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The Incorporation of Eleusis Into the Athenian Polis: the City Eleusinion and the Sanctuary Material in the Wells of the Athenian Agora

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The Incorporation of Eleusis Into the Athenian Polis: the City Eleusinion and the Sanctuary Material in the Wells of the Athenian Agora THE INCORPORATION OF ELEUSIS INTO THE ATHENIAN POLIS: THE CITY ELEUSINION AND THE SANCTUARY MATERIAL IN THE WELLS OF THE ATHENIAN AGORA Name & Student number Manon van der Maas | 4159438 Contact [email protected] | [email protected] RMA Thesis Ancient, Medieval, and Renaissance Studies | Ancient Studies Supervisor dr. Floris van den Eijnde Second reader dr. Janric van Rookhuijzen Institution & Faculty Utrecht University | Faculty of Humanities Place & Date Utrecht | 28 November 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS * For the credits to the cover image, see ‘Appendix I – Use of images’ (p. 145). Acknowledgements………………………………………...……………..……………………………………………….…...……………….……..6 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….……………………………..………………….………..…….......7 Part I – Status quo……………………………………………………..……………………………………………….…………..…………........16 Introduction to part I…………………………………….………………………………………………………………….……….…17 Chapter 1 – Historiography: literary sources………….……………………………...……………………….………..19 1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19 1.2 The synoecism of Attica: previous scholarship on the literary sources……………..………..…19 1.2.1 The synoecism of Attica: Mycenaean period to the sixth century BC………….….20 1.2.2 The synoecism of Attica: problems regarding its usefulness for the incorporation of Eleusis…………………………………………………………………………23 1.3 The incorporation of Eleusis: previous scholarship on the literary sources………………….25 1.3.1 The Mycenaean age – the wars between Athens and Eleusis……..…….……………26 1.3.2 The eighth century BC – the rise of the polis………………………………….……………..28 1.3.3 The seventh century BC – the Hymn to Demeter……………………………………….....30 1.3.4 The seventh and sixth centuries BC – the Megarian wars, Solon and Peisistratos………………………………………………………………………………………..….33 1.3.5 The seventh and sixth centuries BC – the end of the mythological wars between Athens and Eleusis…………………………………………………………………..38 1.3.6 The seventh and sixth centuries BC – the administration of the Mysteries........39 1.4 The incorporation of Eleusis: summary of scholarship and further characterising the phenomenon………………………………………………………………………………………………..40 1.5 Conclusions to chapter 1……………………………………………………………………………………..……..45 Chapter 2 – Historiography: archaeological sources……………………………………………………………...…46 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...46 2.2 Communication lines and topographical features of west-Attica………………………………….46 2.3 The archaeology of Eleusis and Athens……………………………………………………..………………...47 2 2.3.1 The archaeology of Eleusis: the Mycenaean period………………………...……………47 2.3.2 The archaeology of Athens: the Mycenaean period………………………………………49 2.3.3 The archaeology of Eleusis: the eighth century BC……………………………................49 2.3.4 The archaeology of Eleusis: the seventh and the beginning of the sixth century BC………………………………………………………………….…………………52 2.3.5 The archaeology of Eleusis: the second half of the sixth century BC……………...53 2.3.6 The archaeology of Athens: eighth to fifth centuries BC……………………................54 2.4 The synoecism of Attica and the incorporation of Eleusis: previous scholarship on the archaeological sources………………………………………………55 2.4.1 The Mycenaean period……………………………………………………………………………….56 2.4.2 The tenth and ninth centuries BC……………………………………………………………..…57 2.4.3 The eighth century – the rise of the polis…………………………………………………….59 2.4.4 The seventh century…………………………………………………………………………………..60 2.4.5 The sixth century…………………………………………………………………………………….…61 2.4.6 The archaeological historiography: conclusions………………………………………..…64 2.5 Towards a new interpretation of the archaeology – an analysis of the Eleusinian and Athenian evidence……………………………………………………………………………………….65 2.6 A new interpretation of the archaeology – tiers of identity, the Athenian ethnos and ‘peer polity interaction’………………………………………………………………………………………67 2.7 Conclusion to chapter 2……………………………………………………………………………………………..69 Part II – The incorporation of Eleusis: The City Eleusinion revisited…………………………………………...……….70 Introduction to part II………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….71 Chapter 3 – The City Eleusinion and the wells of the Athenian agora………………………………………72 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...72 3.2 The early history of the City Eleusinion (eighth-sixth century BC)…………………………...…..73 3.2.1 The early history of the City Eleusinion: placement of the sanctuary, roads and the agora…………………………………………..…………………………………………....73 3.2.2 The early history of the City Eleusinion: cult activity and sanctuary architecture…………………………………………………………………………………………..75 3.2.3 The early history of the City Eleusinion: the Athenian cultic landscape…..