Renewable Energy Supply Value Only in the Queue of the Wind Speed Distribution, (I.E
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Optimizing the Visual Impact of Onshore Wind Farms Upon the Landscapes – Comparing Recent Planning Approaches in China and Germany
Ruhr-Universität Bochum Dissertation Submission to the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Faculty of Geosciences For the degree of Doctor of natural sciences (Dr. rer. nat) Submitted by: Jinjin Guan. MLA Date of the oral examination: 16.07.2020 Examiners Dr. Thomas Held Prof. Dr. Harald Zepp Prof. Dr. Guotai Yan Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Friederich Prof. Dr. Harro Stolpe Keywords Onshore wind farm planning; landscape; landscape visual impact evaluation; energy transition; landscape visual perception; GIS; Germany; China. I Abstract In this thesis, an interdisciplinary Landscape Visual Impact Evaluation (LVIE) model has been established in order to solve the conflicts between onshore wind energy development and landscape protection. It aims to recognize, analyze, and evaluate the visual impact of onshore wind farms upon landscapes and put forward effective mitigation measures in planning procedures. Based on literature research and expert interviews, wind farm planning regimes, legislation, policies, planning procedures, and permission in Germany and China were compared with each other and evaluated concerning their respective advantages and disadvantages. Relevant theories of landscape evaluation have been researched and integrated into the LVIE model, including the landscape connotation, landscape aesthetics, visual perception, landscape functions, and existing evaluation methods. The evaluation principles, criteria, and quantitative indicators are appropriately organized in this model with a hierarchy structure. The potential factors that may influence the visual impact have been collected and categorized into three dimensions: landscape sensitivity, the visual impact of WTs, and viewer exposure. Detailed sub-indicators are also designed under these three topics for delicate evaluation. Required data are collected from official platforms and databases to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the evaluation process. -
Impact of Windfarm OWEZ on the Local Macrobenthos Communiy
Impact of windfarm OWEZ on the local macrobenthos community report OWEZ_R_261_T1_20090305 R. Daan, M. Mulder, M.J.N. Bergman Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Zeeonderzoek (NIOZ) This project is carried out on behalf of NoordzeeWind, through a sub contract with Wageningen-Imares Contents Summary and conclusions 3 Introduction 5 Methods 6 Results boxcore 11 Results Triple-D dredge 13 Discussion 16 References 19 Tables 21 Figures 33 Appendix 1 44 Appendix 2 69 Appendix 3 72 Photo’s by Hendricus Kooi 2 Summary and conclusions In this report the results are presented of a study on possible short‐term effects of the construction of Offshore Windfarm Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) on the composition of the local benthic fauna living in or on top of the sediment. The study is based on a benthic survey carried out in spring 2007, a few months after completion of the wind farm. During this survey the benthic fauna was sampled within the wind farm itself and in 6 reference areas lying north and south of it. Sampling took place mainly with a boxcorer, but there was also a limited programme with a Triple‐D dredge. The occurrence of possible effects was analyzed by comparing characteristics of the macrobenthos within the wind farm with those in the reference areas. A quantitative comparison of these characteristics with those observed during a baseline survey carried out 4 years before was hampered by a difference in sampling design and methodological differences. The conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Based on the Bray‐Curtis index for percentage similarity there appeared to be great to very great similarity in the fauna composition of OWEZ and the majority of the reference areas. -
New & Renewable Energy
Seoul - December 6, 2010 Wind Energy in the Netherlands . History . Overview . Offshore . Examples . Conclusions 2 History of wind energy in the Netherlands A windmill is a machine which converts the energy of the wind into rotational motion by means of adjustable vanes called sails Autonomous development in Europe that started in the 11th century Development in the Netherlands leading to a large variety of mills First wind mills for drainage in 1414 Windmills for energy to saw mills, to mills used for crushing seeds, grains, etc. Cheap energy was a major contributing factor to the Golden Age (17th century) of the Netherlands Invention of steam engine (1775) signaled the end of wind mills 1,000 wind mills left out of a total of more than 10,000 3 Kinderdijk 4 Recent history of wind energy in the Netherlands A windmill is a machine which converts the energy of the wind into rotational motion by means of adjustable blades made of synthetic material Renewed interest in wind energy resulted from the oil crisis in 1973 Dutch government support from 1976 Present capacity 2,229MW Government objective to have 6GW installed by 2020 5 Overview wind energy sector in the Netherlands (1) Turbine manufacturers & developers: . Lagerwey in difficulties, restarted as Zephyros, acquired by Hara Kosan, now acquired by STX . Nedwind acquired by NEG-Micon, which in turn acquired by Vestas . Windmaster discontinued . Darwind acquired by XEMC (China) . EWT originally using Lagerwey technology, now developing its own technology . 