TØI report 1655/2018 Guri Natalie Jordbakke Astrid Amundsen Ingrid Sundvor Erik Figenbaum Inger Beate Hovi Technological maturity level and market introduction timeline of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles TØI Report 1655/2018 Technological maturity level and market introduction timeline of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles State of the art Guri Natalie Jordbakke Astrid Amundsen Ingrid Sundvor Erik Figenbaum Inger Beate Hovi Front-page photography/illustration: Shutterstock ISSN 2535-5104 Electronic ISBN 978-82-480-2172-8 Electronic Oslo, October 2018 Tittel: Teknologisk modenhetsnivå og forventet Title: Technological maturity level and market markedsintroduksjon for tunge kjøretøy introduction timeline of zero-emission heavy- duty vehicles Forfattere: Guri Natalie Jordbakke, Astrid Authors: Guri Natalie Jordbakke, Astrid Amundsen, Ingrid Sundvor, Amundsen, Ingrid Sundvor, Erik Erik Figenbaum og Inger Figenbaum og Inger Beate Hovi Beate Hovi Dato: 09.2018 Date: 09.2018 TØI-rapport: 1655/2018 TØI Report: 1655/2018 Sider: 64 Pages: 64 ISSN elektronisk: 2535-5104 ISSN Electronic: 2535-5104 ISBN elektronisk: 978-82-480-2172-8 ISBN Electronic: 978-82-480-2172-8 Finansieringskilde: Norges Forskningsråd Financed by: Norwegian Research Council Prosjekt: 4446 – MoZEES Project: 4446 – MoZEES Prosjektleder: Erik Figenbaum Project Manager: Erik Figenbaum Kvalitetsansvarlig: Kjell Werner Johansen Quality Manager: Kjell Werner Johansen Fagfelt: 23 Miljø, teknologi og energi Research Area: 23 Emneord: Elektriske kjøretøy; Teknologi; Keywords: Electric vehicles; Technology; Godstransport; Busser Trucks; Buses; Coaches Sammendrag: Summary: Mens innfasingen av batterielektriske personbiler og busser While the phasing-in of battery-electric passenger cars and skyter fart i det norske markedet, gjelder det samme ikke for buses speeds up in the Norwegian market, the same does varebiler og lastebiler. Dette skyldes kostnadsmessige barrierer, not apply to vans and trucks. This is due to cost barriers, but men også at tilbudet av denne typen kjøretøy enten er also that the availability of this type of vehicles is either mangelfullt eller ikke-eksisterende i det kommersielle markedet inadequate or non-existent in today’s commercial market. dag. Når det gjelder kjøretøy med hydrogen- Hydrogen and fuel-cell technology, has an even more brenselcelleteknologi, er dette et mer umodent marked enn for immature market, but for these vehicles, the availability is batterielektriske kjøretøy, men også for disse kjøretøyene er also better for passenger cars and buses than for vans and tilbudet bedre for personbiler og busser enn for varebiler og trucks. This document is a review of the technological lastebiler. maturity level and expected market introduction for vans, I denne rapporten gis en gjennomgang av teknologisk buses and lorries with zero emission technology, as well as modenhetsnivå og forventet markedsintroduksjon for varebiler, related infrastructure for filling and charging. busser og lastebiler med nullutslippsteknologi, samt tilhørende infrastruktur for fylling og lading. Language of report: English Transportøkonomisk Institutt Institute of Transport Economics Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo Gaustadalleen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway Telefon 22 57 38 00 - www.toi.no Telephone +47 22 57 38 00 - www.toi.no Copyright © Transportøkonomisk institutt, 2018 Denne publikasjonen er vernet i henhold til Åndsverkloven av 1961 Ved gjengivelse av materiale fra publikasjonen, må fullstendig kilde oppgis Technological maturity level and market introduction timeline of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles Preface This report has been prepared in RA4 for MoZEES, Mobility Zero Emission Energy Systems, a research centre for environmentally friendly energy, led by the Institute for Energy Technology. The work is funded by the Research Council of Norway. In MoZEES, basic research is carried out on batteries and hydrogen-fuel cell technology for heavier applications such as buses, lorries and vessels. The purpose of this document has been to provide technology status and expected market introduction of zero-emission solutions for heavy vehicles, and is the first report prepared within RA4 in MoZEES. The work at TØI has been carried out by Guri Natalie Jordbakke, who has written the chapters on vans and trucks, Astrid Helene Amundsen, have written the chapters on buses and charging infrastructure and Ingrid Sundvor, who has written the chapter on hydrogen filling infrastructure. Erik Figenbaum and Inger Beate Hovi have guided the work, written chapter 1, 2 and 7 and contributed to the others. Secretary Trude Rømming has been responsible for organizing the report for publishing, while divisional leader Kjell Werner Johansen has had the final quality assurance responsibility. This work was performed within MoZEES, a Norwegian Centre for Environment-friendly Energy Research (FME), co-sponsored by the Research Council of Norway (project number 257653) and 40 partners from research, industry and public sector. We would like to thank our MoZEES research partners for comments and input to the report. However, any remaining errors or omissions are TØI's responsibility. Oslo, October 2018 Institute of Transport Economics Gunnar Lindberg Kjell Werner Johansen Managing Director Research Director Technological maturity level and market introduction timeline of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles Content Summary Sammendrag Battery electric HDVs ............................................................................................................... i Fuel cells HDVs ........................................................................................................................ ii 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 2 Zero emission propulsion solutions ..................................................................... 3 3 Battery electric HDVs .......................................................................................... 5 3.1 Light goods vehicles - vans ............................................................................................ 5 3.2 Buses and coaches ........................................................................................................... 9 3.3 Heavy goods vehicles .................................................................................................... 14 3.4 Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 19 4 Fuel cell HDVs ................................................................................................... 21 4.1 Light goods vehicles - vans .......................................................................................... 21 4.2 Buses and coaches ......................................................................................................... 22 4.3 Heavy goods vehicles .................................................................................................... 25 4.4 Hydrogen trains ............................................................................................................. 27 4.5 Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 28 5 Charging infrastructure ...................................................................................... 29 5.1 Plug-in conductive charging......................................................................................... 29 5.2 Pantograph opportunity fast-charging ....................................................................... 30 5.3 Inductive opportunity charging ................................................................................... 33 5.4 Electric roads – Dynamic charging during travel ..................................................... 34 5.5 Battery-swapping ........................................................................................................... 35 5.6 Power grid adaptions .................................................................................................... 36 6 Filling infrastructure for fuel cell vehicles ......................................................... 38 6.1 Refuelling stations in Norway ...................................................................................... 38 6.2 Infrastructure in the rest for Europa and World ...................................................... 40 6.3 Standardisations ............................................................................................................. 40 7 Discussion and conclusions ............................................................................... 41 References .................................................................................................................. 44 Links sorted by vehicle category and main supplier ................................................. 55 Summary Technological maturity level and market introduction timeline of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles TØI Report 1655/2018 Author(s): Guri Natalie Jordbakke, Astrid Amundsen, Ingrid Sundvor, Erik Figenbaum and Inger Beate Hovi Oslo 2018 64 pages English language While phasing in of battery-electric passenger cars and buses speeds up in Norway, this does not apply to battery-electric vans and trucks. Differences in the phase-in progress are partly due to differences in the framework conditions, and the differences in the incentives to offset