbines manufac- new wind power connected to the grid will (Figure 3). China Ming Yang Wind Power tured by HY Energy Co., Ltd. (models HY- reach 18 GW. Policy, system, and technical Group Co., Ltd. invested 450 million Yuan (55 400, HY-600, HY-1000, HY-1500, HY-3000) measures will be taken to reduce the propor- million EUR; 72 million USD) on this re- have passed through the CE, ETL, Rohs, and tion of wind power curtailed, thereby allow- search. A new type of offshore wind turbine, other international certifications. In 2012, ing expansion. At the same time, enhancing the SCD 3-MW, with a new transmission sys- HY Energy Co., Ltd. exported 9,756 units of the reliability of wind power equipment, tem has also been industrialized. small wind turbines, a total of the 8.86 MW strengthening capacity building, and training of capacity. Of these, 6,630 were sold in the wind power operation and maintenance per- 4.1.4 Decentralized access wind power French market, accounting for 60% of the total sonnel are still key goals. In recent years, 10-MW class wind plants amount of imported wind turbines in France. have been built in the rich wind energy re- According to data from Chinese customs, the Authors: He Dexin and Yan Jing, Chinese source areas, such as in the northwest, north- small wind turbine export turnover of HY En- Wind Energy Association (CWEA), China. east, northern, and southeast coastal regions. ergy Co., Ltd. accounted for 30% of the total At the same time, decentralized wind farms small wind turbine export turnover of China. are being constructed in areas where the wind resource is not very rich but where the electricity grid is near. Wind turbines suitable for low wind speed running have also been developed for these situations. Envision En- ergy Co., Ltd. has developed low wind speed type turbines of 2.1 MW with a 110-m diameter. This kind of wind turbine uses intelligent dual-mode electric drive chain technology, optimized and integrated double-fed and direct drive technology to harvest at a low wind speed of 7 m/s. In the low wind speed areas with 60% wind energy resource utilization, the climate and geographical environments are very complicated, including high altitude, sandstorms, freezing rain, lightning, and earthquakes. These places require special study.

4.1.5 Small wind turbines China is a developing country, and the Chi- nese government supports developing small wind turbines and wind/solar hybrid systems to solve the problem of electricity shortage in rural areas. In recent years, small wind Figure 3. The largest offshore wind power installation vessel in China

IEA Wind 77 19 Denmark Source: Siemens Press

1.0 Overview Siemens turbine at the Oesterild Testsite In many ways Denmark has started the pproximately 23.7% of Denmark’s en- (opening photo). green transition well. However, the Agree- Aergy consumption came from renew- In March 2012, a broad majority of ment moves the country forward with large able sources in 2012, 38.3% from oil, 19.4% the Danish Parliament approved a new po- investments up to 2020 in energy efficiency, from natural gas, and 13.8% from coal. The litical agreement on energy. This Energy renewable energy, and the energy system. production from wind turbines alone corre- Agreement is an important step towards Targets for 2020 include approximately 50% sponded to 30% of the domestic electricity fulfilling the 2050 target. The plan includes of electricity consumption supplied by wind supply, compared to 28.2% in 2011. The total installation of 1,500 MW of new offshore power and more than 35% of final energy domestic supply was nearly the same in 2012 turbines and 500 MW of new land-based consumption supplied from renewable en- as in 2011. turbines in addition to an expected 1,300 ergy sources. Wind power capacity in Denmark in- MW of repowering. No energy agreement has ever been creased by 210 MW in 2012, bringing the reached by a larger and broader majority in total to 4,162 MW (Table 1). There were 2.0 National the Danish Parliament than this one (95%); 220.6 MW in new turbines installed while Objectives and Progress and no Danish energy agreement has previ- 10.7 MW were dismantled. Most of the in- In March 2012, a historic new Energy ously covered such a long time horizon. In stalled wind turbines in 2012 were onshore, Agreement was reached in Denmark. The other words, a solid framework has been pro- while 14 of the 111 planned 3.6-MW tur- Agreement contains a wide range of ambi- vided for the huge private and public invest- bines were installed offshore in the Kat- tious initiatives, bringing Denmark a good ment to be made in the years ahead. tegat project Anholt. The largest rated tur- step closer to the target of 100% renewable More details of the agreement can be bine to be installed in 2012 was the 6-MW energy in the energy and transport sectors found in the in the report “Accelerating by 2050. Green Energy Towards 2020” (1) and in the

78 2012 Annual Report Wind generation met 30% of Denmark's Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Denmark Total installed wind capacity 4,162 MW national electric New wind capacity installed 210 MW demand. The 870 MW of Total electrical output from wind 10.3 TWh Wind generation as % of national 29.9% offshore wind supplied electric demand Average capacity factor 22.6% more than one-third Target: 50% of electricity from wind by 2020; 100% of electricity from of the total with a renewables by 2050 capacity factor of 34.6%.

report to Parliament in May 2012 (2) and • 500 MW added capacity on land be- in 2012 was the 6-MW Siemens at the Oes- the publication “Energy Policy in Denmark,” fore 2020 terild Testsite. Danish Energy Agency, December 2012 (3). • 1,800 MW new onshore including A detailed history of installed capacity 1,300 MW for repowering and production in Denmark can be down- 2.1 National targets loaded from the Danish Energy Agency The Agreement contains 62 ambitious ac- 2.2 Progress website (4). tions to be taken up to 2020 bringing Den- As shown in Table 1 and Figure 1, the con- The environmental benefits due to mark closer to the target of 100% renewable tribution from wind alone to the domes- the 2012 wind energy production, assum- energy in 2050. The Agreement itself covers tic electricity production was close to 30%, ing coal is being substituted, are (2): saved the period 2012–2020. compared to 28% in 2011. coal: 3,457,577 tons (3378 g/kWh); CO2:

By 2020, the Agreement will achieve the The newly commissioned wind capacity 7,961,661 tons (776 g/kWh); SO2: 718 tons following main results: in Denmark was 210 MW in 2012, bringing (0.07 g/kWh); NOX 2,360 tons (0.23 g/ • More than 35% renewable energy in fi- the total to 4,162 MW (Table 1). There were kWh); Particles 205 (0.02 g/kWh); Cinder/ nal energy consumption 220.6 MW of new turbines installed, while Ash 543,773 tons (53 g/kWh) (5). • Approximately 50% of electricity con- 10.7 MW were dismantled. Most of the in- sumption to be supplied by wind power stalled wind turbines were onshore, but 14 2.3 National incentive programs • 7.6% reduction in gross energy con- of the planned 111 3.6-MW turbines were In 2012, the Danish incentive program sumption in relation to 2010 installed offshore in the Kattegat project An- was still based on the act passed at the end • 34% reduction in greenhouse gas emis- holt. The largest rated turbine to be installed of December 2008 (Law No. 1392 of sions in relation to 1990

For wind power the Agreement includes: • 1,000 MW of large-scale offshore wind farms before 2020 (tendering process) • Horns Rev III 400 MW (in operation in 2017–2018) • Krieger Flak 600 MW (EU support to grid connection 1.1 billion DDK (1.5 million EUR; 1.9 million USD) (in operations before 2020) • 500 MW near-coast offshore installations Figure 1. Danish wind power capacity and its share of domestic electricity supply in 2012

IEA Wind 79 27/12/2008) and took effect 1 January 2009 and the 2010 Micro VE support scheme. In order to meet the targets for a fossil- free Denmark by 2050, new incentives and measures focusing on energy efficiency, elec- trification, expansion of renewable energy, and RD&D was discussed in 2012 (see Sec-

19 Denmark tion 2.1) a new energy agreement was signed in March 2012 with a broad political support.

3.0 Implementation The Danish wind turbine industry (6) pub- lishes an annual report on the industry status and economic impact. The information in the latest annual report “Branchestatistik 2012” (7) is for 2011.

3.1 Economic impact The wind industry's turnover in Denmark decreased by 6.3% in 2011 to cumulatively 7 Location (year installed) Number of Turbines, Total Capacity billion EUR (9 billion USD), compared to 1. Vindeby (1991) 11 wind turbines, 5 MW 7.4 billion EUR (9.7 billion USD) in 2010. 2. Tunø Knob (1995) 10 wind turbines, 5 MW A reduction in the production of wind turbines influenced the rest of the Danish wind 3. Middelgrunden (2000) 20 wind turbines, 40 MW industry, causing a decrease in exports. The 4. Horns Rev I (2002) 80 wind turbines, 160 MW average annual growth rate in the period 5. Rønland (2003) 8 wind turbines, 17 MW 2006–2011 was 10%. The global turnover 6. Nysted (2003) 72 wind turbines, 165 MW rose to almost 14 billion EUR (18.5 billion USD), up 4.1% from 2010. 7. Samsø (2003) 10 wind turbines, 23 MW The Danish wind industry exported 8. Frederikshavn (2003) 3 wind turbines, 7 MW goods worth 5.2 billion EUR (6.9 billion 9. Horns Rev II (2009) 91 wind turbines, 209 MW USD) in 2011. That is a decrease compared 10. Avedøre Holme (2009/2010) 3 wind turbines, 10 MW to 2010 when the total export was worth 6.2 billion EUR (8.2 billion USD). 11. Sprogø (2009) 7 wind turbines, 21 MW During the last five years, the average an- 12. Rødsand II (2010) 90 wind turbines, 207 MW nual export has increased by 8%. In 2011, the 13. Anholt (2012/2013) 111 wind turbines, 400 MW Danish wind industry contributed 6.4% of Areas for wind farms up to 2020 (Green: near shore) the total Danish export. The number of employees in the indus- Figure 3. Existing offshore wind farms and proposed areas for development up to 2020 try rose slightly in 2011 to a cumulative of 25,520 people. Figure 2 shows the types of employment in the Danish wind industry. (formerly Bonus Energy A/S) and Vestas producing nearly 10 TWh. The average ca- Wind Systems A/S. pacity factor was 22.6 (average wind index 3.2 Industry status 95.6). The 870 MW offshore wind farms The major Denmark-based manufactur- 3.3 Operational details alone counted for more than one-third of ers of commercial 1-MW or larger wind The largest projects are the four offshore the production with a capacity factor of 34.6. turbines of are still Siemens Wind Power farms Horns Rev I and II in the North Sea The newest turbine installed commercially is and Nysted and Roedsand II in the Baltic the 3.6-MW Siemens direct drive. Onshore Sea. Figure 3 shows the locations of existing testing of 6-MW turbines is ongoing. The offshore wind farm locations in Denmark. total penetration rose to nearly 30% in 2012, In 2013, Anholt (400 MW) will come compared to 28.2 % in 2011. online (Figure 4). The next large offshore The average rated capacity of turbines wind farms planned are Horns Rev III and installed is now over 2.7 MW (Figure 5), Krieger’s Flak, with a combined capacity of continuing the trend to larger machines. 1,000 MW (8). For more detail please refer As mention above, the government’s Figure 2. Employment areas in the wind in- to the IEA Wind 2011 Annual Report. plans up to 2020 now include 500 MW dustry In 2012, 4,700 turbines with a capac- (total) near-shore offshore wind farms (in- ity of 3,855 MW operated the whole year cluding 50 MW for test sites). In November

80 2012 Annual Report Figure 4. Anholt offshore wind farm. Credit: DONG Energy

the results surveys and negotiations were an- EUR/kWh (0.124 USD/kWh) for a period objective aiming at reducing the future costs nounced. In addition to the offshore farms corresponding to 50,000 peak-load hours. of offshore wind turbines. at Horns Rev III and Kriegers Flat, six ar- The test turbines are not tied to the desig- eas close to the coast have been selected for nated areas, and can be located anywhere 3.4 Wind energy costs wind farms, as shown in Figure 6. In contrast conditions allow it. The test projects can The average turnkey prices for wind is es- to the large-scale offshore wind farms, the include up to eight turbines. The projects timated by EA Energi Analyse to be at the constructor will pay for grid connection up must have a clear technological development to the coast. From the coast, costs will be paid by electricity consumers via their general charges. The Danish Energy Agency will conduct a tendering procedure for large offshore wind farms, which will be published before the end of 2013. Since the near-shore wind farms will be visible from shore, local joint ownership of 20% of each project will be introduced (as is done on land) in order to maintain local support. If 30% local ownership is achieved, there will be a further price supplement of 0.13 EUR/kWh (0.17 USD/ kWh) for the full subsidy period. In addition to the 450 MW to be installed under the government plan, a further 50 MW of test turbines will be open for applications. The test turbines will be established at a fixed settlement price of 0.094 Figure 5. Number of turbines installed per year and average capacity

IEA Wind 81 focus areas (9). The component strategy includes activities within four research areas: • Value chain cooperation: Coopera- tion in the supply chain between energy companies, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and suppliers, as well as supplier to supplier.

19 Denmark • The individual company: Each individual company’s resources and competencies, including development of new competencies and business areas. • Framework conditions: Includes a number of different conditions that determine the companies’ development opportunities (markets, competition, advanced demand, knowledge from R&D, education, standardisation and information infrastructure, test and demonstration facilities). • Optimization of functions: Technical -PN\YL(YLHMVYUL^VMMZOVYLMHYTZ\W[VNYLLU!ULHYZOVYLZP[LZ research areas that holds a potential for cost of energy reduction.

It is expected that suppliers of compo- same level in 2012 as in 2011, and thereby 4.1 National R, D&D efforts nents and systems will be able to present a lower than 2008 (see Figure 7). Since 2007, the main priorities for R, D&D significant part of the possible cost of energy in wind have been defined in cooperation improvement through optimization and ef- 4.0 R, D&D Activities with the partnership Megawind. The Mega- ficiency improvement in the four areas listed An annual report on the energy research wind partnership consists of representatives above. The main question is what activities are program’s budget, strategy, and projects by from Vestas Wind Systems A/S, Siemens needed in order to create those improvements technology is published in cooperation with Wind Power A/S, DONG Energy, COWI in function, reliability, and life span, which ul- Energinet.dk; the Energy Technology, De- A/S, Fritz Schur Energy A/S, DTU Wind timately result in reduced cost of energy. velopment and Demonstration Programme Energy, and Aalborg University. The national Also in 2012, Megawind initiated a pro- (EDDP); the Danish Council for Strategic Transmission System Operator (TSO), En- cess of updating several earlier published Research (DCSR); the European Commis- erginet.dk, and the Danish Energy Agency strategies, including an update of “Wind sion (EC) representation in Denmark; and participate as observers. Power Plants in the Energy System” from the Danish Advanced Technology Founda- In 2012, Megawind’s strategy for com- 2008 (10). The report describes and recom- tion. An updated list of Danish funded ener- ponents and systems in wind power plants mends strategic targets that create new so- gy technology research projects is also avail- began a framework for cooperation in the lutions to large-scale integration of wind able online at (http://dev.energiforskning. supply chain and a number of technological power including R, D&D of power plant omega.oitudv.dk/en?language=en). functionality. The recommended targets are aimed at making turbine production more cost-effective and hence contribute to an increased competitiveness both for Denmark and the companies that participate in development activities. All the Megawind Strate- gies can be downloaded from (6). The latest report is from 2012 (11). In 2012, 8.7 million EUR (11.5 million USD) of public funding was distributed to the projects listed in Table 2.

4.2 Test centers The onshore and offshore test and demonstration facilities at Oesterild and the component test center Lindoe Offshore Re- newables Center (LORC) were described in more detail in earlier IEA Wind annual Figure 7. Development of cost of wind power projects 1981–2012 reports. The national test center at Oesterild

82 2012 Annual Report Table 2. Supported wind energy R&D projects in 2012 Title Company Funding (Million EUR*)

Participation IEA Wind Task 26: Cost of Wind Energy—task extension, phase 2 EA Energianalyse A/S 0.12

Forecasting of electricity production from wind and wave energy SPOK Consult ApS 0.04

Regain of operational life time of installed wind turbine blades with structural defects Bladena 0.64

OffWindChina - Research and development of optimal wind turbine rotors under offshore DTU Wind Energy 0.81 wind conditions in China

Participation IEA Wind Task 29 Mexnext-II—task extension, model validation DTU Wind Energy 0.10

0TWYV]LK^PUK[\YIPULLMÄJPLUJ`\ZPUNZ`UJOYVUPaLKZLUZVYZ Delta A/S 0.38

PossPOW DTU Wind Energy 0.64

9L[YVÄ[`H^JVU[YVSRP[ZMVYOPNOLYWV^LYV\[W\[ ROMO Wind A/S 1.58

Offshore cable installation Siemens Wind Power A/S 0.42

)\JRL[MV\UKH[PVU[YPHSPUZ[HSSH[PVUPUT\S[PSH`LYZVPSWYVÄSL*;;YPHS Universal Foundations A/S 2.15

Low-cost semiconductor laser wind sensor Windar Photonics A/S 0.99

Standardized power packs for improved aerodynamics of wind turbines—PowerPack Sander A/S 0.80

IEA Wind coordination DTU Wind Energy 0.02

Total support 8.70

*Conversion factor from EUR to USD is 1.318

was opened officially in October 2012 and (2) The Danish Government Energy (10) Update of “Wind Power Plants in the first two turbines from Siemens have policy report, Report from the Ministry of the Energy System” (2012) Megavind. been set up (opening photo) and will be Climate, Energy and Building to the Danish (11) Energy12 The year in review: Re- followed by more test turbines in 2013 and Parliament, May 9, 2012. search, Development, Demonstration (2011). 2014 (12). At the Lindoe Offshore Renew- (3) Energy Policy in Denmark, Danish http://www.energiforskning.dk ables Center the planning has continued Energy Agency December 2012, Item no. (12) http://www.vindenergi.dtu.dk/ and funding is now guaranteed. There will 978-87-7844-959-7 English/About/Oesterild.aspx be two test bends for nacelles of up to 10 (4) The Danish Energy Agency Web site, (13) www.lorc.dk MW (13). www.ens.dk. (5) http://www.vindstat.dk Author: Jørgen K. Lemming, DTU Wind 5.0 The Next Term (6) The Danish Wind Industry Associa- Energy, Denmark. The proposed initiatives for reaching a fossil- tion Web site, www.wind.windpower.org. free Denmark by 2050 and 50% wind ener- (7) “Branchestatistik 2011”. www.wind- gy by 2020 agreed on in Parliament March power.org (in Danish) 2012 will boost wind energy deployment in (8) http://www.dongenergy.com/an- Denmark in the coming years. holt/EN/Pages/Index.aspx (9) Strategy for Wind Turbine Compo- References: nents and subsystems (2012) Megawind The opening photo shows Siemens new 6-MW direct-drive turbine at DTU Oes- terild test station. (1) Accelerating green energy towards 2020, Energy Agreement from March 22, 2012, Danish Energy Energy. Item no. 978-87-7844-928-3

IEA Wind 83 -PN\YLZV\YJL!,>,(

20 European Union/EWEA

1.0 Overview uncertainty that has swept across Europe installed in the EU, 10,729 MW were on- he European Union’s (EU) total installed since the beginning of 2011. The turbines shore and 1,166 MW were offshore. Invest- Tpower capacity increased by 29.2 GW in installed during 2012 were generally per- ment in EU wind farms was between 12.8– 2012 to a net value of 931.9 GW. Of this to- mitted, financed, and ordered prior to the 17.2 billion EUR (16.9–22.7 billion USD). tal generation capacity, wind power reached a crisis feeding through to a destabilization of The opening figure and Table 1 illus- share of 11.4%, up from 10.5% in 2011. Since legislative frameworks for wind energy. The trate annual installations in the EU. Germa- 2000, 27.7% of new electrical capacity installed stress being felt in many markets across Eu- ny was the largest market in 2012, install- has been wind power, 51.2% renewables, and rope throughout the wind industry’s value ing 2,415 MW of new capacity, 80 MW 91.2% renewables and gas combined. The EU chain should become apparent in a reduced of which (3.3%) was offshore. The Unit- power sector continues its move away from fu- level of installations in 2013, possibly con- ed Kingdom (UK) came in second with el oil, coal, and nuclear, with each conventional tinuing well into 2014. Nonetheless, 2012 1,897 MW, 854 MW of which (45%) was technology continuing to decommission more was a record year for offshore wind energy offshore. Italy installed 1,273 MW, Spain than it installs. installations in the EU, with 1,166 MW of (1,122 MW), Romania (923 MW), Poland Wind power accounted for 26.5% of total new capacity grid-connected. Offshore wind (880 MW), Sweden (845 MW), and France 2012 power capacity installations. Renewable power installations represented 10% of the (757 MW). power installations accounted for 70% of new annual EU wind energy market, up from 9% Among the emerging markets of Cen- installations during 2012: 31.3 GW of a total in 2011. tral and Eastern Europe, Romania and Po- 44.9 GW of new power capacity, down 4% land both had record years—each installing from the share in 2011. 1.1 Overall capacity increases around 7.5% of the EU’s total annual capac- The rate of EU wind power installa- During 2012, 12,744 MW of wind power ity. Both markets are now consistently in tions for 2012 does not show the negative was installed across Europe, 11,895 MW of the top ten in the EU for annual installa- impact of market, regulatory, and political which were in the EU. Of the 11,895 MW tions (Figure 1).

84 2012 Annual Report Table 1. Wind power installed in EU by end of 2012 (cumulative, MW) GW of fuel oil, and 1.2 GW of nuclear capacity (Figure 3). After two years of installing EU Capacity (MW) more capacity than it decommissioned, coal Installed 2011 End 2011 Installed 2012 End 2012 power installations reduced by almost 2.4 GW Austria 73 1,084 296 1,378 in 2012. Belgium 191 1,078 297 1,375 Wind power’s share of total installed power capacity has increased five-fold since Bulgaria 28 516 168 684 2000; from 2.2% in 2000 to 11.4% in 2012 Cyprus 52 134 13 147 (Figure 4). Over the same period, renewable Czech Republic 2 217 44 260 capacity increased by 51% from 22.5% of to- Denmark 211 3,956 217 4,162 tal power capacity in 2000 to 33.9% in 2012.

Estonia 35 184 86 269 1.2 Offshore wind Finland 2 199 89 288 It was a record year for offshore installations, France 830 6,807 757 7,564 with 1,166 MW of new capacity grid-con- Germany 2,100 29,071 2,415 31,308 nected in 2012. Offshore wind power installations represent 10% of the annual EU wind Greece 316 1,634 117 1,749 energy market, up from 9% in 2011. Hungray 34 329 0 329 A total of 1,662 wind turbines are now Ireland 208 1,614 125 1,738 installed and connected to the electricity

Italy 1,090 6,878 1,273 8,144 grid in 55 offshore wind farms in ten countries across Europe. Total installed capacity at Latvia 17 48 21 68 the end of 2012 reached 4,995 MW, produc- Lithuania 16 179 46 225 ing 18 TWh in a normal wind year, enough Luxembourg 1 45 0 45 to cover 0.5% of the EU’s total electricity consumption. Malta 0 0 0 0 The UK has the largest amount of in- Netherlands 59 2,272 119 2,391 stalled offshore wind capacity in Europe: Poland 436 1,616 880 2,497 2,948 MW (58.9% of all installations) (Fig- Portugal 341 4,379 145 4,525 ure 5). Denmark follows with 921 MW (18.4%). With 380 MW (7.6% of total Euro- Romania 520 982 923 1,905 pean installations), Belgium is third, followed Slovakia 0 3 0 3 by Germany (280 MW: 5.6%), the Nether- Slovenia 0 0 0 0 lands (247 MW: 4.9%), Sweden (164 MW: Spain 1,050 21,674 1,122 22,796 3.3%), Finland (26 MW: 0.6%), Ireland (25 MW), Norway (2.3 MW) and Portugal (2 Sweden 754 2,899 846 3,745 MW). United 1,298 6,556 1,897 8,445 With the completion of the wind farms Kingdom that were not fully grid-connected during Source: EWEA 2012, around 1,400 MW of new capacity is due to come online in 2013 (Figure 6). The forecast for 2014 is even higher, as comple- It is also important to note the amount Finally, offshore wind accounted for tion of wind farms already under construc- of installations in the UK, Italy, and Sweden. 10% of total EU wind power installations in tion, and not completed in 2013, would lead These three markets represent respectively 2012, an increase of one percentage point to 1,900 MW of new installations. Moreover, 16%, 11%, and 7% of total EU installations from 2011. in 2012. Wind power accounted for 26.5% of new installations in 2012, the second biggest share after solar PV (37%) and before gas (23%) (Figure 2). Solar PV installed 16 GW (37% of total capacity), followed by wind with 11.9 GW (26.5%), and gas with 10.5 GW (23%). No other technologies compare to wind, PV, and gas in terms of new installations. Coal installed 3 GW (7% of total installations), biomass 1.3 GW (3%), CSP 833 MW (2%), hydropower 424 MW (1%), waste 50 MW, nuclear 22 MW, fuel oil 7 MW, ocean energy technologies 6 MW, and geothermal 5 MW. Figure 1. EU Member State market shares for During 2012, 5.5 GW of gas capacity was Figure 2. Share of new power capacity instal- new capacity installed during 2012 decommissioned, as were 5.4 GW of coal, 3.2 lations in the EU in 2012

IEA Wind 85 and/or affecting clusters of wind farms. For this EERA-DTOC will carry out a small measurement campaign and use new data available from the industry partners for creating an integrated software tool for the optimized design of offshore wind farms and wind farm clusters acting as wind power plants. WALiD (Wind Blade Using Cost-Effec- tive Advanced Composite Lightweight De- sign) will combine design, material, and process developments using thermoplastic materials to create cost-efficient, lightweight, and recyclable blades which will be demonstrated by industrial end-users. A particular focus is

20 European Union/EWEA future offshore wind blades: weight reduction, protection against harsh environmental conditions (e.g. extreme temperatures, hu- Figure 3. New installed and decommissioned power capacity in 2012. Source: Platts PowerVision2012, EWEA, EPIA, ESTELA midity and salt conditions), cost-efficiency, and recyclability. Other wind-only basic research proj- the European Wind Energy Association paragraphs summarize both the nature and ects focus on making data more usable and (EWEA) has identified 18.4 GW of consent- main objectives of EU R, D&D funded proj- readily available (SOPCAWIND for datasets ed offshore wind farms in Europe and future ects started after January 2012 and managed needed for wind farm and turbine sitting), plans for offshore wind farms totaling more by the European Commission (EC). or support research education and networks than 140 GW. (ECOWindS or MARE-WINT). Other ba- 2.1 Basic research projects sic research projects impacting on wind en- 2.0 R, D&D ACTIVEWINDFARMS looks at whether ergy include ROMEO (Replacement and Wind Energy Projects wind in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Original Magnet Engineering Options), In 2012, around 28 R&D projects were (ABL) is slowed down as a result of a large iGREENGrid (integratinG Renewables in started with the support of the Seventh deployment of gigawatts-level wind farms, the EuropEaN Electricity Grid), UMBREL- Framework Programme (FP7) of the EU and the claims of significant underperfor- LA (Toolbox for Common Forecasting, Risk (the Framework Programmes are the main mance in large wind farms compared to a assessment, and Operational Optimisation in EU-wide tool to support strategic research single turbine standalone. The project will Grid Security Cooperations of Transmission areas). In addition, five offshore demonstra- employ optimal control techniques to con- System Operators (TSOs), and COCONET tion projects funded by the European En- trol the interaction between large wind farms (Towards COast to COast NETworks of ma- ergy Programme for Recovery (EEPR) and the ABL, and optimize overall farm- rine protected areas). are under construction and three more are power extraction. ROMEO aims at greatly reducing the in the pipeline. Finally, six other innova- EERA-DTOC (EERA Design Tools for need for heavy rare earths in permanent tive demonstration projects were awarded Offshore Wind Farm Cluster) aims at im- magnets. It will first research and develop funding by the New Entrants Reserve pro- proving knowledge of the behavior of the several novel microstructural-engineering gram in late December (1). The following wind farm wake, in particular far-field wake strategies that will dramatically improve the

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86 2012 Annual Report component prototype is not installed in a WINDSCANNER (the European full-size working wind turbine. WindScanner Facility) focuses on detailed MERMAID (Innovative Multi-purpose high-resolution remote sensing measure- off-shore platforms: planning, Design and ment methodologies of wind and turbulence operation) will develop concepts for the for wind energy. This ESFRI WindScanner next generation of offshore platforms which Preparatory Phase (PP) project develops the can be used for multiple purposes, includ- governance scheme, legal model, and the fi- ing energy extraction, aquaculture and plat- nal technological design and associated bud- form related transport. The project does not get and financing models for its construction envisage building new platforms, but will by 2016. The operational WINDSCANNER theoretically examine new concepts, such facility will be designed around: (i) a central as combining structures and building new facility with the functions of handling the structures on representative sites under differ- data management, hosting servers, hosting Figure 5. European countries’ shares of EU ent conditions. of website, administrative office, training of cumulative offshore wind power capacity at WINTUR DEMO (In-situ wire- technicians and researchers who will operate end 2012 less monitoring of on - and offshore WINd the WindScanners, training of users, etc.; (ii) TURbine blades using energy harvesting six new partner nodes are anticipated which technology – DEMOnstration) will dem- will be equipped with mobile WindScanners properties of magnets based purely on light onstrate the structural health monitoring used at existing or planned test facilities all rare earths elements, especially the coer- over Europe (in different climate conditions civity (magnetic intensity), which will en- and terrains). able them to be used for applications above SUPRAPOWER (SUPerconducting, 100°C. ROMEO's second ambitious goal is Reliable, lightweight, And more POWERful to develop a totally rare-earth-free perma- offshore wind turbine) aims at developing a nent magnet. new compact superconductor-based genera- iGREENGrid focuses on increasing the tor that is installed in a 10-MW-class offshore hosting capacity for distributed renewable wind turbine. All the essential aspects of elec- energy sources (DRES) in power distribu- tric conversion, integration and manufactur- tion grids without compromising the reliability will be taken into account. In addi- ability or jeopardizing the quality of supply. tion, SUPRAPOWER will pursue the fol- Its main final result will be a set of guidelines: lowing objectives: (i) to reduce turbine head most promising solutions; recommenda- mass, size, and cost of offshore wind turbines; tions for appropriate integration of small and (ii) to reduce O&M and transportation costs medium size variable DRES in distribution and increase life cycle; (iii) to increase the re- grids; methodologies and tools; criteria to es- liability and efficiency of high power wind tablish hosting capacity and to manage cur- Figure 6. Offshore market: projects online, turbines. The main outcome of the project under construction, and consented tailment procedures; and technical require- will be a proof of concept for a key technol- ment to DRES, equipment manufacturers, ogy to scale wind turbines up to power levels and technology providers. system that was developed successfully in the of 10MW and beyond. UMBRELLA will develop a toolbox to WinTur R4S project, in order to show that WETMATE (33-kV Subsea Wet-Mate- enable TSOs to ensure secure grid opera- such a system is viable for blade monitor- able Connector for Offshore Renewable En- tion also in future electricity networks with ing and can realize the full life-cycle term of ergy) will design self-monitoring connectors high penetration of intermittent renewables. blade components. to eliminate routine maintenance at greater It will enable TSOs to act in a coordinated INNWIND.EU (Innovative Wind Con- depths, and develop ROV-installable wet- European target system where regional strat- version Systems (10–20 MW) for Offshore mate connectors. The project will deliver a egies converge to ensure the best possible use Applications) has as overall objectives the prototype 33-kV hybrid wet-mate connec- of the European electricity infrastructure. design of a 10–20 MW offshore high per- tor with a connectivity monitoring system COCONET will explore where off- formance innovative wind turbine and of and future-proof features for higher voltage shore wind farms (OWF) might be estab- hardware demonstrators of some of the connector technologies. lished, producing an enriched wind atlas critical components. Secondary objectives WIND TURBARS (On-line Intelli- both for the Mediterranean and the Black are constituted by the specific innovations, gent Diagnostics and Predictive Maintenance Seas. OWF locations will avoid too sensitive new concepts, new technologies and proof Sensor System Integrated within the Wind habitats but the possibility for them to act as of concepts: (i) a light weight rotor hav- Turbine Bus-Bar structure to aid Dynamic stepping-stones through marine protected ing a combination of adaptive characteris- Maintenance Scheduling) attempts to re- areas, without interfering much with human tics from passive built-in geometrical and duce the rate of electrical system faults and activities, will be evaluated. structural couplings, and active distributed the corresponding downtime per fault. To smart sensing and control, (ii) an innovative, achieve this, the project aims to develop an 2.2 Applied research projects low-weight, direct drive generator and (iii) advanced diagnostics and predictive mainte- Applied research projects are considered a standard mass-produced integrated tower nance intelligent sensor system network for here as to include the development of e.g. and substructure that simplifies and unifies wind turbine (with particular focus on faults, the hardware components of a wind tur- turbine structural dynamic characteristics at failures, and breakdowns relating to the elec- bine including prototypes but where the different water depths. trical system of the wind turbine).

IEA Wind 87 WINDHEAT (Opening New Markets INFLOW (INdustrialization setup of a 2.5 Intelligent Energy Europe for SMEs: Intelligent Ice Sensing and De- FLoating Offshore Wind turbine) objectives The Intelligent Energy Europe Programme icing System to Improve Wind Turbine Ef- are: (i) to optimize the prototype developed in promotes EU energy efficiency and renew- ficiency in Cold Climates) will tackle ice the previous phases, and (ii) to manage all as- able energy policies, with a view to reaching formation on the wind turbine blades which pects required to initiate a viable industrializa- the EU 2020 targets by creating better mar- significantly reduces their performance, and tion phase, in order to launch a 26-MW wind ket conditions for a more sustainable energy creates safety and economic issues. The proj- farm and to develop even larger farms in the future in areas as varied as renewable energy, ect will develop a state of the art understand- future (150 MW by 2018). The INFLOW energy-efficient buildings, industry, con- ing of ice formation on wind turbine blades project relies upon the results of the first sumer products, and transport. Within the re- which will lead to the development of an ac- deep offshore wind turbine prototype of the newable energy projects, wind energy is very curate ice detection system (based on a novel VERTIWIND project, from which it draws prominent. Recently, IEE has funded proj- multi-wavelength inter-digital frequency in order to optimize blades and arm profiles ects addressed to facilitate the integration of wave-number dielectrometry sensor) and a of the turbine along with arm-to-blade and renewable energy in electricity systems such low power localised heating system based on arm-to-mast connections. The project is a as BESTGRID and NorthSeaGrid. graphite coatings. precursor for the 26-MW VertiMED demon- BESTGRID (Renewables Grid and

20 European Union/EWEA HYDROBOND (New cost/effective stration project which obtained funding from Public Acceptance) aims to facilitate faster superHYDROphobic coatings with en- NER300 (see section 2.4). development of (high voltage) electricity hanced BOND strength and wear resistance The FLOATGEN FP7 project, reported grids to integrate renewable energies by infor application in large wind turbine blades). last year by Spain, started on 1 January 2013. creasing public acceptance and speeding up The main objective of HYDROBOND This project is now expecting to install two permitting procedures. Through the involve- is the development of a highly innovative floating turbines in the horizon 2016. ment of key TSOs in UK, Belgium, and process for application of superhydrophobic TROPOS (Modular Multi-use Deep Wa- Germany, the best practices identified would coatings onto large offshore turbine blades ter Offshore Platform Harnessing and Servic- be applied in ‘projects of common interest’ as that will contribute to minimize the power ing Mediterranean, Subtropical and Tropical defined in the new EU Regulation on trans- losses and mechanical failures. Novel thermal Marine and Maritime Resources). The key European energy infrastructure. spray technologies will be the way to achieve objective of the TROPOS project is the de- NorthSeaGrid (Offshore Electricity Grid the nanostructured coatings with tailored velopment of a floating modular multi-use Implementation in the North Sea) will be anti-icing properties and enhanced bond (e.g. transport, energy, aquaculture and leisure centered around three case studies for off- strength, in a cost effective manner for very sectors) platform system for use in deep wa- shore interconnections integrating offshore large, composite material surface. ters, with an initial geographic focus on the wind energy, located in the North Sea. These WINDRIVE (Industrialization of a Mediterranean, tropical and sub-tropical re- case studies will be chosen through close 3-MW medium-speed brushless DFIG drive- gions but designed to be flexible enough not co-operation between the consortium, the train for wind turbine applications) attempts to be limited in geographic scope. European Commission and the North Sea the development and industrialization of a Countries’ Offshore Grid Initiative (NSCO- novel medium-speed wind turbine drive- 2.4 Demonstration projects GI), ensuring they are both relevant to the train (WTDT) designed to have an intrinsi- In addition to the FP7 projects a number of advancement of development of an offshore cally higher reliability than the current most other European Union funds managed by grid, and that they support the work being widely used based on a 3-stage gearbox and the European Commission support the dem- performed by the relevant decision makers. a high-speed doubly-fed induction generator. onstration of innovations in first-of-a-kind The goal of the policy recommendations The proposed innovation aims at improv- wind farms. These include the European En- will be to facilitate efficient and timely proj- ing reliability by adopting (a) medium-speed ergy Programme for Recovery (EEPR) and ect implementation. brushless DFIG, excluding brush-gear and the New Entrant Reserve (NER300). slip-rings, known to be the highest failure rate The offshore part of EEPR funded the 2.6 Future R, D&D projects components in the generator; (b) partially- following projects: the Baltic – Kriegers Flak Overall, R, D&D trends in Europe fo- rated converter, identical to the high-speed multi-terminal HVDC connection with cus on: WTDT; and (c) 2-stage gearbox, excluding double purpose: wind and grid interconnec- • On- and offshore test centers the third high-speed stage, known to be the tion; the BARD Offshore 1 OWF with sup- • Demonstration of floating technologies highest failure rate section of the gearbox. port of tri-pile foundations manufacture plus • Large machines: esp. reduce fatigue Other new applied research projects in- cable feed-in systems; the Borkum West II loads and improve reliability clude early-detection condition monitoring OWF with support of first 15 tripod foun- • HVDC demonstration plus develop- systems (CMSWIND focuses on gearboxes, dations and first five turbines; the Nordsee ment of technology generators, yaw system, and bearings), a max- Ost OWF installation of the new REpower • Superconductor generators imum power point tracking device for small 6.15-MW turbine on jacket foundations; and wind turbines (OPTIWIND), and a wind- the Thornton Bank OWF with support of New FP7 projects to start in 2013 will wave power open-sea platform equipped for five jacket foundations. A project (new grav- address the building of a new European hydrogen generation with support for mul- ity foundations to significantly reduce off- wind atlas and the topics of innovative de- tiple users of energy (H2OCEAN). shore installation work) is currently pending signs to reduce fatigue loads and improve whereas another, the Aberdeen offshore test- reliability of multi-MW turbines, advanced 2.3 Advanced research projects ing facility is undergoing the permitting pro- aerodynamic modeling, design and testing Advanced research projects include the de- cess. Finally, two HVDC connections which for large rotor blades, small to medium size velopment of hardware to the point of in- will support the integration of offshore wind wind turbines, and large-scale demonstration stalling a full-size prototype. energy into the grid will be funded as well. of innovative transmission system integration

