OSVITA Ukrainian Bilingual Education Osvita Ukrainian Bilingual Education OSVITA Ukrainian Bilingual Education Edited by Manoly R. Lupul Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies University of Alberta Edmonton 1985 THE ALBERTA LIBRARY IN UKRAINIAN CANADIAN STUDIES A series of original works and reprints relating to Ukrainians in Canada, issued under the editorial supervision of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton. Editorial Board: Bohdan Bociurkiw, Carleton University (Social Sciences) Manoly R. Lupul, University of Alberta (Ukrainians in Canada) Bohdan Rubchak, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle (Humanities) Copyright ® 1985 Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Osvita (The Alberta library in Ukrainian Canadian studies) Proceedings of a conference held Nov., 1982 at the University of Alberta. ISBN 0-920862-35-7 1. Education, Bilingual—Prairie Provinces—Congresses. 2. Ukrainian Canadians—Education—Prairie Provinces—Congresses.* 3. Ukrainian language—Study and teaching—Prairie Provinces—Congresses. I. Lupul, Manoly R., 1927- II. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. III. Title: Ukrainian bilingual education. IV. Series. LC3734.089 1985 371.97’009712 C85-091213-X All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Cover photograph: Ukrainian Bilingual Classroom, St. Martin Separate Elementary School, Edmonton, Alberta. Printed in Canada by Printing Services, University of Alberta Distributed by the University of Toronto Press 5201 Dufferin St. Downsview, Ontario Canada M3H 5T8 1 Contents Preface/ix Contributors/xiii 1. Literary Ukrainian and Its Dialects/ Mykola Pavliuc 2. English Caiques in Canadian Ukrainian/ 11 Andrij Hornjatkevyc 3 . Ukrainian-Language Acquisition in the Immersion Classroom: Findings of a Preliminary Study/ 27 John (Ivan) Sokolowski 4. Form-Classes (Parts-of-Speech) and Their Frequency in Canadian Children’s Ukrainian: A Comparison of Four Speech Styles/55 Oksana A. Wynnyckyj 5 . Language and Canadian Multiculturalism: Research and Politics/77 Jim Cummins 6. Measures of Ukrainian Classroom Verbal Processes and Products/93 Patricia Sembaliuk 7. Story Theatre and Ukrainian-Language Learning/ 113 Julia C. Megley-Blazuk 8. Television: A Tool for Ukrainian-Language Acquisition/ 133 Olenka Bilash and Barbara De Reuyter 9. Evaluation of the Ukrainian Bilingual Programme in the Edmonton Catholic School District, 1974-9/149 Eugene Ewanyshyn 10. The Teacher in Edmonton’s Ukrainian Bilingual Programme/ 161 James Dmytro Jacuta 1 1 . Parental Expectations of the Ukrainian Bilingual Programme/171 Anna Eliuk 12. Language Behaviour in the Ukrainian Home: An Interactional Perspective/ 187 Roma Chumak 13. The NOL Study: Implications for Ukrainian-Langauge Teaching/191 Olga M. Kuplowska 14. The Effects of Intermarriage on Bilingual Education Among Ukrainians in Canada/ 199 Oleh Wolowyna 15. Learning and Use of Ethnic Languages at Home and School: Sociological Issues and Findings/225 Wsevolod W. Isajiw 16. The Politics of Ukrainian Bilingual Education in Alberta/231 Donald J. Dawson 17. Cultural Content in the Ukrainian-Language Classroom/247 Natalia Pylypiuk 18. Future Directions for Ukrainian-Language Education/261 Jim Cummins Preface This volume contains the proceedings of the first conference in Canada on research into Ukrainian-language education, especially English-Ukrainian bilingual education. The conference, organized by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, was held at the University of Alberta in November 1982. The lot of teachers of second languages in Canada is not an enviable one. Because of North America’s long heritage of neglect, indifference or outright hostility toward second-language learning, those who teach and those who learn second languages have always encountered tremendous difficulties. The North American environment has discouraged enrollment and the result has been an avalanche of problems that affects every aspect of the educational process—teacher education, teaching materials, transportation, the size of the support staff and the work of personnel in departments of education. Teachers who persevere therefore need all the help they can get, and this volume will hopefully assist them. The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies has always been close to Ukrainian-language education—especially to Ukrainian bilingual education—and a conference on Ukrainian education was therefore inevitable. The only question was its scope and form. Would it include the private ridna-shkola sector? Would it concentrate on language or attempt more? Would its orientation be practical, providing