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Jiottor of ^Iitlos^Oplip A STUDY ON FAUNAL DIVERSITY OF DABKA AND KHULGAD WATERSHED AREAS OF KUMAON HIMALAYAS, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA SUMMARY V , THESIS f \&~y% SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE Of :) ( - i V- U jiottor of ^Iitlos^oplip >* IN f \ € WILDLIFE SCIENCE ^» :,:.>r^\i-^^/ Ik ^ KALEEM AHMED CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE SCIENCES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY AUGARH (INDIA) 2010 ^^v.; ICA^ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY India has an estimated 8.1% of the world's total biological diversity contained within about 2.4% of the earth's area. India is perhaps better characterized as a "continent" rather than a "country", in terms of the biodiversity and biogeography of its floral and faunal resources, being one of the 12 mega-diversity countries of the world. There are innumerable species, the potential of which is not yet known. It would, therefore, be prudent to not only conserve the species we already have information about, but also species we have not yet identified. The greatest damage to natural habitat and wildlife today is due to ever increasing exploitation of land and natural resources. The ever increasing exploitation is resulting in damage, loss and fragmentation of natural areas in all continuously inhabited parts of the world- be it desert region, temperate or tropical regions. Himalayas too suffer with similar trend in resource use. Himalayas hold a significant unit in the Indian subcontinent and are being utilized as supplier of natural resources by humans since the start of the civilization in this region. Later the origin and settlements in and around the valleys depleted the biodiversity values of the entire region. Kumoan Himalayas which hold 4.70% of land of the Himalayas within the Indian limits, extend from lower to higher Himalayas, and it can be considered as representative unit possessing all climatic conditions experienced by entire Himalayan region. The forest ecosystem in Uttaranchal (now Uttarakhand), which is part of western Himalayas, shares the biological richness of the Himalayas. The region is densely populated by human beings and is well connected with road transport through its range. The easy approach to most parts of the region has led to the development of the area, as is being happening in other parts of the country. Consequently, random forest clearings were observed for the purpose and most parts of the region are facing severe threats in terms of loss of biodiversity values. Keeping the importance of bio-diversity of the area, the present study was under taken in two watershed areas of Himalaya's viz. Dabka Watershed Area (DWA) and Khulgarh Watershed Area (KWA) with the following prime objectives: •^ To assess population status and community attributes of birds and mammals in Dabka and KWA ^ To ascertain the vegetation composition in Dabka and KWA •^ To carry out intensive ecological studies on large mammalian community in Dabka and KWA •^ To carry out intensive ecological studies on avian community structure in Dabka and KWA •^ To carry out ecological studies on herpetofauna in Dabka and KWA •^ To study food habit of large carnivores of Dabka and KWA The present study was carried out in DWA and KWA. The KWA lies between 29° 34" 31' to 29° 41" N latitudes and 79° 32" 15' and 79° 37" E longitudes in Almora district of Kumaon Himalayas, Uttarakhand. The study area spreads over 32 sq. km. and represents middle Shiwaliks. The most dominating tree species in the study area is Pinus roxburghii both in forested and outside forest areas. The other major tree species found in the area are Quercus incana and Lyonia ovalifolia. DWA has an area of 69.06 sq. km and lies between 29° 30' 19" to 29° 24' 09" N latitudes, 79° 17' 53" to 79° 25' 38" E longitudes, in the region of lesser Himalayas of Uttarakhand. DWA is protected as a reserved forest with two forest ranges Vinaiyak and Naina. Most of the study area comes under Vinaiyak forest range of Kumaon PHD THESIS, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 division with dominating Quercus leucotricophora and few patches of Pinus roxburghii. Taxus baccata and Cedrus deodara are also present as other associates. The Rhododendron arborium is very common throughout the study area. The sampling was carried out with a range of sampling techniques for mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians and also for vegetation. Direct and indirect methods were employed for mammalian population estimation. The direct methods comprised trail counts and vantage points scanning. Circular plots of radius 10 meters were established in order to collect indirect evidences and for vegetation composition and structure. Fixed radius Point Counts (r - 20 