88 2012 Annual Report and operation solutions for (inter)connecting 5.0 The European Wind improving and increasing funding to EU renewable electricity production, and inno- Energy Technology Platform wind energy R&D. The EWI, which is vative transport and deployment systems for 5.1 Description rooted in the EU Strategic Energy Tech- the offshore wind energy sector. The European Wind Energy Technology nology Plan (SET-Plan), was published Platform (TPWind) was officially launched by the EC in 2009 and is now being 3.0 Plans and Initiatives on 19 October 2006, with the full support implemented by EU institutions, Mem- The Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET- of the EC and the European Parliament. ber States, TPWind, and the EERA. The Plan) and its tool the European Wind Initia- TPWind is an industry-led initiative. The budget of the EWI for the 2010-2020 tive are increasingly shaping EU and Member Secretariat is composed of the EWEA, GL period is 6 billion EUR (7.9 billion State wind R&D programs. A new three-year Garrad Hassan, and the Technical University USD), composed of both public and pri- implementation plan will be launched this of Denmark (DTU Wind). Its objectives are vate resources; year covering the 2013–2015 period. to identify and prioritize areas for increased • A Training Report, looking at skills’ gap The European Wind Initiative, will inte- innovation, new and existing research, and in the EU wind energy sector and po- grate the following elements: development tasks and formulate relevant tential corrective actions. The report is 1. Reinventing wind turbines through funding recommendations to EU and na- expected to be launched in the summer innovative design, integration of new materi- tional public authorities in order to support of 2013. Its main findings and recom- als, and development of advanced structures wind power R&D. mendations were presented at EWEA with particular emphasis on offshore wind TPWind focuses not only on short- to 2013 wind energy exhibition and con- applications that are far from shore and water long-term technological R&D but also on ference, held on 4–7 February 2013 in depth independent market deployment. This is reflected in the Vienna. 2. Putting an automated wind manufac- TPWind structure, which is composed of turing capacity in place four technical working groups and one fo- 5.3 TPWind Secretariat contact 3. Reducing the cost and enabling large cusing on policy and non-technological is- TPWind Secretariat wind energy integration into the grid by sues. TPWind also has an Advisory Board Rue d’Arlon 80 adapting the network and its operation to a composed of external stakeholders that B-1040 Brussels, Belgium progressive but fast up-take of on and off- acts as a quick access point to the expertise Tel: +32-2-213.18.13 shore wind electricity, and and know-how developed by other sectors, Fax: +32-2-213.18.90 4. Accelerating market deployment which is essential to reduce fragmentation of Email: [email protected] through a deep knowledge of wind resources R&D activities. www.windplatform.eu and a high predictability of wind forecasts. The Platform is led by a Steering Com- mittee of 25 Members, representing both References: 4.0 European the industry and the R&D community. Al- (1) http://ec.europa.eu/clima/ Commission Contacts together, TPWind is composed of approxi- news/docs/c_2012_9432_en.pdf DG Joint Research Centre mately 200 high-level experts representing Roberto LACAL ARANTEGUI the whole wind industry. European Commission Office 312/218 5.2 Achievements NL-1755 LE Petten, the Netherlands The main deliverables of the Platform so far Tel. direct: +31-224.56.53.90 are the following: Email: [email protected] • The Strategic Research Agenda / Mar- ket Deployment Strategy (SRA/MDS), DG Research and Innovation which outlines the main R&D challeng- Dr. Ir. Matthijs SOEDE es faced by the EU wind energy sector European Commission (published in 2008); Office CDMA 00/061 • The European Wind Initiative (EWI), B-1049 Brussels Belgium a long-term, large-scale program for Tel. direct: +32-2-295.82.01 Email: [email protected]

DG Energy Roberto GAMBI European Commission Office DM24 3/126 B-1049 Brussels Belgium Tel. direct: +32-2-299.81.75 Email: [email protected]

IEA Wind 89 21 Finland Source: Tuuliwatti

1.0 Overview through the end of 2015. The difference be- (2,500 MW) in 2020. This would be about n Finland, 32% of electricity consump- tween the guaranteed price and spot price 6% of the total electricity consumption in Ition was provided by renewables in 2012. of electricity will be paid to the producers Finland. This reflects the increased targets Finland’s generating capacity is diverse. In as a premium. for renewables arising from the EU target 2012, 26% of gross demand was produced Wind energy deployment has started af- of 20% of energy consumption from renew- by nuclear, 20% by hydropower, 27% from ter the new tariff system. In 2012, 90 MW able sources in 2020. The target for Finland combined heat and power (coal, gas, bio- were installed, reaching a total of 288 MW is 38% of final energy consumption by Re- mass, and peat), 7% from direct power pro- at the end of year, producing about 0.5 TWh, newable Energy Sources (RES) (current duction from mainly coal and gas, and 20% or 0.6% of gross demand in Finland. At the RES share 28.5%). The new energy strategy from imports. Biomass is used intensively beginning of 2012, there were 5,900 MW published at the beginning of 2013 has an by the pulp and paper industry, raising the of wind power projects in various phases increased target of 9 TWh/yr in 2025. share of biomass-produced electricity to of planning onshore and 3,000 MW of an- 12% in Finland. The electricity demand, nounced projects offshore. 2.2 Progress which is dominated by energy-intensive in- Wind power technology in Finland em- The development in wind power capacity dustry, was 85 TWh in 2012. ploys more than 2,000 persons mainly in and production is presented in Figure 1. In Finland aims to increase the share of re- component and sub-system manufacturing 2012, there were seven wind farms installed: newables from 28.5% to 38% of gross en- (Moventas, ABB, The Switch, Hydroll), sen- six 3-MW turbines in Simo, two 1.8-MW ergy consumption to fulfill the EU 20% sors (Vaisala and Labkotec) and material pro- turbines in Huittinen, four 2-MW turbines target by 2020. The national energy strategy duction (Ruukki, Ahlstrom). There are two in Hamina, one 2-MW turbine in Kemi, foresees biomass as providing most of the Finnish wind turbine manufacturers, Win- eight 3-MW turbines in Ii, ten 3-MW tur- increase in renewables. Wind power is the WinD and Mervento, producing multi-MW bines in Tervola, and one 3.6-MW pilot second largest source of new renewables turbines. Project development activities are plant in Vaasa. Several other wind farms are in Finland, with a target of 6 TWh/yr by increasing, and also innovative O&M meth- in the building phase, so the new installed 2020. The new energy strategy set a target ods have been developed (Bladefence). capacity during 2013 will be 120–130 MW. of 9 TWh/yr for 2025. At the end of 2012, the total capacity A market-based feed-in system with 2.0 National was 288 MW and 162 wind turbines were a guaranteed price of 83.50 EUR/MWh Objectives and Progress operating in Finland (Figure 2). The aver- (110.05 USD/MWh) entered into force in 2.1 National targets age wind turbine size installed in 2012 was 2011. There will be an increased tariff of The target for wind power in the climate 2.8 MW, and for the total installed capacity 105.30 EUR/MWh (138.80 USD/MWh) and energy strategy set in 2008 is 6 TWh/yr the average is 1.8 MW. About 26% of the

90 2012 Annual Report Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Finland

The wind power target Total installed wind capacity 288 MW in Finland is 6 TWh/yr New wind capacity installed 90 MW Total electrical output from wind 0.49 TWh

by 2020 and 9 TWh/yr Wind generation as % of national 0.6% electric demand

in 2025 (9% of electricity Average capacity factor 24%

Target: 6 TWh/yr by 2020; consumption). 9 TWh/yr by 2025

with its own legislation, budget, and energy policy. Wind energy covered 21% of electricity consumption in 2012 with 22 MW of installed capacity. However, the region is still waiting to be included in the price guarantee mechanism so that investments can be planned for new wind power plants. A 100- MW transmission line to mainland Finland was contracted to be completed in 2015, and this will help deployment of wind power in this wind-rich region.

2.3 National incentive programs A feed-in premium entered into force on 25 March 2011 in Finland. Previously, an investment subsidy scheme with limited amount of funds was available, with a tax refund of 6.90 EUR/MWh (8.90 USD/MWh). The small Figure 1. Wind power capacity and production: FMI Wind energy index is calculated from Finn- tax award subsidy (for older projects) was PZO4L[LVYVSVNPJHS0UZ[P[\[L-40^PUKZWLLKTLHZ\YLTLU[ZHUKJVU]LY[LK[V^PUKWV^LYWYV- stopped in 2011. duction; 100% is average production from 1987 to 2001. The feed-in premium scheme means that a guaranteed price of 83.50 EUR/ capacity is from turbines originating from 492 GWh. This corresponds to 0.6% of the MWh (110.05 USD/MWh) is set for wind Finland, 55% from Denmark, 13% from Ger- annual gross electricity consumption of Fin- power, where the difference between the many, 4% from South Korea, and 2% from land (Table 1). The environmental benefit of guaranteed price and spot price of electric- the Netherlands (Figure 3). Turbine sizes wind power production in Finland is about ity will be paid to the producers as a pre- range from 75 kW–3.6 MW. In early 2013, 0.3 million tons of CO2 savings per year, as- mium. A higher guaranteed price level of there were already 21 MW installed. suming 700 g/kWh CO2 reduction for wind 105.30 EUR/MWh (138.80 USD/MWh) Most of the new wind farms began op- power (replacing mostly coal and also some until the end of 2015 encourages early proj- eration late in 2012, and the wind resource gas power production). ects. A three-month average spot price (day- was only 88% of an average year (Figure 1). The Åland islands between Finland and ahead electricity market price at the Nordic As a result, production increased only 2%, to Sweden constitute an autonomous region market Elspot) will be the comparison price

IEA Wind 91 21 Finland

-PN\YL>PUK[\YIPULZVWLYH[PUNPU-PUSHUKI`[OLLUKVMYPNO[HUK^PUK WV^LYWYVQLJ[ZW\ISPZOLKSLM[

to determine the payments to the produc- A special subsidy for offshore wind pow- and bats, safety distances to roads, railways and ers. The producers will be paid the guaran- er will still be considered. A tender for an in- airplane landing zones, radar, and low fre- teed price minus the average spot price, af- vestment subsidy for the first offshore dem- quency noise. The planning process with enter every three-month period. If the average onstration wind power plant is planned for vironmental impact assessment is considered spot price rises above the guaranteed price, autumn, 2013. A 20 million EUR (26 mil- lengthy by developers. To overcome plan- the producers will get this higher price. If lion USD) demonstration subsidy is includ- ning and permitting problems, the Ministry the price is 0, the producers will not get ed for an offshore wind farm in the budget of Economy and Employment appointed an payments. Shutting down wind power frame in 2015. investigator Justice Lauri Tarasti. He proposed plants will help the power system in cases of improvements in April 2012, and already surplus power production. These situations 2.4 Issues affecting growth some of the measures have been taken. have only happened in Denmark where The progress in wind power capacity in Fin- 1. To improve local acceptance: Increase wind shares are larger than are planned for land was slow up until 2011, due to lack of the municipality´s incomes through real es- Finland. Wind power producers will also be subsidy system to enable large scale build- tate taxes; Pay compensation to the landown- responsible for paying the imbalance fees ing. The target of 6 TWh/yr for 2020 (2,500 ers in the neighborhood (within 500 m) as from their forecast errors. This has been MW) and the guaranteed price system led to well as paying rent to the landowner where estimated to add 2.00–3.00 EUR/MWh a rush for the best sites during the last cou- wind plant is located. (2.63–3.95 USD/MWh) to the producers, ple of years. At the beginning of 2012, there 2. To overcome airport limitations: Al- if they use a weather forecast based predic- were 205 wind power projects totaling 5,900 low exception permits for Aviation Act tion system for the day-ahead bids to the MW in various phases of planning onshore, limitations for wind turbines in the vicinity electricity market. and 16 announced projects offshore totaling of commercial airports. These limitations in- If the emission trading of fossil fuel 3,000 MW. The guaranteed price is not suf- clude a safety area—the runway must have prices raises electricity market prices, the ficient to start offshore projects. Tender for 30 km (lengthwise) and 12 km (widthwise) payments for this subsidy will be reduced first demonstration offshore wind project is = 360 km2, and a flexibility area: a radius because the producers will get more from planned for 2013. of 40 km round the airport = about 5,000 the electricity markets. The Energy Mar- Permitting has proved to be a challenge km2—these cover 1/3 of Finland´s surface; ket Authority is the regulator managing for many of the planned projects. Concerns The Ministry of Traffic and Communica- the system. have been raised about birds (especially eagles) tion has acted to relieve limitations, now the

92 2012 Annual Report safety area is only 15 km lengthwise and 6 3.0 Implementation Several industrial enterprises have devel- km widthwise. 3.1 Economic impact oped as world suppliers of components for 3. To reduce impact on radar systems: Direct and indirect employment by devel- wind turbines. For example, Moventas is the Radar influence became an issue in 2010 opment, operation, and maintenance is in- largest independent manufacturer of gears stopping all building permits until a pro- creasing. The technology sector is strong; and mechanical drives for wind turbines. cedure and modeling tool was developed more than 20 technology and manufactur- ABB is a leading producer of generators in 2011 to help the Ministry of Defense ing companies are involved in wind power in and electrical drives for wind turbines. The to estimate the impacts. By February 2013, Finland, employing more than 2,000 people. Switch company supplies individually tai- 118 sites were given permission from radar More than 100 companies are involved in lored permanent-magnet generators and full- interference point of view, and 20 sites re- the whole value chain from development power converter packages for wind turbine ceived a negative decision. In another ap- and design of wind farms to O&M and oth- applications, including harsh conditions. In proach, a working group has investigated er service providers. addition, materials such as cast-iron products, necessary changes to radars. New radar Maintaining the current market share in tower materials (Rautaruukki), and glass- for the Raahe municipality has been pro- global wind power markets could increase fiber products (Ahlstrom Glasfiber) are proposed (20 million EUR; 26 million USD) employment in the wind power sector in duced in Finland for the main wind turbine and similar solution for South-East Finland. Finland to 14,000 person-years in 2020. manufacturers. Sensors especially for icing Sharing of financial costs between the gov- However, the financing crisis together with conditions are manufactured by Vaisala and ernment and wind power developers is un- delayed ramp up of the domestic market has Labkotec. Bladefence offers inspection, repair, der negotiation. affected several Finnish companies. Attempts and maintenance of wind turbine blades also 4. To reduce objections to noise from to initiate a national R&D program have also in harsh environments. STX Finland has de- about 500,000 summer cottages: Follow the failed. The deployment of the targeted 2,500 veloped foundation solutions for ice infested same planning guideline values for noise as MW wind power is estimated to create em- waters. in Sweden (35–40 decibels) but apply them ployment of at least 12,000 person-years. flexibly, because these values are not norms 3.2.2 Ownership and applications but recommendations; If a wind turbine is 3.2 Industry status Many newcomers have entered the Finnish <500 m from a house, specify in the building 3.2.1 Manufacturing wind power market. They include both do- permit that turbines will be stopped or oper- The Finnish manufacturer WinWinD has mestic and foreign investors and project de- ated at lower speeds during the main holiday been in the market since 2001. Their 1- and velopers. Power companies and local energy season (from midsummer to early August) if 3-MW turbines operate at variable speed works are active in building wind power, and the strength of wind is less than 8–10 m/s; with a slow speed planetary gearbox and a green electricity is offered by most electric Apply measurement guidelines for sound below-speed, permanent-magnet generator. By utilities. ing developed in a project funded by Minis- the end of 2012, WinWinD had installed 314 Most of the turbines have been located try of Environment. MW in seven countries including Estonia, along the coast but new projects are seen also 5. Processes in planning authorities: Finland, France, Portugal, and Sweden. Win- in the forested inland locations. Inland sites Combine the processes of wind power gen- WinD has manufactured 25% (73 MW) of are using towers up to 140 m. The supply of eral plan and environmental impact assess- the installed wind power capacity in Finland used turbines has encouraged some farm- ment; Allow exception from the plan to (Figure 3). ers to acquire second-hand turbines, but at build wind turbines in industrial, harbor, or In 2009, a new turbine manufacturer, heights below 60 m the wind resource is mining areas; Reduce required distance be- Mervento, started to develop its first proto- limited inland due to forested landscape. tween wind turbines and roads/railways (use type that is especially designed for offshore The first semi-offshore projects were the model from Sweden); Forbid the exten- applications. The 3.6-MW direct-drive pilot built in 2007. Total offshore capacity is 24 sion of a complaint from the decision of the turbine was erected early in 2012 and has a MW. Environmental impact analyses have regional administrative court to the Supreme guyed tower. Mervento is planning an assem- begun for several larger offshore wind pow- administrative court if original and regional bly line in Vaasa with annual capacity of 100 er plants and the first of them (Suurhiekka, court decisions are compatible. nacelles. Mervento's long-term goal is to be 288 MW) received a building permit ac- A working group has been established to a global actor in the wind energy sector. It is cording to the water act early in 2011. Six follow-up on the work of Investigator Tarasti currently seeking capital funding. other offshore projects (almost 1,200 MW) towards addressing barriers to wind energy. All regional plan updates by the authorities are adding sites for wind power plants. This will help in permitting future wind power projects. The Ministry of Environment revised the guidelines for planning and building permission procedures for wind power in 2012. Currently the ministry is revising the guidelines for wind power noise modeling and measuring. It is also updating the guidelines for impacts on birds and land scape in Figure 3. Market shares of turbine manufacturers in Finland as a per- 2013 and 2014. JLU[HNLVM[V[HSJHWHJP[`H[[OLLUKVM 4>

IEA Wind 93 have finished their environmental impact their energy in the market or by bilateral Tekes granted close to 2 million EUR (2.6 assessments. The first offshore demonstra- contracts, and account for the balancing costs million USD) in wind power R&D projects tion will need extra subsidies to be realized, for their production. in 2012. Since 1999, Finland has not had a and the tendering process for 20 million national research program for wind energy. EUR (26 million USD) of investment will 4.0 R, D&D Activities Individual projects can receive funding from probably enable a mid-size demonstration 4.1 National R, D&D efforts Tekes, and some projects are linked to the

21 Finland in 2014–15. The Finnish Funding Agency for Technolo- research programs Groove, Serve, and Con- gy and Innovation (Tekes) is the main pub- cepts of Operations. Benefit to industry is 3.3 Operational details lic funding organization for research, devel- stressed, as is the industry’s direct financial The average capacity factor of wind turbines opment, and innovation in Finland. Tekes contribution to individual research proj- operating in Finland was 24% in 2012. The funds R&D and innovation activities by ects. Tekes is the main source of funding for capacity factor has ranged from 17–28% in companies and research organizations regis- Finnish co-operation with IEA. previous years. The wind resource in 2012 tered in Finland. Tekes invested 552 million In January 2013, 21 ongoing wind power was much lower than in 2011, and the wind EUR (727 million USD) in R&D projects connected R&D projects were funded by power production index ranged from 86– in 2012, of which energy an environment Tekes, most of them industrial development 103% of normal in different coastal areas in sector takes about 40%. projects. The main technologies were power Finland (turbine capacity weighted average Tekes funding for wind power in the electronics, generators, permanent-magnet 87%). As reported in the annual wind energy last seven years is presented in Figure 5. technologies, gearboxes, wind turbines (large statistics of Finland, the capacity factor of the MW-size turbines is considerably higher than for turbines less than 50 m high. Higher turbines produce significantly more in the forested landscape of Finland. The average availability of wind turbines operating in Finland was 89% in 2011, compared to 89% to 96% in 2001 to 2011.

3.4 Wind energy costs For the feed-in tariff (FIT) working group in 2009 the cost of wind energy production was estimated for coastal sites in Finland to range between 60–80 EUR/MWh (79–105 USD/MWh) without subsidies. This calculation assumes 2,100–2,400 h/a full load hours for yearly average production; 1,300–1,400 EUR/kW (1,713–1,845 USD/kW) investment cost; 20 years, 7% internal rate of return; and 26–28 EUR/kW/yr (34–37 USD/ kW/yr) O&M cost. A balancing cost of 2.00 EUR/MWh (2.60 USD/MWh) was assumed—this would apply for 2010 prices for distributed wind power production; for a single site, the cost would be 3.00 EUR/ MWh (3.90 USD/MWh). The estimated cost of offshore production could exceed 100.00 EUR/MWh (131.80 USD/MWh). The average spot price in the electricity market Nordpool was 37 EUR/MWh (48 USD/MWh) in 2012 (49 EUR/MWh; 65 USD in 2011). Wind power still needs subsidies to compete even on the best available sites and the guaranteed price system has been introduced to open the onshore market. All wind energy installations are commercial power plants and have to find their customers via a free power market. In most cases, an agreement with a local utility is made that gives market access and financial stability. The new guaranteed price, feed-in premium for wind energy fits the Nordic electricity markets, as the producers will sell -PN\YL6SOH]H^PUKWV^LYWSHU[:V\YJL!;\\SP^H[[P

94 2012 Annual Report participates actively in the joint programs in wind energy and smart grids.

5.0 The Next Term Approximately 120–130 MW of new capacity is anticipated for 2013 for Finland, as projects try their best to get as many years as possible of operation at the higher guarantee price period, which expires at the end of 2015. A huge number of projects are planned, under feasibility studies, or have just been proposed: 5,600 MW onshore and 3,000 MW offshore. Large wind turbine pilot projects are expected to be developed and built, including turbines with high towers and larger diam- eters. The blade heating system developed in Figure 5. Tekes funding for wind power R&D projects in the last eight years Finland is now in commercialization. Further research and development in this area will continue. and small), sensors, blade manufacturing, VTT is participating in two new Nordic En- The statistics of wind power in Fin- foundry technologies, construction technol- ergy Research projects—Offshore DC Grid land can be found at www.vtt.fi/ ogies, automation solutions, offshore tech- and IceWind. windenergystatistics. nology, and services. The wind atlas, launched by FMI in Finland is taking part in the following References: 2010 was amended by adding an icing at- IEA Wind research tasks with VTT: Opening photo: inauguration ceremony of las in March 2012. The icing atlas includes • Task 11 Base Technology Information the Olhava wind power plant with the god monthly average values for time of instru- Exchange children of the turbines. Each turbine has mental icing, time of structural icing, and • Task 19 Wind Energy in Cold Climates been named for a child. production losses due to icing. (operating agent) VTT is developing technologies, compo- • Task 25 Power Systems with Large Authors: Hannele Holttinen and Esa Pel- nents, and solutions for large wind turbines. Amounts of Wind Power (operating tola, VTT Technical Research Centre of Fin- An icing wind tunnel for instrument and agent) land, Finland. material research and testing in icing condi- • Task 30 Offshore Code Comparison tions began operation in 2009. Several tech- Collaboration Continuation OC4 nical universities also carry out R&D projects related especially to electrical compo- VTT is a founding member of the Euro- nents and networks (including Lappeenranta, pean Energy Research Alliance (EERA) and Tampere, Vaasa, and Aalto).

4.2 Collaborative research VTT has been active in several international projects in the EU, Nordic, and IEA frameworks. As part of the EU project RESer- vices (2012–2014), the possibilities of utility system services being provided from wind power are studied to help wind integration.

IEA Wind 95 22 Germany

*VW`YPNO[!(9,=(>PUK1HU6LSRLY

96 2012 Annual Report Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Germany (1) ( 2) Total installed capacity 31,315 MW

The use of wind New wind capacity installed 2,440 MW energy in Germany has Total electrical output from wind 46.0 TWh Wind generation as % of national 7.7% avoided 35.8 million electric demand Average capacity factor --- tons of greenhouse gas Target: 35% of electrical energy consumption by renewables and 10 GW offshore wind by emissions in 2012. 2020; 80% electrical energy consumption by renewables in 2050

1.0 Overview dismantled, giving a net capacity in 2012 of 2.0 National Objectives ind energy continues to be the most 2,244 MW. At the end of the year total in- 2.1 National targets Wimportant renewable energy source in stalled wind capacity in Germany was nearly In September 2010, the German federal Germany in medium term. Within the Ger- 31,315 MW, of which 280 MW were off- government decided on a new energy con- man federal government, the Federal Ministry shore (1). cept. The scenarios upon which the energy for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nevertheless, with a share of 7.7% (2011: concept is based show that in 2050 wind and Nuclear Safety (BMU) is in charge of re- 8.1%) wind energy maintained a strong po- energy will play a key role in electricity newable energy policy as well as of the fund- sition as the main source of renewable elec- generation (4). The energy concept conse- ing of research for renewable energies. tricity. The share of offshore wind energy quently emphasizes the expansion of on- The share of renewable energy sources remained still low in 2012, at 1.5% of total shore and offshore wind energy and explic- in Germany's gross electricity consumption wind power generation. Even so, the offshore itly formulates the target of 25 GW of off- rose significantly in 2012 to reach 22.9%. generation was around 19% more than in the shore wind power installed by 2030. More This represents an increase of nearly two and previous year (1). general policy objectives are to increase a half percentage points against the previous In 2012, a breakthrough took place in the share of renewables in electrical energy year (20.5%). At 136 billion kWh, electricity offshore installations. At the end of 2012, consumption to 50% by 2030, 65% by 2040 generation from solar, wind, hydro, and bio- six wind farms with 350 wind turbines and and up to 80% by 2050 (4). mass was around 10% higher than in 2011. a total capacity of 1,700 MW were under This upward trend was largely due to the construction in the German Exclusive Eco- 2.2 Progress sharp increase in electricity generation from nomical Zone (EEZ) of the North Sea (2). The wind capacity development in Germany photovoltaic systems. Biogas was another Including the wind farms projects starting is shown in Figure 1. The main difference growth area, and generation from hydro- construction in 2013 and 2014, a total off- from the previous years is the considerable power increased from the previous year due shore capacity of about 3,000 MW will be growth in repowering capacity and the high- to high rainfall. installed in 2015 (3). est total new installed capacity since 2004. Relatively poor wind conditions led to a The use of wind energy has avoided 35.8 decline in electricity generation from wind million tons of greenhouse gas emissions in 2.3 National incentive programs (2012: 46 TWh; 2011: 48.9 TWh) despite 2012 (3). For Germany’s wind energy market, the Re- of the fact that 2012 also saw a strong up- An important issue that will further newable Energy Sources Act (EEG) is the ward trend in the expansion of wind energy influence wind energy development and major incentive. Based on the EEG field capacity, and 675 MWh were generated by grid technology during the next ten years report in 2011 in the German Parliament offshore wind. Construction of new turbines is the federal government’s decision to voted for an amendment of the EEG, which added 2,440 MW, a clear increase from the phase out completely nuclear energy pro- became active from 1 January 2012. previous year (2,007 MW). Repowering duction by 2022. For onshore wind, the premium tariff is measures accounted for 541 MW, while in- 89.3 EUR/MWh (117.7 USD/MWh). In stallations with a capacity of 196 MW were order to further stimulate cost reductions the

IEA Wind 97 in 2012, an increase of 27.1% compared to the previous year. At the same time, the additional turnover from wind turbine operations increased just by 2.1% to a less constant 1.43 billion EUR (1.86 billion USD) (1). With an export share of well above 60%, the 2012 production volume of German 22 Germany manufacturers (domestic and export) is above 9.38 billion EUR (12.21 billion USD). The number of turbine manufactures stayed constant in 2012. However, due to the financial crisis and resulting project delays some of the companies even had to file for insolvency in order to recapitalize and get back on a sound track.

3.2 Industry status Figure 1. New installed capacity per year and accumulated wind energy capacity since 1990 © The diversity of owners and operators of +,>0.TI/ wind projects is clearly divided between land-based and offshore wind energy. While onshore wind energy is owned and operated degression amounts to 1.5%. The Repower- Act Revising the Legislation Governing by a broad mix of utilities, cooperatives, and ing Bonus (5 EUR/MWh; 6.6 USD/MWh) the Energy Sector (EnWG). According to investors, offshore wind energy is dominated as well as the Ordinance on System Services this act, a wind farm operator that did not by utilities. Nevertheless different models of by Wind Energy Plants (5 EUR/MWh; 6.6 receive the grid connection in time after participation exist for offshore too. USD/MWh) stayed the same. The latter one the wind farm was finally constructed (or The turbine manufacturers mar- will be prolonged by one year, meaning that experiences a severe grid failure) can claim ket shares of newly added capacity varied any project connected to the grid before 90% of the missed EEG feed-in–tariff (FIT) slightly. Compared to the previous year Bard 2015 is eligible. from the TSO. Depending on the degree of (+2.2%), Vestas (+2.1%), and Repower Sys- The tariff for offshore wind energy is its own responsibility for the delay the TSO tems (+0.9%) gained share. Now e.n.o. ener- 150 EUR/MWh (198 USD/MWh) in- may spread these compensation costs to all gy and Vensys are listed with 1.4% and 1.1% cluding the Sprinter-Bonus of 2 EUR/ other TSOs (equalization of burden) and fi- respectively (Figure 2). A part of these mar- MWh (2.6 USD/MWh) if the turbine nally pass them to the electricity end-con- ket shares came at the expense of the mar- was connected to the grid before 1 Janu- sumer. According to §17f, No. 5 EnWG the ket share of Enercon (-5.2%) and Nordex ary 2016. Due to delays in project starts the resulting extra tariff for the end-consumer (-0.4%) (5). degression was postponed by three years is limited to a maximum of 0.0025 EUR/ The German market leader, Enercon, and will only become active from 2018. In kWh (0.0033 USD/kWh, and 0.0005 had its best year ever. In 2012, Enercon in- return the degression increased from 5% EUR) kWh (0.000659 USD/kWh) for en- stalled 1,647 wind turbines worldwide (565 to 7%. To stimulate investments in offshore ergy intensive companies (6). in Germany) with an aggregated capacity of wind energy an optional, no additional Furthermore, the EnWG regulates that more than 3.5 GW (1.3 GW in Germany) costs compression model was introduced. TSOs have to develop a yearly offshore grid (7.1). As of 1 October 2012 Enercon own- Instead of 150 EUR/MWh (198 USD/ development plan to be approved by the er Wobben transferred all his shares to the MWh) for a period of 12 years, operators of Federal Network Agency and become a part Aloys-Wobben-Foundation (7.3). Also in offshore wind farms may chose 190 EUR/ of the Federal Network Demand Plan. This MWh (250 USD/MWh) for a period of new regulation is an important contribution just eight years. to improve security for offshore investments and planning conditions for TSOs. 2.4 Issues affecting growth The electricity grid expansions turned out 3.0 Implementation to be a major issue affecting the growth. For With an added capacity of 2.44 GW, 2012 offshore wind energy, the situation became has been the fourth most successful year critical when the Transmission System Op- with respect to wind power installation. erator (TSO) responsible for connecting The sector employs approximately 100,000 the offshore wind farms in the North Sea people and is an important part of the Ger- announced serious problems in realizing all man economy. However, uncertainties with offshore grid connections in due time. Task respect to grid expansion led to delays of forces such as the working group “Acceler- offshore projects. ation” consisting of all relevant stakeholders had been implemented to work out possible 3.1 Economic impact Figure 2. Market shares by manufacturer of solutions. As a result, the German Parlia- Investment in wind energy in Germany newly installed wind capacity in 2012, source ment adopted in December 2012 the Third was 3.75 billion EUR (4.89 billion USD) +,>0

98 2012 Annual Report 2012 Enercon started to build its new research and development center, giving space for 400 R&D employees, and test bays for generators and rotor blades (7.2). REpower acquired the remaining 49% stake in PowerBlades, a joint venture company of REpower and SGL Rotec, which produces rotor blades for wind turbines and is now the single owner of PowerBlades (7.4).

3.3 Operational details The energy provided from installed wind energy capacity dropped by 5.9% to 46 TWh, compared to the previous year (1). However, the overall trend of the average capacity factor is positive, see Figure 3. -PN\YL:OHYLZVM[\YIPULZPaLZJHWHJP[`PUUL^S`HKKLKJHWHJP[`:V\YJL!0>,: The construction of the offshore wind park Riffgat began in summer 2012. Riff- gat is one of the very few German projects depend very much on practical project condi- and methods for reducing sound within the 12-mile-zone. When finished tions. The estimated costs for pioneer offshore emissions in 2013, the 30 Siemens 3.6-MW tur- wind parks currently under construction vary • turbine control methods and improve- bines will provide green electricity for ap- considerably. However, steep learning curves, ment of operational data acquisition proximately 100,000 households. Further higher capacity factors, and accompanying • optimization of offshore logistic offshore wind farms under construction research activities will help to make offshore processes in 2012 were Bard Offshore I (400 MW), wind energy a competitive success. • research at the FINO 1, 2, 3 offshore Borkum West II Phase I (200 MW), Global platforms, and Tech I (400 MW), Meerwind Süd/Ost (288 4.0 R, D&D Activities • research at the offshore test site alpha MW), and Nordsee Ost (295 MW). 4.1 National R, D&D efforts ventus (RAVE) (opening photo). The averaged power of turbines added In 2012, German wind energy research saw in 2012 (on- and offshore) increased to 2.4 an outstanding increase in new R&D funds Results of nearly three years of research MW/unit. Almost all newly installed turbines and research projects as well as in capacity at the offshore test site alpha ventus were (98.55%) belong to the +2-MW class (Fig- building and creation of networks. presented at the International RAVE-Con- ure 4). Accordingly, the average hub height Focal areas and activities among the reference in May 2012 in Bremerhaven (10). increased to 111.48 m, with a broad spread search funded by BMU in 2012 include: The substantial increase in governmental from 81.0 m in the North up to 133.5 m in • planning, construction and/or op- funding of R&D motivated many research the South (8) (9). eration of test facilities for rotor blades, institutions to form networks and clusters The most powerful commercially available drive train, generators, power converters to bundle their competencies and to ap- wind turbines from German manufacturers and offshore foundations ply more successfully for publically funded are the Enercon 126 with a capacity of 7.58 • development and test of new tur- projects and for R&D orders from indus- MW and a rotor diameter of 127 m, followed bine conceptions (e.g. for low wind try. A powerful research network has been by the REpower 6M with a capacity of 6.15 conditions) composed by the Fraunhofer Institute for MW and a rotor diameter of 126 m. • aerodynamic research for the develop- Wind Energy & Energy System Technol- ment of flow control methods around ogy (IWES), the university compound For- 3.4 Wind energy costs blades (smart blades) Wind and the German Aerospace Centre Exact figures for the costs of wind en- • offshore foundation technology with DLR (Wind Energy Research Alliance). With ergy projects are very difficult to obtain and low sound emission during construction 600 scientists involved, the network covers nearly all R&D aspects of wind energy deployment. It is equipped with appropriate research and test infrastructure such as several wind tunnels and LIDAR systems (Universi- ty of Oldenburg, DLR), two rotor blade test rigs for blades up to 85 m (IWES), a high performance computer cluster (University of Oldenburg), a 300-m wave flume, a 3-D wave basin (University of Hannover), and an automated fiber placement unit (Univer- sity of Bremen, DLR). Test rigs for 10-MW drive trains (IWES) and large support structure components (University of Hannover) are under construction. A first large joint re- -PN\YL(UU\HSWYVK\J[PVUHUKJ\T\SH[P]LPUZ[HSSLKJHWHJP[`:V\YJL!>PUK.\HYK search project of this Wind Energy Research

IEA Wind 99 tasks. Four tasks are chaired or co-chaired by German researchers. In 2012, a new IEA Wind Task, Full-Size Ground Test- ing for Wind Turbines and Their Compo- nents (Task 35) has been proposed by the Technical University Aachen together with NREL, Clemson University, DTU, IWES

22 Germany and NAREC in 2012. The work plan was approved at the ExCo 71 meeting in early 2013. The aim of this task is to develop recommendations and good practices for drive train and rotor blade testing. IWES concluded a Memorandum of Understanding with the Norwegian NOR- -PN\YL-LH[\YLZVMUL^S`HKKLK^PUK[\YIPULZ:V\YJL!0>,: COWE research center in 2012 on exchange of meteorological and oceanographic data and information on ongoing offshore re- Alliance is “Smart Blades” which bundles the field characterization, load management, search activities. competencies in wind physics, aerodynam- LIDAR wind measurement, soil mechan- ics, active flow control for blades, and turbine ics, data analysis from alpha ventus measure- 5.0 The Next Term load management. This project is supported ments, and development of design tools for Results and experiences of long term re- by the Federal Environmental Ministry by 12 offshore wind turbines as well as wind-PV search at the three FINO offshore research million EUR (15.8 million USD) (11). storage systems (14). platforms will be presented at the FINO- The Centre for Wind Power Drives CEwind e.G. concentrates on wind Conference scheduled for late 2013 in Kiel. (CWD) was founded in 2011 at the Tech- energy research of universities and other The German Maritime and Hydro- nical University Aachen. It will be a focal research entities in the northern state of graphic Agency announced the International point of cooperation with gear box, bearing, Schleswig-Holstein. R&D topics are aerody- Offshore Conference: Five Years of Research and turbine manufacturers. Until now, it was namics, small wind turbines, environmental at alpha ventus - Challenges, Results and equipped with a 1-MW drive train test rig impact analysis of offshore wind farms, scour Perspectives. It will take place on 30–31 Oc- for research purposes. A 4-MW drive train dynamics, and research activities at the two tober 2013 at the Lower Saxony State Chan- test rig is under construction with exerted FINO offshore research platforms located in cellery, Berlin. force in six degrees of freedom and with the North Sea (15). The scope will include: technology for grid simulation. CWD initi- More information on wind energy re- • Lessons learnt from five years of envi- ated a new task in IEA Wind (Task 35) for search funded by the Federal Environment ronmental monitoring and research on the development of good practices for tests Ministry can be found at ecological effects at the offshore wind of large wind turbine components. This in- (http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/ farm alpha ventus ternational cooperation was established in die-themen/forschung) and • A program of leading scientists of re- February 2013 (12). (http://www.forschungsjahrbuch.de). nowned German research institutes cov- The Competence Centre for Wind En- ering effects of offshore wind energy ergy Berlin (WIB) comprises the Techni- 4.2 Collaborative research development to fish, benthos, birds, and cal University Berlin, the Federal Institute German scientists and experts from indus- marine mammals (16). for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), try participate actively in 12 IEA Wind and the University for Technology and Eco- nomics Berlin (HTW). It features laboratories for material testing, large component testing, wave flume, measuring equipment for pile-soil interaction, and long-term foundation stability testing. Key aspects of research are, among others, pile soil interaction and pile stability, condition monitoring systems, sensor based blade material testing, and development of large foundation components (13). WindForS is the Wind Energy Re- search Network South performed by the University Stuttgart, University Tübingen, the Karlsruhe Center of Technology (KIT), the Technical University Munich, and others. Research topics are wind energy in complex terrain, wind physics and wind Figure 6. Annual funds spent by BMU for the support of new projects. Data from BMU

100 2012 Annual Report References: (7.1) WINDBLATT 01/13, p. 4 http:// http://www.iwes.fraunhofer.de/de/la- www.enercon.de/en-en/205.htm bore/testzentrum-tragstrukturen.html (1) Renewable Energy Sources 2012, (7.2) http://www. (12) http://www.cwd.rwth-aachen.de Data from the Federal Ministry for the Envi- enercon.de/p/downloads/ (13) http://www.wib.tu-berlin.de ronment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear PM_Spatenstich_FE_Zentrum_en.pdf (14) http://www.windfors.de Safety (BMU) on trends in renewable en- (7.3) http://www.enercon.de/p/ (15) http://www.cewind. ergy in Germany in 2012, Provisional data downloads/PM_Stiftung_en.pdf de/de/organisation (AGEE-Stat); valid as at 28 February 2013, p. (7.4) http://www.repower.de/fileadmin/ (16) Any questions about the Interna- 4-5; http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de press_release/2012_01_10_PowerBlades_e.pdf tional Offshore Conference should be direct- (2) BWE and VDMA-PS at http://www. (7.5) http://www.cnhtgroup. ed to [email protected]. wind-energie.de/presse/pressemitteilun- com/ShowNews.asp?CID=209 gen/2013/jahresbilanz-windenergie- (8) www.windmonitor.de Authors: Joachim Kutscher, Forschun- 2012-stabiles-wachstum-deutschland-im (9) Status of Wind Energy Deploy- gszentrum Juelich GmbH, ETN; Stephan (3) Theses of the 3rd EEG-Dialog ment in Germany, Report 2013, Deutsche Barth, ForWind Center for Wind Energy “Wind Energy – the central column WindGuard GmbH on behalf of BWE and Research, Germany. of the Energy Transformation”, p. 2; VDMA http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/ (10) http://www.rave2012.de die-themen/gesetze-verordnungen/ (11) http://www. eeg-dialog/3-eeg-dialogforum forschungsverbund-windenergie.de (4) Energy Concept for an Environmen- http://www.iwes.fraunhofer.de/de/la- tally Sound, Reliable and Affordable Energy bore/dynalab.html Supply, http://www.bmu.de/english/energy_ efficiency/doc/46516.php (5) Ender, Carsten: Wind Energy Use in Germany - Status 31.12.2012; DEWI-Maga- zin (2013) Nr. 42, S. 31-41 (6) Energiewirtschaftsgesetz (EnWG), Teil 3 - Regulierung des Netzbetriebs, Ab- schnitt 2 – Netzanschluss, §§ 17e bis g

IEA Wind 101 23 Greece

Courtesy: Iberdrola

2013 after capacity increased 117 MW to 1.0 Overview 1,746 MW in 2012. The pace of installa- n 2012, 117 MW of new wind capac- tion must increase to reach the 2020 target Iity were installed in Greece (Table 1). The of 7,500 MW of wind capacity as included total installed wind capacity is 1,749 MW, a in the national renewable energy action plan. 7% increase from 2011. There are 121 wind The government has many issues to farms in Greece. Almost 150 million EUR consider in reaching this target. As part of a (197 million USD) was spent in the wind package of austerity measures approved in energy industry in 2012 (1). November 2012, wind and other renewable The Hellenic Wind Energy association producers will be charged a 10% extraordi- (HWEA) still expects roughly 150 MW of nary tax on revenues for 12 months, dated new capacity could be added in Greece in back to 1 July 2012.

