Unknown Athens
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A DIACHRONIC EXAMINATION OF THE ERECHTHEION AND ITS RECEPTION Alexandra L. Lesk, B.A., M.St. (Oxon.), M.A. Presented to McMicken College of Arts and Sciences and the Department of Classics of the University of Cincinnati in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2004 Committee: C. Brian Rose (Chair) Jack L. Davis Kathleen M. Lynch J. James Coulton Abstract iii ABSTRACT “A Diachronic Examination of the Erechtheion and Its Reception” examines the social life of the Ionic temple on the Athenian Akropolis, which was built in the late 5th century B.C. to house Athens’ most sacred cults and relics. Using a contextualized diachronic approach, this study examines both the changes to the Erechtheion between its construction and the middle of the 19th century A.D., as well as the impact the temple had on the architecture and art of these successive periods. This approach allows the evidence to shed light on new areas of interest such as the Post-Antique phases of the building, in addition to affording a better understanding of problems that have plagued the study of the Erechtheion during the past two centuries. This study begins with a re-examination of all the pertinent archaeological, epigraphical, and literary evidence, and proposes a wholly new reconstruction of how the Erechtheion worked physically and ritually in ancient times. After accounting for the immediate influence of the Erechtheion on subsequent buildings of the Ionic order, an argument for a Hellenistic rather than Augustan date for the major repairs to the temple is presented. -
Athens Guide
ATHENS GUIDE Made by Dorling Kindersley 27. May 2010 PERSONAL GUIDES POWERED BY traveldk.com 1 Top 10 Athens guide Top 10 Acropolis The temples on the “Sacred Rock” of Athens are considered the most important monuments in the Western world, for they have exerted more influence on our architecture than anything since. The great marble masterpieces were constructed during the late 5th-century BC reign of Perikles, the Golden Age of Athens. Most were temples built to honour Athena, the city’s patron goddess. Still breathtaking for their proportion and scale, both human and majestic, the temples were adorned with magnificent, dramatic sculptures of the gods. Herodes Atticus Theatre Top 10 Sights 9 A much later addition, built in 161 by its namesake. Acropolis Rock In summer it hosts the Athens Festival (see Festivals 1 As the highest part of the city, the rock is an ideal and Events). place for refuge, religion and royalty. The Acropolis Rock has been used continuously for these purposes since Dionysus Theatre Neolithic times. 10 This mosaic-tiled theatre was the site of Classical Greece’s drama competitions, where the tragedies and Propylaia comedies by the great playwrights (Aeschylus, 2 At the top of the rock, you are greeted by the Sophocles, Euripides) were first performed. The theatre Propylaia, the grand entrance through which all visitors seated 15,000, and you can still see engraved front-row passed to reach the summit temples. marble seats, reserved for priests of Dionysus. Temple of Athena Nike (“Victory”) 3 There has been a temple to a goddess of victory at New Acropolis Museum this location since prehistoric times, as it protects and stands over the part of the rock most vulnerable to The Glass Floor enemy attack. -
The Topography of Ancient Athens in the Mirabilia Urbis Athenarum 69
Hyperboreus Vol.16-17 (2010-2011) “VARIANTE LOQUELLA” The Topography of Ancient Athens in the Mirabilia Urbis Athenarum 69 Antonio Corso THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT ATHENS IN THE MIRABILIA URBIS ATHENARUM Introductory Remarks The text which is labelled Mirabilia Urbis Athenarum is a short guide of the antiquities of Athens written for the visitors of this city.1 This short essay had been traditionally dated to the fi rst years of the Turkish rule because of the mention in the text of a doÚx as an institutional fi gure of the past which was identifi ed with the Frankish Duke of Athens.2 However recently Di Branco rightly pointed out that this doÚx is told in the guide to have gone to pray in a sanctuary of Hera, i. e. he was a pagan3 and suggested a composition of the guide in the middle Byzantine times (XIth or XIIth c.). It is possible to suggest that this doÚx mentioned in the guide was a military commander in the tetrarchic administration.4 The function of Juno as protectress of the Roman Army is very well known.5 Thus the offi cial homage of the military commander to this goddess makes sense. Moreover the author of the guide refers to a sanctuary of Hera near the Ilyssus valley which is identifi ed with that of Hera and Zeus Panhellenios seen by Pausanias 1, 18, 9 and established by Hadrian: it is probable that in that sanctuary the empress was worshipped as Hera as well as the emperor was identifi ed with Zeus/Juppiter.6 Thus the worship of the goddess would fi t the duty of the dux to acknowledge the divinity of the imperial couple. -
Rhetoric and the Architecture of Empire in the Athenian Agora