…….78 3 3.3 Dumping Eleusinion sanctuary material: the City Eleusinion deposits and the Terracotta Votive Deposit…………..……………………………….……………………………...………82 3.4 The reference material: pyres A, B and Γ/C in Eleusis………………………………………………….85 3.5 The creation of a database: sanctuary material in the eighth-sixth century wells of the Athenian agora…………………………………………………………………………………………………..87 3.5.1 The creation of a database: the wells of the Athenian agora…………………………87 3.5.2 The creation of a database: ‘diagnostic’ sanctuary material………………………….89 3.5.3 The creation of a database: gathering the material………………………………………91 3.6 Religious links between Athens and Eleusis: comparing the Eleusinion and Athenian finds…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..92 3.6.1 Religious links between Athens and Eleusis: eighth century BC……………………93 3.6.2 Religious links between Athens and Eleusis: the first half of the seventh century BC…………………………………………………………………………………………….94 3.6.3 Religious links between Athens and Eleusis: the second half of the seventh century BC…………………………………………………………………………………………….97 3.6.4 Religious links between Athens and Eleusis: conclusions and the sixth century BC……………………………………………………………...………..…………..............99 3.7 Conclusion to chapter 3……………………………………………………………………………………………100 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….101 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………105 Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……119 Appendices……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..145 Appendix I – Use of images…………………………………………………………………………………………………………145 Appendix II – List of primary sources………………………………………………………………………………………….145 Authors and texts……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…145 Inscriptions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........146 Appendix III – Database: sanctuary (dump) fill of the wells in the Athenian agora (eighth-sixth centuries BC)………...………………………………………...……………………………………………………147 Introduction and chronology of the wells………………………………………………………………..…..…147 Database I: general find groups……………………………………………………………………………………..150 Database II: figurines…………………………………………………………………………………………………….154 4 Database III: vessels………………………………………………………………………………………...……………155 Database IV: photos of diagnostic finds…………..…………………………………………………………...…156 Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………189 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At first there are wanderings and toilsome running about in circles and journeys through the dark over uncertain roads and culs-de-sac; then, just before the end, there are all kinds of terrors, with shivering, trembling, sweating, and utter amazement. After this, a strange and wonderful light meets the wanderer; he is admitted into clean and verdant meadows, where he discerns gentle voices and choric dances, and the majesty of holy sounds and sacred visions.1 I would very much like to say this thesis was the result of a vision that came to me at the end of an initiation much like the one of the Eleusinian Mysteries – as Plutarch has so eloquently described above. This was not the case, however. Instead, it is the result of many months of reading, research and writing – sometimes indeed feeling stuck, uncertain and lost, much like the initiates so long ago apparently felt. Thus, I would like to take some space here to thank all those who kept encouraging and inspiring me, fulfilling – so to speak – the role of the light so near end of my initiation ritual. First and foremost, I would like to thank dr. Floris van den Eijnde for supervising my work throughout the time I needed to complete it, for drawing me into the fascinating world of ancient Greek history and (Attic) archaeology and for encouraging me to do more research on the subject of the development of the Athenian polis and the incorporation of Eleusis. Secondly, I would like to thank dr. Janric van Rookhuijzen, who graciously fulfilled the role of second reader. Thirdly, I would like to thank dr. Mike Laughy, whose work formed an inspiration when it comes to my dataset: the wells of the Athenian agora. I would also like to thank my boyfriend, Paul Frankenhuizen, as he has always helped me grow and continues to support me and my passion for the ancient world. Most grateful I am as well for the support of my friends, some of whom simultaneously acted as peer reviewers: Judith Hendriksma (my fellow Eleusis-enthusiast), Marlous Pelger, Pim Möhring, Faye Kruithof, Marit de Wolf, Renee van de Gein, Yana Bosma, Iris van Nederpelt and Alma Kant. Each of you made my studies the most transformative period of my life. Lastly, I would like to thank my roommate and friend Jennifer Schilperoort and my family – my parents, sisters and grandmothers – for being there for me throughout this process. 1 Plutarch, fragment 178, as quoted in Stobaeus, IV, 52.49. Translation from Graf 1953, 148. 6 INTRODUCTION So we
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