102 2012 Annual Report Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Greece Total installed wind capacity* 1,749 MW

New wind capacity installed* 117 MW

Total electrical output from wind** 2.714 TWh

Wind generation as % of national 4.0% electric demand**

Average capacity factor 27.5%

Target: 7,500 MW by 2020

*Global Wind Energy Council Global Wind Statistics 2012. ** Data from 2011

In 2012, Greek wind energy installations References: were outpaced by solar photovoltaic (PV) Opening photo: Skopies wind farm. power, which saw more than 1,000 MW in Courtesy: Iberdrola new capacity installed. Investors focused on (1) www.investingreece.gov.gr/ PV projects due to an attractive incentive (2) www.windpowermonthly.com/ price and a 31 December 2012 grid connection deadline for receiving the most gener- ous tariffs. The new 10% tax was initially only for PV projects but was extended to cover wind as well (2).

IEA Wind 103 24 Ireland

1.0 Overview 40% of electricity demand to be met from Energy Feed-in Tariff (REFIT) scheme (3). reland’s official commitment to achiev- renewable sources in 2020. The bulk of this This scheme has been in place since 2006 Iing ambitious 2020 renewable electricity renewable electricity target will be met from and the REFIT 1 tariff arrangements applied targets primarily from wind power remained onshore wind energy because it is the most to projects applying to the scheme up until unchanged in 2012. A significant challenge abundant, least cost resource with a mature 2010 (3). Projects qualifying for the scheme in 2012 was the proposed implementation of conversion technology. may be executed up to the end of 2015. The arrangements for curtailment of wind farms. According to the National Renewable replacement REFIT 2 scheme was opened The associated market uncertainty may have Energy Action Plan’s (NREAP) First Prog- for applications in March 2012 and has a contributed to the relatively low new wind ress Report (January 2012) 3,521 MW of deadline of the end of 2017 for the energiz- capacity addition of 153 MW. This is below wind capacity will need to be installed on- ing of qualifying projects (3). The tariff levels the estimated 200 MW/yr required to deliver shore in Ireland to meet 40% renewable defined under REFIT 1 and REFIT 2 are upon the 2020 targets. Although production electricity as set out in the NREAP (2). This identical but the arrangements for market capacity increased (slightly), wind energy out- will mean around 1,700 MW of additional compensation accruing to power purchase put in 2012 did not exceed 2011 levels. capacity is required in the next eight years. agreement (PPA) counterparties are modi- A number of unprecedented GW-scale fied under REFIT 2. proposed onshore wind projects with direct 2.1 National targets In January 2012, it was announced that connections to the British electricity system 2.2 Progress a previously announced offshore wind FIT were also announced in 2012. The UK and The installed wind capacity at the end of would not be implemented. Irish governments have embarked upon ne- 2012 was 1,826.5 MW, which is an increase The cost of the REFIT support scheme gotiations to put in place arrangements for of 153 MW from 2011 (1). This is well be- is recovered through a levy on all electricity such projects as defined in the cooperation low the annual capacity additions of over consumers. The projected cost of this levy mechanisms in EU Directive 2009/28/EC. 200 MW/yr estimated to be required to for wind power in 2012 was approximately achieve Ireland’s 2020 renewable energy tar- 50 million EUR (66 million USD). This cost 2.0 National gets. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the trends does not consider the depression of electric- Objectives and Progress of capacity additions and number of turbines ity prices by wind power which, a Sustain- Ireland is committed to meeting an EU tar- installed since 1992 in Ireland. able Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)/ get of 20% of its energy demand from re- Eirgrid study found, in 2011 almost exactly newable electricity by 2020. The greatest 2.3 National incentive programs balanced the cost of the levy (5). The aver- share of this target will be met in the elec- The primary support scheme for renew- age wholesale market price during 2012 was tricity sector with an indicative target of able electricity in Ireland is the Renewable 77.93 EUR/MWh (102.72 USD/MWh),

104 2012 Annual Report Proposals for Irish GW- Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Ireland scale, onshore wind Total installed wind capacity 1,827 MW (1) New wind capacity installed 153 MW (1) projects with direct Total electrical output from wind 4.03 TWh Wind generation as % of national 14.5% connections to the UK electric demand Average national capacity factor 28.4%

electricity system were Target: 3,521 MW by 2020 (2) announced in 2012. Bold italic indicates estimates

as compared to an inflation adjusted REFIT farm projects not being executed to meet A 2012 survey by the Irish Wind Energy tariff of 68.078 EUR/MWh (89.727 USD/ 2020 targets. The regulatory authorities sub- Association found a total current employ- MWh) for wind farms larger than 5 MW sequently revised their decision to defer the ment of 2,200 in the wind sector and pro- and 70.467 EUR/MWh (92.876 USD/ implementation of “grandfathering” of cur- jected employment of 10,700 by 2020. The MWh) for wind farms smaller than 5 MW tailment until 2018 and to allocate curtail- latter figure assumes 2020 target capacity (3 and 4). ment on a “pro-rata” basis across all wind is exceeded through the execution of large generation until this date (6). This is likely projects connected directly to the UK. 2.4 Issues affecting growth to encourage execution of “non-firm” wind Uncertainty regarding the arrangements for projects during this period while the full im- 3.2 Industry status the curtailment of wind power within the plementation of measures to reduce curtail- The development ownership of wind farms electricity system dispatch rules may have ment is completed. in Ireland involves a range of types and scales caused delays in financial close-out of some of wind farm development. Around 50% of new wind farm projects in 2012. The regu- 3.0 Implementation wind farms are owned and operated by, most- latory authorities initially decided that cur- 3.1 Economic impact ly vertically integrated, energy utilities. The tailment should be allocated across wind A 2012 SEAI report estimated wind energy balance of wind farm ownership is a mix of farms on a “grand-fathered” basis according related employment at 1,300 in 2010 ris- small, privately-owned wind farm operators, to “firm” and “non-firm” connection status. ing to 3,490 in 2020. The 2020 estimate was individual landowners, and groups/coopera- This arrangement had the potential to se- based upon total installed capacity increasing tives. Small project developers, who bring a verely disadvantage “non-firm” projects and to 4,650 MW in 2020 (4,100 MW onshore, wind farm site through the permitting steps result in this important category of wind 550 MW offshore) (7). and then sell the project to larger wind energy companies for execution, are also significant players. Apart from wind farms developed by groups of adjacent landowners, there have been few successful developments of wind farms on a community or cooperative basis in Ireland. While there have been a small number of notable wind auto-production projects executed on industrial and commercial sites, this model of development has yet to see widespread uptake in Ireland. The average size of a wind farm project phase in Ireland in 2012 was 21 MW, small by international standards. This reflects the significant involvement of small players in the Irish wind energy sector. It may also reflect the nature of available wind farm sites, which is influenced by a highly dispersed, low density, pattern of rural settlement. In some regions, this pattern may effectively restrict wind farm development to small pack- Figure 1. Annual wind farm capacity additions 1992–2012 ages of marginal land.

IEA Wind 105 participants in IEA Wind Tasks, SEAI sponsored a suite of wind energy related research projects under its Renewable Energy Re- search, Development and Demonstration program including: • Birdwatch Ireland — Phase 1 delivery 24 Ireland of a fully consolidated bird sensitivity map for Ireland • NUIG—Study on the greenhouse gas emissions associated with developing wind farms on peatland sites • TCD—Study to determine the most appropriate international approaches to measure social acceptance of wind projects; measure the factors affecting individuals’ perceptions of wind farm projects Figure 2. Annual new wind turbine additions 1992–2012 • UCD — Study on the interactions of bats with onshore wind farms • UCD — Study on social acceptance of In 2012, the main suppliers of large wind development costs averaged 1,500 EUR/kW wind energy projects from the perspec- turbines were Enercon (79.4 MW) and Nor- (1,977 USD/kW) for a typical project in tive of spatial planning dex (73.2 MW). Figure 3 shows the manu- 2012. Ireland joined IEA Wind Task 26 Cost • Meitheal na Gaoithe (small wind farm facturer market share of the total capacity in of Wind Energy in 2012, and more detailed representative body) — independent Ireland. To date, no manufacturing of utili- cost breakdowns and trends will be reported study to evaluate the costs and benefits ty-scale wind turbines or any of their main in 2013 as the data from the work within the from the development of small-scale components is taking place in Ireland. How- Task becomes available. wind energy in Ireland ever, there have been significant developments in small wind turbine manufacturing. 4.0 R, D&D Activities SEAI also completed monitoring of its C&F Wind Energy, a division of the Irish in- 4.1 National R, D&D efforts small- and micro-scale generation pilot dur- dustrial manufacturing company C&F Tool- Strategic research priorities were identified ing 2012. Analysis of the data highlighted an ing, has developed a new product range of for Ireland in 2012 in a mapping exercise inadequate current state of the art in small wind turbines ranging from 6 kW upwards led by Science Foundation Ireland with in- wind site assessment. The analysis showed in size. The C&F wind turbines have some put from relevant sectoral stakeholders. While that a majority of small wind sites have a innovative features not commonly found wind energy per se was not among the turbulent wind regime and energy yield as- on small wind turbines including intelli- shortlisted energy sector priorities, R&D on sessment methods are ill equipped to take ac- gent controls and electronic pitch control. smart grid technologies including research count of this. Their largest model is a 50-kW wind turbine on the integration of wind power has been launched in 2012. The company has captured prioritized. Wind energy has received a rela- 4.2 Collaborative research a significant share of the small wind turbine tively small share of energy research funding Ireland has participated in IEA Wind Tasks market in both Ireland and Britain. in Ireland. This may in part be due to the ab- 11 Base Technology Information Exchange, sence of a large-scale wind turbine manufac- Task 25 Design and Operation of Power Sys- 3.3 Operational details turing sector in Ireland that would argue for tems with Large Amounts of Wind Power, The average size of onshore wind turbine in- government subsidies for industrial and aca- and Task 28 Social Acceptance of Wind En- stalled in 2012 was 2.41 MW, a significant in- demic R&D supporting wind turbine tech- ergy Projects. In 2012, Ireland also joined crease over the 2.0 MW average in 2011 and nology development. Task 26 Cost of Wind Energy and Task 33 a continuation of a long-term trend of in- Along with providing funding for Standardizing Data Collection for Wind creasing onshore wind turbine size (Figure 4). The average capacity factor of wind farms in Ireland in 2012 was 28.4% (from the TSO, Eirgrid, based upon the actual capacity in operation throughout the year), which is somewhat below the long-term trend of 29–30% (Figure 5). That is why, despite significant capacity additions in 2011 and 2012, total wind energy output in 2012, at 4.03 TWh, was 8.5% lower than in 2011.

3.4 Wind energy costs Turbine prices in 2012 averaged approximately 900 EUR/kW (1,186 USD/kW) for projects involving multiple turbines. Total Figure 3. Manufacturer market shares in Ireland 1992–2012

106 2012 Annual Report articles and would require a legal treaty. If it is decided to pursue an export regime and negotiate a bilateral treaty, information on the treaty and export regime would be made publicly available. These negotiations are likely to be concluded in 2013.

References: (1) The installed capacity in 2012 is reported based upon the sum of the nameplate power rating of all commissioned wind turbines. In previous years it was reported on the basis of the sum of the wind farm grid connection maximum export capacities (MEC). Because there has been a growing divergence in MW installed and MEC fig- Figure 4. Average wind turbine power in MW 1992–2012 ures, MEC is no longer an accurate indica- tor. This will lead to a discontinuity in the Turbine Reliability, Operation, and Main- of the grid integration of wind power at the reported statistic for Ireland in 2012. tenance Analyses. SEAI coordinates Ireland’s Electricity Research Centre in University (2) National Renewable Energy Action participation in IEA Wind and provides College Dublin. Details of wind related re- Plan (NREAP) IRELAND First Progress funding to cover costs incurred by national search projects may be found on the ERC Report Submitted under Article 22 of Di- participants. SEAI actively seeks to maximize website (8). The Irish TSO, Eirgrid, has also rective 2009/28/EC January 2012 www. the benefits of IEA Wind Task participation established an advanced program of work dcenr.gov.ie to Ireland and other members through seek- entitled “Delivering a Secure Sustainable (3) www.dcenr.gov.ie/Energy/Sustainabl ing participation by the most competent Electricity System (DS3)” to manage the in- e+and+Renewable+Energy+Division/RE- national expert via a competitive tendering tegration of very high levels of instantaneous FIT.htm process. An objective of IEA Wind Task par- renewable penetration on the island support- (4) Quarterly SEM Price Report, Quar- ticipation is to stimulate a relevant national ed by a program of supporting research (9). ter 4 2012, Information Paper, 22nd January research project along with contributing to 2013, SEM-13-003 Download from: www. the international collaboration. For example, 5.0 The Next Term google.ie in the course of participation in Task 28, a The potential for directly connecting Irish (5) Impact of Wind Generation on report on the options for enhancing com- wind farms to the British electricity system Wholesale Electricity Costs in 2011, SEAI munity acceptance of wind farms in Ireland and crediting their output to the UK is be- www.seai.ie/Publications/Energy_Model- was prepared. ing explored. A Memorandum of Under- ling_Group_/Energy_Modelling_Group_ Ireland also participates in the IEA GI- standing between the Minister for Commu- Publications/Impact_of_Wind_Generation_ VAR project (Grid Integration of Variable nications, Energy and Natural Resources of on_Wholesale_Electricity_Costs_in_2011. Resources), which is concerned with meth- Ireland and the Department of Energy and pdf ods for assessing the capability of electricity Climate Change of the United Kingdom on (6) Treatment of Curtailment in Tie- systems to integrate variable renewables such cooperation in the energy sector was signed break situations Single Electricity Market as wind power. Ireland also participated in the on 24 January 2013. The cooperation mech- Decision Paper 1 March 2013 SEM-13-010 EU GPWIND project, which was completed anisms provided for in Articles 6–11 of the Download from: www.google.ie in 2012 and sought to highlight good prac- Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC (7) The Case for Sustainable Energy: tices in developing wind farms across Europe. are the only means whereby renewable en- A review and analysis of the economic and While limited research is carried out on ergy that contributes to member-state targets enterprise benefits. SEAI June 2012. Down- wind turbine technology in Ireland, there is may be traded. Any export regime agreed load from: www.seai.ie/Publications/Sta- a significant research competence in the field with another country would fall under these tistics_Publications/EPSSU_Publications/ The_Case_for_Sustainable_Energy.pdf (8) http://erc.ucd.ie/ (9) http://www.eirgrid.com/operations/ ds3/

Author: John McCann, the Sustainable En- ergy Authority of Ireland (SEAI), Ireland.

Figure 5. Annual average capacity factors

IEA Wind 107 The access mechanism depends on the plant size and characteristics (i.e. integrally rebuilt, repowered, or refurbished plant). Incentive tariffs depend on plant size and characteristics as well (i.e. onshore or offshore plant). The permitting procedures and wind production curtailments ordered by the transmission systems operator (TSO) still represent issues affecting wind energy growth. To address permitting procedures, acknowledgement by the Regions of the national permitting guidelines issued in 2010 is in progress. As to production curtailments, the TSO TERNA has made note- worthy efforts to upgrade the grid in order to match RES-production dispatching needs and the Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity and Gas (AEEG) has provided for curtailed production to be estimated and wind farm owners indemnified. The most critical issue for investors is represented by the annual quotas established for auction in the next three years, thought to be too low with respect to the annual new added capacity usually installed so far. What is more, the auction access threshold of 5 MW plant capacity is also considered to be too low. Foreign manufacturers supplied most of the new turbines in 2012. Leitwind is the only large Italian turbine manufacturer. Other national firms supply small-sized units. The market for small wind systems is growing rapidly, reaching about 16.7 MW of overall installed capacity (estimated value). There has been no national R, D&D program running on wind energy, but activities have been carried out by differ- 25 Italy ent entities, mainly the National Research Council (CNR) and the National Agency Source: Alerion CleanPower for New Technologies, Energy, and the En- vironment (ENEA) (the first and second national research institutions respectively), 1.0 Overview The scheme for supporting Re- Research on the Energy System (RSE), n 2012, a record number of new wind newable Energy Systems (RES) in Italy some universities, and other companies. Ifarm installations were completed in Italy, changed at the end of 2012. due to the opportunity to access to the old The old scheme was based on a RES 2.0 National (and more favorable) incentive mechanism quota obligation and tradable green cer- Objectives and Progress for plants connected to the grid by 30 April tificates (TGCs), allowing to the non-pro- 2.1 National targets 2013. New wind capacity of 1,266 MW was grammable RES producers an extra income The new RES policy launched by the EU added (+18.4% with respect to 2011) by de- with respect to the income deriving from established a target value of 20% of total ploying 720 new turbines, reaching an over- the energy sale. Additional options were EU energy consumption coming from RES all grid-connected wind capacity of 8,144 considered in this scheme for small plant by 2020. The European Directive 2009/28/ MW and a total of 6,166 installed turbines owners. The new scheme considers three EC on RES promotion issued on 23 April at the end of last year. The provisional 2012 different incentive access mechanisms: di- 2009 assigned Italy a binding national tar- energy production by wind farms was 13.1 rect access, access by registration, and access get equaling 17% of overall annual energy TWh, which represents about 4% of total by auction. Registration and auction access consumption from RES. According to this electricity demand on the Italian system. is constrained by established annual quotas. Directive, the Italian National Action Plan

108 2012 Annual Report In 2012, a record amount Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Italy of new wind capacity Total installed wind capacity 8,144 MW New wind capacity installed 1,266 MW

was added in Italy and Total electrical output from wind 13.1 TWh

Wind generation as % of national 4% production by wind electric demand farms represented Average capacity factor --- Target: National Action Plan: Wind about 4% of total generation 12,680 MW and 20 TWh/yr by 2020 Directive 2009/28/EC:17% of electricity demand on total energy consumption from RES by 2020 the Italian system. Bolt italic indicates estimates

(PAN) for Renewable Energy issued on 30 TERNA and the Manager of Energy Ser- 2.3 National incentive programs June 2010 shared this overall target among vices (GSE), in 2012 overall production by New incentive mechanisms have been intro- sector-based targets. A target of 26.39% wind, photovoltaic, and geothermal plants duced and implemented this year. The Italian contribution from RES was established for was about 36.8 TWh. The wind farm con- government issued Legislative Decree No. 28 the electrical sector, corresponding about tribution was estimated at about 13.1 TWh, on 3 March 2011 to implement EU Direc- to 43.8 GW of RES on-line capacity and which would equal about 4% of total elec- tive 2009/28/EC on RES promotion and to 98.9 TWh/yr production from RES to be tricity demand on the Italian system (total provide outlines for a new incentive scheme reached by 2020. In addition to existing consumption plus grid losses). The devel- concerning RES plants that will start op- hydropower capacity, most of the power opment in wind power production is pre- erations from 1 January 2013 onwards. The growth is expected from wind, biomass, sented in Figure 3. Total electricity demand old incentive mechanism, mainly based on and solar energy sources. The 2020 targets (325.3 TWh) decreased by 2.8% in 2012 TGCs, is guaranteed for plants authorized for wind energy were set to 12,680 MW with respect to 2011. An 87% share of this before 11 July 2012 if the condition to get (12,000 MW on land and 680 MW off- demand was satisfied by domestic produc- in operation before 30 April 2013 is ob- shore) as installed capacity and 20 TWh/ tion and 13% by imports. served. The current main scheme of quotas yr (18 TWh/yr on land and 2 TWh/yr offshore) as energy production.

2.2 Progress A record amount of new capacity, 1,273 MW, was installed in 2012 (Figure 1). Af- ter accounting for 6.5 MW of old capacity that was removed, this led to an increase of 1,266 MW since 2011. Overall grid-connected wind capacity was 8,144 MW at the end of 2012. The corresponding growth rate was 18.4%. The largest wind turbines installed in Italy are 3.4 MW (opening photo). Most of the new installations took place in the South. Apulia and Sicily have the highest wind capacities. The annual and cumulative installed wind capacities for the Italian Regions are shown in Figure 2. Figure 1. Trend of Italian annual and cumulative wind turbine installed capacity, and newly According to provisional data by added and overall average unit capacity

IEA Wind 109 According to these values, new incentives are significantly lower than those assessed in the old scheme. For example, for a plant with size exceeding 5 MW the reduc-

25 Italy tion is around 20%. It has to be noted that small (P<200 kW) and offshore plants still benefit of greater incentives than the onshore ones (P>200kW). Due to the favorable old and new incentives, small plants are growing very fast in Italy. The Italian Wind Energy Association (ANEV) is trying to take a cen- sus of these small plants. From preliminary results, 11.7 MW of surveyed and about 5 MW of non-surveyed capacity is already installed. The contribution of small plants is not relevant to the overall capacity, but can stimulate the growth of national small and medium enterprises in this sector (Table 2). Figure 2. Wind capacities in the Regions of Italy at the end of 2012 2.4 Issues affecting growth The most important issue affecting the and TGCs is to expire by 2015. Entitled • 1< P )20: Tb=291 EUR/MWh growth of the wind energy sector in Italy is plants should then be supported by transient (378 USD/MWh) the annual quota of wind capacity that can measures. • 20< P )200: Tb=268 EUR/MWh benefit from the incentives of the new de- The main issues of the new mechanisms (348 USD/MWh) cree and its implementation. As mentioned are special energy purchase prices fixed for • 200< P )1000: Tb=149 EUR/ above, the quota for new capacity for plants RES-E plants below a capacity threshold de- MWh (194 USD/MWh) larger than 5 MW is 500 MW/yr in 2013– pending on technology and size (no lower • 1000< P )5000: Tb=135 EUR/ 2015. This means an expected growth-rate than 5 MW). Special energy purchase prices MWh (175 USD/MWh) reduction for plants connected to grid af- are assigned to larger plants through calls for • P >5000: Tb=127 EUR/MWh ter 30 April 2013, when the new incentive tenders (lower bids gain contracts) and prices (165 USD/MWh) mechanism will be applied. This reduction is are granted over average conventional life- estimated to be half of the new annual av- time of plants (20–25 years). For offshore plants, conventional plant erage capacity installed in the last four years. For wind plants, three different access life is set to 25 years and Tb set for 2013 also In order to benefit from the more favorable schemes are provided depending on plant depends on plant size P (kW): incentives, producers installed a large amount size: <60 kW direct access; for new, integrally • 1< P )5000: Tb=176 EUR/MWh of capacity in 2012: the highest annual ca- rebuilt and repowered plants access by reg- (228 USD/MWh): pacity ever installed. istration in the size range 60kW–5MW; ac- • P >5000: Tb=165 EUR/MWh (214 The first registration and auction was com- cess by auction through call for tenders for USD/MWh). pleted by GSE in compliance with the 6 July plant size > 5 MW. For refurbished plant 2012 Implementing Decrees. For registration, greater than 60 kW, no auction procedures are considered and the access is by registration irrespective of the plant size. Both registration and auction accesses are limited by established annual quotas. In 2013–2015, an annual quota (by registration and by auction) of 710 MW (registration: 60 MW; auction: 500 MW of new capacity plus 150 MW for rebuilt and repowered plants) has been established for onshore wind capacity and a quota of 650 MW of offshore wind capacity has been established for the whole period. For onshore wind plants, conventional plant life is set to 20 years and basic incentive tariff (Tb) set for 2013 depends on plant size P (kW): Figure 3. Italian wind energy production and percent of national electric demand

110 2012 Annual Report applications totaled 192 MW, more than five 3.0 Implementation (Austria) and Chennai (India). Vestas oper- times the annual available quota of 60 MW 3.1 Economic impact ates in Italy through its corporation Vestas established for 2013. For the auction, onshore The Italian estimated turnover related to Italy. This corporation has its headquarters applications totaled 442 MW, 10% lower than the wind conversion system sector in 2012 and sales office in Rome and two produc- the quota of 500 MW established for 2013; was around 2.1 billion EUR (2.8 billion tion facilities for blades and nacelles for the offshore applications totaled only 30 MW, USD). This amount includes both prelimi- V90 turbines in Taranto. Its operations of- much lower than the quota of 650 MW set nary (design and development) and execu- fice and a customer service center are also for 2013–2015. The authorization for offshore tive (construction, equipping, and grid- located in Taranto. All the other foreign wind plants in Italy is given by the central gov- connection) activities involved in new wind manufacturers of large wind turbines oper- ernment (for onshore parks the authorization is farm installations. ate in Italy through their commercial offic- given by Regional governments) after long and Despite the fact that most of the new in- es. Italian firms also have a significant share complex procedures. At the end of 2012, only stalled wind turbines were made abroad, these of the component market for large wind three offshore wind projects were determined activities had a significant impact on employ- turbines: pitch and yaw system components, eligible by the Ministry of Environment after ment. Many Italian firms supply components electrical and electronic equipment, bear- examination of the Environmental Impact As- to wind turbine manufacturers based in Italy ings, flanges, towers, cast and forged com- sessment. These projects are now completing and abroad. According to ANEV, the positive ponents (hubs, shaft supports), and machine the authorization process. trend for employment has begun to reverse tools. To achieve the 2020 national target for in the last year, mainly due to the dramatic In 2012, about 60% of the Italian wind renewable energy production, regional RES investment reduction as consequence of the energy production market, computed as targets were set by Decree 78 of 02/04/2012 new incentive system. The wind energy sector, percentage of overall installed capacity, was on 15 March 2012 entitled "Defining and which employs about 30,000 people, includ- held by the top ten producers. The high- Characterizing Regional Targets on Renew- ing direct and indirect involvement, has started est capacity is presently owned by Erg Re- able Sources, and Definition of Managing to lose employees and a drop of thousands of new, as a consequence of the takeover of IP Procedures on Cases of Failed Achievement jobs is feared in 2013. Maestrale, the Italian wind energy subsid- of the Goals by the Regions and Autono- iary of International Power. ENEL Green mous Provinces” (called "Burden Sharing" 3.2 Industry status Power, a corporate company of the ENEL Decree). As a consequence of this decree, sig- Foreign manufacturers are prevailing in the Group, is another leading player in the mar- nificant growth is expected in Basilicata and Italian market for large-sized wind turbines. ket. Other substantial capacity shares are Sardinia, smaller growth is expected in Sic- This is clear from Figure 4, where the overall held by FRI-EL, Edison Energie Speciali, ily and also in central regions with low wind market shares of wind turbine manufacturers subsidiary of the electricity utility Edison, capacity already installed such as Emilia-Ro- in Italy at the end of 2012 are shown. The IVPC, Veronagest, and E.ON Italia. Other magna, Umbria, Lazio, and Tuscany. capacities installed in 2012 by manufacturers producers hold significant market shares, Another important issue affecting of the wind turbines are: 434 MW by Vestas like Falck Renewables, Tozzi Renewable growth is the connection of wind farms to (Denmark), 304 MW by Gamesa (Spain), Energy, and Alerion Green Power. the grid. Technical and economic conditions 189 MW by REpower (Germany), 116 MW ANEV is the main association of energy have been set by the AEEG in Deliberations by Enercon (Germany), 94 MW by Nordex producers and manufacturers in the wind ARG/elt 125/10 and 99/08. Both provisions (Germany), 80 MW by Leitwind (Italy), 44 sector in Italy. grant RES plants some better terms, with a MW by Siemens (Germany), and 13 MW by Unlike the market for large (MW) wind view to speeding up connection and allevi- GE Wind (United States). turbines, the market for small-sized wind ating costs. Despite that, delays in grid con- Leitner is the only Italian manufacturer plants (having a capacity up to 200 kW) has nection are still reported, especially in the of large wind turbines and produces its 1.5– a significant presence of Italian firms (Table 2). permitting of new electrical lines by local 3 MW turbines in factories located in Telfs Authorities. Moreover, Italy’s 2010 National Action Plan (PAN) for Renewable Energy has bound TERNA to plan the upgrading of the grid needed to guarantee full access of RES electricity. In particular, for the period 2013–2022, TERNA planned for grid reinforcements an investment of 7.9 billion EUR (10.4 billion USD). TERNA was sometimes compelled to ask wind farms to stop or reduce output, because of overloads or planned work in grid zones (especially in the south and Sardinia). In 2012, curtailments totaling 150 GWh (1.1% of production by RSE estimate) were claimed by wind farm owners. GSE calculated the “missed produc- Figure 4. Market shares of wind turbine manufacturers in Italy at the end of 2012 (as percent- tion” and indemnified the owner for that. HNLVM[V[HSVUSPULJHWHJP[`

IEA Wind 111 Table 2. Top small-sized wind turbine National and FP7 EU projects. The main manufacturers in the Italian market topics include wind conditions; atmospheric Manufacturer Nationality Type* Capacity boundary layer research on offshore, coastal, (kW) and complex terrain, extreme winds (ISAC);

25 Italy Aria Italian HA 55 atmospheric and ocean interaction modeling from climate to high resolution (ISAC and Bluminipower Italian HA 0.5–200 ISMAR); offshore and onshore wind map- Deltatronic Italian HA 1.5–5 ping using models and space-borne measure- Electria Wind Spanish HA 150–200 ments (ISAC and IREA); forecast of wind En-Eco Italian VA 3 power production at different time horizons (ISAC); aerodynamics including character- Eolart Italian HA 60 ization and modeling of flow around a wind Espe Italian HA 60 turbine and wakes (INSEAN); environmen- Italtech Wind Italian HA 55–330 tal impacts and noise (IDASC); offshore de- Jonica Impianti Italian HA 30–60 ployment and operations including the interaction of offshore wind farms with ocean Klimeco Italian HA 0.5–55 circulation and geological risk assessment re- Layer Electronics Italian HA 0.3–20 lated to development of offshore wind farms Ropatec Italian VA 1–20 (ISAC, ISMAR, ITAE and INSEAN); wind Salmini Italian HA <1 generator emulators, DC/DC converter, and control schemes for grid integration (ISSIA- Sipe Italian VA/ HA 3–6/20–100 ITAE); and innovative materials (ISTEC). Southwest Windpower U.S. HA 2.4–200 Different activities were carried out in Tekna Energy Italian HA 30 the ENEA’s research wind tunnel, such as new-concept wind blade testing and an- Terom Italian HA 50 emometer calibration. Moreover, ENEA has Tozzi Nord Italian HA 10 been working on ultrasonic inspection and T.R. Energia Italian HA 1 mechanical characterization of adhesively Vergnet French HA 200 bonded fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) joints, used for manufacturing the blades of small Windstar Italian VA 1–5 horizontal axis wind turbines. The goal is to *Vertical axis (VA); Horizontal axis (HA) correlate the ultrasonic data with the results of the mechanical test. RSE S.p.A. has been doing research 3.3 Operational details (Calabria—64 MW), and Castellaneta (Apu- on wind energy mainly under its contract In 2012, 720 new wind turbines were de- lia—56 MW). agreement with the Ministry of Economic ployed (1,760 kW of average unit capacity), Development for research on the electrical corresponding to 1,273 MW of capacity. 3.4 Wind energy costs system. Wind energy has been allotted a total This increased the number of online wind For 2012, an average capital cost of 1,750 commitment of 2.0 million EUR (2.6 mil- turbines to 6,166, with an overall average ca- EUR/kW (2,307 USD/kW) has been esti- lion USD) for 2012–2014. In particular, RSE pacity of 1,320 kW/unit. The corresponding mated. This cost shows a large variability in is conducting a measurement campaign on overall capacity is 8,144 MW. All plants are the Italian context and is about 20% higher coastal/island sites in order to improve the based on land, mostly on hill or mountain than the average European installation cost, knowledge of the offshore wind resource sites. because of the Italian site characteristics and to better validate the offshore maps of Regarding offshore projects, only three and the extra costs induced by the permit- the Italian Wind Atlas (http://atlanteeolico. of the applications submitted so far for the ting procedures length and complexity. Two rse-web.it/viewer.htm) developed by RSE in permitting procedure have successfully com- typical plants exist in Italy: ones installed in previous research projects. In June 2012, an pleted the phase of environmental impact plains of southern regions, and ones built at offshore buoy (called MOBI) was installed in assessment (342 MW of overall capacity). rather remote hill or mountain sites. In gen- the Sicily Channel for offshore wind mea- Moreover, a very poor response for offshore eral the hill and mountain sites have better surements. RSE is also developing informa- applications was recorded in the first auction wind regimes, but experience higher costs of tion and tools for decision makers in region- procedure for incentive allocation according transportation, installation, grid connection, al administrations to help them to better plan to the new support scheme: only 30 MW and operation. for wind capacity. were allotted out of an available 650 MW. The Department of Aerospace Science Many new wind farms were connected 4.0 R, D&D Activities and Technology of the Polytechnic of Mila- to the grid in 2012. Their average capac- 4.1 National R, D&D efforts no has been working on wind turbine aero- ity is about 23 MW, and the average turbine R, D&D activities have been carried out servo-elasticity, blade design, load mitigation, number in the wind farms is 12. Among the mainly by CNR, ENEA, RSE S.p.A., and and advanced control laws. A four-year proj- largest plants built in 2012 are those of Bi- universities. ect was completed on wind tunnel testing of saccia (Campania—66 MW), Sant’Anna CNR activity in wind energy in- actively-controlled and aero-elastically scaled volves eight institutes and is in the frame of wind turbine models. The department also

112 2012 Annual Report participates in two major FP7 EU-funded The University of Trento has, for several 5.0 The Next Term projects, which will work on wind turbines years now, focused on the testing of small In October 2012, the Ministry of the Eco- in the 10–20 MW range. The Department of wind turbines at their own test field in a nomic Development issued the National En- Mechanical Engineering has been working mountain environment. The experimental ergy Strategy (SEN), the official document on LES modeling and simulation of turbu- wind farm provides equipment for the analy- that defines the national energy strategy up lent flows and wind turbine wakes, off-shore sis and comparison of structural and func- to 2020. The key elements for RES develop- floating wind turbines and their aero-elastic tional characteristics of mini and micro wind ment and deployment are to: overtake the modeling. The Department of Electrical En- turbines, with emphasis on vertical axis wind European 20-20-20 target; increase the ener- gineering has been working on generator machines. gy mixing the role of thermal RES and the technology, while the Department of Energy The Department of Aerospace Engineer- economic sustainability of the RES incen- works on grid and wind energy economics. ing of the University of Naples has, for quite tive mechanisms (by conforming them to the In 2012, the Polytechnic of Milano joined some time, been engaged in designing and European standards and progressively driv- the European Academy of Wind Energy wind tunnel testing of small wind turbines. ing them to grid parity); preference to RES (EAWE) as national node member, and the The KiteGen Research and Sequoia Au- having the stronger effects on the national European Energy Research Alliance (EERA) tomation companies have set up a 3-MW economic system; and progressive electric Joint Program on Wind Energy as associate kite wind generator in southern Piedmont market and grid integration as far as electric member. for testing. RES are concerned. In this strategy RES re- The Department of Energy of the Poly- search is addressed to innovative RES (e.g., technic of Turin has been working on a 4.2 Collaborative research concentrated solar power and second genera- model of energy conversion (especially in RSE has long been the Italian participant tion biofuels) in which there is a stronger na- DFIG machines); an experimental analysis in IEA Wind Task 11 Base Technology In- tional position. of "power quality," reliability, and availabil- formation Exchange. TERNA joined Task ity; and a comparison between statistical data 25 Design and Operation of Power Systems Authors: Alberto Arena and Giacomo Ar- of the wind resource and weather forecasts with Large Amounts of Wind. The Univer- suffi, ENEA; and Laura Serri, RSE, Italy. for the prediction of power injection into sity of Naples joined Task 27 Small Wind the grid. The Departments on Mechanical Turbines at Turbulent Sites. The Universities Engineering and Environment Engineer- of Genoa and Perugia, the CNR-INSEAN ing have activities to study floating offshore Institute, the wind farm developer SORGE- wind energy systems. They are studying dy- NIA S.p.A., and the company KARALIT namic models of such structures, the rotor s.r.l. joined Task 31 Benchmarking Wind aerodynamics, the floater hydrodynamics, the Farm Flow Models. RSE joined Task 28 mooring system dynamics, and the design of Social Acceptance of Wind Energy Projects. a collective blade pitch control system. Within the EERA, Joint Program on Wind The DICCA Department of the Univer- Energy, CNR is member as full participant sity of Genoa has been working on the eval- and ENEA and Polytechnic of Milan are as- uation of wind fields and wind potential in sociated partners. CNR and RSE are partici- complex areas. They are also looking at the pating in the Weather Intelligence for Re- safety and fatigue of wind turbines, and deal newable Energy (COST ACTION WIRE) with small and medium size installations. The concerning wind energy short-term forecast DITEN Department focuses on forecasting finalized to grid integration. and integration of renewable energy sources, with specific reference to micro wind turbines for urban applications. This activity is carried out by resorting to the “Smart Poly- generation Microgrid,” a smart grid test-bed installed at the Savona Campus R&D facilities of the University of Genoa, characterized by the presence of ICT technology, long- and short-term electrical storage, and a suitable energy management system. The CRIACIV – Inter-University Re- search Center on Building Aerodynamics and Wind Engineering has been involved in collaboration with Polytechnics, Universities, and CNR in three national research projects on deep water structures for wind energy and other RES. Moreover CRIACIV has been working on the FP7 Project MARI- NET with University of Florence dealing with offshore wind energy structures.