Rhetoric and the Architecture of Empire inthe Athenian Agora Submitted by John Vandenbergh Lewis B.Arch., University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona May, 1992 Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Architecture Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June, 1995 John Vandenbergh Lewis, 1995. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. I A A Signature of the Author Jo Vandenbergh Lewis Depa* ent of Architecture, May 12, 1995 Certified by IrP u Julian Beinarl Professor of Architecture I Accepted by I I Roy Strickland Chairman, Department of Architecture Committee on Graduate Students MASSACHUSETTS INSTJTUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUL 251995 4ROtd Rhetoric and the Architecture of Empire inthe Athenian Agora by John Vandenbergh Lewis Submitted to the Department of Architecture May 12, 1995 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science inArchitecture Studies Abstract The various political regimes of ancient Athens established and legitimated their power through civic architecture and public rhetoric in the agora. A study of the parallel developments of architectural and rhetorical form, supported by previously published archaeological evidence and the well documented history of classical rhetoric, demonstrates that both served to propel democracy and, later, to euphemize the asymmetrical power structures of the Hellenistic and Roman empires. In addition, civic architecture and rhetoric worked in unison following analogous patterns of presentation in civic space. Civic imperial architecture in the agora may be thus understood to function as the stageset and legitimator of imperial political rhetoric in the agora. -
Classical Studies Transition Year Unit
Classical Studies Transition Year Unit SECTION 1 What is Classical Studies? A case study of Ancient Cyprus Image source: Reproduced with the kind permission of the UCD Classics Museum. Section 1 Table Quiz Round 1 Round 2 1. Which of the following cultures do we learn 1. Sir Arthur Evans is a famous about in Classics? a. Musician a. Greek b. Archaeologist b. Egyptian c. Scientist c. Roman 2. In which city can you find the Parthenon? 2. Which language did the ancient Romans a. Rome speak? b. Athens a. Irish c. Cairo b. Welsh c. Latin 3. Which of the following was a famous building in the ancient world? 3. The letters alpha and omega are part of a. The White House which language? b. Colosseum a. Greek c. Sydney Opera House b. Spanish Bonus point: What events were staged in this c. German building? 4. Which of the following are included in 4. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius buried which studying the ancient world? city in AD 79? a. Historical documents a. Pompeii b. Inscriptions b. Dublin c. Coins c. Sparta Section 1 Table Quiz Round 3 Round 4 1. Who wrote the epic poems the Iliad and the 1.Which of the following is not an ancient Roman Odyssey? god? a. Aristotle a. Jupiter b. Socrates b. Minerva c. Homer c. Cú Chulainn Bonus point: Which great war was the Iliad about? 2. Ares is the Greek god of what? 2. Plato is a famous Greek philosopher – what a. Wisdom century was he born in? b. Agriculture a. -
Religions of the Ancient Greeks
KEY THEMES IN ANCIENT HISTORY RELIGIONS OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS P. A. Cartledge Glare College, Cambridge SIMON PRICE P. D. A. Garnsey Jesus College, Cambridge Key Themes in Ancient History aims to provide readable, informed and origi nal studies of various basic topics, designed in the first instance for students and teachers of Classics and Ancient History but also for those engaged in related disciplines. Each volume is devoted to a general theme in Greek, Roman, or where appropriate, Graeco-Roman history or to some salient aspect or aspects of it. Besides indicating the state of current research in the relevant area, authors seek to show how the theme is significant for our own as well as ancient culture and society By providing books for courses that are oriented around themes it is hoped to encourage and stimulate promising new developments in teaching and research in ancient history Other books in the series Death-ritual and social structure in classical antiquity, by Ian Morris 521 i 37611 o 37465 0 (hardback), o 4 (paperback) Literacy and oraliy in ancient Greece, by Rosalind Thomas o 521 37346 8 (hardback), 0 52’ 37742 0 (paperback) Slavery and society at Rome, by Keith Bradley o 521 37287 9 (hardback), 0 521 36887 7 (paperback) Law, violence, and communiçy in classical Athens, by David Cohen o 521 38167 3 (hardback), 0 521 38837 6 (paperback) Public order in ancient Rome, by Wilfried Nippel o 521 38327 7 (hardback), o 521 38748 3 (paperback) V Friendshz in the classical world, by David Konstan o 521 45402 6 (hardback), 0 521 45998 2 (paperback) Sport and sociqy in ancient Greece, by Mark Golden o 521 49698 (hardback), 0 521 49790 6 (paperback) Food and society in classical antiquity, by Peter Garnsey 0 521 64182 9 (hardback), o 521 64588 3 (paperback) J• CAMBRIDGE UNIVEi.sjry PRESS 10 Introduction (iv) a stone temple built by the heroes Trophonios and Agamedes, burnt I down In 548 BC.22 CHAPTER 2 Though it might be tempting to find archaeological correlates of all four of these temples, the temptation should be resisted. -