2B Energy proto type for +6MW offshore turbine 6 Overview wind energy sector in the Netherlands (2) Marine engineering Construction & dredging Electrical design & consulting Building of specialized vessels 7 Overview wind energy sector in the Netherlands (3) Blade manufacturing & testing . -
The German Wind Energy Lobby: How to Successfully Promote Costly Technological Change
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Michaelowa, Axel Working Paper The German Wind Energy Lobby: How to successfully promote costly technological change HWWA Discussion Paper, No. 296 Provided in Cooperation with: Hamburgisches Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv (HWWA) Suggested Citation: Michaelowa, Axel (2004) : The German Wind Energy Lobby: How to successfully promote costly technological change, HWWA Discussion Paper, No. 296, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA), Hamburg This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/19268 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence -
Design and Access Statement April 2015 FULBECK AIRFIELD WIND FARM DESIGN and ACCESS STATEMENT
Energiekontor UK Ltd Design and Access Statement April 2015 FULBECK AIRFIELD WIND FARM DESIGN AND ACCESS STATEMENT Contents Section Page 1. Introduction 2 2. Site Selection 3 3. Design Influences 7 4. Design Evolution, Amount, Layout and Scale 9 5. Development Description, Appearance and Design 14 6. Access 16 Figures Page 2.1 Site Location 3 2.2 Landscape character areas 4 2.3 1945 RAF Fulbeck site plan 5 2.4 Site selection criteria 6 4.1 First Iteration 10 4.2 Second Iteration 11 4.3 Third Iteration 12 4.4 Fourth Iteration 13 5.1 First Iteration looking SW from the southern edge of Stragglethorpe 14 5.2 Fourth Iteration looking SW from the southern edge of 14 Stragglethorpe 5.3 First Iteration looking east from Sutton Road south of Rectory Lane 15 5.4 Fourth Iteration looking east from Sutton Road south of Rectory Lane 15 6.1 Details of temporary access for turbine deliveries 16 EnergieKontor UK Ltd 1 May 2015 FULBECK AIRFIELD WIND FARM DESIGN AND ACCESS STATEMENT 1 Introduction The Application 1.8 The Fulbeck Airfield Wind Farm planning application is Context 1.6 The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process also submitted in full and in addition to this Design and Access exploits opportunities for positive design, rather than merely Statement is accompanied by the following documents 1.1 This Design and Access Statement has been prepared by seeking to avoid adverse environmental effects. The Design which should be read together: Energiekontor UK Ltd (“EK”) to accompany a planning and Access Statement is seen as having an important role application for the construction, 25 year operation and in contributing to the design process through the clear Environmental Statement Vol 1; subsequent decommissioning of a wind farm consisting of documentation of design evolution. -
Wind Energy & Wildlife
WIND ENERGY & WILDLIFE: Benefits for companies purchasing wind energy, wind Site it Right energy developers and financiers, consumers, and wildlife. central great plains grasslandscollaborating to conserve America’s most impacted habitat THE CHALLENGE The Nature Conservancy supports the development of A REAL LIFE EXAMPLE: renewable energy, such as wind, as an emission-free source of electricity. Economically viable wind resources Company XYZ was looking to purchase wind-generated and ecologically important areas, however, show some electricity, both to meet forecasted energy needs, and to overlap in the Central Great Plains. This overlap raises satisfy the company’s own initiative for sustainability, concerns that wildlife populations may be seriously which promotes the use of renewable energy, along impacted by commercial wind energy development. As a with other sustainable practices. XYZ issued a request for proposals for 100 megawatts (MW) of wind energy, result, power purchasers should be aware of this overlap, beginning in 2017. Several proposals were received and and more importantly, know how to avoid wildlife XYZ reviewed them, selecting company “ABC” as the impacts and the risks of procuring wind power from lowest-cost provider. A power purchase agreement was projects sited in sensitive habitat areas. signed, and XYZ’s CEO was pleased. rasslands are an important part of Gthe country’s cultural, economic and natural history, and are the most altered and least conserved landscapes on earth. The results of this decline are staggering. Almost three-quarters of the breeding bird species in the United States survive in the prairies of the Great Plains. Historically, some of these birds were widely distributed and found in vast numbers. -