IEA Wind 113 26 Japan

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1.0 Overview expectation of wind energy as fuel-free elec- The current total installed wind ca- n 2012, the total installed wind capacity in tricity is growing. As a sign of that expecta- pacity in Japan is about 2,600 MW. More IJapan reached 2,614 MW with 1,887 tur- tion, the R, D&D projects of offshore wind than ten times that amount is expected in bines, including 25.3 MW from 15 offshore turbines and wind farms are growing rapidly. 2030 for the new 15% nuclear and 20–25% wind turbines. The annual net increase was nuclear scenarios (38,000 MW). In the 0% 78 MW. Total energy produced from wind 2.0 National nuclear scenario, wind capacity of 52,000 turbines during 2012 was 4.5 TWh, and this Objectives and Progress MW in 2030 is expected. If constant corresponds to 0.54% of national electric de- 2.1 National targets growth rate is assumed for wind, the grow mand (861 TWh). After the Fukushima nuclear power plant rates are about 16%/yr for the 15% nuclear In response to the great East Japan earth- accident, an expert committee convened by and 20–25% nuclear scenarios. Even for the quake and tsunami of March 2011, the de- the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Indus- most radical 0% nuclear scenario an 18%/ cision was taken to dismantle four nuclear try (METI) began discussions in October yr growth is needed. Therefore, all three of power plants in Fukushima Prefecture. In 2011 to review the Basic Energy Plan. In the these scenarios are not so challenging for addition, 50 other nuclear power plants were former Basic Energy Plan, the share of nu- wind power deployment in Japan. Accord- shut down for a time. After careful exami- clear energy was to be increased from 25% ing to these draft scenarios, the formal new nation and performance of stress tests, two to 45%, the share of renewable energy was to Basic Energy Plan was to be decided, and nuclear power plants were restarted in July be increased from 10% to 20%, and the share published by the end of 2012. However, at 2012. However, the other 48 nuclear power of fossil fuels was to be decreased from 63% the close of 2012, the new plan was not yet plants were still under suspension at the end to 35%. After the fundamental review of the made available to the public. of 2012. This loss of nuclear generation ca- plan, new options or scenarios for energy pacity caused the dramatic increase of more through 2030 were drafted and published 2.2 Progress than 5 trillion JPY (43.5 billion EUR; 58.0 by the National Policy Unit in July 2012. Cumulative wind power capacity reached billion USD) of imported of fossil fuel to in- In that draft, there are three scenarios cat- 2,614 MW (1,887 turbines), with 78 MW crease generation at carbon-burning plants in egorized by the share of nuclear energy: 0% of annual net increase in 2012. The slight in- Japan. This shifted the balance of trade and nuclear scenario, 15% nuclear scenario, and crease in offshore wind power capacity from damaged the economy in Japan. 20–25% nuclear scenario. In the three new 25.2 MW to 25.3 MW is due to the floating On the other hand, Japan has a large scenarios, the share of renewable energy is offshore wind turbine demonstration project amount of wind energy potential, and the expected to be from 25–35%. funded by the Ministry of the Environment

114 2012 Annual Report In 2012, wind capacity Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Japan Total installed wind capacity 2,614 MW in Japan reached New wind capacity installed 78 MW Total electrical output from wind 4.5 TWh

2,614 MW with 1,887 Wind generation as % of national 0.52% electric demand

turbines, including 25.3 Average capacity factor 19.9%

Target: 5V[ZWLJPÄLK MW from 15 offshore (Prospect of wind capacity (5 GW by 2020) announced by the government)

wind turbines. Bold italics indicates estimates

(MOE), which is explained in Section 4.0. Renewable Energy Law (Special Measures small wind), small- and medium-scale hy- Figure 1 shows the history of wind power Law Concerning Procurement by Elec- dropower, geothermal, and biomass. development in Japan. Wind power genera- tric Power Companies of Renewable En- The procurement price (FIT price) and tion in 2012 was 4.5 TWh, and the contri- ergy Electricity) was approved by the Na- the procurement period were discussed and bution of wind power to the national elec- tional Diet of Japan on 26 August 2011, decided by an independent committee con- tric demand accounted for 0.52%. and promulgated on 30 August 2011. This vened by METI. The procurement prices are law obliges electric power companies to 20 JPY/kW (191 EUR/MWh, 255 USD/ 2.3 National incentive programs purchase electricity generated from renew- MWh) for wind power greater than or equal The former main incentive programs were able energy at a fixed price (procurement to 22 kW of capacity and 55 JPY/kWh (479 investment subsidies and the Renewables price) for a fixed period (procurement pe- EUR/MWh, 638 USD/MWh) for small Portfolio Standard (RPS), however, these riod), and came into force on 1 July 2012. wind with less than 20 kW of capacity. The incentive programs ended in June 2012. The first FIT system that started in No- above procurement prices do not include the The government made a cabinet decision vember 2009 was only for PV; however this 5% consumption tax. The procurement peri- to introduce a new Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) new FIT system covers all practical renew- od is 20 years for wind, including small wind. system on 11 March 2011, and the new able energy sources such as wind (including These procurement prices for wind may

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IEA Wind 115 seem high compared with other countries 2-MW gearless, permanent-magnet, synchro- mean capacity factor from 2005–2007 was in which the FIT system has already been nous generator (PMSG) wind turbines and about 17.8%, therefore the capacity factor has introduced; however, the procurement price will begin testing a prototype 2.7-MW wind increased in the past several years. will be reviewed every fiscal year in consid- turbine in 2013. Hitachi, a Japanese multina- eration of technological innovations and de- tional engineering and electronics conglom- 3.4 Wind energy costs

26 Japan cline in power generation costs. The premi- erate corporation, and Fuji Heavy Industries The values/costs of wind energy are estimat- um procurement price for offshore wind has (FHI) have reached a basic agreement on the ed as follows, and unchanged from 2011. not been fixed, and it will be examined based assignment of FHI's wind turbine business to • Total installed cost: 300,000 JPY/kW on the experience of ongoing R, D&D proj- Hitachi. The assignment of the wind business (2,610 EUR/kW; 3,480 USD/kW) ects of offshore wind. from FHI to Hitachi was completed in July • COE: 11.0 JPY/kWh (0.096 EUR/ 2012. Hitachi produces 2-MW downwind MWh; 0.128 USD/MWh) 2.4 Issues affecting growth wind turbines (Figure 2) and announced plans • O&M costs: 6,000 JPY/kW/unit/yr Good wind resource is expected in the to develop a 5-MW downwind offshore wind (52.2 EUR/kW/unit/yr; 69.6 USD/ northern part of Japan such as Hokkaido and turbine. The prototype testing of the 5-MW kW/unit/yr) Tohoku; however, most of these regions are offshore wind turbine will begin in fiscal year • Wind electricity purchase price: 7–9 rural areas with sparse population. There- 2014, and Hitachi will start selling the 5-MW JPY/kWh (0.061–0.078 EUR/MWh; fore, electricity demand in these regions is offshore wind turbine in fiscal year 2015. 0.081–0.104 USD/MWh) until June relatively low and the electric grid capacity Toshiba, also a Japanese multinational 2012. Thereafter, 22 JPY/kWh (1.91 is limited. In order to promote the introduc- engineering and electronics conglomerate EUR/MWh, 2.55 USD/MWh) for tion of wind power generation, METI re- corporation, has decided to join the wind wind power greater than or equal to quested financial help to support the rein- power generation business by cooperating 20kW of capacity, and 55 JPY/kWh forcement of the electric grid in northern with the South Korean wind turbine manu- (4.79 EUR/MWh, 6.38 USD/MWh) Japan. This support program will grant a facturer, Unison. for small wind (see Section 2.3 for subsidy to develop the grid system in parts of Japanese manufacturers are competi- details). the Hokkaido and Tohoku regions that are tive at delivering large bearings and electric suitable for wind power generation but have devices in the international market. NSK, 4.0 R, D&D Activities limited grid capacity. This support program JTEKT, and NTN are producing large main 4.1 National R, D&D efforts will stimulate wind power development in bearings for wind turbine manufacturers The main national R&D programs by NE- Japan. worldwide. They are famous for the high DO, METI, and MOE are as follows: The government made a cabinet deci- reliability experience coming from Japanese sion to amend the Environmental Impact As- automobile companies. Hitachi, TMEIC, A. NEDO R&D of Next-Generation sessment Law on 11 November 2011. Devel- Meidensha, and Yasukawa Electric are pro- Wind Power Generation Technology (FY opment projects of wind power plants were ducing generators for wind turbines. 2008 to FY 2012) subject to this amended law from 1 October A1. R&D of Basic and Applied 2012. This law requires developers of wind 3.3 Operational details Technologies power plants that have total capacity of more The average capacity of new wind turbines A2. Natural Hazard Protection Technol- than 10 MW to implement an environmen- was 2.438 MW in 2012, compared to 1.788 ogies (lightning protection measures) tal impact assessment of the project. The as- MW in 2011. The mean capacity of new tur- A3. Natural Hazard Protection Technol- sessment and approval process takes three to bines from 2005–2007 was 1.459 MW; there- ogies (wind turbine noise reduction) five years, and the wind community fears fore the size of new wind turbines is increas- B. NEDO Research and Development that this may slow down wind power devel- ing. The estimated average capacity factor of of Offshore Wind Power Generation Tech- opment in Japan in the next few years. wind turbine generation in Japan was 19.9% nology (FY 2008 to FY 2013) in 2012, the same as in 2011. However, the 3.0 Implementation 3.1 Economic impact In Japan, 75 companies with 2,500 people are manufacturing wind turbines and their components. Annual sales are estimated at close to 181.8 billion JPY (1.582 billion EUR; 2.109 billion USD), according to a research report by the Economic Research In- stitute in Japan Society for the Promotion of Machine Industry.

3.2 Industry status Three Japanese wind turbine manufacturers produce turbines larger than 1 MW: Mit- subishi Heavy Industries (MHI), Japan Steel Works (JSW), and Hitachi. MHI produces 1-MW, 2.4-MW, and 2.5-MW wind turbines and is developing a 7-MW offshore wind tur- Figure 2. Kushikino-Reimei wind power plant has ten 2-MW Hitachi HTW 2.0-80 turbines and bine with hydro drive train. JSW produces began operation in December 2012. Source: Kyudenko Co., Inc.

116 2012 Annual Report C. MOE Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Demonstration Project (FY 2010 to FY 2015) D. METI Floating Offshore Wind Farm Demonstration Project (FY 2011 to FY 2015) E. MOE Environmental Assessment Model Project for Wind Power (FY 2011 to FY 2016)

In the NEDO R&D of Next-Gener- ation Wind Power Generation Technology project (A1 and A2), severe external conditions such as typhoons, high turbulence by complex terrain, and lightning were surveyed in detail. The outcomes in these projects are now proposed as IEC international standards to expand the wind energy market by secur- ing the safety and reliability of wind turbine generation systems in areas with such severe external conditions. In the NEDO project A3, a wind turbine acoustic model was developed and the effectiveness of the model was proved by the field experiments in an operating wind farm. In NEDO R&D project B for offshore -PN\YL*VUJLW[\HS*.PTHNLVMVMMZOVYLÅVH[PUNVMMZOVYL^PUKMHYTPU[OL4,;0-SVH[PUN6MM- wind, an offshore wind turbine and an off- ZOVYL>PUK-HYT+LTVUZ[YH[PVU7YVQLJ[:V\YJL!-\R\ZOPTH-69>(9+ shore measurement platform were planned to be installed at two offshore sites: Choshi wind turbine will be installed in 2013 in the turbines with various types of floaters will in Chiba Prefecture (opening photo) and Kitakyusyu offshore site. A distinctive feature be installed in the Pacific Ocean more than Kitakyusyu in Fukuoka Prefecture. The main of the Kitakyushu offshore project is the “hy- 20 km offshore of Fukushima prefecture. In purpose of this offshore R&D project is to brid gravity type” substructure for both off- Phase 1 (FY 2011 to FY 2013), a Hitachi demonstrate reliability against Japan’s severe shore platform and wind turbine (1). R&D of 2-MW downwind type wind turbine with a external offshore conditions such as typhoons very large offshore wind turbine generation 4-column semi-submersible floater and a 66 (1). In the Choshi offshore site, an MHI 2.4- system technology has also been supported kV floating offshore electrical substation will MW wind turbine with gravity foundation in this NEDO offshore project. Innovative be installed. In Phase 2 (FY 2014 to 2015), and offshore platform were installed in the Pa- hydro-drive train and an 80-m class long rotor 7-MW wind turbines with three-column, cific Ocean 3 km offshore in October 2012. blade for very large offshore wind turbines are semi-submersible floaters and advanced spar In the Kitakyusyu site, an offshore measure- developed in this project. type floaters will be installed. The water ment platform was installed 1.4 km offshore In MOE Floating Offshore Wind Tur- depth around this offshore site is 100–150 m, in June 2012. A JSW 2-MW gearless offshore bine Demonstration Project C, a Subaru and the extreme significant wave height has 100-kW machine small-scale demonstra- been estimated at 10–15 m. The annual aver- tion wind turbine was installed on spar type age wind speed at hub height has estimated floater 1 km offshore in Nagasaki Prefecture at 7.0 m/s or more. in June 2012 (Figure 3). At this offshore site, the water depth is about 100 m, and the ex- 5.0 The Next Term treme significant wave height is 7.7 m. The Drastic changes in the national incentive small-scale demonstration wind turbine will programs and implementation of environ- be replaced with a Hitachi 2-MW, full-scale, mental impact assessment took place in 2012. downwind type wind turbine on spar type These may keep causing confusion in wind floater in 2013. energy development in 2013. On the other METI published a plan for a Floating hand, it is expected that the success of on- Offshore Wind Farm Demonstration Project going full-scale R,D&D for offshore wind in 2011 (Figure 4). This project was planned projects will accelerate offshore wind devel- as Fukushima's revival act, and is treated as a opment in Japan. symbol of Fukushima’s revival by renewable energy. The main contractors are Marubeni, References: the University of Tokyo, MHI, Hitachi, IHI (1) NEDO offshore wind energy prog- Marine United, and Mitsui Engineering and ress, www.nedo.go.jp/content/100515169. Shipbuilding. The general trading company, pdf?from=b Marubeni, acts as project integrator, and the -PN\YL(ZTHSSZJHSLÅVH[PUNVMMZOVYL^PUK [\YIPUL:<)(9<R>PUZ[HSSLK University of Tokyo is the technical adviser. Author: Tetsuya Kogaki, National Institute 1 km offshore in Nagasaki Prefecture in the In this large-scale floating offshore wind of Advanced Industrial Science and Technol- MOE Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Project demonstration project, several offshore wind ogy (AIST), Japan.

IEA Wind 117 27 Republic of Korea

Source: Korea Energy Information Center

1.0 Overview Since 2009, the government has concen- involved in the renewable energy business, he cumulative installed wind power in trated on developing Korean production especially wind energy. In 2012, the total Tthe Republic of Korea was 406 MW of components to secure the supply chain installed wind power (machines rated above in 2011 and 487 MW in 2012, increasing for wind projects. More government R&D 200kW) was 487 MW a 17% growth since by 17% from the previous year. Most wind budget has been allocated to localize com- 2011 (Table 2). turbine systems installed in 2012 were sup- ponent supply and develop core technolo- plied by local turbine system manufactur- gies for wind power. 2.1 National targets ers. A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) The national target is to promote wind proposal for new and renewable energy was 2.0 National energy to reach 7.3 GW by 2030 and re- enacted in 2012. The required rate of RPS Objectives and Progress place 11% of total energy consumption as in 2012 was 2% and will increase to 10% by The Republic of Korea has focused on stipulated in the Third National Energy 2022. In 2012, the first year of RPS, more wind energy as the clean energy resource Plan 2030. That plan also calls for about than 60% of the target rate was achieved. that could replace fossil fuels and nuclear 12.6% of consumption to be shared among A nine-year plan for construction of a 2.5- power, and also as a new area of heavy in- the new and renewables. Another goal is to GW offshore wind farm off the west coast dustry to expand the Korean economy. raise the level of the technology associated was announced in 2010. The first stage of Therefore, the government has increased with wind energy and lead the wind en- the project, construction of 100-MW wind the R&D budget continuously to support ergy industry. farm, was initiated in 2011 and is in prog- Korean wind turbine and component man- ress. The 2.5-GW offshore wind farm con- ufacturers to develop their own technolo- 2.2 Progress struction and RPS are expected to accel- gies and products. Most major shipbuilding In 2012, 81 MW of new wind power was erate the growth of wind energy in Korea. and heavy industry companies have become installed in Korea, increasing total capacity

118 2012 Annual Report The new capacity installed in 2012 was Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Korea Total installed wind capacity 487 MW

three times more than New wind capacity installed 81 MW was installed in 2011, Total electrical output from wind 0.863 TWh (2011) Wind generation as % of national 0.17% and most of the turbines electric demand (2011) Average capacity factor n/a were supplied by Target: 7.3 GW by 2030 domestic manufacturers.

Table 2. Total Installed Wind Capacity in Korea

Year ~2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total

Capacity (MW) 12.6 5.4 50 31 79 18 108 44 33 27 81 487

Electrical 15 23 38 125 234 371 421 678 812 863 - - Output (GWh)

by 17%. The capacity installed in 2012 was The number of wind turbine manu- technologies, it has been improved and was three times more than was installed in 2011 facturers has increased steadily and in roughly estimated to be more than 80% of and most of the turbine systems were sup- 2011, 38 companies were involved in the the leading countries. plied by domestic manufacturers. Domestic wind energy industry. The number of manufacturers have developed their systems employees were estimated to be 2,456 in 2.3 National incentive programs and are recording turbine operation. 2011. Most manufacturers concentrated The government subsidizes the installa- In 2011 (the latest year for which on developing products and technolo- tion of NRE (New and Renewable En- data are available), net sales of the wind gies, and more employees are dedicated to ergy) facilities to enhance deployment and energy business decreased 14% from the R&D than to production. to relieve the end user’s burden. The gov- previous year to an estimated 916 mil- The history of wind energy in Korea ernment has especially focused on school lion USD (694 million EUR) (Table 3). is short compared to countries with estab- buildings, warehouses, industrial complex- This amount was 10% of total renewable lished wind industries. However, Korean es, highway facilities, factories, and electric energy sales. In contrast, solar energy sales communities are striving to catch up with power plants. For wind power installations, grew in 2011 and comprised 80% of re- core technologies. Although the level of especially for demonstrations or private newable energy sales. technology is still behind the cutting-edge use, 50% of the installation cost is compen- sated by the government.

Table 3. Total Sales of Wind Energy Business in Korea Other incentive programs are as follows: Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 • Million Green Homes Program: In Total Sales (million USD) 563 1,234 1,076 1,062 916 order to encourage the deployment of renewable energy in residential areas, Ratio (%) 50 40 25 14 10

IEA Wind 119 the government expanded the 100,000 2.4 Issues affecting growth turbine systems was initiated in 2009, but solar-roof program to be the one mil- There are two major issues escalating the oversea sales were small. Even employ- lion green homes program for diversify- growth of wind energy. The first issue is ment was slightly decreased and recorded ing and optimizing the renewable en- the construction of a 2.5-GW offshore 2,456 employees. ergy use. The target is to construct one wind farm in the West Sea. According to million homes equipped with the green the roadmap announced by the govern- 3.2 Industry status energy resources by 2020. By the end ment, the 2.5-GW farm will be construct- Some manufacturers expand their business of 2011, 111,400 homes were equipped ed through three stages over nine years, into other renewable resources such as so- with green energy. beginning in 2011 (Table 4). For the first lar energy or tidal energy to provide stable four years, 100 MW of wind power will be renewable energy. However the global eco- • Green requirement to public build- installed to demonstrate the performance nomic crisis has deteriorated the vision of ings: New construction, expansion, or of the technology and of the site design. the renewable energy and new investment

27 Republic of Korea remodeling of public buildings having Then, 400 MW of wind power will be in- plans are being reviewed seriously. floor area exceeding 3,000 square me- stalled to accumulate operational experi- ters are required to invest more than ence and commercial purpose for the next 3.3 Operational details 5% of their total construction expense two years. At the final stage, 2 GW of wind In 2012, 81 MW of wind power was in- in the installation of new or renewable power will be constructed with 5-MW stalled and most turbines were supplied by energy systems. wind turbines for commercial use. The domestic manufacturers. Twelve 2-MW total budget is estimated to be 7.5 billion turbines were supplied by Hyundai, eleven • Feed-in Tariff (FIT): The standard USD (5.685 billion EUR). 1.5-MW turbines by Hanjin, five 3-MW price has been adjusted annually re- Another issue affecting growth is the turbines by Doosan, five 2-MW by Hyo- flecting the change of the NRE mar- RPS program starting from 2012. Major sung, and three 750-kW turbines by Hyo- ket and economic feasibility of NRE. electric power suppliers are required to sung. Unison installed three 750-kW tur- Concerning wind energy, the FIT was provide 2% of the power with renewable bines; STX and DMS each provided one 0.092 USD/kWh (0.0697 EUR/kWh) energy including wind power in 2012 and 2-MW turbine. as a flat rate for 15 years in 2012. The the rate will increase to 10% in 2022. This FIT is being applied to the wind farms regulation will stimulate power suppliers to 3.4 Wind energy costs installed by 2011, while new farms invest in renewable resources. Newly installed wind turbines, especially constructed from 2012 are supported those supplied by the domestic manufac- with RPS. 3.0 Implementation turers, are not operated for the commercial 3.1 Economic impact purpose but for system checking and dem- • RPS: RPS was approved by Con- As reported in the IEA Wind 2011 An- onstration. Therefore, there are not enough gress to begin in 2012. More than 2% nual Report, major shipbuilding and heavy electric output records and it is still difficult of electric power should be supplied by industry companies have developed their to estimate the real wind energy cost. renewable resources in 2012. This regu- own wind turbines and some compa- lation applies to electric power suppliers nies have established track records for 4.0 R, D&D Activities providing more than 500 MW. The re- these machines. Sales in 2011 were less 4.1 National R, D&D efforts quired rate will increase to 10% in 2022. than 2010 and recorded only 916 million The government has continuously in- The RPS includes weighting factors: for USD (694 million EUR). The export of creased the R&D budget and ensured the onshore wind farms (1.0), offshore wind farms less than 5 km from shore (1.5), and offshore wind farms more than 5 Table 4. The 2.5-GW Offshore Wind Farm Construction Plan km (2.0). The RPS began in 2012 and Demonstration Standardization Deployment more than 60% of the yearly target was achieved end of 2012. Objective Test record set up; Operational experience; Cost effectiveness; accumulation of track validation of commercial GW site development; record site design operation and commercial In addition, a loan and tax deduction operation program, local government NRE deploy- Wind Power 100 MW 400 MW 2,000 MW ment program, and others are available as the Schedule 2011–2014 (4yrs) 2015–2016 (2yrs) 2017–2019 (3yrs) national incentive programs.

120 2012 Annual Report strong will for wind energy. Even the Ko- component among the government R&D RPS program was enacted in 2012. These rean President mentioned wind energy as and 40% of the R&D budget supported major issues are expected to encourage one of the candidates to expand the Ko- component development in 2010. The the electric power suppliers and turbine rean economy at the New Year’s news con- components being developed for the do- system manufacturers to plan for profit- ference in 2011. The government allocated mestic production are brake calipers, pitch able wind farm construction. Also, many an R&D budget for developing domestic system and controllers, offshore floating wind farm projects are planned by private wind turbines but then realized the impor- simulation codes, condition monitoring, companies and provincial governments; tance of a stable supply chain. The govern- yaw bearings, blade damage smart sensing, therefore, it is quite difficult to project fu- ment, therefore, has increased the budget low-voltage ride-through converter algo- ture activities in detail. to develop the technologies for compo- rithms, shrink disks, gearboxes, yaw and nents and several government sponsored pitch drives, and others. Reference: R&D projects are under way (Figure 1). The opening photo shows Youngyang wind More component development projects, 5.0 The Next Term farm in Korea. as confirmed in Table 5, are launched ev- The first stage of the 2.5-GW offshore ery year. Table 5 presents the portion of wind farm was initiated in 2011 and the Authors: Cheolwan Kim, Korea Aerospace Research Institute; Ji-yeon Kang, Korea En- ergy Management Corporation; and Jong Hoon Lee, Korea Institute of Energy Tech- nology Evaluation and Planning, Korea.

Figure 1. The budget trend of government sponsored R, D&D

Table 5. Government R&D budget allocation in 2009 & 2010

2009 2010

Category No. of Projects Budget Rate (%) No. of Budget Rate (%) million Projects million USD USD

System 3 11.6 34 7 5.7 16

Field Test 3 9.2 27 2 12.1 35

Component 11 9.2 27 17 13.9 40

Electric, Controls 5 2.6 8 3 2.2 6

Others 3 1.3 4 3 0.9 3

Total 27 33.9 100 32 34.8 100

IEA Wind 121 28 México

Source: PWT Communications LLC

1.0 Overview measured at 30 m above the ground. It is es- at supplying around 25% of the CEMEX uring 2012, 645 MW of new wind tur- timated that more than 6,000 MW of wind Company’s electricity demand. Eléctrica del Dbines were commissioned in México, power could be commercially tapped there. Valle de México (opening photo) has the bringing the total wind generation capacity Using reliable and efficient wind turbines largest wind turbines installed in México, 27 to 1,212 MW. The Law for Renewable En- in this region could lead to annual capacity 2.5-MW turbines from Clipper Windpower. ergy Use and Financing of Energy Transition factors around 40%. The Mexican states of La Rumorosa 1 is the first wind energy proj- (enacted in November 2008) is successfully Baja California, Chiapas, and Tamaulipas, are ect for public municipal lighting. Certe-IIE achieving its main objectives. Wind energy is emerging as the next wind energy deploy- is the first Mexican wind turbine test center now a competitive option within the Mexi- ment regions in México. and was supported by the Global Environ- can electricity market, and the Secretariat of ment Facility (GEF) by means of the United Energy (Sener) issued a Special Program for 2.0 National Nations Development Program (UNDP). It is the Use of Renewable Energy. A 2000-MW, Objectives and Progress the first small wind energy power producer in 400-kV, 300-km electrical transmission line 2.1. National targets México. was commissioned for wind energy projects It is expected that by the end of 2020 wind in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Presently, the energy capacity in México would be around 2.2.1 Contribution to electrical demand construction of 276 MW of new wind pow- 12,000 MW. Assuming an average capac- During 2012, total electrical output from er capacity has been secured. This will bring ity factor around 30%, contribution of wind wind was around 3.4 TWh, which is the total generation capacity to at least 1,488 generation to national electric demand equivalent to around 1.2% of national MW by the end of 2013. It is expected that would be around 5%. electric demand. public and private companies will be capable of managing appropriately pending social 2.2 Progress 2.2.2 Environmental benefits requirements. La Venta I, Guerrero Negro, and La Venta II Reduction of CO2 emissions due to wind The Energy Regulatory Commission (Figure 2) were first in the implementation generation for the year 2012 was 1.97 has granted permits for a total of 3,708 MW of wind energy in México and are owned Mtons, considering a mitigation rate of 0.58 of wind power capacity. It is estimated that and operated by the CFE. Parques Ecológi- tons CO2 /wind generated MWh. up to 12,000 MW of economically-feasible cos was the first privately owned wind energy projects could be implemented in México by plant in México (the main investor is Iber- 2.3 National incentive programs 2020. México’s largest wind energy resource drola Renovables) and is supplying electric- The Law for the Use of Renewable En- is found in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in ity for a number of private companies. EU- ergy and Financing of Energy Transition the state of Oaxaca. Average annual wind RUS is the largest wind power plant in Latin is a sound signal from the government of speeds in this region range from 7–10 m/s, America (owned by CEMEX) and is aimed México regarding both political will and

122 2012 Annual Report It is estimated that Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: México up to 12,000 MW Total installed wind capacity 1,212 MW New wind capacity installed 645 MW of economically- Total electrical output from wind 3.4 TWh Wind generation as % of national 1.2% feasible projects could electric demand be implemented in Average capacity factor 30% Target: 12,000 MW by 2020 México by 2020. Bold italic indicates estimate.

commitment for implementing energy di- The existing incentives are: (especially to peasants and fishermen) in the versification toward sustainable develop- • Model agreement for the interconnec- negotiation of wind power projects. Planning ment. The main elements of the strategy in tion of renewable energy power plants to studies for deploying wind power at the na- the law include: presenting strategic goals; the national electrical grid (2001), allows tional level have not yet been carried out. creating a special program for renewable administrative interchange of electricity energy; creating a green fund; providing ac- among billing periods 3.0 Implementation cess to the grid; recognizing external costs; • Accelerated depreciation (up to 100% in 3.1 Economic impact recognizing capacity credit; encouraging one year) (2004) By the end of 2012, it was estimated that the technical standards for interconnection and • Recognition of certain capacity credit total investment in the construction of wind infrastructure for electricity transmission; for self-supply projects power plants was around 2.4 billion USD providing support for industrial develop- • Reduced tariffs for electricity (1.8 billion EUR). Assuming that around ment; and providing support for R&D. transmission 80% of this amount corresponds to the cost Some of the regulatory instruments for this of the wind turbines, the rest, around 480 law have already been issued while others 2.4 Issues affecting growth million USD (364 million EUR) could be are still under development. There is a critical need to include fitting considered as the economic distribution to and fair social benefits to wind landowners México. Nevertheless, a substantial portion of the work is carried out by foreign employees.

3.2 Industry status The Spanish wind turbine manufactures Ac- ciona Windpower and Gamesa Eólica are leading the Mexican wind turbine market, but other companies like Vestas have been awarded important contracts. Several types of developers have emerged. CEMEX, a global leader in the building materials industry, is playing the main role regarding investment in wind energy projects for self-supply purposes. Iberdrola is playing the main role in implementing wind energy projects for sharing electricity with both large- and medium-sized electricity consumers under the creation of self-supply consor- tiums. With the support of the federal government, the government of the state of Baja California implemented a 10-MW wind energy project for public municipal lighting. This Figure 1. Wind generating capacity installed in México as of December 2012 project was commissioned during 2010.

IEA Wind 123 Table 2. Progress on wind generation capacity in México Wind power station No. WT WT Station Status by the Type Year State WT (KW) Manuf. capacity end of 2010 (1) (2) (MW)

La Venta I 6 225 Vestas 1.3 Commissioned FGOB 1994 OAX 28 Mexico Guerrero Negro 1 600 Gamesa 0.6 Commissioned FGOB 1998 BCS

La Venta II 98 850 Gamesa 83.3 Commissioned FGOB 2007 OAX

7HYX\LZ,JVS}NPJVZ- 93 850 Gamesa 79.9 Commissioned POSS 2009 OAX

EURUS 167 1,500 Acciona 250 Commissioned POSS 2009 OAX

Bii Nee Stipa 31 850 Gamesa 26.3 Commissioned POSS 2010 OAX

Certe-IIE (F1) 1 300 Komai 0.3 Commissioned I+D 2010 OAX

E. Valle de México 27 2,500 Clipper 67.5 Commissioned POSS 2010 OAX

Mexicali 5 2,000 Gamesa 10.0 Commissioned SGOB 2010 BC

Fuerza Eólica 20 2,500 Clipper 80.0 Commissioned POSS 2011 OAX

La Venta III 121 850 Gamesa 102.9 Commissioned IPP 2012 OAX

Oaxaca I 51 2,000 Vestas 102.0 Commissioned IPP 2012 OAX

Oaxaca II 68 1,500 Acciona 102.0 Commissioned IPP 2012 OAX

Oaxaca III 68 1,500 Acciona 102.0 Commissioned IPP 2012 OAX

Oaxaca IV 68 1,599 Acciona 102.0 Commissioned IPP 2012 OAX

Stipa Nayaa 850 & Gamesa 74.0 Commissioned POSS 2012 OAX 2,000

Eólica de Arriaga 14 2,000 Vestas 28.0 Commisioned POSS 2012 OAX

DEMSA (F1) 45 2,000 Gamesa 90.0 U. Construction POSS 2013 OAX

Eoliatec Istmo 82 2,000 Gamesa 164.0 U. Construction POSS 2013 OAX

DEMSA (F2) 68 2,000 Gamesa 137.5 U. Construction POSS 2014 OAX

Eólica Mareña 60 3,000 Vestas 180.00 U. Construction POSS 2014 OAX

Not initiated - - Several 1,902.6 Not initiated - - -

Accumulated 3,708.5

(1) FGOB=Federal Government, SGOB= State Government, POSS= Private owned self-supply, IPP= Independent Power Producer, I+D= Research and Development

(2) Commissioning year

More than 200 Mexican companies have 3.3 Operational details around 2,000 USD/KW (1,500 EUR/ the capacity to manufacture some parts re- Operational details for each of the wind pow- kW). In that region, the buy-back price for quired for wind turbines and wind power er stations are not available to the public. In IPP generators is around 0.065 USD/KWh plants. Trinity Industries de México, S. de general terms, one can say that wind turbine (0.049 EUR/kWh). R.L. de C.V. is manufacturing towers in for manufactures are learning to deal with the a number of wind turbine companies. The outstanding wind regime and particular con- 4.0 R, D&D Activities Mexican firm Potencia Industrial S.A. de C.V. ditions of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Some 4.1 National R, D&D efforts was manufacturing permanent-magnet elec- of them have had serious problems. As it is With the economic support of the GEF and tric generators for Clipper Windpower. The happening in many parts of the world, some the UNDP, the Instituto de Investigaciones country also has excellent technical expertise investors are worried because there is too Eléctricas (IIE) implemented a Regional in civil, mechanical, and electrical engineer- much uncertainty about how much it is going Wind Technology Center (WETC) (opening that could be tapped for plant design and to cost for post-warranty maintenance. ing photo). In 2009, a special class of wind construction. The new law for renewable en- turbine prototype was installed in the WETC ergy instructs the Sener and the Secretary of 3.4 Wind energy costs for testing purposes. The 300-kW wind tur- Economy to promote manufacturing of wind Investment cost for installed wind energy bine is manufactured by the Japanese com- turbines in México. projects in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec are pany Komaihaltec, Inc. According to the

124 2012 Annual Report Figure 2. La Venta II 83.3-MW wind farm in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, México manufacturer’s specifications, the potential 4.2 Collaborative research companies will be capable of managing ap- use for this turbine is distributed generation. The IIE participates in IEA Wind Task 11 propriately pending social requirements. It will be appropriate especially where site Base Technology Information Exchange. access is difficult, turbulence intensity is up Author: Marco A. Borja, Instituto de Inves- to 20%, and seismic hazard is high. 5.0 The Next Term tigaciones Eléctricas (IIE), México. With the support of the Sener and the Presently, the construction of 276 MW of National Council for Science and Technol- new wind power capacity has been secured. ogy, the IIE is working on national capacity This will bring the total generation ca- building on the most relevant topics involved pacity to at least 1,488 MW by the end of in the implementation of wind energy. The 2013. It is expected that public and private IIE is also carrying out specific studies and projects for CFE. The IIE developed a Na- tional Wind Energy Resource Atlas (Figure 4) that was presented by President Calderón during the COP 16 meeting.