L Acropoli Di Atene
L' Acropoli di Atene L'acropoli di Atene si può considerare la più rappresentativa delle acropoli greche. È una rocca, spianata nella parte superiore, che si eleva di 156 metri sul livello del mare sopra la città di Atene. Il pianoro è largo 140 m e lungo quasi 280 m. È anche conosciuta come Cecropia in onore del leggendario uomo-serpente Cecrope, il primo re ateniese. L'Acropoli è stata dichiarata patrimonio dell'umanità dall'UNESCO nel 1987. Storia I resti sono risalenti all'epoca arcaica e quindi si attesta che delle costruzioni imponenti si elevavano sull'acropoli alla fine del VII secolo a.C., epoca in cui le mura risalenti all'età micenea persero la loro importanza difensiva. Nella prima metà del VI secolo a.C., dopo l'espulsione dei Pisistratidi, l'acropoli cessò di essere una fortezza. Le antiche fortificazioni, le costruzioni, gli edifici templari e le statue furono distrutti durante l'occupazione persiana del 480 a.C. I primi sforzi ricostruttivi degli ateniesi si concentrarono sulle opere di maggiore utilità. Le mura e i bastioni furono ricostruiti sotto il governo di Temistocle e di Cimone. Durante l'epoca di Pericle per celebrare la vittoria sui Persiani e il primato politico, economico e culturale di Atene fu realizzata la ricostruzione dell'acropoli, con la costruzione del Partenone, dei Propilei e in seguito dell'Eretteo e del Tempio di Atena Nike. Nel tardo impero romano il Partenone fu trasformato in chiesa dedicata alla Vergine Maria. Nel Medioevo l'acropoli fu trasformata in fortezza militare prima dai Franchi e poi dai Turchi. -
The Priestess of Athena Nike a New Reading of IG I3 35 and 36
Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 27 | 2014 Varia The priestess of Athena Nike A new reading of IG I3 35 and 36 Josine Blok Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/2274 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.2274 ISSN: 2034-7871 Publisher Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Printed version Date of publication: 1 November 2014 Number of pages: 99-126 ISBN: 978-2-87562-055-2 ISSN: 0776-3824 Electronic reference Josine Blok, « The priestess of Athena Nike », Kernos [Online], 27 | 2014, Online since 01 October 2016, connection on 19 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/2274 ; DOI : 10.4000/ kernos.2274 This text was automatically generated on 19 April 2019. Kernos The priestess of Athena Nike 1 The priestess of Athena Nike A new reading of IG I3 35 and 36* Josine Blok 1 The decree inaugurating the priesthood of Athena Nike (IG I3 35; Fig. 1) signalled a new stage in the development of democratic Athens.1 On the proposal of a man whose name is now almost entirely lost, IG I3 35 decides to select a woman by lot to be the first priestess of Athena Nike, to add doors to the sanctuary made by Kallikrates, to give the priestess 50 drachmas and choice parts of the sacrifices made on behalf of the dêmos, and that Kallikrates build a temple for Athena Nike and a stone altar. The new priestess was to be allotted from among all Athenian women, a decision giving all citizens, in this case female citizens, access to prominent cultic roles in the polis. -
Patrons of Athenian Votive Monuments of the Archaic and Classical Periods: Three Studies"
Georgetown University Institutional Repository http://www.library.georgetown.edu/digitalgeorgetown The author made this article openly available online. Please tell us how this access affects you. Your story matters. Keesling, C. "Patrons of Athenian Votive Monuments of the Archaic and Classical Periods: Three Studies". Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 2005), pp. 395-426 Collection Permanent Link: http://hdl.handle.net/10822/555436 © 2005 The American School of Classical Studies at Athens This material is made available online with the permission of the author, and in accordance with publisher policies. No further reproduction or distribution of this copy is permitted by electronic transmission or any other means. hesperia 74 (2005) PATRONS OF 6 Pages 395-42 ATHENIAN VOTIVE MONUMENTS OF THE ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL PERIODS Three Studies ABSTRACT In three studies of votive offerings, the author explores the role played by private patrons in the production of art and inscriptions in Athens in the Archaic and Classical periods. The studies concern additive sculptural groups a produced by the contributions of multiple dedicators, form of display ex plained within the context of votive religion; epigraphical evidence for col on laboration between East Greek sculptors and Athenian patrons 6th- and votive and dedications that have either been mis 5th-century monuments; as vase or identified belonging to Athenian potters and painters erroneously reconstructed as metal or stone vases. INTRODUCTION The most pressing concern for most studies of artistic patronage in Ath ens in the Archaic and Classical periods has been public patronage, namely, identifying the patrons responsible for the construction of temples and other buildings and for the choice of subjects in architectural sculpture.1 After 480 b.c., the best-attested patron is the Athenian demos itself. -