Offshore Renewables: Offshore
OFFSHORE RENEWABLES: OFFSHORE OFFSHORE AN ACTION AGENDA FOR DEPLOYMENT RENEWABLES An action agenda for deployment OFFSHORE RENEWABLES A CONTRIBUTION TO THE G20 PRESIDENCY An action agenda for deployment A CONTRIBUTION TO THE G20 PRESIDENCY www.irena.org 2021 © IRENA 2021 © IRENA 2021 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material. Citation: IRENA (2021), Offshore renewables: An action agenda for deployment, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. ISBN 978-92-9260-349-6 About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge, and a driver of action on the ground to advance the transformation of the global energy system. An intergovernmental organisation established in 2011, IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org Acknowledgements IRENA is grateful for the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Directorate-General for Global Affairs, DGMO) contribution that enabled the preparation of this report in the context of the Italian G20 Presidency. -
IEA WIND 2012 Annual Report
IEA WIND 2012 Annual Report Executive Committee of the Implementing Agreement for Co-operation in the Research, Development, and Deployment of Wind Energy Systems of the International Energy Agency July 2013 ISBN 0-9786383-7-9 Message from the Chair Welcome to the IEA In 2013, we expect to approve Recommended Wind 2012 Annual Re- Practices on social acceptance of wind energy proj- port of the coopera- ects, on remote wind speed sensing using SODAR tive research, develop- and LIDAR, and on conducting wind integration ment, and deployment studies. The 12 active research tasks of IEA wind will (R,D&D) efforts of our offer members many options to multiply their na- member governments and tional research programs, and a new task on ground- organizations. IEA Wind based testing of wind turbines and components is helps advance wind en- being discussed for approval in 2013. ergy in countries repre- With market challenges and ever-changing re- senting 85% of the world's search issues to address, the IEA Wind co-operation wind generating capacity. works to make wind energy an ever better green In 2012 record ca- option for the world's energy supply. Considering pacity additions (MW) these accomplishments and the plans for the coming were seen in nine member countries, and coop- years, it is with great satisfaction and confidence that erative research produced five final technical re- I hand the Chair position to Jim Ahlgrimm of the ports as well as many journal articles and confer- United States. ence papers. The technical reports include: • IEA -
Wind Power: Energy of the Future It’S Worth Thinking About
Wind power: energy of the future It’s worth thinking about. »Energy appears to me to be the first and unique virtue of man.« Wilhelm von Humboldt 2 3 »With methods from the past, there will be no future.« Dr. Bodo Wilkens Wind power on the increase »Environmental protection is an opportunity and not a burden we have to carry.« Helmut Sihler When will the oil run out? Even if experts cannot agree on an exact date, one thing is certain: the era of fossil fuels is coming to an end. In the long term we depend on renewable sources of energy. This is an irrefutable fact, which has culminated in a growing ecological awareness in industry as well as in politics: whereas renewable sources of energy accounted for 4.2 percent of the total consumption of electricity in 1996, the year 2006 registered a proportion of 12 per- cent. And by 2020 this is to be pushed up to 30 percent. The growth of recent years has largely been due to the use of wind power. The speed of technical development over the past 15 years has brought a 20-fold rise in efficiency and right now wind power is the most economical regenerat- ive form there is to produce electricity. In this respect, Germany leads the world: since 1991 more than 19.460 wind power plants have been installed with a wind power capacity of 22.247 MW*. And there is more still planned for the future: away from the coastline, the offshore plants out at sea will secure future electricity supplies. -
Wind Energy Overview