Figure 3. Mexican Wind Energy Atlas

IEA Wind 125 29 the Netherlands

Source: André de Boer

1.0 Overview aiming at energy efficiency and production of new turbines, while 46 MW of old wind he long history of using the wind for of renewable energy. turbines were removed or replaced. All Tthe current and next generation (open- Within these renewable energy tar- changes happened on land, while offshore re- ing photo) continues in the Netherlands. gets, no official targets for wind are cur- mained unchanged at 228 MW. While 2012 saw a smaller market growth rently set. The official vision and ambition than in previous years, new approaches to in 2012 is that the “national government 2.3 National incentive program incentives and R&D promise more advance- and provinces will make spatial planning In 2011, the SDE+ subsidy was introduced, a ment in the coming years. as much as possible suitable for the growth subsidy to compensate the gap between the of wind on land to at least 6,000 MW in payback-tariff and the price of the renew- 2.0 National 2020.” Even though there was opposition able energy. SDE+ is meant to implement Objectives and Progress from lower governments during 2012, this the cheapest forms of renewable energy first 2.1 National targets goal to appoint areas for wind energy on and gives no priority to particular renewable In April 2012 the center-right cabinet fell, land has been reconfirmed by all players and energy technologies. leading to elections in September 2012 and has been backed by all provinces. In addi- SDE+ defines three main categories of a new left-right cabinet in November 2012. tion, the national government will designate energy carriers: renewable electricity, renew- The previous government reduced the re- enough space for 6,000 MW of wind at sea. able heat/power, and renewable gas. Within newable energy target for 2020 from 20% Until 2012, the policy was to have offshore these three main categories, subcategories to 14%, but the new cabinet brought it back wind projects outside of the 12-mile zone. and techniques have been defined for spe- to 16%. The CO2 target for 2020 remained In order to implement renewable energy as cific technologies (e.g. offshore wind, wind unchanged at 20% CO2 emission reduction cheaply as possible, off shore wind projects on land, wind in lakes, solar PV, waste incin- compared to 1990. The main tools to achieve might be allowed within the 12-mile zone eration, geothermal, and solar thermal). For all these targets are the SDE (stimulering in the near future. subcategories and these techniques the Neth- duurzame energie) plus (+) incentive subsidy, erlands Research Institute ECN and DNV Kyoto mechanisms, European mechanisms, 2.2 Progress KEMA determine fixed energy prices (EUR/ a Long-Term Agreement with the industry, Progress in the Netherlands was limited kWh, EUR/nm3 or EUR/GJ). Within the government branches for energy efficiency, to a net installation of 115 MW. This value SDE+ calculations, all energy prices are ex- and more than 140 Green Deals with society consists of a gross installation of 161 MW pressed in kWh (renewable electricity), nm3

126 2012 Annual Report Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Netherlands

Total installed wind capacity 2,431 MW

New wind capacity installed 161 MW

Offshore, the average Total electrical output from wind 4.9 TWh

Wind generation as % of national 4.1% capacity factor in electric demand 2012 was 39.5% Average national capacity factor Target 2020 16% renewable energy

and 20% reduction CO2 as compared to 1990 level

Bold italic indicates estimate

(renewable gas) or GJ (renewable heat) but budget would be spent on only one (the Furthermore, the availability of good are directly convertible between each other to cheapest) technique. When the process closed wind locations affects growth. General policy make energy prices comparable. it became clear that the whole budget was for wind on land is to shift from stand-alone To apply for SDE+, a producer of re- claimed in the first call. SDE+ will be spent turbines to wind farms. Many provinces newable energy has to claim its price of only for projects with a renewable energy simply forbid the installation of stand-alone energy and has to report about the payback price of 0.07 EUR/kWh (0.09 USD/kWh). turbines and even forbid upgrading existing tariff of the energy company. SDE+ can Of the 1.7 billion EUR (2.2 billion USD), ones. Due to the high population density, be received for the difference between the 8.0 million EUR (10.5 million USD) has space for wind farms is limited. For offshore claimed price of energy and the received been granted for electricity; amongst this, 2.0 wind, lack of appropriate space is an impor- payback tariff. In 2012, applications could million EUR (2.6 million USD) was granted tant issue as well. be made in five calls: 1) in March for a price for a wind on land project. Of the remain- Recently reduced fiscal advantages for of energy of 0.07 EUR/kWh (0.09 USD/ ing funds, 1.65 million EUR (2.18 million private citizens on green savings accounts, kWh), 2) in May for approximately 0.09 USD) was granted for renewable heat (half green bonds, and green stocks resulted in re- EUR/kWh (0.12 USD/kWh), 3) in June for of it for geothermal energy) and 38 million duced amounts of money available for banks approximately 0.11 EUR/kWh (0.14 USD/ EUR (50 million USD) was granted for re- to spend on green projects. In addition, the kWh), 4) in September for approximately newable gas projects. This means that wind general tendency of banks, pension funds, 0.13 EUR/kWh (0.17 USD/kWh), and 5) energy received ±1% of the budget. and insurance companies is to act accord- in November for approximately 0.15 EUR/ ing to stricter rules on financing of projects kWh (0.19 USD/kWh). Assuming a feed- 2.4 Issues affecting growth (e.g. Basel III and Solvency II are becom- in tariff of around 0.05 EUR/kWh (0.07 The SDE+ incentive program explained ing obligatory) leading to less money being USD/kWh) this means calls for a SDE+ above makes it difficult for wind energy to available to spend on green projects. Both ef- subsidy of ~0.02 EUR/kWh (0.03 USD/ receive subsidies. The cost of wind energy fects result in the need for a higher financial kWh), ~0.04 EUR/kWh (0.05 USD/kWh), on land generally is generally near or little participation of the project owner, making ~0.06 EUR/kWh (0.08 USD/kWh), ~0.08 bit less than 0.10 EUR/kWh (0.13 USD/ projects more difficult to be developed. EUR/kWh (0.11 USD/kWh) and ~0.10 kWh). The cost of offshore wind energy is Finally, the lack of harmonization of na- EUR/kWh (0.13 USD/kWh). approximately 0.16 EUR/kWh (0.21 USD/ tional and regional policies affects growth. In total, an SDE+ budget was available kWh) and in actual practice cannot receive This can result, for example, in difficulties of 1.7 billion EUR (2.2 billion USD). Since the SDE+ subsidy. For offshore wind the fo- in obtaining SDE+ benefits. SDE+ applica- the SDE+ budget has not been partitioned cus is therefore clearly put first on reducing tions can only be submitted after regional in budgets per energy carrier of techniques, the cost of energy before large deployment permissions, like environmental permis- in principle it was possible that the entire will take place. sion and construction permits, are obtained.

IEA Wind 127 Obtaining these permits costs around 0.5% estimated at 1,800 full-time employees but dozens of turbines in the 0.5–1.0 MW class, of the whole project, which is a high barrier likely could be as high as 2,200 full time mainly for the U.K. but also for Alaska in for project developers to spend when the employees. Regarding employment, 74% is the United States. It is expected that a 2.0- SDE+ allowance to make a project profitable in construction, 12% in O&M, 11% is in MW turbine will be certified in 2014. All is far from certain. R&D, and 3% in project development. In EWT’s turbines are meant for IEC61400 To avoid lengthy permit procedures the construction, seven companies in the con- wind class IIA or IIIA. RijksCoordinatieRegeling (National Coor- struction sector generate two-thirds of the The Dutch-Chinese enterprise XEMC- dination Regulation) exists. This means for employment in the wind at sea sector. The Darwind has sold its first ten XD115/5- wind energy projects >100 MW the national turnover of the offshore wind sector is es- MW offshore turbines. Most of the turbines government automatically takes over proce- timated at a minimum of 997 million EUR will be installed in the German part of the dures and deals the permissions. This regula- (1.1 billion USD), but it is very likely that North Sea (Albatros I). Darwind will be

29 the Netherlands tion coordinates and shortens procedures and the real turnover is much more than 1 bil- the main implementation company provid- is meant to speed up employment. lion EUR (1.3 billion USD). The report ing customer service, installation, and repair. will be updated in 2013. The XD115 is currently the world's first 3.0 Implementation direct-drive, permanent-magnet megawatt- 3.1 Economic impact 3.2 Industry status scale offshore wind turbine. The total investment in wind energy instal- After some years of near absence, Dutch Besides these turbine manufactures, lations in the Netherlands for 2012 can be turbine manufactures are gradually coming many supply companies or companies de- estimated at 217 million EUR (286 mil- back. Lagerweij company has its roots in livering transport, installing services, or de- lion USD), assuming an average invest- the late 70s and was the first developer of livering knowledge services (controlling, ment cost for land-based wind of 1,350 the DirectDrive. It is active in the 2.0–3.0 aerodynamics, strength calculations, etc) are EUR/kW (1,780 USD/kW) for the 161 MW range and has developed its new 93- present in the Netherlands. The large com- MW gross installed. The total investment in m 2.6-MW turbine, installed its first pro- panies include Ballast Nedam, Smulders, and wind energy installations built up to 2012 totype in the Netherlands (Figure 1), and VanOord. Smaller companies in the knowl- is estimated at approximately 4.1 billion started taking orders from abroad. The tur- edge sector are less well known, but the EUR (5.4 billion USD) (price level: 2012). bine operates at variable speeds. Because it Netherlands has a strong position in this In 2011 a report about the economic im- is high efficiency, nature airflow is sufficient market as well. pact of the offshore wind sector was pub- for cooling and the generator does not need Europe’s largest commercial wind tur- lished (1). This was the result of extensive artificial cooling. bine test site is located in the Flevoland research at 112 companies. Based on the Emergya Wind Technologies (EWT) polder. This Lelystad test site has room for research, the employment of the sector was has doubled its production and is producing 12 separate positions, nine of which are

-PN\YL;OLÄYZ[UL^3 3HNLY^L`4>[\YIPULILJVTLZVWLYH[PVUHS

128 2012 Annual Report Table 2. Calculated Wind Energy Costs Investment Costs Fixed O&M Variable O&M Full load Cost of Energy EUR/kW (USD/kW) EUR/kW x year EUR/kWh hours/yr EUR/kWh (USD/kW x year) (USD/kWh) (USD/kWh)

Wind on Land 1,350 25.8 0.011 2,200 0.096 (<6 MW) (1,779) (34.0) (0.014) (0.126)

Wind on Land 1,950 25.8 0.0095 3,000 0.096 4> (2,570) (34.0) (0.0125) (0.126)

Wind in Lakes 2,450 15.3 0.022 3,100 0.123 (3,229) (20.2) (0.029) (0.162)

Wind Offshore 4,000 150 0.00 4,000 0.160 (5,272) (198) (0.00) (0.211)

available for prototypes with a maximum behind this was to have the business sector, and Innovation (TKI)—representing their tip height of 200 m. research centers, and universities directing R&D community and their involved indus- R&D, instead of having R&D being directed try. Wind energy is present in the TKI Wind 3.3 Operational status from politics and governmental organiza- Offshore. The TKI Wind Offshore has writ- The wind index is a way to evaluate wind tions. To accomplish this change, seven sec- ten its R&D vision (Dutch: “Innovatiecon- plant performance over the year. Although tors of energy saving and renewable energy tract”) and has received 7.3 million EUR difficult to compare from year to year and generation were chosen as spearheads of (9.6 million USD) for a first R&D tender wind indices in the long term have a vari- R&D policy. These sectors were chosen be- and 800,000 EUR (1 million USD) for stra- able basis, 2012 had a wind index of 89%. cause of their R&D and industry position tegic activities. The R&D vision describes The 2012 wind index is based on the period and their potential to contribute to sustain- the need for support in the field of six 2001–2011, which is known to be a slight- ability and the national economy. themes: supporting structures, wind turbines ly wind poor period, compared to previous The sectors have set up their own orga- and wind power plants, internal grid and periods. Given these facts, the capacity fac- nization—the Topconsortia for Knowledge connection to HVgrid, transport installation tor on land in 2012 was 20%. This is only slightly lower than the last 10-year average capacity factor of 21.4%. This indicates that, despite lower winds, average turbines on land are currently performing better than before. Key factors to this are the increased average hub height and the increased swept area/ power ratio. Offshore, the capacity factor in 2012 was 39.5%. Since the first offshore wind farm became operational in 2007, only six years of offshore statistics are available. In these six years, the ratio between the offshore and onshore capacity factors (1.97:1.00) has never been this high.

3.4 Wind energy costs Every year the cost of wind energy is calculated to determine the SDE+ tariff. Because of initiatives to build wind farms in the Lake IJsselmeer (sea until 1932, 1,100 km2, maximum depth of 9 m) a new wind category has been defined in the SDE+ systematics: wind in lakes. Besides that, the wind on land category is split up in the categories <6MW and *6MW. For all calculations, some basic assumptions are presented in Table 2.

4.0 R, D&D Activities 4.1 National R, D&D efforts In 2012, R&D programs in the Netherlands Figure 2. Fistuca: A test model with a column of water delivering experienced major changes. The leading idea reaction force for the combustion room on top of the monopile

IEA Wind 129 29 the Netherlands

Figure 3. Marin Splash: A test of the impact of breaking waves on support structures in Marin’s shallow water basin

and logistics, O&M, and wind farm develop- R&D programs being are being spent. The infrastructure for XEMC and 2BE, regula- ment. Under the R&D tender, six projects main subjects are: tory aspects of integration of large offshore were granted: • projects on wind turbine development wind farms and interconnectors), turbine • Investigation to connect an offshore (XEMC Darwind (5-MW offshore), 2B concepts (developing controlling concepts, wind farm directly to a interconnector at Energy (6-MW offshore), Emergya Wind control design tool for 2-bladed turbines, the Northsea Technologies (2-MW onshore) smart turbine, upgrade of 2Benergy con- • Development of the technique of driv- • research projects on porous turbine cept to 140-m rotor and IPC), and societal ing monopiles (BLUE Piling) using blades and/or blades with air inlets lead- aspects (such as cost assessment) (Figure 4). explosives at the bottom of a pile filled ing to better aerodynamic performances The Monitoring and Evaluation Pro- with water (Figure 2) (ActiFlow) and on vortex generators gram (MEP) of the Offshore Wind farm • Development of a motion compen- (CortEnergy) Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ), formerly sated crane for transferring people and • projects on controller development (e.g. known as NSW, is almost completed. It goods up to 5 metric tons fault tolerant control, extreme event con- consists of two parts: technology/econ- • Modeling the dynamics of extreme trol, non-linear predictive control, etc.) omy and ecology/environment. In 2011, wave events (Figure 3) the technology/economy part already was • Efficiency improvements of Lidar The extended Far and Large Offshore completed. In 2012 the ecology/environ- • Fatigue modeling for metal, leading to Wind energy (FLOW) program with an mental part was completed and the results mass reduction and extended inspections expected 47 million EUR (62 million were presented in a workshop in Amster- intervals. USD) in project costs is fully operational. In dam in October (2). The MEP-OWEZ FLOW, 13 parties are involved (industry and gave lots of new scientific results and in- Part of the “Innovatiecontract” is the or- utilities) working on more than 40 projects. sights. The wind farm has few negative ganizing and setting up of an experimental The main themes here are: wind farm de- but several positive effects upon marine offshore wind farm (100 MW) by TKI Wind sign (projects on cost calculation, wind farm life. It also became clear that monitoring Offshore. This is meant to test innovations, wake modeling, and wind farm controls), alone is not enough. Fruitful monitor- techniques, and work methodologies that support structures (projects on monopiles ing can only be done when parallel good are nearly ready for the market. Preparations for depth of 50m, development of design models exist to interpret the data. Further for a demonstration offshore wind farm (200 tools for support structures, scour protec- measuring under a wide scope is neces- MW) are also underway. tion study, designing of slipjoints, study of sary: natural causes and/or human actions Besides this new budget for the TKI concrete gravity bases substructures), pe- also might give changes and are otherwise Wind Offshore, old budgets from previous ripheral infrastructure (designing optimal difficult to recognize.

130 2012 Annual Report 4.2 Collaborative research with the market but evaluated by indepen- previous years, making successful application The Netherlands have continued to play an dent experts. of wind on land projects more likely. important role in several IEA Wind tasks. These include Task 26 Cost of Wind Energy, 5.2 SDE+ in 2013 5.3 Projects with the representative of the offshore wind The SDE+ 2013 will not be very much dif- For 2013, the project Zuidlob (122 MW) sector (TKI) participating. Participation may ferent from the 2012 system, but the bud- is expected to be finished. The construction include new Tasks under formulation (Task get will nearly double to 3.0 billion EUR of project Noordoostpolder (458 MW) will 30, 31, and 34). The Netherlands withdrew (3.9 billion USD). Besides, there will be an continue in 2013. This project will consist of from Task 28 Social Acceptance of Wind extra category of 0.08 EUR/kWh (0.10 38 land-based 7.5-MW turbines, and 48 off- Energy. Participation in the IEA Wind tasks USD/kWh) and applications on geother- shore 3.6-MW turbines in Lake IJsselmeer. has proven to be a cost-effective way to con- mal (which claimed a big part of the budget) duct research. On average, 1 EUR spent in will be limited, meaning projects now can References: the Netherlands on research gives access to apply for 0.07, 0.08 and 0.09 EUR/kWh (1) www.agentschapnl.nl/sites/default/ a value of 5 EUR of research spent in the (0.09, 0.11, and 0.12 USD/kWh). In 2011 files/bijlagen/Sectoronderzoek%20 other participating countries. and 2012, many applications in the lowest Offshore%20Windenergie.pdf (Dutch) and cheapest category have been granted (2) www.noordzeewind.nl/en/ 5.0 The Next Term and market analyses indicate there are not 5.1 Innovation Contract/TKI many projects in the pipeline with costs of Author: André T. de Boer, NL Agency, The In 2013, further continuation of the work approximately 0.07 EUR/kWh (0.09 USD/ Netherlands. under the guidance of TKI Offshore Wind kWh), as the “low hanging fruit already has is foreseen. Expected is new set of tenders, been picked.” It is expected that there will be with criteria defined in close cooperation budget left over for higher categories than in

-PN\YL;OL,*5[LZ[ÄLSK^OLYLTHU`-36>HUKV[OLYYLZLHYJOWYVQ- ects are being done

IEA Wind 131 30 Norway Photo: PWT Communications LLC

1.0 Overview technological advances and renewable energy about wind power development’s local en- n 2012, 195.3 MW of new wind power support schemes mean that these resourc- vironmental impacts has provided fuel for Icapacity was installed in Norway, which is es will likely be tapped in the form of large considerable public debate on the topic of more than has ever been installed in one year amounts of new wind power installations in wind power development in Norway in re- before. Total installed capacity was 704 MW the coming years. The key statistics for 2012 cent years. at the end of the year and production of are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. As a member of the European Econom- wind power in 2012 was 1,569 GWh com- ic Area (EEA), Norway was obliged to accept pared to 1,308 GWh in 2011. The calculated 2.0 National the EU's renewable energy directive in 2011. wind index for Norwegian wind farms in Objectives and Progress The target for renewable energy was set to 2012 was 103%, corresponding to a produc- 2.1 National targets 67.5% of total energy consumption. This tar- tion index of 107%. The average capacity Renewable sources of electricity amounted get is to be met through a combination of factor for Norwegian wind farms in nor- to 98% of the national electricity production energy efficiency measures and increased re- mal operation was 31.2%.Wind generation in Norway in 2012. About 1% of the elec- newable energy production. amounted to 1.1% of the total electric pro- tricity production came from wind power. The incentive mechanism for increas- duction in the country. Fakken Wind Farm Wind and hydropower production in Nor- ing renewable energy production in Nor- in Norway is shown in the opening photo. way were above average in 2012, and this, way is a joint support scheme with Sweden Electric energy in Norway is generated combined with increases in installed capacity to finance 26.4 TWh/yr of new renewable using a very high share of renewable energy. for both technologies, resulted in a record- energy production by 2020. This market- The primary source of electricity is hydro- high annual energy production of 147.9 based electricity certificate scheme is unique power which in 2012 stood for approximately TWh in 2012. With electricity consumption in that the targets are both country- and 97% of the country’s electricity production. In in the country totaling 130 TWh for the year technology-neutral, meaning that the policy recent years there has also been a keen inter- this meant a net electricity export of 17.9 does not dictate which country the new re- est in wind power as a commercial source of TWh. newable energy production comes from or energy. Norway boasts some of the best wind The already high ratio of renewable en- which type of renewable energy is produced. resources in Europe and the combination of ergy production combined with concerns The objective of this policy is rather to allow

132 2012 Annual Report Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Norway The average capacity Total installed wind capacity 704 MW factor for Norwegian New wind capacity installed 195 MW Total electrical output from wind 1.6 TWh wind farms in normal Wind generation as % of national 1.1% electric demand operation was 31.2%. Average capacity factor 31.2% Target: N/A

2012 were the Åsen II wind farm and Blaas- ter prototype turbine at the Valsneset Test Center, which together total only 4.6 MW. The first larger wind farm to be eligible for the electricity certificate scheme will be the 57.5-MW Midtfjellet II wind farm, which is expected to be completed in 2013.

2.3 National incentive programs From 2001 to 2010, financial support for wind power projects in Norway was provided by the state-owned organization Enova SF, on a case-by-case basis with the goal to support projects just enough to make them commercially viable. This program was ter- minated in 2011 and from 1 January 2012, Norway and Sweden established a common electricity certificate market/scheme. The Figure 1. Installed wind capacity in Norway 1997–2012 economic incentive is designed to stimulate the combined development of 26.4 TWh/yr of new renewable power production in the the market to dictate what type of renewable 2.2 Progress countries. Enova will from 2012 focus on energy production comes and where, thus Norway entered into the electricity cer- supporting technology development con- ensuring a cost-effective increase in renew- tificate scheme with Sweden on 1 Janu- nected to wind power. able energy production when seen from a ary 2012; however the record installation of A key aspect of the certificate system is macroeconomic standpoint. In practice this wind power capacity in 2012 consisted al- that it shifts the cost for supporting renew- means that Norway has no explicit wind most entirely of projects which received in- ables from Enova to the electricity consumer. energy target, however, considerable new vestment support from the previous Enova Approved power plants will receive one cer- wind energy installations in Norway are seen scheme in 2009 and 2010. These projects tificate for every generated MWh from re- by analysts as implicitly necessary to reach had the option of repaying the Enova sup- newable energy resources. Hence, owners of the targets set forth for new renewable en- port and going over to the new support approved plants have two products on the ergy production through the joint agreement scheme but none chose to do so. Instead the market: electricity and certificates. They can with Sweden. only Norwegian wind farms which were eli- be sold independently of each other. gible for electricity certificates at the end of

IEA Wind 133 USD/kWh). Estimates of production costs from sites with good wind conditions (33% capacity factor) suggest a production cost of about 510 NOK/MWh (64 EUR/MWh; 85 USD/MWh), including capital costs (dis- count rate 6.0%, 20-year period), operation,

30 Norway and maintenance.

4.0 R, D&D Activities 4.1 National R, D&D efforts In accordance with a broad-based political agreement on climate achieved in the Stort- ing (the Norwegian parliament) and the national R&D strategy for energy (Energi21), the Research Council of Norway has founded eight Centers for Environment-friendly Energy Research (CEER). The goal of the centers is to become international leaders -PN\YL-HRRLU>PUK-HYT7OV[V*YLKP[!:]LPU,YPR;O`YOH\N;YVTZ2YHM[ in their respective areas of energy research and to make environmentally friendly energy profitable. Each CEER will receive up The demand for certificates is created by farms will generate engineering and con- to 20 million NOK (2.4 million EUR; 3.4 a requirement under the act that all electric- struction jobs, and ultimately jobs for main- million USD) annually over a five-year pe- ity users purchase certificates equivalent to tenance personnel. riod with the possibility of receiving an ex- a certain proportion of their electricity use, tension of funding up to eight years. Two of known as their quota obligation. The price 3.2 Industry status the CEERs focus on offshore wind energy: of certificates is determined in the market by Production of wind power is dispersed the Research Center for Offshore Wind supply and demand, and it can vary from one among several energy companies, some of Technology (NOWITECH) at SINTEF En- transaction to another. which are small local utilities. The largest ergy Research and the Norwegian Center All renewables are included in the sys- wind power projects are operated by large for Offshore Wind Energy (NORCOWE) tem; it is technology neutral. All technolo- national energy companies. Some Norwe- at Christian Michelsen Research. A third gies receive the same number of certificates gian companies (Fred Olsen Renewables, CEER, the Center for Environmental De- per MWh, and there are no specific quotas Statkraft, and Statoil) are also engaged in sign of Renewable Energy (CEDREN) con- for wind power. Nevertheless, it is expected projects in foreign countries, like offshore ducts research on environmental issues with- that these electricity certificates will primar- wind in the United Kingdom. So far, there in wind energy and other renewable energy ily stimulate new production from wind and is no significant wind turbine manufacturing production. hydropower in Norway and bioenergy and industry in Norway. The Research Council of Norway wind power in Sweden, since other renew- also administers a public research program ables (e.g. power from ocean energy and so- 3.3 Operational details for sustainable energy. In 2012 the previ- lar energy) are still considerably more costly. In 2012, the capacity factor of wind farms ous program, RENERGI, reached its final According to the best estimates, wind power larger than 5 MW varied between 23% and year and was replaced by a new ten-year is expected to contribute around half of 4%. The average capacity factor was 31.2%, program ENERGIX. ENERGIX covers Norway’s 13.2 TWh/yr new renewable en- and the average technical availability was renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy ergy target by 2020. 95.6%. The technical availability of new wind system and sustainable transport (hydrogen, turbines in Norway is usually in the range of fuel cells, biofuels and batteries). Industry, 3.0 Implementation 95% to 99%. Annual energy per swept area research institutes and universities may re- 3.1 Economic impact ranged from 416 to 1,970 KWh/m2, with a ceive funding for their research based on Norwegian industry takes part in compo- national average of 1,330 KWh/m2. proposals to regular calls. The budget and nent production for wind energy systems, topics are similar to RENERGI, but EN- e.g. wind turbine blades and nacelles on a 3.4 Wind energy costs ERGIX will focus slightly more on new relatively small scale. Companies with ex- The total wind farm installation costs are es- concepts and long term research. The bud- perience from the offshore oil industry (e.g. timated between 11.5–12.5 million NOK/ get for 2012 was 385 million NOK (52 OWEC Tower and Aker Solutions) have MW (1.5–1.6 million EUR/MW; 1.9–2 million EUR; 69 million USD). In total, widened their scope of interest and engage- million USD/MW). Annual maintenance is the Research council granted 126 million ment to the offshore wind industry. These reported to be between 0.12–0.16 NOK/ NOK (17 million EUR; 22 million USD) companies offer offshore wind turbine sub- kWh (0.014–0.02 EUR/kWh; 0.020–0.026 to wind energy research in 2012. In De- structure solutions like Jacket Quatropod USD/kWh), with an average cost of 0.15 cember 2012 the following wind energy and Tripod. Increased construction of wind NOK/kWh (0.019 EUR/kWh; 0.025 R&D projects were approved for funding:

134 2012 Annual Report • Innovative Mitigation Tools for Avian included in this definition. Projects are sup- industry by the green certificate scheme. Conflicts with Wind Turbines (IN- ported with up to 45% of eligible costs. This scheme has also contributed to a trend TACT), Energi Norge toward the development of wind farms in • Integration of Computational Fluid 4.2 Collaborative research Norway by large international companies. Dynamics (CFD) and Meteorologi- In 2012, Norway participated in the fol- As of late 2012, two wind farms were un- cal Modelling Techniques to Optimize lowing IEA Wind Tasks: Task 11 Base der construction. Wind Farm Performance, WindSim AS Technology Information Exchange; Task • Concrete Substructure for Floating 19 Wind Energy in Cold Climates; Task Authors: Harald Rikheim, Norwegian Offshore Wind Turbines, Dr.techn.Olav 25 Power Systems with Large Amounts of Research Council; and David E. Weir, Olsen AS Wind Power; Task 26 The Cost of Wind Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Energy; Task 28 Social Acceptance of Directorate, Norway. In addition to this, several projects have Wind Energy Projects; Task 29 MexNEXT been funded through the RENERGI budget Analysis of Wind Tunnel Measurements the last few years. One of them is a 1:6 scale and Improvement of Aerodynamic Mod- model floating offshore turbine called SWAY els; Task 30 Offshore Code Comparison which is being tested in the sea outside Ber- Collaboration Continuation (OC4); Task gen under real conditions. 31 WAKEBENCH: Benchmarking Wind The world’s first full-scale floating wind Farm Flow Models; and Task 33 Reliability turbine (Hywind concept developed by Data: Standardization of Data Collection Statoil) is operational. Statoil has operated for Wind Turbine Reliability and Mainte- the turbine for over two years and results nance Analyses. for both production and technical availability have been positive. Hywind has survived 5.0 The Next Term the powerful extratropical cyclone Berit fol- The next term will be dominated by lowed by other storms with winds over 40 the impetus given to the wind power m/s and maximum waves over 18 m. There are plans to deploy and test a next generation of Hywind in the United States off the coast of Maine. The Norwegian Energy Agency, Enova offers capital grants for full-scale demonstration projects of ocean renewable energy production including offshore wind. While up to 50% of eligible costs can be covered, Enova’s funding measured in absolute figures is limited. Innovation Norway runs a program supporting prototypes within “environmental friendly technology.” Wind energy is

IEA Wind 135 31 Portugal

Source: Luis Marinho

1.0 Overview operated smoothly throughout the year and The average production at full capacity n Portugal, 2012 was an atypical year in produced more than 1.7 GWh in the first was 2,313 hours in 2012. The wind energy IPortugal with regards to energy. Due to half of 2012 (3). production by classes of number of hours the efficiency measures implemented in re- at full capacity (NEPs) was concentrated in cent years, but also due to the economic re- 2.0 National wind farms with NEPs between 2,000 and cession, electricity consumption in Portugal Objectives and Progress 2,500 hours (58%). Although the wind index dropped 3.6% to 49.1 TWh. This represents 2.1 National targets was below 1, the wind parks with NEPs be- a reduction of 6% of electricity demand The capacity targets currently in place low 2,000 hours reduced their share in 2012 in the last two years (1). It was also an ex- were established in June 2010 by the for- from 19% to 14% and on the higher produc- tremely dry year, the fifth driest hydro year mer government through the Plano Nacio- tion range, the wind parks with NEPs from of the past 80 years (63% below the nor- nal de Acção para as Energias Renováveis 2,500–2,750 hours and above 3,000 hours mal climate). Therefore, due to the reduced (NREAP) (4). This plan established a course experienced an increase of 8% with respect hydro production, the renewable contri- of action needed to reach an installed mini- to 2011(2). bution for the energy mix decreased 17% mum capacity of 6,875 MW by 2020, where With 2012 being such a dry hydro year, compared to 2011. 6,800 MW will be installed onshore and 75 it is no surprise that the renewable energy The wind sector continued to grow MW offshore. contribution decreased by 6.7% with respect with a wind generation of 10,011 GWh, to 2011, meeting 38.4% of this year’s elec- which accounted for 20% of the country’s 2.2 Progress tric demand. The largest share of renewable electric demand (1). Portugal’s wind pen- In 2012, the new wind generation capacity production came from wind energy, which etration is now only surpassed by Denmark. follows the capacity’s saturation trend of the accounted for 50.2% and was 13% above Portugal is reaching the renewable contri- last few years as displayed in Figure 1. A net 2011, with the reduction of 17% from hydro bution target for 2020; therefore the rate of capacity of 147 MW was added in 2012 (149 power plants (32.3%). The remaining sourc- capacity installation has slowed considerably. MW of new capacity installed and 2 MW es were able to increase their contribution During 2012 only 147 MW of new wind decommissioned). This value was the low- where the biomass sector represented 15.7%, capacity was installed compared to 315 est installed since strong wind deployment and PV grew from 1.1% to 1.8% (2). MW in 2011. Despite slowing its deploy- was initiated in 2004. Cumulative installed ment pace, Portugal reached the capacity of capacity until 2012 is distributed over 223 2.3 National incentive programs 4,517 MW. This represents 23% of renew- wind farms with 2,408 wind turbines oper- In 2010, NREAP was approved, providing able electricity generation’s installed capac- ating across the country, one of them being a the strategy and incentives for renewable en- ity, which accounts for 58% of the total in- floating offshore wind turbine (2). The wind ergy investments in Portugal. The targets de- stalled capacity (2). capacity generated 10,011 GWh in 2012 fined in that plan are set to 2020 and foresee The first offshore wind floating system which corresponded to 20% of the Portu- a quota for the renewables contribution for (the second in the world) installed in the guese electricity demand and 50.2% of the several economic sectors. The plan considers north of Portugal (near Aguçadoura coast) renewable generation (2). 2005 as a baseline, where the contributions

136 2012 Annual Report Wind generation Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Portugal Total installed wind capacity 4,517 MW grew to 10,011 GWh, New wind capacity installed 147 MW Total electrical output from wind 10.01TWh

which accounted for Wind generation as % of national 20% electric demand

20% of the country’s Average capacity factor 28%

Target: Onshore: 6,800 MW electric demand. Offshore: 75 MW by 2020

was justified by the need to reevaluate the legal framework for electricity generation (9). The decision had little direct impact on the deployment of wind projects since the existing and ongoing ones had their permit for grid connection already attributed several years ago. On the other hand, Portugal reached wind penetration of 20% of the annual consumed energy—a very high value and the second highest in the world, surpassed only by Denmark, the pioneer country in wind deployment. A limiting design parameter of electric -PN\YL0UZ[HSSLK]LYZ\ZHJJ\T\SH[LK^PUKJHWHJP[`IHYNYHWOHUKWLYJLU[HNLVM^PUKLU- systems like the Portuguese is the extremely LYN`WYVK\J[PVUSPULNYHWO high penetration of renewable, non-dispatch- able sources (e.g., wind power or river run-off hydropower). On 14 December 2012 at 2:45 from renewables were 0.2% in transportation, 10 MW, in accordance with the Ordinance PM a new record was set for instantaneous 31.9% in heating and cooling, and 29.3% in 284/2011 (6). wind penetration of 3,754 MW with 90% of electricity. The targets for 2020 are to raise Although the mini-generation pro- power connection and a wind energy produc- those contributions to 10% in the transpor- gram was established in 2010 the Decree- tion of 84 GWh (54% of the consumption). tation sector, 30.6% in heating and cooling, law 34/2011 was not published and did not The highest daily wind contribution to con- and to 60% in electricity (4). set its rules until March 2011 (7). This pro- sumption was recorded on 14 April 2012 with Renewable energy installations for mi- gram introduces the opportunity for small a value of 65%. On 28 October 2012 at 5:30 cro-generation and mini-generation con- companies to install renewable-based pro- AM the instantaneous wind penetration of tinue to be the object of incentive programs duction centers of up to 250 kW. In 2012, 3,271 MW was recorded with a wind contri- in Portugal. The micro-generation law was there was a drop in the reference tariff of bution to demand of 86% (1). Figure 2 depicts established by the Decree-law 118-A/2011 14%, reducing the values from a maximum the wind generation profiles on i) the maxi- that regulates the micro-production of elec- of 250 EUR/MWh (329.5 USD/MWh) to mum demand day; ii) maximum daily con- tricity from renewable energy sources (up 215 EUR/MWh (283.4 USD/MWh) and a tribution from wind; and iii) highest instanta- to 11 kW) and provides a simplified frame- maximum value of 30 MW for annual grid neous production. work and licensing regime for connecting connected power (Ordinance 285/2011) (8). renewable energy producers to the distri- 3.0 Implementation bution grid (5). In 2012 the reference value 2.4 Issues affecting growth 3.1 Economic impact for micro-generation’s feed-in tariffs (FITs) In the first month of 2012, the Portuguese In 2012, the wind industry in Portugal, to- was 326 EUR/MWh (429.7 USD/MWh) government suspended the capacity attri- gether with the wind deployment activity and the annual capacity’s cap allowed was bution for grid connection. This decision (147 MW), supported an estimated 3,200

IEA Wind 137 jobs. In 2012, wind generated electricity (1). The remaining capacity (96 MW) was in- development of tools and methodologies to produced an estimate income of 984 million stalled under the “overcapacity” process. From maximize the penetration of renewable ener- EUR (1.29 billion USD) and allowed the these, nearly 42% of wind farms have a capacity gy, and promoting energy sustainability. These

saving of 3.6 million tons of CO2 emissions. between 10–50 MW, 47% above 50 MW and activities are taking place at the principal insti- 10% below 10 MW. The tendency to deploy tutes and universities of the country financed 3.2 Industry status large wind farms was maintained in 2012 (2). through national or European programs. The In 2012, following the trend of recent years, Due to the intrinsic characteristics of the main R&D activities underway in Portugal 31 Portugal Enercon consolidated its leadership of the Portuguese territory, the wind turbines op- are described in the following paragraphs. Portuguese manufacturers’ market. Of the 70 erate in two different environments—the Project FP7 NORSEWInD: made up of wind turbines installed in 2012, 44% corre- coastal or the mountainous region. In 2012, 15 organizations between research institutes sponded to expanding the capacity of existing the coastal region had atypical wind availabil- and industrial organizations with the Portu- wind parks (under a process referred as “over- ity and production. The Laboratório Nacio- guese participation of LNEG funded by EC capacity”). Of the remaining 39 new wind nal de Energia e Geologia (LNEG) indexes FP7. The project aimed to characterize and turbines, 77% were Enercon, followed by Ves- show a pronounced decrease on the coastal evaluate the wind resource on the northern tas with a 13% share, and Gamesa with10%. region with a wind availability of 12% under seas and was concluded in 2012. By the end of 2011, the first offshore the average (0.88) and 16% under average on Project FCT Roadmap: a Portugal-based wind system, WindFloat, composed of a production (0.84). These values are the low- project funded by the Portuguese Science and semi-submersible structure and a Vestas V80 est since 1999. For the mountainous region, Technology Foundation (FCT). Its purpose is wind turbine with 2-MW capacity was de- the scenario reversed last year’s tendency, to identify the constraints and barriers to the ployed at Aguçadoura. This site is located 6 with production growing 10% (index 1.02) development of marine energies in Portugal. km offshore of Póvoa de Varzim with a water reaching a wind index close to the average Project FCT Fluct.Wind: a Portugal depth of approximately 50 m. This project is (0.99). Data from the Portuguese Operation project funded by FCT with the coordina- being developed by WindPlus as a joint ven- of Power Systems TSO (1) is in the line with tion of LNEG. One of the main goals is to ture with A. Silva Matos (ASM), Energias de the results presented from LNEG, indicating a create a tool that will serve as a warning to Portugal (EDP), Fundo de Apoio à Inovação range between 1.27 and 0.68 for wind gen- the power system operators for possible se- (FAI), InovCapital, Principle Power, and Ves- eration indexes, when considering the period vere wind power ramps. tas Wind Systems A/S. Using the Windfloat between 2001 and 2011. Project IEE SEANERGY 2020: an EC- technology, the consortium submitted a pro- IEE project to evaluate and further develop posal for a floating offshore wind park to the 3.4 Wind energy costs the maritime spatial planning on the Eu- European Programme NER 300 targeting During 2012, the average cost per MW in- ropean space with the PT participation of the installation of five floating systems. This stalled was 1.35 million euro (1.78 million LNEG. The project was concluded in 2012. proposal was approved during 2012. USD/MW), including projects, construc- Project TWENTIES: a project to deal tions, grid connections, land contracting with transmission system operation with 3.3 Operational details and others. large penetration of wind and other renew- Reviewing the 223 wind farms installed in According to the Portuguese energy able electricity sources in networks by means Portugal by the end of 2012, 52% have an in- regulator (ERSE), the mean tariff paid to of innovative tools and integrated energy so- stalled capacity below 10 MW, 40% have a ca- the wind power plants increased 5.2 EUR/ lutions. It is funded by EC FP7 and has the pacity between 10–50 MW, and the remaining MWh reaching 98.3 EUR/MWh (129.6 Portuguese participation of INESC-Porto. 8% are above 50 MW (2). During 2012, four USD/MWh) in 2012 (10). Project MARINA: a project that brings new wind parks were connected in the Portu- together companies, technology centers, guese territory: one with a capacity of 2 MW 4.0 R, D&D Activities and universities from twelve EU countries. at the North region, two with 8 MW in the 4.1 National R, D&D efforts It is led by Acciona Energy and funded by Center, and 48 MW at the south of Portugal The national R&D efforts during 2012 were EC FP7 with the Portuguese participation mainly focused on offshore wind energy,