The Incorporation of Eleusis Into the Athenian Polis: the City Eleusinion and the Sanctuary Material in the Wells of the Athenian Agora
THE INCORPORATION OF ELEUSIS INTO THE ATHENIAN POLIS: THE CITY ELEUSINION AND THE SANCTUARY MATERIAL IN THE WELLS OF THE ATHENIAN AGORA Name & Student number Manon van der Maas | 4159438 Contact [email protected] | [email protected] RMA Thesis Ancient, Medieval, and Renaissance Studies | Ancient Studies Supervisor dr. Floris van den Eijnde Second reader dr. Janric van Rookhuijzen Institution & Faculty Utrecht University | Faculty of Humanities Place & Date Utrecht | 28 November 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS * For the credits to the cover image, see ‘Appendix I – Use of images’ (p. 145). Acknowledgements………………………………………...……………..……………………………………………….…...……………….……..6 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….……………………………..………………….………..…….......7 Part I – Status quo……………………………………………………..……………………………………………….…………..…………........16 Introduction to part I…………………………………….………………………………………………………………….……….…17 Chapter 1 – Historiography: literary sources………….……………………………...……………………….………..19 1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19 1.2 The synoecism of Attica: previous scholarship on the literary sources……………..………..…19 1.2.1 The synoecism of Attica: Mycenaean period to the sixth century BC………….….20 1.2.2 The synoecism of Attica: problems regarding its usefulness for the incorporation of Eleusis…………………………………………………………………………23 1.3 The incorporation of Eleusis: previous scholarship on the literary sources………………….25 1.3.1 The Mycenaean age – the wars between Athens and Eleusis……..…….……………26 1.3.2 The eighth century BC – the rise of the -
Peripatosperipatos a Teacher’S Guide
Let’sLet’s GoGo toto thethe AcropolisAcropolis PeripatosPeripatos A Teacher’s Guide Ministry of Culture Acropolis Restoration Service First Ephorate of Prehistoric & Classical Antiquities Department of Information & Education THETHE NORTHNORTH SLOPESLOPE ur walk begins at the Beulé earliest dwellings of prehistoric OO Gate west of the Propylaia, times. With the passage of time the from which we follow the little caves became cult places dedicated path that goes to the north slope. to the twelve gods or to lesser local The approach is fairly difficult; the divinities with their shrines around remains limited. Notable on the the main cult of Athena, patron god- north side of the Acropolis is a series dess of the city, at the top of the of caves in the rock. Here were the Sacred Rock. Sacred caves on the north slope of the Acropolis 2 The Klepsydra his is a spring with a history going back into pre- Peripatos, Klepsydra was initially approachable only TT historic times. That there was a supply of water in from outside the Acropolis by way of a stairway leading the area appears to have been known as early as the from ground level down to the lower level of the spring. Neolithic period. The first fountain house, however, During the 3rd century A.C., however, a succession was built here much later, in 470-460 B.C., perhaps by of landslides damaged the spring and blocked the the politician Kimon. It was a simple rectangular con- entrance, so that the only means of approach was by struction, with a built-in draw-basin next to the spring. -
Women on the Acropolis and Mental Mapping: Comic Body-Politics in a City in Crisis, Or Ritual and Metaphor in Aristophanes’ Lysistrata Anton Bierl*
Women on the Acropolis and Mental Mapping: Comic Body-Politics in a City in Crisis, or Ritual and Metaphor in Aristophanes’ Lysistrata Anton Bierl* Introduction Lysistrata represents a real ‘crisis on stage’. The play was produced in 411 BCE, probably at the Lenaia festival. We are in the middle of the Pe- loponnesian War, already twenty years after the outbreak of the devas- tating struggle between Athens and Sparta. Both cities had emerged as the dominant Greek powers from the Persian Wars (490 –478 BCE) – a period seen as a utopian Golden Age in Attic comedy. After the first phase, the Sicilian disaster turned the tide of the Peloponnesian War against the Athenians in 413 BCE: the great Athenian armada was heavily defeated in Sicily having set sail in 415 BCE in the hope of conquering the island. Several major allies immediately defected from Athens to the Spartan Alliance. By the end of 412 BCE, however, the Athenians managed to stave off the threat of total defeat by winning back some strategic outposts and rebuilding their navy. This went hand in hand with the further concentration of political power: the autono- my of the assembly was severely curtailed. In particular, an extraordinary board of elder and experienced statesmen, among them the aged Sopho- cles, was appointed to manage the affairs of the state. The so-called pro- bouloi could expedite war efforts by bypassing the Council. In Lysistrata (387–613, esp. 551–613) a proboulos is fiercely ridiculed onstage; he is * I would like to thank Antonios Rengakos for his kind invitation to Thessalo- niki, as well as the editors of this volume, Andreas Markantonatos and Bernhard Zimmermann.