a kind of two-day inservice on the most success- ful classrooms, teaching techniques and teachers? Or would the x Osvita emphasis be on what has been learned about Ukrainian education from graduate studies and other research at the university level? In the end, the decision to hold a research-based conference was the result of representations by Mrs. Olenka Bilash, Ukrainian Language Consultant, Strathcona County Board of Education, and Mr. John Sokolowski, Ukrainian Language Curricular Assistant, Alberta Education, both of whom, along with Mrs. Patricia Sembaliuk, Ukrainian Language Consultant, Edmonton Public School Board, agreed to serve on the programme committee of the conference. As committee chairman, I wish to thank them for their invaluable assistance. In our discussions, it was evident early that the stress would be on language education, with the focus on bilingual classrooms, where most of the recent research has been conducted. The conference had three main purposes. First, it was concerned to present the results of research about Ukrainian-language education at the pre-university level. Secondly, it sought to provide researchers into Ukrainian-language education with an opportunity to interact—especially important since none of the researchers could actually pursue scholarly careers in their areas of special interest. And thirdly, the conference hopefully would indicate topics in Ukrainian-language education that might be researched in the future. The conference was held on the campus of Alberta’s oldest university—a public institution of higher learning in a province which almost seventy years earlier had cancelled the certificates of teachers of Ukrainian in the large Ukrainian bloc settlement east of Edmonton. How times have changed! The opportunities to provide children with a bilingual and bicultural education are now practically unlimited, thanks to an amendment to the provincial school law in 1971. Ukrainian bilingual and bicultural education in Alberta, reintroduced in 1974 by the Ukrainian community in Edmonton, is on the verge of being surpassed by developments in Manitoba since 1979, and there are encouraging signs that Saskatoon’s Catholic school system is about to join the movement on the prairies. It is, however, the task of professionals to ensure that the bilingual-bicultural experience is the best possible, and for Preface xi that it must be firmly rooted in facts rather than rhetoric. And even unpleasant facts, if certain, can be useful in effecting the changes needed to bring about improvement. M.R. Lupul University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta December 1984 Contributors (Position/Occupation, November 1982) Olenka Bilash Ukrainian Language Consultant, Strathcona County Board of Education, Sherwood Park, Alberta. Roma Chumak Doctoral Candidate, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto. Jim Cummins Assistant Professor, Department of Curriculum, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto. Donald J. Dawson Doctoral Candidate, Department of Educational Foundations, University of Alberta, Edmonton. Barbara De Reuyter Researcher, Access Media Alberta, Edmonton. Anna Eliuk Former Language Curricular Assistant (Ukrainian), Alberta Education, Edmonton. Eugene Ewanyshyn Ukrainian Language Consultant, Edmonton Separate School Board. Andrij Hornjatkevyc Assistant Professor and Coordinator, Ukrainian Language Resource Centre, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton. Wsevolod W. Isajiw Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Toronto. XIV Dmytro James Jacuta Former Director, Summer Camp Osvita, Ukrainian Bilingual Association, Edmonton. Olga Kuplowska Manager, Office of Project Research, TV Ontario, Toronto. Julian C. Megley-Blazuk Language Arts/Drama Consultant, Edmonton Public School Board. Mykola Pavliuc Associate Professor, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Toronto. Natalia Pylypiuk Lecturer, Department of Slavic Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg. Patricia Sembaliuk Ukrainian Language Consultant, Edmonton Public School Board. John (Ivan) Sokolowski Curricular Assistant (Ukrainian), Alberta Education, Edmonton. Oleh Wolowyna Population Laboratories, Department of Biostatics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Oksana A. Wynnyckyj Teacher, Dufferin-Peel Separate School Board, Mississauga, Ontario. Literary Ukrainian and Its Dialects Mykoia Pavliuc This paper examines such age-old questions as 1) the meaning of “literary language,” “dialect” and “dialect groups,” 2) the mutual interaction and influence of literary language and dialects and 3) the language of