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138 2012 Annual Report 5.0 The Next Term Despite the European economic crisis, 2013 is expected to be a promising year for the offshore wind power sector. For the ongoing R&D activities, the next term will bring some important milestones. The DEMOW- FLOAT project will begin to demonstrate the sustainability of the WindFloat technology. Combined with the NER300 European incentive, for projects with impact on the reduction of carbon emissions Portugal will deploy five turbines in a floating offshore wind farm with an estimated capacity of 25 MW. This will constitute the first floating -PN\YL>PUKIHYNYHWOHUKWYVK\J[PVUPUKL_LZSPULNYHWOVUJVHZ[HSHUKTV\U[HPUV\Z offshore wind park in the world. regions of Portugal The trend in 2012, for the onshore wind market will be maintained and it is expected that the key players will continue of University do Algarve. The objective is to and WavEC. The project established a strate- to invest in the emergent markets like Bra- develop deep water structures that can ex- gy to apply the Portuguese and international zil, Africa, and Eastern Europe. On the eco- ploit the energy from wind, waves, tidal, and knowledge of offshore energy and support nomic sector, in the beginning of 2013, it ocean current energy sources. technologies increase the competitiveness is expected that the FITs will be reviewed Project FP7 DemoWFloat: a project to and the entrepreneurship in this sector. through a new Decree Law demonstrate the sustainability of the Wind- Project KIC-OTS: a technology project In particular for renewable energy in- Float technology deployed in Portuguese focused on the needs of the market, which was stallations for micro-generation, the ordi- Atlantic waters. A consortium of European created under KIC-InnoEnergy, a company nance nº 431/2012 of 31 December 2012 and North American partners will address funded by the European Institute of Technol- was published, which establishes a new FIT the challenge of wind resource assessment ogy European Commission. The aim of the for these systems as well the new capacity in oceanic deep waters. It is funded by EC project OTS is developing a range of projects limit for 2013 (11). FP7 and has the participation of LNEG and and services targeted to current and future several Portuguese and international partners needs for offshore renewables parks. This proj- References: involved in a consortium led by EDP. ect has the Portuguese participation of WavEC. (1) A energia eólica em Portugal 2012. Project ESFRI WindScanner: the proj- Project WindMETER: the project was Technical report, Redes Energéticas Nacio- ect intends to establish in several European developed to fill a gap and meet a grow- nais (REN), 2012. countries a network of innovative R&D for ing opportunity in the wind energy market, (2) Renováveis – estatísticas rápidas No- the acquisition of three-dimensional com- as fiber optic sensors play an increasing role vembro 2012. Technical report 93, Direcção ponents of the atmospheric flow and charac- in the structural health monitoring of wind Geral de Energia e Geologia (DGEG) terization of wind turbulence. It is funded by turbines. The project is co-funded by the www.dgeg.pt EC FP7 and has the Portuguese participation Portuguese National Strategic Reference (3) Relatório e contas 2012 – 3º Trimestre. from LNEG and Porto University. Framework (QREN) and is led by the con- Technical report, EDP, 2012. www.edp.pt Project TROPOS: the project aims to de- sortium INEGI (technological consultant) (4) NREAP. www.dgeg.pt and velop a floating modular multi-use platform and Fibersensing (industrial partner). ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/ system for use in deep waters, with an initial action_plan_en.htm geographic focus on the Mediterranean, tropi- 4.2 Collaborative research (5) Decreto-Lei nº 118-A/2011. Diário cal, and sub-tropical regions. It will be flexible Portugal and LNEG are active partners in da República 42: Série I. 1 March 2011 enough so as to not be limited in geographic international research efforts. The coun- (6) Ordinance nº 284/2011. Diário da scope. It is funded by EC FP7 and has the try participates in IEA Wind Task 25 Design República 208: Série I. 28 October 2011 Portuguese participation from WavEC. and Operation of Power Systems with Large (7) Decreto-Lei nº 34/2011. Diário da Project Atlantic PC: the project seeks to Amounts of Wind Power, and IEA Wind República 46:Série I. 8 March 2011 develop cooperation and joint approaches Task 27 Labeling Small Wind Turbines. Dur- (8) Ordinance nº 284/2011. Diário da to facilitate the identification of new market ing 2012 Portugal joined the IEA Wind Task República 208: Série I. 28 October 2011 niches and redefine educational and training 30 Offshore Code Comparison Collabora- (9) Comunicado do conselho de min- programs as per the needs of the offshore and tion Continuation (OC4) through Wavec and istros de 5 de Janeiro 2012. www.portugal. marine energy sector in the Atlantic Area. It Centec. This participation is co-sponsored by gov.pt is funded through the European Regional EDP-Inovação. In addition to the IEA Wind (10) www.erse.pt Development Fund (ERDF) and has the activities, LNEG is the Portuguese represen- (11) Ordinance nº 430/2012. Diário da Portuguese participation from WavEC. tative in the European Energy Research Al- República 252: Série I. 31 December 2012 Project OTEO: a Portugal project fund- liance Wind Program (EERA-Wind), an ini- ed by the System Support for Collective tiative funded by leading European research Authors: Raquel Marujo, Teresa Simões, Actions (SIAC) and has the participation of institutes. EERA aims to strengthen, expand, and Ana Estanqueiro, Laboratório Nacional Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão and optimize EU energy research capabilities. de Energia e Geologia (LNEG), Portugal. Industrial (INEGI), EnergyIN, Oceano XXI

IEA Wind 139 32 Spain

Source: Susana Girón

1.0 Overview partially by the feed-in-tariff (FIT) system. A MW of wind projects registered. Slightly nstalled wind capacity in Spain reached new law came early in 2012, Royal Decree- more than 1,100 MW were deployed dur- I22,785 MW in 2012 with the addition of Law 1/2012, temporarily (the duration was ing 2012, so about 800 MW could be in- 1,112 MW, according to the Spanish Wind not established) suspending pre-allocation stalled. For about 450 MW promoters have Energy Association’s (AEE) Wind Observa- incentives for new energy production proj- declared that they cannot be built under tory. The growth has been similar to 2011, ects using, among others, renewable energy. the current rules due to problems beyond which had an increase of 1,050 MW. Spain is The justification, based on the economic the control of the promoters (delays in the fourth country in the world in terms of crisis and on the financial difficulties in the the planning of the transport network and installed capacity and produced 48,156 GWh electricity industry, was to halt a reward sys- distribution lines, administrative difficul- of electricity from wind in 2012. tem that involved a substantial cost for the ties, etc.). This means that, with valid green In 2012, Spain’s electrical energy de- electricity system, causing the tariff deficit; in moratorium, only around 350 MW of wind mand decreased 1.8% from 2011 to 269.16 particular, limiting the impact of renewable power remain installable in Spain under the TWh. Wind energy met 17.8 % of this de- premiums in the tariff deficit, reducing costs current rules in 2013 and 2014. However, mand and was the third largest contributing in this way. the Royal Decree-Law 2/2013 adopted technology in 2012. Other big contributors This measure would not affect projects by the government in 2013, assumes that to the system were nuclear power plants registered in the Pre-Allocation Registry at all wind farms will compulsorily adopt the (22.2%), coal (19.8%) and gas combined-cy- the time the Law was passed (January 2012). regulated rate and reduces the update set- cle power plants (13.9%) (Figure 1). At that time, there were around 1,900 tings of incentives. Given the loss of return During 2011, the government imple- implied by the new rules, the installation of mented new decreases to incentives for wind these remaining wind farms is threatened. energy so that the wind sector would share the burden of helping the country to reduce 2.0 National its subsidy bill for green energy. Spain’s land- Objectives and Progress mark renewable energy law, 661/2007, only 2.1 National targets governs wind power prices for new projects On 11 November 2011, the new Renew- through 2012. A draft decree sent to the na- able Energy Plan (REP 2011–2020) (1) was tional energy commission in September sets approved by the Spanish government for out the proposed regulations after 2012. How- the years 2011–2020, establishing the devel- ever, lobbyists are arguing that the 2020 target opment framework for the renewable en- will not be achieved if the bill is passed. ergy sector. This plan aims to fulfill and go The decision on the draft decree was beyond the EU objectives of covering 20% deferred to the new government elected in of total energy consumption by renewable November 2011. The conservative party sources by 2020. The REP 2011–2020 es- won the elections and the first decisions will Figure 1. Percentages of the 2012 power tablishes Spanish objectives and suggests the be how to end the national deficit created Z\WWS`TP_PU:WHPU:V\YJL!9,,(,, measures to be implemented to reach the

140 2012 Annual Report Wind energy met Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Spain 17.8% of Spain’s Total installed wind capacity 22,785 MW New wind capacity installed 1,112 MW electrical demand Total electrical output from wind 48.156 TWh Wind generation as % of national 17.8 % and was the third electric demand Average capacity factor 24.13 %

largest contributing ;HYNL[6MÄJPHS5L[^VYR7SHUUPUN 29,000 MW by 2016

Target 2. New National Renewable 35,000 MW by 2020 technology in 2012. Energies Action Plan (NREAP)

20% goal. It includes the Spanish vision for energy is present in 15 of the 17 autono- installed 70 MW in 2012 for 3,806 MW to- each type of renewable energy. The public mous communities (Figure 3). Castilla-Leon tal wind capacity; it stays in second place of entity charged with implementing the REP has the highest installed power among them, total capacity. Galicia added just 31 MW for 2011-2020 is the Institute for Energy Di- with 5,510 MW. This autonomous commu- a total of 3,311 MW. Comunidad Valenciana versification and Saving. nity has had the biggest growth with 277 added 19 MW (for a total of 1,189 MW), For wind energy, the objective for 2020 MW added in 2012. Cataluña experienced and the Canary Islands added 1.8 MW for is 35,000 MW. Offshore wind power is still 23.1% growth, the second biggest, with 256 a total capacity of 146 MW. Finally, Navarra in the early stages of development, with MW installed in 2012. It has 1,258 MW increased its installed power by 3 MW for a R&D projects being carried out. By the end of wind capacity. The third biggest growth total of 979 MW. of the REP 2011–2022, it is estimated that has been in Andalucia with 18% (196 MW Four of the traditional regions did not wind energy will continue to be the largest new) reaching 3,263 MW total. Then As- install any wind power: La Rioja, País Vas- renewable energy contributor with 35,000 turias with 84 MW (7.6% growth) reached co, Cantabria, and Baleares. Only two au- MW (71,540 GWh/yr) onshore and 750 512 MW. Aragón installed 83 MW for a total tonomous regions, Extremadura and Ma- MW (1,845 GWh/yr) offshore. of 1,893 MW. Murcia added 72 MW for a drid, have not yet installed any wind power total of 262 MW. Then Castilla-LaMancha capacity. However, they have advanced 2.2 Progress Total electrical generation capacity in the Spanish mainland system increased more than 2,346 MW during 2012 for a total of 102,514 MW, according to the Span- ish Transmission System Operator (TSO) Red Eléctrica de España (REE) (3). The technologies that contributed most to this growth were wind (1,112 MW), solar power (968 MW), hydro (192 MW), and renewable thermal (81 MW). With more than 22,785 MW of wind power installed (Figure 2); more than 20,185 turbines are operating in Spain, grouped among 1,055 wind farms. The average size of an installed wind farm in 2012 was 18.5 MW, whereas the overall wind farm size is 21 MW. Unlike many countries with significant wind development, Spain has increased its distribution throughout the country. Wind Figure 2. Annual and cumulative installed wind capacity in Spain

IEA Wind 141 projects and regulations to start wind en- farms (after January 2008), and it is man- Pre-allocation Register in Spain. Installing ergy activities, especially in the Extremadura datory to satisfy Grid Code P.O.12.3. and operating wind plants to cover 17.4% region. The two communities of Galicia and of the Spanish electrical demand implies a Cantabria have not increased their wind Payment for electricity generated by huge accomplishment by the developers capacity despite having their respective dewind farms in Spain is based on a FIT and manufacturers. 32 Spain velopment plans approved, due to different scheme. As stated in Section 1.0, Royal De- political reasons. cree-Law 1/2012 temporarily suspended 3.2 Industry status The use of wind power has lowered car- pre-allocation incentives for new energy During 2012, the largest manufacturers were bon emissions by about 24.6 million tons production projects using, among others, re- Gamesa (423 MW new capacity), Vestas Wind

during 2012. Despite this saving, overall CO2 newable energy. So the situation at this point Power (338 MW new capacity), Alston Wind emissions of the mainland electric sector in is that no renewable installation is allowed if (107 MW new capacity), Acciona Wind Pow- 2012 experienced an 11% increase in relation the special regime is sought. er (102 MW new capacity), GE Wind (48 to 2011, due mainly to the increase in gen- Finally, the approval of a net balance sup- MW new capacity), Nordex (36 MW new eration from coal. Furthermore, wind gen- port scheme is expected to complement the capacity), Sinovel (36 MW new capacity) and eration has saved up to 9.6 million tons of existing technical regulation for the grid con- Enercon (21 MW new capacity). conventional fuels and has supplied the elec- nection of small power production facilities Gamesa is still the top manufacturer in trical consumption of more than 15.5 million (up to 100 kW), which is foreseen to be de- Spain with 11,925 MW total wind capacity Spanish households. cisive for the development of small wind gen- installed (52.3% of the total wind capacity in- eration for the owners' use. stalled). In the second position is Vestas Wind 2.3 National incentive programs Power with 4,071 MW total wind capac- To date, the promotion of renewable ener- 2.4 Issues affecting growth ity installed (17.9% of the total wind capacity gies has been a stable national policy. All po- The economic slowdown affected the wind installed), and Alston Wind moved into third litical parties have had similar policies regard- industry in 2012. In addition, the application place with 1,737 MW (7.6% of the total wind ing support of renewable energies. The main of the Pre-allocation Register has limited capacity installed). The Spanish manufacturer tools within this policy at a national level wind energy development. As a result, wind Acciona Wind Power is in the fourth position have been as follows: turbine production in Spain is declining and with 1,658 MW (7.3% of the total wind ca- • The new NREAP (2011–2020), which more than 20,000 jobs have been lost. Instal- pacity installed), see Figure 4. included midterm objectives for each lations in 2013 may be as low as 360 MW. Several manufacturers are developing technology that could not be achieved small wind turbines from 3 kW to 100 kW due to new regulations. 3.0 Implementation for grid-connected applications (Norvento • Supplemental incentives to facilitate the 3.1 Economic impact connected two 100-kW turbines and Del- integration of wind energy into the grid, The number of installations during 2012 Valle Aguayo one 100-kW turbine to the are based on technical considerations demonstrates the maturity of the wind in- grid in 2012), and two manufacturers are (reactive power and voltage dips). These dustry, which has increased despite world- working on mid-sized prototypes from 150– incentives apply only for existing wind wide financial crisis and deployment of the 300 kW (Electria Wind and ADES). Iberdrola Renovables, the largest Span- ish utility, has the largest accumulated capacity (5,512 MW; 24.2% of the whole wind market) thanks to the addition in 2012 of 174 MW. Ac- ciona Energy, in second place, has accumulated capacity of 4,228 MW with 64 MW installed in 2012. The Portuguese company EDPR, with 2,086 MW total, installed 90 MW during 2012. The Italian utility Enel Green Power España is in the fourth position with a total capacity installed of 1,403 MW with 22 MW installed in 2012. Several other developers have installed wind power in 2012 (Figure 5), but only seven companies installed 50 MW or more, including the ones listed above.

3.3 Operational details The number of wind turbines in Spain increased by 579 in 2012, and the total number of turbines is more than 20,185. The average size of a wind turbine installed in 2012 was 1.92 MW, and the average size of the total installed capacity is 1.1 MW. Wind turbines operating in Spain -PN\YL>PUKLULYN`JHWHJP[`KPZ[YPI\[PVUZI`H\[VUVTV\ZJVTT\UP[PLZ4>:V\YJL!(,, show important seasonal behavior. Annual

142 2012 Annual Report prediction of offshore wind energy (Coordi- nator: CIEMAT). 2) Analysis and simulation of new regulatory requirements on wind farms and their integration as complementary services in power systems with high wind presence. (Coordinator: Institute for Research on Renewable Energy, Castilla la Mancha University). 3) Electrical transport systems for large offshore wind power plants. (Coordinator: Center for Technological In- -PN\YL0UZ[HSSLK^PUKJHWHJP[`PUI`THU\MHJ[\YLYPUWLYJLU[HNLZ:V\YJL!(,, novation in Static Converters and Drives, Polytechnic University of Catalonia). 4) Analysis and development of an isolated net- electricity generated by wind farms was electrical equipment, control devices, and work for water desalination variable wind more than 48,156 GWh. During 2012, special resource or site features. regime. Coordinator Technical School of In- equivalent hours at rated power were higher Funding for R&D activities in Spain dustrial and Civil Engineering, University of than 2,100 hours for all of the wind farms. is structured in two pillars: the National Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). This shows that 2012 was a good wind re- Strategy for Science and Technology at the The national innovation strategy inte- source year overall. On several occasions, national level and programs developed by grates a packet of programs to promote in- wind power exceeded previous historical the governments of the autonomous com- novation. The innovation plan (INNOVAC- instantaneous power peaks and maximum munities. The National Plan for Scientific CION) was developed to implement the hourly and daily energy production. On 24 Research, Development and Technological innovation strategy and four programs (IN- September 2011 (3:03 am) 64% of total de- Innovation, approved by resolution of the NPACTO, INNCORPORA, INNFLUYE, mand was covered by wind energy. And on Council of Ministers of 14 September 2007, and INNPALNTA) are designed to stimulate 18 April 2012 (4:41 pm) instant wind power is the programming instrument in establish- Public-Private Collaboration. generation reached 16.636 MW. That precise ing the objectives and policy priorities for In 2012, from all projects submitted to day, historic records were reached for hourly research, development, and innovation in the INNPACTO Program call, only five (16.455 MWh) and daily (334.850 MWh) the period 2008–2011. projects dealing with wind energy were wind generation. On the other hand, in No- Each line of action brings together the funded. Three projects concerned onshore vember 2012 wind generation had the high- coherent set of instruments, which are devel- wind and two to offshore wind. The total est contribution to the energy mix among all oped through four different national programs: budget of the projects approved has reached the existing technologies, reaching 21.3%. • National Program of Fundamental Re- 10.9 million EUR (14.4 million USD) and search Projects (NPFRP) the subsidy has been around 6.7 million 3.4 Wind energy costs • National Program of Applied Research EUR (8.8 million USD) (most of the sub- In spite of the price increases for some raw Projects (NPARP) sidy is based in loans because this program materials used in wind turbines, the increased • National Program of Experimental De- only offers loans as funding solution to the use of large wind turbines (2 MW of nomi- velopment Projects (NPEDP) companies. Granting is only available for a nal power), the excess of available main com- • National Program of Innovation Proj- research organization). Some of these IN- ponents, and the current limited demand for ects (NPIP) NPACTO projects granted in 2012 are dewind turbines, prices for wind generators scribed below. have decreased. The official cost at the fac- NPFRP: In the national fundamental re- INOFFMET Project: The project aims tory during 2011 in Spain was about 800 search projects, the scope of the projects and to develop the first floating platform that al- EUR/kW (1,054 USD/kW). action is not oriented to any topic. Within lows the installation of a weather station that this program, only four wind related projects combines a traditional measurement system 4.0 R, D&D Activities have been granted in 2012. 1) Development using lattice tower with anemometers and 4.1 National R&D efforts of a high-resolution tool for the analysis and Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR). It During 2012 the deployment of previously approved Royal Degree-Law RD 1565/2010 was carried out. This Law established the payment of a premium similar to that under RD 661/2007 for wind farms classified as experimental (133.8 MW were registered in 2012). Two types of projects were included: experimental units for testing and assessment mainly by manufacturers, or testing and assessment facilities mainly by public research centers. The main topics addressed in these research projects were: new materials, blade design, mechanical and Figure 5. Percentage of installed wind capacity by developer at the end of 2012. Source: AEE

IEA Wind 143 will be used to study the measurement sys- million USD) and it has been granted with is 6 million EUR (7.9 million USD) and tem behavior under conditions of actual op- 3.9 million EUR (5.1 million USD). The the European Union has granted a financial eration, contributing to the floating turbine objective is to develop advanced technolo- contribution of 4.5 million EUR (5.9 mil- validation. This project is coordinated by Ac- gies for support structures for offshore wind lion USD). ciona Energia. The partnership is composed turbines aimed at mass production. It will lay TROPOS Project: This European col-

32 Spain of the Spanish shipbuilder company Navan- the groundwork regarding logistical require- laborative project aims to develop a floating, tia, CENER-CIEMAT, and Tecnalia Foun- ments, installation, and maintenance of future modular, multi-use platform system for use dation. The duration of the project is four offshore wind farms. By demonstrating the in deep waters. The initial geographic focus years (July 2012–December 2015). technical feasibility and cost of this technol- will be on the Mediterranean, tropical and NANOMICRO Project: The project ogy offshore, Andalusia will become a key sub-tropical regions, but it will be designed objective is to develop, through nanotech- player in the offshore wind sector. to operate in other geographic area. The Tro- nology, a new generation of advanced ce- UE FP 7 Program, SUPRAPOWER pos Project is a 7 million EUR (9.2 million ment with particle size of less than a micron. Project: This research project is coordinat- USD) European project in which the Euro- The advanced cement will have excellent ed by the Spanish research center Tecnalia pean Commission is committed to fund 4.9 durability and mechanical resistance in both Foundation in collaboration with the Karl- million EUR (6.5 million USD). The Proj- onshore and offshore environments of ex- sruher Institut fuer Technologie (Germany) ect will gather 18 European partners from treme weather conditions. Nanomicro tech- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Slovak nine countries (Denmark, France, Germany, nology presents a new era in the manufac- Academy of Sciences (Slovenska Repub- Greece, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Taiwan, and ture of cements. In particular, this new gen- lika), University of Southampton (UK), Ac- the United Kingdom), under the coordina- eration of cements could be used in offshore ciona Windpower sa (Spain), Columbus tion of PLOCAN (Spain) for three years wind turbine floating platforms where use Superconductors Spa (Italy), Acciona Ener- (starting 1 February 2012). of current concrete technology is unthink- gia s.a. (Spain), Oerlikon Leybold Vacuum SOPCAWIND Project: The Soft- able. In this project, CENER aims to ac- Gmbh (Germany), and D2M Engineering ware for the Optimal Place Calculation for quire knowledge in the design of concrete Sas (France). The project aims to provide an WIND-farms project aims at developing a for highly dynamic operational structures, important breakthrough in offshore wind in- new service achieved through the develop- and develop a map of possible applications dustrial solutions by designing an innovative, ment of a software tool for optimal wind for concrete. The partnership is composed lightweight, robust, and reliable 10-MW class farm design. It will be based on a large and by Cementos Portland Valderrivas, S.A., FCC offshore wind turbine based on a supercon- heterogeneous set of digitalized data con- Construcción, S.A.; Norten Prefabricados ducting generator. It will take into account taining information from different fields de Hormigón, S.L.; Gamesa Innovation and all the essential aspects of electric conver- (wind climate, geography, environment, ar- Technology, S.L. Fundación Investigación y sion, integration, and manufacturability. The chaeology, and social-economy), that will be Desarrollo en Nanotecnología, and CENER. main outcome of the project will be a proof treated, validated, standardized and converted The fundable budget is around 3.6 million of concept for a key European technology for this application. The project leader is Tec- EUR (4.7 million USD). necessary to scale wind turbines up to power nalia Foundation and the partners are the ERDF-INNTERCONECTA Pro- levels of 10 MW and beyond. Basque Country University (Spain), 3E (Bel- gram: This national program is managed by H2OCEAN Project: The project is to gium), Anemos (Germany), Eurohelp Con- the NFA CDTI with funding based in the develop a wind-wave power open sea plat- sulting (Spain), and GeoINDEX (Hungary). ERDF (Électricité Réseau Distribution form equipped for hydrogen generation with France). It is applicable for experimental in- support for multiple users of energy. An in- 4.2 Collaborative research tegrated development projects that are strate- novative design will be explored for an eco- Spain is active in international research ef- gic, large-scale and aim to develop innovative nomically and environmentally sustainable forts and bilateral agreements. The gov- technologies. These technology areas have multi-use open-sea platform. Wind and wave ernment R&D program supports experts projected economic, trade, technological, and power will be harvested and part of the en- in Spain who lead IEA Wind Task 11 Base industrial progress relevant to the target re- ergy will be used for multiple applications Technology Information Exchange, Task 27 gions aid of the "Operational Programme I on-site, including the conversion of energy Labeling Small Wind Turbines, and most re- + D + i by and for the benefit of business into hydrogen that can be stored and shipped cently a new task led by Spanish experts in –Technology Fund.” to shore as green energy carrier and a multi- wind flow modeling in complex terrain— SEAMAR Project (Solutions for An- trophic aquaculture farm. The work will Task 31 Wakebench: Benchmarking Wind dalusia wind at sea): This is an ambitious build on the R&D and commercial activities Farm Flow Models. project, with a consortium of eight indus- of an existing partnership involving 17 lead- trial partners, led by Navantia, whose expe- ing European industrial and academic part- 5.0 The Next Term rience and skills make possible the technical ners from five countries (Denmark, Germany, Expectations for the Spanish wind energy objectives of the project. The other partners Italy, Spain, and the UK). That R&D is with- industry for 2013 are not very optimistic. are Acciona Energia, Acciona Infraestruc- in the fields of renewable energy, hydrogen During 2012, the new wind capacity added turas, Krefer, Siasa, Tecnoambiente, Cam- generation, fish farming, maritime transports in Spain has been reasonable considering the bell Europe S.A., Enerocean; and as research and related research disciplines. This proj- economic and financial situation as well as partners, the University of Cadiz, Cehipar, ect is coordinated by the Spanish company the decision of the government to establish University of Seville, Cetemet, CENER, AWS Truewind SLU. H2OCEAN started an indefinite moratorium on the FIT system. CSIC University of Malaga, and Tecnalia. its activities on 1 January 2012 and will end Approximately 300 MW are projected The total budget is 9.3 million EUR (12.3 on 31 December 2014. The project budget to be installed in 2013. On the industrial

144 2012 Annual Report side, because the FIT support scheme will References: Wind Energy Association). December 2012, likely not continue, other strategies should (1) The Spanish Renewable Energy Plan www.aeeolica.org. be applied like promoting the repowering 2011-2020, Instituto para la Diversificación activity, establishing a bidding system, de- y Ahorro de la Energía (IDAE; Institute for Authors: Ignacio Cruz and Luis Arribas, veloping the Power Purchase Agreements Diversification and Saving of Energy) No- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Me- (PPA) market, and if the electrical links vember 2011, www.idae.es. dioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), with the central-European power system (2) Eólica 2012. Reference yearbook of Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competi- were reinforced, a transnational FIT system Spanish wind sector (in Spanish), Asociación tiveness, with the collaboration of the Span- would be developed. Empresarial Eólica (AEE; Spanish Wind ish Wind Energy Association (Asociación In the technological side, R&D fund- Energy Association). October 2012, www. Empresarial Eólica, AEE), Spain. ing from the EU or from local government aeeolica.org. (central and regional) is not enough. Tech- (3) The Spanish Electricity System. Pre- nology is going to bigger wind turbines and liminary Report 2012, Red Eléctrica de Es- offshore wind farms, especially floating off- paña. REE. December 2012, www.ree.es. shore wind technology, which is the solution (4) Macroeconomic Study of the Span- required in Spain. Because such demonstra- ish wind sector. Updated 2012 (In Spanish), tion projects are costly, specific R&D support Asociación Empresarial Eólica (AEE; Spanish programs with FIT for experimental wind farms are needed in order to show off the technology. Moreover, dedicated programs to promote the integration of wind energy in islands will became a solution to fight with the high electricity cost in the islands but also offer a good opportunity to export these solutions to other countries with similar problems.

IEA Wind 145 33 Sweden

Source: Per Westergård

1.0 Overview power by 2020, comprised of 20 TWh on- generation will be driven by stipulated quo- he new wind energy installations in shore and 10 TWh offshore. Within the tas that are increased annually, as well as by T2012 had a capacity of 755 MW (765 electricity certificate system the goal is to in- a quota obligation fee. The principle is that MW were installed in 2011). The goal is to crease renewable electricity generation by 25 there should be sellers and purchasers of increase renewable generation by 25 TWh TWh compared to the level in 2002. certificates, and a market to bring them to- compared to the level in 2002 by 2020. A gether. There are no specific quotas for wind major part of wind power research financed 2.2 Progress power. Electricity producers receive a certifi- by the Swedish Energy Agency is carried out Electricity generation from wind power cate from the state for each megawatt hour in the research programs Vindforsk III, Vind- has increased from 6.1 TWh in 2011 to 7.1 of renewable electricity that they produce. val, and the Swedish Wind Power Technolo- TWh in 2012 (Figure 1). This certificate can be sold to provide addi- gy Center (SWPTC). The technical program The Swedish electricity end use in 2012 tional revenue above the sale of the electric- Vindforsk III runs from 2009–2012 and has was 142.0 TWh, an increase of about 2% ity, improving the economics of electricity a total budget of about 80 million SEK (9.3 compared to 2011. The wind power electric- production from renewable energy sources million EUR; 12.3 million USD). Vindval ity generation share is now 5.0%. and encouraging the construction of new is a knowledge program focused on study- plants for the purpose. The demand for cer- ing the environmental effects of wind power. 2.3 National incentive programs tificates is created by a requirement under Vindval runs from 2009–2012 with a budget There are two main incentive programs for the act that all electricity suppliers and cer- of 35 million SEK (4.1 million EUR; 5.4 the promotion of wind power: electricity tain electricity users purchase certificates million USD). The SWPTC at Chalmers In- certificates and support for technical devel- equivalent to a certain proportion of their stitute of Technology runs from 2010–2014 opment in coordination with market intro- electricity sales or use, known as their quota and has a total budget of 100 million SEK duction for large-scale plants offshore and in obligation. The price of certificates is de- (11.6 million EUR; 15.4 million USD). The arctic areas. The work done in assessing areas termined by supply and demand, and it can center focuses on complete design of an op- of national interest for wind power can also vary from one transaction to another. timal wind turbine, which takes the interac- be considered a sort of “soft incentive.” tion among all components into account. 2.3.2 Support for technical development 2.3.1 Electricity certificates In 2003, the Swedish Energy Agency 2.0 National The electricity certificate system came in- launched a program to support technical Objectives and Progress to force on 1 May 2003, and it is intended development, in coordination with mar- 2.1 National targets to increase the production of renewable ket introduction, for large-scale plants off- In 2008, the Swedish government expressed electricity in a cost-efficient way. The in- shore and plants in arctic areas. The aim is to a planning framework of 30 TWh wind creased deployment of renewable electricity stimulate the market, achieve cost reduction,

146 2012 Annual Report In Sweden, electricity

generation from wind Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Sweden power has increased Total installed wind capacity 3,524 MW New wind capacity installed 755 MW from 6.1 TWh in 2011 Total electrical output from wind 7.1 TWh Wind generation as % of national 5.0% to 7.1 TWh in 2012… electric demand The wind power Average capacity factor 26% Target: 30 TWh of wind electricity generation generation by 2020 share is now 5.0%.

Figure 1. Installed wind power capacity in Sweden 1991–2012

and gain knowledge about environmental of their nature, the situation, and the exist- the rapid expansion of wind power. There- effects. For the years 2003–2007, the budget ing needs. Priority shall be given to the use fore, the Swedish Energy Agency has started was 350 million SEK (40 million EUR; 54 that promotes good management from the a national network for wind utilization—a million USD). The market introduction pro- point of view of public interest. These are national network important for putting to gram has been prolonged another five years areas of national interest for fishery, mining, use the opportunities offered by the expan- with an additional 350 million SEK (40 mil- nature preservation, outdoor recreation, wind sion of wind power for local and regional lion EUR; 54 million USD) for the period power, etc. development. The purpose of the network 2008–2012. is to disseminate knowledge of the natural 2.3.4 Network for wind utilization resource of wind, safeguard the availability 2.3.3 Areas of national interest The Swedish Energy Agency is the expert of information for facilitating the expansion According to the environmental code, land authority appointed by the government to of wind power, and support regional initia- and water areas shall be used for the purposes promote the development of wind power, tives of national importance. An essential for which the areas are best suited in view taking a holistic approach to encouraging part of the network is to strengthen existing

IEA Wind 147 initiatives and contribute to the formation areas, where the wind potential is high. Wind of new regional nodes in the field of wind turbines in the northern part of Sweden are power. An important task is also to coor- facing a number of challenges not seen in dinate other authorities in their work on areas with warmer climates. One such chal- wind power. (1) lenge is the risk of ice on the wind turbine blades, which will reduce production and 2.3.5 Vindlov.se 33 Sweden may result in falling ice. Experiences from One of the key obstacles prolonging the operation of wind power in cold climates in- permission process for wind power is the dicate that energy losses due to ice buildup huge number of stakeholders in the process. on wind turbine blades can be substantial. Therefore, information a developer must It is a general understanding that wind tur- consider is widespread, of different formats bines in such areas have to be equipped with and quality, or simply is not accessible. Fur- special cold climate packages. Such packages thermore, staying up-to-date on this infor- may include special steel qualities in tow- mation requires considerable work, and in ers and nacelle structures, and special types this process some stakeholders might also be of oil and grease. The most essential thing is overlooked. (2) to equip blades with equipment for de/anti The website Vindlov.se (i.e. wind con- icing. To promote deployment in cold areas sent), takes a unique approach to target this the Swedish Energy Agency is supporting a bottleneck. The website follows the concept number of projects financially. of a one-stop-shop, providing information In addition to pilot projects, Vatten- on permitting issues from nearly 20 pub- fall has inaugurated the StorRotliden wind lic authorities from a wide range of sectors. farm, consisting of 48 machines with a total Figure 2. Kastlösa Wind. Credit: Per This includes permission information over Westergård installed capacity of 78 MW. The experience the whole life cycle of wind power and fea- from one year of operation is that produc- tures a dynamic web map application as well tion losses due to ice can be considerable. as contact tools to wind power handlers at all 3.0 Implementation De-icing and anti-icing equipment may help authorities. Further development is planned 3.1 Economic impact alleviate such losses. and an English version is in progress. The expansion of wind power onshore is The dynamic web map application mostly driven by large utilities like Vattenfall 4.0 R, D&D Activities (www.vindlov.se/vindbrukskollen) enables and E.ON but also by others. A number of Publicly funded wind energy research in the wind power developer, the authority, utilities, developers, real estate companies, 2012 was mainly carried out within the and interested persons to view, share, and at- and private persons are developing small and Vindforsk (3), Vindval (4), and SWPTC tach up-to-date public geographic informa- large projects. (5) research programs. The present phase of tion to a project without being a specialist Vindforsk (Vindforsk III) runs from 2009– in Geographic Information Systems. The 3.2 Industry status 2012, with a total budget of 20 million SEK/ service is free of charge and shows local- The large, international manufacturers of yr (2.3 million EUR/yr; 3.1 million USD/ izations with public stakeholder interests, turbines, Enercon, Nordex, Vestas, and oth- yr). The program is financed 50% by the basic conditions for wind power, and all ers have sales offices in Sweden. On the Swedish Energy Agency and 50% by indus- wind power in place and in planning. This component side (supply chain), the value try. Vindforsk III is organized in four project includes detailed site and technical informa- of manufactured goods is large. The mar- packages: the wind resource and establish- tion for every single turbine and park, a set ket consists of subcontractors such as ABB ment; cost-effective wind power plant and of different administrative boundaries and (electrical components and cable), Dynavind design; optimal running and maintenance; a detailed base map as well as wind speed (tower production), EWP Windtower Pro- and wind power in the power system. charts, weather radars and protection zones, duction, SKF (roller bearings and monitor- The SWPTC runs from 2010–2014. The restricted areas around military airports and ing systems), and Vestas Castings (formerly program is financed by the Swedish Energy training fields, national interest areas of dif- Guldsmedshytte Bruk AB). Other compa- Agency, by industry, and by Chalmers Uni- ferent kinds, electricity trunk lines, valuable nies worth mentioning are ESAB (welding versity. SWPTC has organized its work in natural and cultural environments, and con- equipment), Oiltech (hydraulic systems and six theme groups: power and control systems; cession areas for mineral excavation. coolers), and Nexans (cables). The subcon- turbine and wind load; mechanical power In addition, the Web map application tractors are mainly multinational companies, transmission and system optimization; struc- functions as a geographic based e-service but smaller entities that find the wind power ture and foundation; maintenance and reli- tool between developer and authority. De- market relevant to their know-how are also ability and cold climate. velopers form their application in the web established in Sweden. Vindforsk, Vindval, and SWPTC togeth- map application including all necessary in- er invited interested actors to a conference formation. Then they send it to the authority 3.3 Operational details where researchers and organizations partici- via the system, and the authority handles the Wind power in mountainous terrain and pated and presented research projects. Dur- status of the application, which is visible on cold climates is gaining more and more in- ing 2012, intensive work was carried out by the map for the public to follow the process. terest. Northern Sweden exhibits many such applicants, steering groups, and the Vindforsk

148 2012 Annual Report and SWPTC organization to formulate and simple, effective and inexpensive devices for the coming research program will be set up start up new research projects. accurate detection of ice and ice accretion to increase the knowledge in this area. The The Vindval program is financed by the tracking on the surface of wind turbine blades. SWPTC activities will continue developing Swedish Energy Agency and is administrated Efficiency and influence of heating dewind turbines and to optimize maintenance by the Swedish Environmental Protection vice on wind turbine blades: the project aims and production costs. Agency. Vindval’s objective is to facilitate an to develop models and experimental meth- increase in the expansion of wind power ods to evaluate the efficiency of de-icing References: by compiling basic data for environmental equipment and its influence on the expected Opening Photo: Wind turbines at Öland impact assessments and permit application life of the turbine blades. shore, Credit: Per Westergård processes. During 2008, the program was (1) www.natverketforvindbruk.se/ extended through 2012 with a new budget 5.0 The Next Term (2) www.vindlov.se of 35 million SEK (4.1 million EUR; 5.4 The research programs Vindval, Vindforsk, (3) www.vindenergi.org/ million USD). Within this time period, the and SWPTC will continue during 2013. (4) http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Mil- program includes new environmental stud- Vindval and Vindforsk will be extended to joarbete-i-samhallet/Miljoarbete-i-Sverige/ ies in important fields such as: social studies; 2016 and 2017, respectively. The Vindval re- Forskning/Vindval/ animals in the forests; and effects on eco- search program will also continue synthesiz- (5) http://www.chalmers. nomic areas like reindeer farming, nature ing and spreading knowledge. A lot of the se/ee/swptc-en/ (English) tourism, and outdoor recreation. Other im- expected growth in wind generation capac- portant areas will be to synthesize and spread ity will be in forested areas and also in the Authors: Andreas Gustafsson, Swedish En- information to important actors in the in- northern parts of Sweden in the “low-fields.” ergy Agency; and Sven-Erik Thor, Vattenfall dustry about the effects from wind power The interest in those regions is prompted by Vindkraft AB, Sweden. development. the rather good wind potential as estimated These programs and other R&D projects by Swedish wind mapping. Substantial un- that have been funded during 2012 include certainty, however, exists in the energy cap- the following: ture and loads of turbines in forested areas. Fatigue loads in forest regions: the proj- The character of wind shear and turbulence ect aims to numerically predict the turbu- is less explored in these areas and projects in lent fluctuations, characterizing the atmospheric boundary layer approaching the wind turbine. Sensors for ice detection on wind turbine rotor blades: the project aims to evaluate

IEA Wind 149 internationally cross-linked, mainly in the fields of cold climate, turbulent and remote sites, and social acceptance.