An overview of Wind Power development in the Midwest Douglas J. Reinemann, Ph.D. Professor of Biological Systems Engineering University of Wisconsin – Madison Wind is one of the fastest growing Renewable energy sources in the world Annual Wind Turbine Installations Worldwide (MW) 6,000 6,000 Worldwide installed capacity (2001): 24,000 MW (~ 12.6 million homes @ 5,000 kWh/home and 30% wind capacity factor) 5,000 5,000 8,100 MW Germany 3,175 MW Spain 4,240 MW U.S. 2,417 MW Denmark 4,000 4,000 MW 45,000 MW predicted by 2005 3,000 3,000 2,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 0 0 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Source: Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association & BTM Consult 1 Windmills? Early application of wind was for grinding grain (Wind-Mill) and pumping water (Windmill?) Making Electricity Wind Turbine Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) Components of a WECS Gearbox Tower Rotor Foundation Controls Generator Illustration Source: RETScreen International www.retscreen.net 2 Where does the wind come from? Solar heating of the earth’s surface High pressure Vs. Low pressure systems Circulation Cell patterns •Hadley Cell (trade winds) •Ferrel Cell •Polar Cell Illustration source: Renewable Energy And where does it go? Power for a Sustainable Future, G. Boyle, 2004, Oxford Press Local Winds Sea Breezes Result of the seas ability to maintain temperature Daytime land heats, sea is cool Nighttime land cools faster than sea Illustration source: Renewable Energy Power for a Sustainable Future, G. -
Introduction to Airborne Wind Energy
Introduction to Airborne Wind Energy March 2020 Udo Zillmann Kristian Petrick Stefanie Thoms www.airbornewindeurope.org 1 § Introduction to Airborne Wind Energy Agenda § Airborne Wind Energy – principle and concepts § Advantages § Challenges § Airborne Wind Europe § Meeting with DG RTD www.airbornewindeurope.org 2 § AWE principle and concepts Overview § Principles § Ground generation § On-board generation § Different types § Soft wing § Rigid wing § Semi-rigid wing § Other forms www.airbornewindeurope.org 3 § AWE principle Ground generation (“ground gen”) or yo-yo principle Kite flies out in a spiral and creates a tractive pull force to the tether, the winch generates electricity as it is being reeled out. Kite Tether Winch Tether is retracted back as kite flies directly back to the starting point. Return phase consumes a few % of Generator power generated, requires < 10 % of total cycle time. www.airbornewindeurope.org 4 § AWE principle On-board generation (“fly-gen”) Kite flies constantly cross-wind, power is produced in the on-board generators and evacuated through the tether www.airbornewindeurope.org 5 § AWE principle The general idea: Emulating the movement of a blade tip but at higher altitudes Source: Erc Highwind https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UmN3MiR65E Makani www.airbornewindeurope.org 6 § AWE principle Fundamental idea of AWE systems • With a conventional wind turbine, the outer 20 % of the blades (the fastest moving part) generates about 60% of the power • AWE is the logical step to use only a fast flying device that emulates the blade tip. www.airbornewindeurope.org 7 § AWE concepts Concepts of our members – soft, semi-rigid and rigid wings www.airbornewindeurope.org 8 § AWE Concept Overview of technological concepts Aerostatic concepts are not in scope of this presentation Source: Ecorys 2018 www.airbornewindeurope.org 9 § AWE Concept Rigid kite with Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL) 1. -
IEA Wind Technology Collaboration Programme
IEA Wind Technology Collaboration Programme 2017 Annual Report A MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIR Wind energy continued its strong forward momentum during the past term, with many countries setting records in cost reduction, deployment, and grid integration. In 2017, new records were set for hourly, daily, and annual wind–generated electricity, as well as share of energy from wind. For example, Portugal covered 110% of national consumption with wind-generated electricity during three hours while China’s wind energy production increased 26% to 305.7 TWh. In Denmark, wind achieved a 43% share of the energy mix—the largest share of any IEA Wind TCP member countries. From 2010-2017, land-based wind energy auction prices dropped an average of 25%, and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) fell by 21%. In fact, the average, globally-weighted LCOE for land-based wind was 60 USD/ MWh in 2017, second only to hydropower among renewable generation sources. As a result, new countries are adopting wind energy. Offshore wind energy costs have also significantly decreased during the last few years. In Germany and the Netherlands, offshore bids were awarded at a zero premium, while a Contract for Differences auction round in the United Kingdom included two offshore wind farms with record strike prices as low as 76 USD/MWh. On top of the previous achievements, repowering and life extension of wind farms are creating new opportunities in mature markets. However, other challenges still need to be addressed. Wind energy continues to suffer from long permitting procedures, which may hinder deployment in many countries. The rate of wind energy deployment is also uncertain after 2020 due to lack of policies; for example, only eight out of the 28 EU member states have wind power policies in place beyond 2020.