m) and Species Richness Counting Methods were employed for birds while Adaptive Cluster Sampling (5 m X 5 m) and Stream Transect (5 m X 1000 m) searches were used to sample herpetofauna. The plots and sampling units were laid in proportion to the land use/land cover units. To ascertain food habits of the large carnivores scat analysis techniques were used. The sampling was done from September 2007 to June 2009 in all seasons except monsoons. Overall 150 sampling points, 65 in Khulgarh and 85 in Dabka were established to know the vegetation composition of both the watersheds. A total of 52 trees species were recorded in both the study sites, of which 34 tree species were identified in DWA and 30 species in KWA. The overall tree density was higher (710.93/ha ± 56.86) in KWA as compared to DWA (246.96/ha ± 6.11) and difference was found to be significant (Z = 6.581, P = 0.000). The overall tree diversity, richness and evenness in DWA was 1.296 ± 0.09, 1.024 ± 0.08 and 0.748 ± 0.04, respectively. Overall diversity, richness and evennes in KWA was 0.645 ± 0.08, 0.731 ±0.10 and 0.444 ± 0.05, respectively. Total mean shrub density in DWA was (4600.88/ha ± 843.27) and in KWA it was (4397.94/ha ± 719.64). Overall herb density in DWA was 39.32/m^ ± 2.75 and in KWA 62.57/m^ ± 12.02. Overall grass density was 154.09/m^ ± 17.55 in KWA while in DWA 93.43/m^ ± 6.02. Q. leucotrichophora was the most dominant tree species with IVI = 128.80 in DWA and in KWA P. roxburghii was most dominant with IVI = 155. A total of 55 sampling points were established in KWA and 75 in DWA. Each point was monitored at least once in a season. A total of 157 birds in DWA and 102 species in Khulgarh were listed by species listing method. Jackknife 1 was used for stabilization of the number of species observed in watershed areas. In Dabka and Khulgarh watershed areas species turnover reached asymptote at 165 and 110 birds, respectively. In terms of bird diversity rarefaction showed that DWA was more diverse as compared to KWA. Bird density was highest in DWA (29.97 ± 1.79/ha) than in KWA (28.35 ± 1.79/ha). Two-way analysis of variance with seasons (winter, summer) and habitat as a main effect showed that there was no significant difference in bird density between seasons in (Fi,4 = 1.87, P = 0.34) and also there was no significant difference in bird density across different habitats (F4_4 = 1.21, P = 0.26) in DWA. Whereas in KWA there was highly significant difference in bird density between seasons (Fi,4 = 8.57, P = 0.004) and there was also significant difference in bird density across different habitats (F4,4 = 9.90, P = 0.02). Bird density, diversity and richness showed steep decline along the ahitudinal gradient in both the Watersheds. Based on guild structure Dabka bird community was more complex as compared to KWA watershed area because of variation in altitude and complex vegetation structure. A total of 12 species of mammals were recorded in DWA while 7 species from KWA. A total of 3737 individuals with 588 groups were counted in DWA and 7339 individuals with 410 groups in KWA. In DWA mean group size was recorded highest for rhesus macaque (15.09 ± PHD THESIS, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 0.67) followed by langur (9.33 ± 0.70), chital (6.35 ± 0.50), sambar (1.35 ± 0.10), muntjac (1.12 ± 0.05) and serow (1.06 ± 0.66). Analysis of variance shows group size varied significantly among different species (F = 85.103, df = 6, P = 0.000). In KWA the highest mean group size was recorded for Rhesus (24.70 ± 0.96), followed by Langur (16.77 ± 0.89) and muntjac (1.44 ± 0.05) and difference was found to be significant (F = 83.500, df = 2, P = 0.000). In DWA encounter rate of chital was highest among all the mammalian species (6.51 animals/km) followed by rhesus macaque (4.35 animals/km) and langur (1.56 animals/km). The encounter rate of all the mammalian species was recorded highest in summer as compared to winter and difference was not found to be significant. In KWA encounter rate of rhesus macaque was highest (9.52 animals/km) among all other mammalian species followed by langur (4.99 animals/km) and wild boar (0.14 animals/km). In KWA, encounter rate of all the mammalian species was also highest in summer as compared to winter though the difference was not found to be significant. The encounter rate of goral using scan technique was higher (1.94 ± 0.30) in Kunjakharak as compared to other vantage points. Across different seasons encounter rate was higher in winter as compared to summer. Habitat use and overlap studies were carried out on five ungulate species, sambar (Cerviis unicolor), goral (Nemorhaedus goral), muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak), chital {Axis axis) and serow (Capricornis sumatraensis) in DWA and muntjac {Muntiacus muntjak) in KWA.
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