2.0 National Objectives and Progress As a result of the devastating earthquake in Japan and the disaster at Fukushima, the Swiss government and parliament decided in autumn 2011 to decommission existing nuclear power plants at the end of their operational lifespan and to not replace them with new nuclear power plants. In order to ensure the security of electricity supply, the Federal Council, as part of its new Energy Strategy 2050, is placing emphasis on increased energy savings (energy efficiency) and—amongst other measures—the expansion of hydropower and new renewable energies (3). Wind energy is an important element within this new strategy. Suisse Eole, the Swiss Wind Energy Association, is the leading institution on the use of wind energy in Switzerland and will play an even more important role in coordinating all activities in collaboration with the cantonal (state) authorities of energy, energy suppliers, and energy planners. A special focus will be on social acceptance issues (4).

2.1 National targets Within the new energy strategy 2050, the additional energy yield from renewable energy is estimated to be 22.6 TWh/y. Wind energy should contribute 4 TWh/y to these targets. The Swiss wind energy concept (plan) also identifies the calculated wind energy potential for Switzerland, based on the real wind conditions at the sites and on the possible number of plants to be installed. The potential is outlined by time horizons: time horizon 2020: 600 GWh; time horizon 2030: 34 Switzerland 1,500 GWh; time horizon 2050: 4,000 GWh (5). By the end of 2012, the energy yield Source: Suisse Eole from operating wind turbines was 88 GWh; advanced projects may generate in the near future an additional 300 GWh. 1.0 Overview with a rated power of 3.9 MW were installed Since the introduction of the FIT in y the end of 2012, 32 wind turbines in 2012. 2009, projects with an estimated energy Bof considerable size were operating in In Switzerland, an ancillary industry for yield of 1,200 GWh are registered; addition- Switzerland with a total rated power of 49 wind turbine manufacturers and planners al projects with a potential energy yield of MW. These turbines produced 88 GWh of has developed, which acts mainly on an in- 2,135 GWh are on the waiting list. electricity. Since 1 January 2009, a cost-cov- ternational level. A recent study estimates Projects with possible energy yield of ering feed-in-tariff (FIT) for renewable ener- that the total turnover in 2010 was about 2,320 GWh have been submitted to plan- gy has been implemented in Switzerland (1). 38.9 million EUR (51.3 million USD) and ning bodies, and 445 GWh are already au- This policy in promoting wind energy led to the wind industry employs about 290 peo- thorized (Figure 1). a boost of new wind energy projects. Financ- ple (2). Wind energy research is conducted ing is requested today for additional 3,343 by the public research institutions, such as 2.2 Progress GWh under the FIT scheme. Due to con- the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Today, approximately 56% of Switzerland's tinuous obstacles in the planning procedures Zurich (ETHZ), as well as by experienced overall electricity production comes from re- and acceptance issues, only two new turbines private companies. Research activities are newable sources, with hydropower by far the

150 2012 Annual Report Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: Switzerland In 2012, 32 wind Total installed wind capacity 49 MW turbines of considerable New wind capacity installed 3.9 MW Total electrical output from wind 0.09 TWh size produced 88 Wind generation as % of national 0.1% electric demand GWh of electricity. Average capacity factor <20% Target: 4 TWh/yr in 2050

Figure 1. Actual and future energy yield of wind turbines in Switzerland 2012

biggest contributor (96.5%). In 2012, two million EUR; 546 million USD) annually of if the existing widespread acceptance of this wind turbines were put in operation with available funds. At the moment there is a de- technology can be maintained. The activities an average rated power of 3 MW (opening bate in national parliament to raise this levy of the IEA Wind Task 28 Social Acceptance photo) and 0.9 MW. In total, 32 wind tur- up to 0.124 EUR/kWh (0.163 USD/kWh), of Wind Energy Projects continue to play an bines of a considerable size are installed with in order to be able to reduce the waiting list important role. a rated capacity of 49 MW. These turbines of the signed in projects. Planning procedures and construction produced 88 GWh (Figure 2). The current feed-in tariff for wind en- permits in Switzerland are still very time- ergy is in a range of 0.18 to 0.13 EUR/ and cost-intensive and the outcomes are of- 2.3 National incentive programs kWh (0.24 to .017 USD/kWh). (6). Produc- ten uncertain. Here the intensified activities The cost-covering FIT for renewable energy ers who decide in favor of the FIT option concerning spatial planning of the cantons is the most significant measure. Renewable re- cannot simultaneously sell their green power (states) will lead to a higher realization grade sources include hydropower (up to 10 MW), on the free market for green electricity. Yet of the planned projects. photovoltaics, wind energy, geothermal ener- they can decide every year whether they will Based on the important changes in the gy, biomass, and waste material from biomass. sell the electricity on the market or apply the FIT, a dramatic rise in players on the Swiss The additional cost of the FIT is financed by FIT system. market occurred. Establishing a high quality a levy on electricity consumption. By 1 Janu- reference standard for future projects will be ary 2013, this levy is set to 0.083 EUR/kWh 2.4 Issues affecting growth a major challenge for the Swiss Wind En- (0.109 USD/kWh), based on the current Besides the limited finances within the ergy Association. electricity consumption in Switzerland. This FIT system, there are other issues affecting leads to more than 500 million CHF (414 growth. The substantial potential of wind 3.0 Implementation energy in Switzerland can only be achieved 3.1 Economic impact

IEA Wind 151 34 Switzerland

Figure 2. Development of wind energy in Switzerland 2012

A recent study estimates that the total turn- power plants is about 1,450 EUR/kW effect on local acceptance. Local acceptance over in wind energy in Switzerland in 2010 (1,911 USD/kW), including installation was higher if the project developer was a was about 38.9 million EUR (51.3 million the figure rises to 2,070 EUR/kW (2,728 well-known Swiss company and very expe- USD) and wind industry employs about USD/kW). The regulation for the com- rienced in the field of wind energy projects 290 people (2). Another study of McKin- pensatory FIT scheme provides 0.13–0.18 in contrast to an unknown project develop- sey (7) from 2009 estimates the world-wide EUR/kWh (0.17–0.24 USD/kWh) for er acting on behalf of a foreign or unknown turnover of Swiss companies in the field of wind energy—based on the same mecha- investor. Local benefits associated with the wind energy in the year 2020 of 8.6 billion nism as the German model. Swiss participa- project had the highest impact on local ac- EUR (11.6 billion USD) and 32,000 em- tion in the IEA Wind Task 26 Cost of Wind ceptance. Wind energy projects that includ- ployees worldwide. Energy did generate important information ed financial investment opportunities for lo- for this discussion. cal citizens or launched a communal fund 3.2 Industry status were perceived significantly more positively The Swiss industry is active in several fields 4.0 R, D&D Activities by local citizens than wind energy projects of wind energy: development and produc- 4.1 National R, D&D efforts that encompassed lease of land as the only tion of chemical products for rotor blades, The Federal Energy Research Masterplan local benefit. Only 12% of the respondents like resins or adhesives (Gurit Heberlein, 2013-2016 (8) focuses in the field of wind Huntsman, Clariant); grid connection energy on developing innovative turbine (ABB); development and production of components for specific application in harsh power electronics like inverters (ABB, In- climates, increasing availability and energy tegral Drive Systems AG, Vivatec, VonRoll yield at extreme sites, optimizing the in- Isola); services in the field of site assessments tegration of wind energy into the grid and and project development (Meteotest, In- increasing the acceptance of wind energy. terwind, NEK, New Energy Scout, Kohle/ Implementation of pilot and demonstration Nussbaumer, etc.); and products like gear- projects is designed to increase market pen- boxes (RUAG). etration of wind energy and close the gap between research activities and application in 3.3 Operational details practice. In 2012, the budget for wind ener- Due to the specific wind regime in Switzer- gy related R&D projects was 410,000 EUR land (moderate wind speeds, turbulent sites, (540,380 USD). An amount of 459,000 icing conditions, etc.) the average capacity EUR (604,962 USD) is spent on promo- factor for installations in Switzerland is be- tional activities. low 20%. New projects with modern wind Several innovative research projects turbines are showing substantially higher were underway in 2012. performance, also thanks to lessons learned Social Psychological acceptance of wind within research activities. The turbines in the power projects at potential sites (9): This re- lower Rhone Valley recorded over 2,500 full search project focuses on local acceptance load hours, values known from locations in of wind energy projects in five Swiss mu- Northern Germany and Denmark. nicipalities. An experimental design was Figure 3. Best performing wind turbine in Collonges: >2,500 full load hours (Source: used to analyze the influence of three proj- :\PZZL,VSL:^P[aLYSHUK 3.4 Wind energy costs ect characteristics on local acceptance. The The specific costs of existing large wind result of a citizens’ vote had a significant

152 2012 Annual Report opposed and 42% supported all presented wind energy projects. Field measurements of wind turbine wake flows (10): The characterization of the wake flow produced from wind turbines is a fundamental task for the evaluation of wind turbine performance and for an optimized design of wind farms. Besides the continuous improvement of tools for numerical simulations of wind turbine wakes, field measurements of wakes produced by real wind turbines are still required for their deeper physical interpretation and for validation of numerical simulation tools. To this end, the WIRE Lab of EPFL is developing a system based on three synchronized scanning Doppler wind LiDARs in order to measure 3-D wind velocity field over measurement volumes with a maximum width/height of about 3 km. LiDAR measurements of the wake flow produced from a 2-MW Enercon Figure 4. Field Measurement Campaign in the lower Rhone Valley E-70 were carried out (Figure 4).

4.2 Collaborative research In addition to IEA Wind Task 28 Social Ac- References: www.bfe.admin.ch/forsc- ceptance of Wind Energy Projects, Switzer- The opening photo shows a 3-MW hungewg/02544/02805/index. land participated in the IEA Wind Task 11 wind turbine at Charrat, Switzerland. html?lang=de&dossier_id=04375 Base Technology Information Exchange, (8) The Federal Energy Research Mas- Task 19 Wind Energy in Cold Climates, and (1) Cost-covering feed-in-tariff (FIT) terplan 2013-2016 Task 26 Cost of Wind Energy, and Task 31 www.bfe.admin.ch/themen/00612/02073/ www.bfe.admin.ch/the- WAKEBENCH, Benchmarking Wind Farm index.html?lang=en# men/00519/00520/index. Flow Models. (2) Rütter&Partner, 2013, Volks html?lang=de&dossier_id=01157 wirtschaftliche Bedeutung erneuerbarer En- (9) The Advisory House AG, University 5.0 The Next Term ergien in der Schweiz of Zurich, Götz Walter, Sozialpsychologische If significant economic effects of wind en- www.news.admin.ch/NSBSubscriber/ Akzeptanz von Windkraftprojekten an po- ergy for the Swiss industry are to be realized, message/attachments/29634.pdf tentiellen Standorten, www.bfe.admin.ch/ a substantial rise in research and promotional (3) Energy strategy 2050 forschungwindenergie/02512/02746/index. activities is crucial. In 2012, the energy re- www.bfe.admin.ch/the- html?lang=de&dossier_id=05770 search concept 2013 to 2016 was being elab- men/00526/00527/index.html?lang=en (10) Prof. Fernando Porte-Agel, EPFL- orated by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (4) The Swiss Wind Energy Association WIRE, Field measurements of wind turbine (SFOE). The following key issues where “Suisse Eole” wake flows included: www.suisse-eole.ch/de.html meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/ • Quantifying production losses and (5) Konzept Windenergie Schweiz, EGU2013/EGU2013-9073.pdf downtimes due to icing; and implemen- Bundesamt für Energie, 2003 tation and evaluation of relevant mea- www.wind-data.ch/konzept/index. Author: Robert Horbaty, ENCO Energie- sures, in collaboration with IEA Wind php?lng=en Consulting AG, Switzerland. Task 19 Wind Energy in Cold Climates (6) Richtlinie kostendeckende Einspei- • Reducing energy production costs by severgütung (KEV), Art. 7a EnG, Windener- increasing the full-load hours and reli- gie Anhang 1.3 EnV ability of turbines in harsh conditions www.bfe.admin.ch/the- and on sites with low wind speeds men/00612/02073/index. • Increasing the accuracy of energy yield html?lang=en&dossier_id=02168 estimates and improving the economics (7) McKinsey, Rolf Bättig, 2010. Wettbe- of wind parks werbsfaktor Energie, Chancen für die Sch- • Reducing planning and installation weizer Wirtschaft. costs by speeding up planning procedures and considering important acceptance issues • Maintaining the high degree of wind energy acceptance in Switzerland.

IEA Wind 153 35 United Kingdom Source: Renewable UK

1.0 Overview as to how the country intends to fulfill its The government’s response to the Re- he United Kingdom (UK) has approx- obligation to the EU of sourcing 15% of newable Obligation (RO) Banding Review, Timately 40% of Europe's entire wind its energy from renewables by 2020. While published on 25 July 2012, set out support resource and significant potential for both the Roadmap follows the Renewable En- levels for onshore wind from April 2013. onshore and offshore wind. The UK gov- ergy Strategy of 2009 and the 2010 update, The government confirmed its intention to ernment has put in place a range of mea- some notable changes were made in terms reduce the level of support to 0.9 Renew- sures to enable the deployment of that po- of wind energy deployment scenarios. The able Obligation Certificates (ROCs)/MWh tential resource and is committed to ensur- current central scenario for offshore wind from 1 April 2013–31 March 2017. Off- ing the further growth of wind generation sees scope for 18 GW by 2020. The head- shore wind RO banding levels were main- in the UK. The UK signed up in 2009 to a line scenario for onshore wind is for 13 tained at 2 ROCs to April 2015, 1.9 ROCs European Union (EU) target of 20% of pri- GW by 2020. to April 2016, and 1.8 ROCs to April 2017. mary energy (electricity, heat, and transport) The publication of the Roadmap led In his speech on 11 September 2012, the from renewables sources. The UK contri- to the formation of a DECC-sponsored Department for Business, Innovation, and bution to that target is 15% by 2020. Wind Offshore Wind Cost Reduction Taskforce Skills (BIS) Secretary of State Vince Cable set will be an important contributor to this tar- (CRTF), which was tasked with producing out his vision for the future of British indus- get. Figure 1 shows Griffin wind farm near a list of actions to ensure that the industry try and committed to a long-term, strategic Perth, Scotland, completed in 2012 with a would reach 100 GBP/MWh (112.3 EUR/ partnership between government and indus- total installed capacity of 156.4 MW. MWh; 162.6 USD/MWh) by 2020. The try. DECC Secretary of State Ed Davey wel- In 2012, total wind capacity in the UK CRTF, comprising senior industry profes- comed the proposals, particularly their po- was 8.29 GW, representing approximately sionals, held a series of evidence-gathering tential to enhance low-carbon infrastructure 6% of the UK’s national electricity demand, meetings focusing on key areas for costs in the UK. an increase of 1.8 GW from the 2011 figure reductions. The group also looked in detail As part of this government-wide indus- (a 27% increase) (1). A significant increase in at the results of The Crown Estate’s Cost trial strategy program, there are plans for electricity generation from wind was seen Reduction Pathways Project. The CRTF’s a series of collaborative, challenging sec- in 2012 in the UK, from 15.5 TWh in 2011 report was launched on 13 June 2012 at tor strategies. One of these sector strategies to 21.8 TWh in 2012 (40% increase) (1). RenewableUK’s Global Offshore Confer- will focus on offshore wind—one of the ten The 2020 UK Renewable Energy ence and Exhibition. The report found that sectors with which government intends to Roadmap was published by the Department 100 GBP/MWh (112.3 EUR/MWh; 162.6 establish a strategic partnership to have real of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) in USD/MWh) by 2020 was challenging, but impact on economic growth. July 2011 (2). The Roadmap sets out a path achievable if the 28 recommendations in the report were delivered.

154 2012 Annual Report In 2012, wind capacity Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: United Kingdom Total installed wind capacity 8,292 MW

increased 27% and New wind capacity installed 1,822 MW generation increased Total electrical output from wind 21.8 TWh Wind generation as % of national 6.0% 40% over 2011, meeting electric demand Average national capacity factor Onshore: 27.4% 6% of the UK’s national Offshore: 36.7% Target 15% renewables by 2020 electricity demand. Bold italic indicates estimates

of the electricity component of the UK’s 2020 renewable energy target is likely to be provided by wind energy, both on land and offshore. In order to meet this target by 2020, the UK predicts that it will need to supply 30% of its electricity and 12% of its heat from renewable sources.

2.2 Progress UK electricity is generated from a range of sources. Of electricity generated in 2012, provisional data highlights that gas accounted for 30% and coal accounted for 38%. Nucle- ar energy’s share contributed 20% of the total, while renewable energy’s share of generation increased to 11% (3). Generation from wind increased in 2012 due to an increase in capacity. The increase in -PN\YL.YPMÄU^PUKMHYTULHY7LY[O:JV[SHUKJVTWSL[LKPU^P[OH[V[HS generation was from 15.5 TWh in 2011 to installed capacity of 156.4 MW. Courtesy: SSE Generation, Ltd. 21.8 TWh in 2012 (40% increase). In 2012, 1,822 MW of new wind generation capacity was commissioned, bringing the total UK capacity to 8.3 GW, an increase of 28% The Low Carbon Innovation Co-or- with a combined budget of 21 million GBP above the 2011 level. This includes 2.68 GW dination Group (LCICG) will continue to (23 million EUR; 34 million USD), aimed of offshore wind, maintaining the UK’s lead work together, investing in excess of 100 to bring cost-lowering ideas into the UK in the development and deployment of off- million GBP (112.3 million EUR; 162.6 supply chain. shore wind farms. million USD) in this spending review period, in a number of activities to promote the 2.0 National Table 2. Wind Projects Prospects at development of innovative offshore wind Objectives and Progress End of 2012 technologies. This includes the establish- 2.1 National targets ment of the Offshore Renewable Energy In 2009, the UK signed up to a target of ob- Description MW Catapult Centre and the ongoing work of taining 15% of its primary energy from re- Planning application submitted 10,767 the DECC and Technology Strategy Board newables sources as part of the EU renew- Planning approved (awaiting/ 11,345 (TSB) Offshore Wind Components Tech- ables target of 20% of primary energy, elec- under construction) nology Scheme, offshore wind feasibility tricity, heat, and transport. Up to two-thirds Total planned and/or in 22,112 studies and knowledge transfer partnerships, construction

IEA Wind 155 2.3 National incentive programs were published on 20 July 2012. Changes and turbines, that will require UK facilities 2.3.1 Renewables Obligation (RO) resulting from this review, including new to progress the build out. A number of wind The RO is currently the government’s chief generation tariffs and a preliminary accredi- turbine manufacturers have since signaled incentive mechanism for eligible renewable tation process will come into effect in De- their intention to establish UK manufactur- electricity generation. It is also an important cember 2012. The Review also introduced a ing bases. part of the government’s program for secur- degression mechanism, based on which tariff ing reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, degression between 2.5% and 20% will be 3.2 Operational details working in support of other policy measures triggered depending on deployment in the In 2012, the UK saw key achievements in such as the EU Emissions Trading System. previous year. The degression mechanism, wind power development. Further large de- It requires licensed electricity suppliers for unlike other changes to FITs, will take effect velopments took place onshore in Scotland. Great Britain and Northern Ireland to pro- from 2014. RenewableUK has asked DECC Griffin was completed at 156-MW wind

35 United Kingdom vide a specified and increasing number of to reconsider these degression thresholds. farm and Clyde Wind Farm came fully on- ROCs as evidence of the number of mega- line (220 MW). In England, an onshore watt hours of electricity that is produced 2.3.3 Electricity Market Reform (EMR) wind farm of 66 MW was commissioned from eligible renewable sources, or if ROCs As part of EMR, the draft Energy Bill was at Ilfracombe. Offshore wind saw four large are not presented, then suppliers pay a buy- published in May 2012, along with a draft farms come on-line: Greater Gabbard with out price. framework for the Contract for Difference. the largest UK offshore farm of 504 MW; The government’s response to the RO Pre-legislative scrutiny was conducted by the Sheringham Shoal with 317 MW, Walney 2 Banding Review, published on 25 July 2012, Energy and Climate Change Committee in with 183.6 MW; and Ormonde with 150 set out support levels for onshore wind from summer 2012. Further work is underway fol- MW. Figure 2 shows offshore installation for April 2013. The government confirmed its lowing the publication of the Committee’s re- the London Array Offshore Wind Farm. intention to reduce the level of support to port. EMR’s focus is on the development of a 0.9 ROCs/MWh for new accreditations and long-term vision in which low-carbon tech- 4.0 R, D&D Activities additional capacity added in the banding re- nologies are competing on cost. To continue and accelerate the develop- view period 1 April 2013–31 March 2017. ment of wind energy, the UK government Following this announcement, the govern- 2.3.4 Transitional arrangements provides funding for R&D projects in partment launched an onshore wind call for evi- The current ROC scheme will close in 2017 nership with industry. Innovation support dence in two parts: 1) community engage- and be overtaken by Contracts for Difference is needed from early stage development ment and benefits; and 2) costs, due to close (CfDs) – this is intended to stabilize revenues through to demonstration and pre-commer- in November 2012 and report in May 2013. for investors in low-carbon electricity gener- cial deployment. Offshore wind RO banding levels were ation projects helping developers secure the The National Renewable Energy Centre, confirmed at 2 ROCs to April 2015, 1.9 large upfront capital costs for low carbon in- (Narec) based in northeast England is a focus ROCs to April 2016, and 1.8 ROCs to April frastructure while protecting consumers from for UK offshore renewable research, testing, 2017. The industry considered this to be rising energy bills. and demonstration. It opened a new 100-m consistent with the cost-reduction trajectory The government is taking powers to wind turbine blade test facility in 2012 and required for 2020. introduce a capacity market, allowing for a 15-MW drive train test facility for offshore The RO system has three complimen- capacity auctions from 2014 for delivery of wind turbines will be commissioned in sum- tary obligations, one covering England and capacity in the winter of 2018/19, if need- mer 2013. The UK Energy Technologies In- Wales, and one each for Scotland and North- ed, to help ensure the lights stay on even at stitute (ETI) is investing 25 million GBP (28 ern Ireland. Decisions regarding the details of times of peak demand. A capacity market million EUR; 40 million USD) in the design, the ROs, including the setting of RO band- will provide an insurance policy against fu- development and commissioning of the off- ing levels are for the Scottish government ture supply shortages, helping to ensure that shore wind turbine test rig. and Northern Ireland executive. Separate consumers continue to receive reliable elec- Narec has obtained a 100-MW grid con- consultations on ROC support have also tricity supplies at an affordable cost. Transi- nection and a lease from The Crown Estate to been held in Scotland and Northern Ireland. tional measures will allow renewable inves- enable an offshore wind demonstration site to tors to choose between the new system and be built in deep water, just off the Blyth coast. 2.3.2 Feed-In Tariff (FIT) the existing RO, which will remain stable up An Offshore Anemometry Hub was installed The FIT scheme was introduced on 1 April to 2017. offshore in November 2012 as part of the 2010, under powers in the Energy Act 2008. project and the private sector investment re- Through the use of FITs, DECC hopes to 3.0 Implementation quired to build out the demonstration site will encourage deployment of additional small- 3.1 Industry status be in the order of 400 million GPB (449 mil- scale (less than 5 MW) low-carbon electric- Although no established wind turbine man- lion EUR; 650 million USD). ity generation, particularly by organizations, ufacturer is currently based in the UK, over- Vattenfall is leading plans for an offshore businesses, communities, and individuals that seas manufacturers continue to show interest demonstration site at the European Offshore have not traditionally engaged in the elec- in the UK as a base for manufacturing as a Wind Deployment Centre near Aberdeen, tricity market. result of the 2010 announcement of Round Scotland, and SSE & Scottish Enterprise The first comprehensive FIT review was 3 leasing competition. The developers for are investing in an onshore site for offshore launched in February 2011. The results of the large Round 3 offshore wind farms machines at the Port of Hunterston in the Phase 2B Review, which considered all have been confirmed and over the com- south-west Scotland. Two of the three plots non-solar PV technologies including wind, ing years will be placing contracts for work will be managed by SSE, with Siemens and

156 2012 Annual Report regional development agencies, and research councils. The TSB aims to accelerate innovation by helping UK businesses to innovate faster and more effectively than would otherwise be possible, using its expertise, connections and funding. The TSB is one of the public sector members of the Energy Technologies Insti- tute and, in addition, is working closely with other funding agencies such as DECC, the Research Councils, the Regional Develop- ment Agencies, and Carbon Trust to develop a coordinated Energy R&D program for the UK. The TSB will continue to oversee the development and execution of the Catapult Centre development program, including the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult. R, D&D projects supported by the -PN\YL0UZ[HSSH[PVUVMÄUHS[\YIPULPUÄYZ[4>WOHZLVM[OL3VUKVU(YYH`6MMZOVYL>PUK technology program during this report- Farm. Courtesy: London Array ing period included development of in- situ wireless monitoring systems for towers and blades, cost effective manufacture of Mitsubishi already named as the manufactur- Council (BBSRC), the Economic and Social offshore wind turbine foundations, and a ers that will use the facilities. Research Council (ESRC), the Natural En- direct-drive superconducting generator for The Low Carbon Innovation Co-ordi- vironment Research Council (NERC), and offshore wind application. nation Group (LCICG): The LCICG brings the Science and Technology Facilities Coun- together the major public-sector backed cil (STFC). 4.2 Energy funders of low-carbon innovation in the The EPSRC established the SUPER- Technologies Institute (ETI) UK. Its core members include DECC, BIS, GEN Wind Energy Technologies Consor- The ETI is a public-private partnership be- Carbon Trust, Energy Technologies Institute, tium (SUPERGEN Wind) on 23 March tween global energy and engineering com- Technology Strategy Board, the Engineering 2006 as part of the Sustainable Power Gen- panies—BP, Caterpillar, EDF, E.ON, Rolls- and Physical Sciences Research Council, the eration and Supply (SUPERGEN) Pro- Royce and Shell—and the UK government. Scottish government, the Scottish Enterprise, gramme. The project was renewed for anoth- Public sector representation is through BIS, and several other organizations, including the er four years, starting from 23 March 2010. with funding channeled through the TSB other devolved administrations, have recently The SUPERGEN Wind Consortium is led and the EPSRC. The DECC are observers joined as associate members. by Strathclyde and Durham Universities and on our Board. The group’s aims are to maximize the consists of seven research groups with ex- The ETI carries out two key activities: impact of UK public sector funding for low- pertise in wind turbine technology, aerody- firstly modeling and analysis of the UK en- carbon energy, in order to deliver affordable, namics, hydrodynamics, materials, electrical ergy system to identify the key challenges and secure, sustainable energy for the UK; deliver machinery and control, and reliability and potential solutions to meeting the UK’s 2020 UK economic growth; and develop UK’s ca- condition monitoring. The Consortium has and 2050 targets at the lowest cost to the UK; pabilities, knowledge, and skills. 19 industrial partners, including wind farm and secondly investing in engineering and operators, manufacturers, and consultants. technology development and demonstra- 4.1 Research Councils UK The Doctoral Training Centre at the Uni- tion projects which address these challenges Energy Programme versity of Strathclyde every October awards with the aim of de-risking solutions—both The Research Councils UK Energy Pro- ten prestigious EPRSC research studentships in technology and in supply-chain develop- gramme (4) aims to position the UK to meet to talented engineering and physical science ment—for subsequent commercial investors. its energy and environmental targets and graduates to undertake a four-year PhD. This The ETI has the following projects in policy goals through world-class research and combines training and research to enable wind energy: Condition monitoring: De- training. The Energy Programme is invest- graduates to make the transition into the wind veloping an intelligent integrated, predic- ing more than 625 million GBP (701 million energy sector—a rapidly expanding area in tive package, which will improve the reli- EUR; 1 billion USD) in research and skills the UK and overseas, with an overwhelming ability and monitoring of wind turbines, to pioneer a low-carbon future. This builds demand for well qualified people. and increase turbine availability by reducing on an investment of 839 million GBP (942 The Technology Strategy Board (TSB) downtime by up to 20%, which leads to po- million EUR; 1.3 billion USD) over the past is an executive, Non-Departmental Public tential savings of approximately 16,000 GBP eight years. The Energy Programme is led by Body (NDPB), established by the govern- (17,968 EUR; 26,016 USD) per turbine. the Engineering and Physical Sciences Re- ment in 2007 and sponsored by BIS. The Launched in September 2009 with 5.4 mil- search Council (EPSRC). It brings together TSB activities are jointly supported and lion GBP (6.1 million EUR; 8.8 million the work of EPSRC and that of the Bio- funded by BIS and other government de- USD) of ETI funding the system is currently technology and Biological Sciences Research partments, the devolved administrations, being tested on turbines belonging to EDF

IEA Wind 157 Table 3. Offshore Wind Projects Completed by the End of 2012 ambitious action on climate change at home Wind farm name Turbine type Number of Total capacity Date online and abroad; and manage our energy legacy turbines (MW) responsibly and cost-effectively.

Sheringham 3.6-MW 88 317.00 Sept 2012 The Carbon Trust Offshore Wind Ac- Shoal Siemens celerator (OWA) is a collaborative R, D&D

Greater 3.6-MW 140 504.00 Sept 2012 program involving the Carbon Trust and Gabbard Siemens eight energy companies that aims to reduce

Ormonde REPower 5M 30 150.00 Feb 2012 the cost of offshore wind by 10% in time for Round 3 (2015). One third is funded by the Walney 2 3.6-MW 51 183.6 Jan 2012 UK government and two thirds from the in- Siemens dustry. The OWA focuses on four research Walney 1 3.6-MW 51 183.6 July 2011 35 United Kingdom areas—access systems, electrical systems, Siemens foundations, and wake effects. Set up in 2009 Thanet 3-MW Vestas 100 300.0 Sept 2010 and running to 2014, the OWA has achieved V90 a number of milestones. Robin Rigg 3-MW Vestas 60 180.0 Apr 2010 • Access systems: Thirteen leading designs V90 from 450 entries in a competition for .\UÅLL[:HUKZ 3.6-MW 48 172.8 Apr 2010 improved crew transfer vessels received I + II Siemens financial and technical support for design Rhyl Flats 3.6-MW 25 90.0 Dec 2009 development. These should allow main- Siemens tenance to take place in much harsher Inner Dowsing 3.6-MW 30 108.0 Nov 2008 sea states than is possible today, increasing Siemens availability. Lynn 3.6-MW 24 86.4 Nov 2008 • Electrical systems: An engineering de- Siemens sign study confirmed the potential for Burbo Bank 3.6-MW 25 90.0 Oct 2007 higher voltage (66 kV) intra-array cables Siemens to reduce the cost of energy. Beatrice 5-MW REPower 2 10.0 Jul 2007 • Foundations: Following 18 months of Barrow 3-MW Vestas 30 90.0 Jul 2006 concept development and de-risking, the V90 first of four finalists from 104 entries in Kentish Flats 3-MW Vestas 30 90.0 Oct 2005 a 2009 turbine foundation competition Scroby Sands 2-MW Vestas 30 60.0 Mar 2004 was successfully demonstrated. The Key- stone ‘twisted jacket’ was installed in the North Hoyle 2-MW Vestas 30 60.0 Dec 2003 Hornsea zone, 100 km offshore in 30 m Blyth Offshore 2-MW Vestas 2 3.8 Dec 2000 water depths to support a met mast. • Wake effects: The OWA funded the development of two new wake effects in France and E.ON in North Yorkshire. The first blades to be manufactured and tested by models that forecast wind farm yields project is due to be completed by the end of the end of 2014 ready for production scale- more accurately. This will reduce financ- 2013. up to serve anticipated future demand. ing costs and allow more efficient wind Offshore Wind Test Facility: In 2011, Offshore Wind Floating Platform: Float- farm layouts to be adopted. ETI commissioned GE Energy Power Con- ing turbine technology is of strategic impor- version and MTS to design, develop and tance to both UK energy supply and indus- Britain’s first Industrial Doctorate Cen- commission an indoor test rig capable of trial strategy. The Floating System Demon- tre in Renewable Energy was commissioned testing a complete wind turbine drive train strator project aims to develop, install, and and funded by the ETI and the EPSRC. It and nacelle. The ETI invested over 25 mil- commission a full-scale floating wind turbine took its first students in January 2012. The lion GBP (28 million EUR; 40 million system demonstrator by 2016. The demon- Centre will train up to 50 students in the USD) in the project which will see the test strator is aimed at demonstrating technology research and skills needed to accelerate the rig operational at Narec in Blyth by the for the 60 m–100 m water depth. The global development of renewable energy technolo- autumn of 2013. The test rig has been de- market for floating turbines is likely to be gies. Each will spend part of their training signed to allow the whole turbine nacelle significantly greater than for fixed turbines. with the three universities in the consortium. to be tested, in a purpose-built, onshore test The students will spend most of their train- facility before being exposed to the more 4.3 Department for Energy ing time at ETI Member companies, as well challenging offshore conditions. and Climate Change (DECC) as in other renewable industry organizations Very Long Blades Project: Blade Dynam- DECC’s vision is of a thriving, globally and companies. The students will each gain ics have been commissioned to design, build competitive, low-carbon energy economy. an internationally-leading engineering doc- and test blades in excess of 80 m long that DECC’s key priorities are to save energy torate. The drive to meet the UK’s ambitious would be used on the next generation of with the Green Deal and support vulner- deployment targets for offshore renewable large offshore wind turbines with a capacity able consumers; deliver secure energy on the energy technologies requires a steady sup- of >6MW. The aim of the project is for the way to a low-carbon energy future; drive ply of highly trained engineers, scientists and

158 2012 Annual Report leaders. This new Industrial Doctorate Cen- fossil fuel power stations, ensuring that any (2) www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/ tre in Renewable Energy will contribute sig- new coal-fired power stations will have car- meeting_energy/renewable_ener/re_road- nificantly to that requirement. bon capture and sequestration (CCS) fitted map/re_roadmap.aspx# to be able to operate within limit. Through (3) www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/ 5.0 The Next Term the Levy Control Framework, 7.6 billion stats/publications/energy-trends/4779-ener- In July 2013, the ‘strike price’ on the elec- GBP (8.5 billion EUR; 12.4 billion USD) gy-trends-oct12.pdf tricity wholesale market will be set in the will be invested in clean technologies each (4) www.rcuk.ac.uk/research/xrcpro- government’s draft Delivery Plan. The cur- year up to 2020—as the price of carbon grammes/energy/Pages/home.aspx rent wholesale price for electricity is 50 and imported gases rises, the cost of offshore GBP/MWh (56 EUR/MWh; 81 USD/ wind is expected to fall. Gas prices roses by Authors: Richard Court and Steve Abbott, MWh), while offshore wind is estimated to 50% in the five years prior to 2011. National Renewable Energy Centre (Narec), cost around 140 GBP/MWh (157 EUR/ United Kingdom. MWh; 227 USD/MWh). The government References: has already legislated to establish a Carbon Opening photo of a rural wind farm cour- Price Floor from April 2013, to underpin tesy of Renewables UK www.renewableuk. the move to a low-carbon energy future. A com/en/news/media-galleries/index.cfm Final Investment Decision (FID) enabling process will allow investment in low-carbon (1) www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/ projects to come forward for early projects, statistics/publications/trends/trends.aspx guarding against delays to investment in energy infrastructure. The government will take additional powers so that if necessary, it can promote greater competition and liquidity in the wholesale market. An Emissions Performance Standard (EPS) will curb the most polluting

IEA Wind 159 wind resource off the marine coasts and in the Great Lakes (6). Although not all of this wind resource (land-based and offshore) can be re- alistically developed because of certain restrictions (e.g., competing uses and environmentally sensitive areas), a cost-effective offshore wind industry could add a substantial amount of electric-generating capacity. The National Offshore Wind Strategy calls for reducing the cost of offshore wind energy and enabling the deployment of 54 GW by 2030 (7).

2.2 Progress Total U.S. wind capacity at the close of 2012 was more than 60 GW compared to just 2.5 GW in 1999. The U.S. wind fleet generated more than 140 GWh of electricity in 2012, which avoided 79.9 million tons of CO emissions from power generation. This 36 United States 2 avoided CO2 is equivalent to reducing na- Photo: Campo Band of the Kumeyaay Nation tional power system emissions by 3.6% or to eliminating the emissions of 14 million cars. In addition, 60 GW of wind plants operat- 1.0 Overview Offshore Compliance Recommended Prac- ing for a full year avoids the consumption of n the United States, 13,131 MW of wind tices (5) that address the unique conditions 37.7 billion gallons of water. (1) Ipower capacity came online in 2012, for wind energy development in U.S. waters. Wind generation represented nearly more than any other year and nearly twice Other important R&D activities support 3.5% of total U.S. electrical consumption in as much as was installed in 2011 (1). This technology development. Tests of large wind 2012 (3). However, in nine states, wind gen- added wind capacity represented 43% of turbine blades began at the Massachusetts eration meets more than 10% of demand. In new U.S. electricity generation capacity for Wind Technology Testing Center that has Iowa, wind represents 24.5% of total state 2012, surpassing the 33% of new generation been certified by the International Electro- electrical consumption (1). represented by natural gas (2). Wind energy technical Commission (IEC). Development By the end of 2012, 10 offshore wind now accounts for nearly 3.5% of national and testing of advanced drivetrains contin- projects were identified as being more-ad- electricity consumption in the United States ues, and researchers are increasing efforts to vanced in the development process. These (3) and is deployed in 39 states and territo- understand the reliability of wind turbine projects equal 2,840 MW of anticipate capac- ries (1). The state of Texas alone has more in- components and complex flow in wind fa- ity and are primarily located in the Northeast, stalled wind power than all but five countries cilities. The United States is leading a new Mid-Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico (2). around the world. IEA Wind research task to assess and monitor The record installations in 2012 repre- the environmental impacts of land-based and 2.3 National incentive programs sented a rush to complete projects before the offshore wind development. Federal tax and grant incentives and state pending expiration of a key federal incentive Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPSs) help for wind energy—the Production Tax Credit 2.0 National stimulate the growth of wind capacity. The (PTC). In January 2013, as part of the Ameri- Objectives and Progress PTC, a performance-based tax credit for can Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, the U.S. Con- Although the U.S. government has no of- electricity produced by a wind facility after gress extended the incentive for one year and ficial targets for wind energy, the president it is built, was enacted as part of the Energy changed the eligibility requirement so that is striving to achieve 80% of U.S. electric- Policy Act of 1992. PTCs, loan programs, rather than being in operation, farms must be ity from clean energy sources (including re- and various levels of bonus depreciation were under construction by the end of the year. newable energy technologies, nuclear, clean effective through 2012. However, uncertainty Moving aggressively to advance offshore coal, and natural gas) by 2035. After the U.S. about their extension spurred the installation wind deployment, the U.S. Department of achieved a doubling of renewable energy of a record 8,380 MW in the fourth quar- Energy (DOE) Wind Program is pursuing generation (largely driven by wind) between ter of 2012. The PTC was extended for one its 168 million USD (127 million EUR) 2008 and 2012, President Obama challenged year as part of the American Taxpayer Relief offshore wind initiative. In 2012, DOE an- Americans to double renewable electricity Act of 2012 and will apply to projects under nounced seven Phase 1 funding awards to generation again by 2020. Wind energy will construction in 2013. plan and design offshore wind demonstra- contribute significantly to achieving this goal State-based RPSs that require utilities to tion projects. In Phase 2, three of these tech- and aiding economic recovery. purchase a percentage of their overall gen- nology demonstration partnerships will be erating capacity from renewable resources selected to move to demonstration of full- 2.1 National targets are major drivers of wind deployment and scale offshore wind generation facilities (4). The potential for wind energy development represent local support for the increased use Offshore wind facility developments were in the United States is enormous. DOE es- of clean energy technologies. Twenty-nine further facilitated with the adoption of the timates a potential 8,000 GW of land-based states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) wind resource and 4,000 GW of offshore Rico have RPSs. Another seven states have

160 2012 Annual Report Table 1. Key National Statistics 2012: United States In the United States, Total installed wind capacity (1) 60,007 MW 13,131 MW of wind New installed wind capacity (1) 13,131 MW Total electrical output from 140.1 TWh power capacity came wind (3) Wind generation as a 3.5% percentage of national electric online in 2012, more demand

Average national capacity 33% than any other year and factor (9)

Target 80% of electricity from nearly twice as much as clean sources by 2035. Double renewable electricity was installed in 2011. generation by 2020 (relative to 2012 levels)

goals for renewables. Utility resource plan- The Wind Program has joined with mem- Another barrier to increasing deploy- ning requirements, voluntary customer de- bers of IEA Wind Task 26 to evaluate meth- ment of wind energy has been concern from mand for “green” power, state clean energy ods for calculating the cost of wind energy. utilities about wind-induced cycling of fos- funds, and state and regional carbon-reduc- In 2012, a report on the first phase of this sil-fueled generation. Building on the 2011 tion policies also play a role in supporting work (8) provided information on the his- Western Wind and Solar Integration Study, wind energy development. torical costs, near-term market trends, meth- DOE researchers examined new industry ods used to estimate long-term cost trajec- data and determined that although there are 2.4 Issues affecting growth tories, and range of costs projected for land- wear-and-tear and emissions impacts from The wind industry and DOE’s Wind Pro- based wind. It also highlighted high-level wind-induced generator cycling, these im- gram are addressing barriers to increased de- market variables that influence wind energy pacts are modest compared to the benefits of ployment of wind energy through R&D and costs. The next step for this task is to explore replacing fossil-fuel with renewable energy demonstration projects. costs for offshore wind. generation. These new data will be used in unit commitment and economic dispatch 2.4.1 Offshore experience 2.4.3 Transmission and integration modeling for the Western Interconnection At the close of 2012, no utility-scale wind AWEA has identified near-term transmission for four scenarios. turbines were operating off of U.S. marine projects that—if all were completed—could coasts or in the Great Lakes. The experience carry approximately 45 GW of electric-gen- 2.4.4 Environmental issues gained through R&D and advanced technol- erating capacity from wind. However, lack of Siting issues—including wildlife impacts, ra- ogy demonstrations (see Section 4.1) will transmission access has been driving project dar interference, and human impacts (sound reduce key barriers to offshore wind, includ- developers to choose sites with less wind po- and visual)—can push wind development ing the relatively high cost of energy, the de- tential but with access to transmission, which into lower-quality wind regimes and increase mands of permitting and approval processes, increases the resulting cost of energy. As a re- the cost of energy. Therefore, DOE continues the mitigation of environmental impacts, and sult, the Wind Program conducts grid inte- to fund work to identify, measure, and miti- the technical challenges of project installation gration studies to better understand the im- gate the negative impacts that can limit qual- and grid interconnection. pact of wind generation on the power grid ity wind resource areas from development. and to encourage investment in new trans- In 2012, DOE completed a series of tests to 2.4.2 Cost of energy mission infrastructure. These studies provide evaluate technologies designed to eliminate In 2012, the lowest cost option for new elec- grid integration support for utility owners radar interference caused by physical and op- tricity generation was from natural gas be- and operators; wind generation modeling for erational effects of wind turbines. DOE also cause of historically low natural gas prices. As use by transmission planners; development joined with member countries of IEA Wind a result, all other sources, including wind, are of active power controls methodologies; and to strategize and share methods to assess and striving to reduce their costs. In many mar- metric development and technical solutions monitor the environmental impacts of land- kets, wind energy is already the lowest cost to wind resource variability. States, grid op- based and offshore wind development. renewable source of energy. However, iden- erators, regional organizations, and DOE tifying the cost drivers for land-based and are also working to improve forecasting and 3.0 Implementation offshore wind energy is a key aspect of the transmission-planning strategies, and increase 3.1 Economic impact DOE Wind Program to direct R&D invest- transmission capacity. The wind industry has supply chain or utili- ment to achieve the greatest cost reductions. ty-scale wind facilities in all 50 states. The 60

IEA Wind 161 GW of wind capacity operating at the close waters. These guidelines are a first step toward which tend to be smaller turbines. The major- of 2012 represented more than 120 billion creating mature standards that will reduce un- ity of these program activities have cross-cut- USD (91 billion EUR) in U.S. investment, certainty and project risk and ultimately help ting benefits for all market types. according to AWEA, and the new instal- lower the cost of offshore wind energy. Often in collaboration with govern- lations in 2012 alone represented approxi- In response to the increased use of small ment and industry partners, the Wind Pro- mately 25 billion USD (19 billion EUR) in wind turbines in the urban environment, gram conducts R, D&D that addresses private investment. AWEA estimates that the NREL published the Built-Environment Wind high-risk, transformational technological entire U.S. wind energy sector directly and Turbine Roadmap in 2012, a strategy to sup- innovations that are essential for the ad- indirectly employed 80,700 full-time work- ply safe, reliable small wind turbines (12). Im- vancement of U.S. wind systems. Federally ers; of these jobs, 25,500 were in manufac- portant performance data from small wind supported projects engage comprehensive

36 United States turing (1). turbine testing programs are being provided competencies that industry alone cannot A 2012 study quantified the annual im- to manufacturers and consumers, and more tackle. The Wind Program also addresses in- pact on county-level employment and per- turbines are completing certification tests ac- ter- and intra-governmental agency issues sonal income resulting from wind power cording to AWEA’s small wind turbine per- related to wind energy. The Wind Program installations in nearly 130 counties across 12 formance and safety standard. Developers of provides competitive awards to the wind in- states (10). The findings indicated that, on small-scale wind also gained access to a spe- dustry, universities, and U.S. national labora- average, wind power installations within the cialized resource map developed by NREL tories to increase reliability and reduce the study area (occurring between 2000 and and AWS Truepower that shows the wind levelized cost of wind energy through inno- 2008) resulted in an increase in total coun- speed at 30 m, the relevant hub height for vative research. ty-level personal income of approximately these turbines (13). 11,000 USD/MW (8,338 EUR/MW). On 4.1 National R, D&D efforts average, the impact of these wind power in- 3.3 Operational details The Wind Program strives to reduce the cost stallations on total county-level employment Figure 1 illustrates the geographic distribu- of wind energy by improving wind plant was 0.5 jobs/MW. tion of wind projects operating at the close performance, increasing wind plant reliabil- of 2012. The capacity factor of wind instal- ity, and developing the next generation of 3.2 Industry status lations varies by region (from 25% to 37%), wind turbine systems and components for At the close of 2012, more than 890 wind reflecting variations in the wind resource (9). land-based and offshore wind facilities. Areas facilities were operating in 39 states and By the end of 2012, the state of Texas had of research include electrical grid integra- Puerto Rico with 400 owners using ma- the most total wind capacity at 12,214 MW, tion, complex flow characterization, wind re- chines from 60 manufacturers, according followed by California at 5,542 MW, Iowa at source assessment and forecasting, wind tur- to AWEA (1). General Electric Company 5,133 MW, and Illinois at 3,568 MW (2). bine component failure mitigation, advanced and Vestas Wind Systems A/S each sup- rotor and drivetrain development, improved plied about 5.7 GW of wind turbines for 3.4 Wind energy costs manufacturing methods, public acceptance the U.S. market in 2012. Siemens AG, En- Turbine prices have fallen 20−35% from through education, and responsible siting to ercon GmbH, and Suzlon Energy Ltd. were their highs in 2008 (2). Data from a pre- avoid use conflicts. the other major suppliers (11). Wind-gener- liminary sample of wind power projects be- The Wind Program budget was 93.5 ated electricity was supplied to companies ing built in 2012 suggest a 13% reduction million USD (70.9 million EUR) in fiscal through long-term Power Purchase Agree- in average installed project costs since 2009. year (FY) 2012 (October 2011 through Sep- ments (PPAs) or from direct ownership of Among a sample of wind power projects tember 2012). The approved FY 2013 budget on-site turbines. During 2012, 91% of new with PPAs signed in 2011 or 2012, the gen- was 88.3 million USD (66.9 million EUR). capacity was owned by independent power eration-weighted average levelized price was Details of Wind Program research projects producers and 9% by utilities. Purchasers of 41 USD/MWh (31 EUR/MWh), down are available on the website (4). Some sample new wind power included utilities, power from 61 USD/MWh (46 EUR/MWh) for activities are described in this chapter. marketers, industrial buyers, schools, universi- projects with PPAs signed in 2010 and 67 ties, towns, and cities, as well as farms, medi- USD/MWh (51 EUR/MWh) for projects 4.1.1 Offshore wind cal centers, and manufacturers of plastics, with PPAs signed in 2009 (all in 2012 dol- The Wind Program addresses offshore wind light bulbs, and semiconductors (1). lars). A study by Bloomberg New Energy Fi- because it is an emerging industry in the As U.S. interest in offshore wind develop- nance found the cost of power from a large- United States, where the resource is abun- ment has increased, industry, regulatory agen- scale wind project before subsidies dropped dant, but technology, infrastructure, financial, cies, and stakeholders saw a need for a single from 90 USD/MWh (68 EUR/MWh) in and market barriers have slowed progress. set of guidelines for this development. Conse- 2011 to 80 USD/MWh (60.6 EUR/MWh) To advance the offshore wind indus- quently, AWEA, in collaboration with DOE, in 2012 (14). try, in 2012 the Wind Program announced the National Renewable Energy Laboratory the start of a six-year, 168 million USD (NREL), and more than 50 experts, devel- 4.0 R, D&D Activities (127 million EUR) offshore wind initiative oped and adopted the Offshore Compliance DOE supports the research, development and selected seven projects to demonstrate Recommended Practices in 2012 (5). The and deployment of wind energy through its next-generation offshore wind technolo- document recommends practices that leverage Wind Program. The Wind Program’s R, D&D gies. Initially, each project will receive up to standards already in use in Europe and other activities are applicable to utility-scale, land- 4 million USD (3 million EUR) to com- industries to address the unique conditions based, and offshore wind markets, as well as plete the engineering, design, and permitting for wind energy development in U.S. coastal wind turbines used in distributed applications, phase of the project. The Wind Program will

162 2012 Annual Report -PN\YL.LVNYHWOPJZWYLHKVM^PUKWV^LYWYVQLJ[Z:V\YJL!(>,(

then select up to three of these projects for on the mechanical workings of individual two of these projects won awards for further follow-on phases that focus on siting, con- wind turbines (15). development: 1) a direct-drive superconduct- struction, and installation and aim to achieve ing generator with an advanced, single-stage commercial operation by 2017. 4.1.3 Wind plant reliability gearbox; and 2) a medium-speed, perma- Technology research is also underway Increasing wind plant and wind turbine re- nent-magnet generator that reduces the need to provide the emerging U.S. offshore liability will reduce the cost of energy from for rare earth materials. wind industry with tools to move their wind generation. Research into the root projects forward. causes of component, turbine, and wind 4.1.5 Supply chain plant failures will direct work to improve the To improve the position of U.S. manufactur- 4.1.2 Wind plant performance reliability of and reduce the failure rates for ers of small wind turbines in the global mar- Some wind facilities are underperforming large components, such as blades, gearboxes, ket, the Wind Program awarded two small by as much as 20–30%, according to recent and generators, resulting in reduced opera- wind turbine competitiveness improvement assessments and simulations (15). Bringing tion and maintenance costs. project grants: one company will identify wind plants up to the predicted performance To guide future research efforts, the per- component improvements that will increase level would reduce the cost of wind power. formance of wind facilities in the United performance and reduce costs, and another One way to improve performance is to bet- States is being tracked in a reliability data- company will develop an advanced blade ter understand the multi-scale aerodynamics base funded by the Wind Program through manufacturing process. impacting wind plants in modern land-based Sandia National Laboratories. The Continu- and offshore wind facilities. This complex ous Reliability Enhancement for Wind da- 4.1.6 Environmental studies flow research focuses on integrated, inter- tabase issued its second benchmark report In 2012, DOE funded a study by West Vir- connected, multi-turbine wind plants rather in 2012, which covers three turbine manu- ginia University that used a global position- than on single turbines. It spans several spatial facturers, six turbine models (at least 1-MW ing system to track the movements of golden scales, from global and regional wind flows capacity), and more than 180,000 days of eagles and gain a deeper understanding of to flows into individual wind turbines and turbine operation (16). their movements and hence, the risks they rotor blades, and it involves collecting exper- face from wind energy development. DOE imental data to validate models. 4.1.4 Emerging technologies also continued to work with the National A workshop held by the Wind Program Drivetrains are a significant cost driver for Wind Coordinating Collaborative (NWCC) in early 2012 identified research needs and both land-based and offshore wind turbines. to study the impacts of wind development challenges relating to the complex flow of As a result, next-generation drivetrains need on prairie chickens and sage grouse and with wind into and out of the wind turbine en- to be lighter, cheaper, and more reliable. Six the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative to vironment, as well as the resulting impacts innovative drivetrain projects received funds investigate bat–wind turbine interactions. In in 2011 to prepare engineering assessments November 2012, scientists from around the and propose further development. In 2012, world convened at a meeting co-hosted by

IEA Wind 163 Table 2. Offshore Demonstration Project Awards Lead Key Partners Region State Federal or Fix or Float Foundation Turbines Deployment Organization (planned) State Waters (planned) *VUÄN\YH[PVU (planned) Goal (planned) (planned)

In Federal waters

Dominion Alstom, KRB, NREL, VA Tech, VA Mid- Virginia Federal Fixed Jacket 2 x 2017 DDME, NNS, UK Carbon Trust, Atlantic 6.0 MW Newport News Shipbuilding DD

Principle ABS, Macartney Underwater, 7HJPÄJ Oregon Federal Floating Semi-sub 5 x 2017 Power Siemens Windpower, NREL, 6.0 MW

36 United States PNNL, Port of Coos Bay, Houston DD Offshore Eng

Statoil U Maine, NREL, Tetra Tech, RLC North Maine Federal Floating Spar 4 x 2016 Engineering-Grid Atlantic 3.0 MW DD

In State Waters

LEEDCO DNV KEMA, Offshore Design Great Ohio State Fixed 3 options 9 x 2015 Eng, Global Marine, Great Lakes Lakes 3.0 MW Construction, Siemens, Cleveland (Erie) Public Power, COWI, NREL, PNNL

U. Maine Iberdrola, Technip, ABS, NREL, North Maine State Floating Semi-sub 2 x 2017 AWS Truepower, Cianbro, Bath Iron Atlantic 6.0 MW Works, Goldwind DD

Baryonyx Keppel AmFels, Siemans AG, Gulf of Texas State Fixed Jacket 3 x 2017 Offshore Design Engineering Ltd., Mexico 6.0 MW Texas A&M, UT Austin, Texas Tech DD

Fishermen's NREL, Mott McDonald, Darwind, Mid- New State Fixed 3 options 5 x 5.0 MW 2015 Siemens, Keystone Eng Atlantic Jersey XEMC DD

the NWCC and the American Wind Wild- Technology Testing Center gained accredita- aero-elastic, and aero-acoustic simulations life Institute in Colorado to share their latest tion and began testing wind turbine blades used to develop new technologies. findings and evaluate the progress in under- up to 90 m in length to IEC standards. By the Two test facilities for large (5−15-MW) standing and addressing wind energy’s poten- end of 2012, the center had completed certifi- drivetrains designed for land-based and off- tial impacts on wildlife and wildlife habitat. cation testing on several multi-megawatt wind shore applications are under development. The Wind Program has also supported work turbine blades for industry partners. When completed, the Clemson University with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to Full-scale tests under cooperative research drivetrain test facility will be capable of con- develop guidelines for wind developers on agreements with industry partners continue ducting full-scale, highly accelerated test- avoiding, minimizing, and/or compensating employing the four large wind turbines (1.5- ing of advanced drivetrain systems for wind for the impacts on wildlife from wind energy MW, 2-MW, 2.3-MW, and 3-MW) installed turbines in the 5 to 15-MW range. The new development. at the National Wind Technology Center at test stand at NREL will accommodate drive- NREL, the 2.5-MW turbine at the Univer- trains of up to 5 MW. Both facilities will be 4.1.7 Workforce/Education sity of Minnesota, and the 1.5-MW turbine at able to expose the test articles to grid faults Spreading the word to educate, engage, and the Illinois Institute of Technology. through a controllable grid interface. enable critical stakeholders to make in- The University of Maine and NREL are formed decisions about how wind energy now analyzing results from scaled testing to 4.2 International contributes to the U.S. electricity supply is validate NREL’s coupled numerical tools for collaborative research important work for the Wind Program. The accurate modeling of future offshore designs. International collaboration, through bilat- Wind for Schools project raises awareness These designs include the semisubmersible eral agreements and participation in interna- in rural America about the benefits of wind pilot-scale turbine that the university plans tional organizations, ensures the application energy and strives to develop a wind energy to deploy in 2013 at its deepwater offshore of worldwide experiences with wind energy workforce. The project is active in 11 states wind test site near Monhegan Island, Maine. to U.S. efforts. International collaborations in and has installed 124 wind systems in host Construction began in 2012 on a new 2012 supported by DOE’s Wind Program in- primary and secondary schools. research and testing site, the Scaled Wind cluded work with IEC, the Institute of Elec- Farm Technology facility, to be operated trical and Electronics Engineers, Underwriters 4.1.8 Wind test facilities news by Texas Tech University, Sandia National Laboratory, the International Measuring Net- The DOE Wind Program, through its nation- Laboratories, and Group NIRE. Three re- work of Wind Energy Institutes, and the IEA al laboratories, university consortia, and research-scale wind turbines will be spaced Wind Implementing Agreement. search institutes, supports test centers to serve and oriented to study turbine-to-turbine IEA Wind is an important international the wind energy R&D community. In 2012, interactions and to validate aerodynamic, research collaboration in which U.S. re- the recently constructed Massachusetts Wind searchers and organizations participate in

164 2012 Annual Report most of the active research tasks. In addition, will help continue this growth while en- pdfs/2011_wind_technologies_market_ U.S. representatives at NREL served as oper- hancing the country's energy security and report.pdf ating agents to several research tasks that had boosting local economic development. (10) Brown J. P., Pender J., Wiser R., major achievements in 2012. IEA Wind Task DOE will also make 10.5 million USD Lantz E., and Hoen B. (2012). The Impact of 26, Cost of Wind Energy, published a final (8 million EUR) available for small busi- Wind Development on County-Level Income and technical report on its first three-year term ness research and development in clean Employment: A Review of Methods and an Em- of activity (8) that incorporates the experi- energy technologies in 2013. The awards pirical Analysis. DOE/GO-102012-3561. Full ence of experts from eight countries with include three projects that will explore Article: sciencedirect.com/science/article/ U.S. efforts to identify cost drivers for land- concepts for improving the performance pii/S0140988312001466 based and offshore wind technologies. IEA and reducing the costs of land-based and (11) Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Wind Task 30, Offshore Code Comparison offshore wind technologies. LP (2013). “Vestas, GE Lead Wind-Turbine Collaboration Continuation (OC4), is coor- Market as U.S. Installations Surge.” Bloom- dinating the work of 12 countries and 47 or- References and Notes: berg Businessweek. www.businessweek.com/ ganizations to improve the design of offshore Opening Photo: Campo Band of Mission news/2013-04-18/vestas-ge-lead-wind-tur- wind turbines using verified and improved Indians of the Kumeyaay Nation Wind Farm bine-market-as-u-dot-s-dot-installations-surge codes. Jacket structure results were published (12) Smith J., Forsyth T., Sinclair K., in 2012 and provide enhanced tools for de- (1) AWEA (2013). Executive Summary and Oteri F. (2012). Built-Environment Wind signers of offshore wind turbines. Work on of the AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual mar- Turbine Roadmap. NREL/TP-5000-50499. semisubmersible substructures contributes to ket Report: Year Ending 2012. awea.files.cms- www nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf U.S. work with DeepCwind model test data plus.com/images/AWEA_USWindIndustry- (13) EERE, Wind Powering America, to advance the offshore floating wind tur- AnnualMarketReport2012_ExecutiveSum- (2012). Residential-Scale 30-Meter Wind bine industry. IEA Wind Task 31, Wakebench, mary(2).pdf Maps. windpoweringamerica.gov/wind- manages the work of 14 countries to im- (2) Wiser R. and Bolinger M. (2013). maps/residential_scale.asp prove atmospheric boundary layer and wind 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report, (14) Bloomberg New Energy Finance, turbine wake models by benchmarking wind Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. LP (2013). Sustainable Energy in America and wake modeling techniques. DOE/GO-102013-3948. wind.energy.gov/ 2013 Factbook. bcse.org/factbook/pdfs/BC- In 2012, U.S. experts also coordinat- resources.html SE_BNEF_Sustainable_Energy_in_Ameri- ed efforts to develop the important IEA (3) DOE, EIA (2013). Wind Power ca_2013_Factbook.pdf Wind Recommended Practice 15: Ground- Monthly with Data for December 2012. eia. (15) EERE (2012). Complex Flow Work- Based, Vertically-Profiling Remote Sensing gov/electricity/monthly/pdf/epm.pdf shop Report, Workshop at University of Colo- for Wind Resource Assessment (17). The (4) U.S. Department of Energy Wind rado, Boulder, January 17-18, 2012, DOE/GO- new IEA Wind Task 34 was approved with Program, Office of Energy Efficiency & Re- 102012-3653. wind.energy.gov/pdfs/complex_ NREL as the operating agent. Participants newable Energy. wind.energy.gov flow_workshop_report.pdf will begin work in 2013 to share techniques (5) AWEA (2013). AWEA Offshore Com- (16) Peters V., Ogilvie A., and Bond and approaches to environmental assessment pliance Recommended Practices 2012: Recom- C. (2012). Continuous Reliability En- and monitoring of wind energy projects on mended Practices for Design, Deployment, and hancement for Wind (CREW) Database: land and offshore. In 2013, the U.S. represen- Operation of Offshore Wind Turbines in the Wind Plant Reliability Benchmark, San- tative to IEA Wind from DOE will serve as United States. dia National Laboratories, Energy, Climate, chair of the executive committee. (6) EERE (2008). 20% Wind Energy by & Infrastructure Security. energy.sandia. 2030: Increasing Wind Energy’s Contribution gov/?page_id=6682 5.0 The Next Term to U.S. Electricity Supply, wind.energy.gov/ (17) IEA Wind (2013). IEA Wind RP 15: In 2013, DOE will renew its efforts to pdfs/41869.pdf Ground-Based, Vertically-Profiling Remote Sensing advance clean energy manufacturing by (7) DOE and DOI (2011). A National for Wind Resource Assessment. www.ieawind. making 150 million USD (114 million Offshore Wind Strategy: Creating an Offshore org/index_page_postings/RP/RP%2015_ EUR) in tax credits available for clean Wind Industry in the United States, wind.energy. RemoteSensing_1stEd_8March2013.pdf energy manufacturers. The Advanced En- gov/pdfs/national_offshore_wind_strategy.pdf ergy Manufacturing Tax Credit was es- (8) Lantz E., Wiser R., Hand M. (2012). Author: U.S. Department of Energy’s tablished by the American Recovery and Past and Future Cost of Wind Energy, Work National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Reinvestment Act to support investment Package 2, IEA Wind Task 26. NREL/TP- United States. in domestic clean energy and energy ef- 6A20-53510. www.ieawind.org/index_page_ ficiency manufacturing facilities through postings/WP2_task26.pdf a competitively-awarded 30% invest- (9) Wiser R. and Bolinger M. (2012). ment tax credit. Over the past four years, 2011 Wind Technologies Market Report, the United States has more than doubled Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. clean, renewable energy generation from DOE/GO-102012-3472. wind.energy.gov/ wind, solar, and geothermal sources. At the same time, the American manufacturing sector has begun to rebound, with 500,000 manufacturing jobs added since the beginning of 2010. These tax credits

IEA Wind 165 Appendix A ExCo Meeting 69 Norway

166 2012 Annual Report Appendix B

IEA WIND AUSTRIA Alternates EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2012 Member Jørgen K. Lemming These are the members who served in 2012. Theodor Zillner Organization Risø DTU Serving members change occasionally. For Bundesministerium fur Verkehr, Email: [email protected] the current membership and contact infor- Innovation und Technologie mation, visit www.ieawind.org and select Email: [email protected] Peter Hauge Madsen IEA Wind Members. Risoe National Laboratory Alternate Email: [email protected] CHAIR Johann Winkelmeier Hannele Holttinen Energiewserkstatt EUROPEAN COMMISSION Technical Research Center of Finland VTT Email: [email protected] Member Email: [email protected] Roberto Lacal-Arantegui CANADA D-G Joint Research Centre CHAIR Elect Member Institute for Energy and Transport Jim Ahlgrimm Open Email: Roberto. Department of Energy [email protected] Email: [email protected] Alternates Paul Dockrill EUROPEAN WIND VICE CHAIRs Natural Resources Canada ENERGY ASSOCIATION Joachim Kutscher [email protected] Member Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jacopo Moccia Email: [email protected] Simone Hurkmans EWEA Natural Resources Canada Email: [email protected] Tetsuya Kogaki Email: simone.hurkmans@NRCan-NRCan. National Institute of Advanced Industrial gc.ca Alternates Science and Technology (AIST) Justin Wilkes Email: [email protected] Antoine Lacroix EWEA Natural Resources Canada Email: [email protected] Brian Smith Email: [email protected] National Wind Technology Center (NREL) Filippo Gagliardi Email: [email protected] CHINESE WIND EWEA ENERGY ASSOCIATION Email: [email protected] SECRETARY Member Patricia Weis-Taylor He Dexin FINLAND PWT Communications, LLC Chinese Wind Energy Association Member Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Mauri M. Marjaniemi TEKES, Finnish Funding Agency for Tech- MEMBERS and Alternate nology and Innovation ALTERNATE MEMBERS Qin Haiyan Email: [email protected] Chinese Wind Energy Association AUSTRALIA Email: [email protected] Alternates Member Esa Peltola Nicholas Jacobson DENMARK Technical Research Center of Finland VTT Clean Energy Council Member Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Hanne Thomassan Danish Energy Agency Email: [email protected]

IEA Wind 167 Hannele Holttinen Tetsuya Kogaki Alternate Technical Research Center of Finland VTT AIST Alvaro Rodrigues Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Universidade do Porto Email: [email protected] GERMANY Tetsuo Munakata Member AIST SPAIN Joachim Kutscher Email: [email protected] Member Appendix B Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Ignacio Cruz Email: [email protected] KOREA CIEMAT Member Email: [email protected] Alternate Daekyu Park Stephan Barth Ministry of Knowledge Economy Alternate Member ForWind Center for Wind Energy Research Email: [email protected] Luis Arribas Email: [email protected] CIEMAT Alternate Email: [email protected] GREECE Cheolwan Kim Member Korea Aerospace Research Institute SWEDEN Kyriakos Rossis Email: [email protected] Member Centre of Renewable Energy Andreas Gustafsson Resources (CRES) MEXICO Swedish Energy Agency Email: [email protected] Member Email: andreas.gustafsson@swedishenergya- Marco A. Borja gency.se IRELAND Instituto de Investigaciones Member Electricas Alternate John McCann Email: [email protected] Sven-Erik Thor The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland Vattenfall Email: [email protected] NETHERLANDS Email: [email protected] Member ITALY Imar O. Doornbos SWITZERLAND Member Ministerie van Economische Zaken Member Laura Serri Email: [email protected] Katja Maus Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico - RSE S.p.A. Swiss federal office of energy E-mail: [email protected] Alternate Email: [email protected] André de Boer Member Agentschap NL Alternates Giacomo Arsuffi Email: [email protected] Markus Geissmann ENEA Casaccia Swiss federal office of energy Email: [email protected] NORWAY Email: [email protected] Members Alternate David Edward Weir Robert Horbaty Alberto Arena Norwegian Water Resources and ENCO Energie-Consulting AG ENEA Casaccia Energy Directorate (NVE) Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] UNITED KINGDOM JAPAN Harald Rikheim Member Member The Research Council of Norway Richard Court Katsuhiko Kadoguchi Email: [email protected] National Renewable Energy National Institute of Advanced Industrial Centre (NAREC) Science and Technology (AIST) PORTUGAL Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Member Ana Estanqueiro UNITED STATES Alternates LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Member Hikaru Matsumiya Geologia, I.P. Jim Ahlgrimm AIST Email: [email protected] Department of Energy Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

168 2012 Annual Report Alternates Task 28 Social Acceptance Task 32 LIDAR: Wind Lidar Brian Smith of Wind Energy Projects Systems for Wind National Renewable Energy Laboratory Robert Horbaty Energy Deployment Email: [email protected] ENCO Energie-Consulting AG, Switzerland Martin Kühn Email: [email protected] ForWind, Germany Robert W. Thresher Email: [email protected] National Renewable Energy Laboratory Task 29 Mexnext: Wind Email: [email protected] Tunnel Measurements and Task 33 Reliability Data: Aerodynamic Models Standardizing Data Collection for OPERATING AGENT Gerard Schepers Wind Turbine Reliability, REPRESENTATIVES ECN, Netherlands Operation, and Email: [email protected] Maintenance Analyses Task 11 Base Technology Paul KÜHN Information Exchange Task 30 Offshore Codes IWES, Germany Félix Avia Comparison Collaboration Email: [email protected] CENER, Spain Continuation (OC4) E-mail: [email protected] Walt Musial Task 34 Assessing Environmental NREL, United States Effects and Monitoring Efforts Task 19 Wind Energy Email: [email protected] for Offshore and Land-Based in Cold Climates Wind Energy Systems Esa Peltola Jason Jonkman Karin Sinclair VTT Processes, Finland NREL, United States NREL, United States Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Tomas Wallenius Fabian Vorpahl INTERNATIONAL VTT Processes, Finland IWES, Germany ENERGY AGENCY Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Yoshiki ENDO Renewable Energy Task 25 Power Systems with Task 31 WAKEBENCH: Email: [email protected] Large Amounts of Wind Power Benchmarking Wind Hannele Holttinen Farm Flow Models VTT Processes, Finland Javier Sanz Rodrigo Email: [email protected] CENER, Spain Email: [email protected] Task 26 Cost of Wind Energy Maureen Hand Patrick Moriarty NREL, United States NREL, United States Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Task 27 Consumer Labeling of Small Wind Turbines Ignacio Cruz CIEMAT, Spain Email: [email protected]

IEA Wind 169 Appendix C

Currency Conversion Rates IEA Wind Annual Report 2012 Country Currency 1 EUR 1 USD

Australia AUD 0.788 1.039

Austria EUR 1.000 1.318

Canada CAD 0.760 1.003

China Yuan 0.122 0.160

Denmark DKK 0.134 0.177

Finland EUR 1.000 1.318

Germany EUR 1.000 1.318

Greece EUR 1.000 1.318

Ireland EUR 1.000 1.318

Italy EUR 1.000 1.318

Japan JPY 0.0087 0.0116

Korea KRW 0.00071 0.00094

Mexico MXP 0.059 0.077

Netherlands EUR 1.000 1.318

Norway NOK 0.136 0.180

Portugal EUR 1.000 1.318

Spain EUR 1.000 1.318

Sweden SEK 0.116 0.154

Switzerland CHF 0.828 1.092

United GBP 1.123 1.626 Kingdom

United States USD 0.758 1.000

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of New York (www.x-rates.com) 31 December 2012

170 2012 Annual Report Appendix D

Availability: the percentage of time that a GIS: geographical information system PV: photovoltaics or solar electric cells wind plant is ready to generate (that is, not GL: Germanischer Lloyd certification body out of service for maintenance or repairs). GW: gigawatt (1 billion watts) R&D: research and development Capacity factor: a measure of the produc- GWh: gigawatt hour = 3.6 Terajoules R, D&D: research, development, tivity of a wind plant that is the amount of and deployment energy the plant produces over a set time pe- HAWT: horizontal axis wind turbine RE: renewable energy riod, divided by the amount of energy that Hydro: hydroelectric power RES : renewable energy systems (or sources) would have been produced if the plant had repowering: taking down old turbines been running at full capacity during that IEA: International Energy Agency at a site and installing newer ones same time interval. For wind turbines, capac- IEC: International Electro- with more generating capacity. ity factor is dependent on the quality of the Technical Commission RO: renewables obligation wind resource, the availability of the machine IEEE: Institute of Electrical RPS: renewables portfolio standard (reliability) to generate when there is enough and Electronics Engineers wind, the availability of the utility distribu- IPP: independent power producer S.A.: Sociedad Anonyma tion system (no curtailment), and the accu- ISO: international standards organization racy of nameplate rating. Most wind power IT: Information technology tCO2-e per capita: tonne of carbon plants operate at a capacity factor of 25% to dioxide emissions per person 40%. kW: kilowatt (one thousand watts) TNO: transmission network operator kWh: kilowatt hour To e : tonne of oil equivalent CCGT: combined cycle gas turbines TSO: transmission system operators CCS: carbon capture and LCOE: levelized cost of electricity TWh: terawatt hour (one trillion watt hours) sequestration (or storage) LVRT: low-voltage ride-through CHP: Combined heating and power UN: United Nations or cogeneration of heat and power m: meter UNDP: United Nations CIGRE: International Coun- m a.g.: meters above ground Development Programme cil on Large Electric Systems m.a.s.l.: meters above sea level

CO2e: carbon dioxide equivalent MOU: memorandum of understanding VAT : value added tax COE: Cost of energy Mtoe: million tonnes of oil equivalent VAW T : vertical axis wind turbine CSP: Concentrating solar power MW: megawatt (one million watts) MWh: megawatt hour Wind index: the energy in the wind for DFIG: doubly-fed induction generator m/s: meters per second the year, compared to a normal year. DSM: demand side management WT: wind turbine NA: not applicable (or not available) EC: European Commission NGO: non-governmental organisations. Yr: year EIA: environmental impact assessment ENARD: Electricity Networks Analy- OA: Operating agent that man- sis, Research and Development an ages the work of a research task IEA Implementing Agreement O&M: operations and maintenance EU: European Union ExCo: Executive Committee (of IEA Wind) PJ: peta joule PPA: power purchase agreement Feed-in tariffs (FIT): mandates for PSO: public service obligation utilities to buy the electricity fed into the grid by system owners at a fixed price over the long term. The cost is then redistributed over all electricity customers. Full-time equivalent (FTE) FY: fiscal year

GEF: Global Environment Facility GHG: greenhouse gas

IEA Wind 171 PRODUCTION CREDITS

Technical Editors Patricia Weis-Taylor Sophia Latorre

Cover Design, Document Layout, and Computer Graphics Rick Hinrichs

Produced for IEA Wind by

PWT Communications, LLC 5191 Ellsworth Place Boulder, Colorado 80303 United States www.pwtcommunications.com

July 2013

ISBN 0-9786383-7-9

Front cover photo: Wind turbines on the coast of Norway near Rørvik. Credit: Rick Hinrichs, PWT Communications, LLC.

Back cover photo: Wind Power Kamisu Semi-Offshore Wind Farm that survived the great earthquake and tsunami of 2011. The SUBARU 80/2.0 wind turbines with rated power of 2.0 MW resumed operation when the utility grid was activated. Credit: Rick Hinrichs, PWT Communications, LLC.

172 2012 Annual Report