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Patterns and Determinants of Household Energy Consumption Among Poor Families in Althad Village of Woreda 8, Bole Sub-City, Addis Ababa

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Patterns and Determinants of Household Energy Consumption Among Poor Families in Althad Village of Woreda 8, Bole Sub-City, Addis Ababa PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION AMONG POOR FAMILIES IN ALTHAD VILLAGE OF WOREDA 8, BOLE SUB-CITY, ADDIS ABABA BY BIRHANE KUSSA ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA OCTOBER 2016 i PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION AMONG DESTITUTE FAMILIES IN ALTHAD VILLAGE OF WOREDA 8, BOLE SUB-CITY, ADDIS ABABA BY BIRHANEKUSSA ADVISOR: FEKADU GURMESSA (PhD) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY, THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, (SPECIALIZING IN CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION) ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA OCTOBER 2016 ii Addis Ababa University School of Graduate studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Birhane Kussa entitled: Patterns and Determinants of Household Energy Consumption among Poor Families in Althad Village of Woreda 8, Bole Sub-city, Addis Ababa and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Degree of Masters of Arts in Geography and Environmental Studies, complies with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Committee Examiner ________________________Signature__________________Date____________ Examiner________________________Signature__________________Date_____________ Advisor_________________________Signature__________________Date_____________ ______________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Coordinator iii ABSTRACT Patterns and Determinants of Household Energy Consumption among Poor Families in Woreda 8 of Althad Village, Bole Sub-city, Addis Ababa Birhane Kussa Addis Ababa University, June 2016 The advancement of human civilization, economic and social activities, agriculture, mining, industrialization and also improvements in the standard of living and public health are all dependent upon an adequate supply of energy. The main objective of this study is to assess the patterns and determinants of household energy consumption among poor family in woreda 8 of Althad village. The necessary data for this study were obtained from randomly selected 156 sampling households. Questionnaire was administered to these selected households. Percentage and simple correlation techniques have been used to analyze the data. Analysis of the survey data shows that multiple types of energy are commonly used by individual sample households for day to day household energy requirement. These energy sources include, traditional (fuel wood, charcoal, leaves and saw dust) and modern (electricity and kerosene). The households when faced with shortage of energy sources, they cope up with it in different mechanism. The result shows that the largest share of the domestic energy comes from the modern fuels in terms of expenditure and gross energy consumed. However, the majority of the people depend on traditional fuels. The study also reveals that the amount of monthly expenditure on different types of household energy varies depending upon the types of energy sources, which mainly determined by household income, size and appliance. The amount of both gross and useful domestic energy consumed increases with the increase of household income. Relatively higher income households consume more energy, while low income households utilize inadequate energy. Large share of low income groups consume traditional fuels. It is recommended that the low-income group should be encouraged as far as feasible to use modern fuels like electricity and fossil fuels such as kerosene and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) through the use of proper stoves and appliance. The adequate provisions of modern fuels even if subsidized to a certain extents by the government and NGOs. Keywords: Poor, households i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Next to the almighty God, first for most, my deepest gratitude is to my advisor, Dr. Fekadu Gurmessa for his scholarly assistance, patience and willingness to share in the processes of the thesis preparation. I would also like to extend my appreciation for his valuable comments, strategic guidance, and his friendly approach. As well, I would like to appreciate the academicians of the department for equipping me with the needed in-depth knowledge of the study through their lectures and material availing. At last but not least, I am also indebted to my husband, family, coworkers and friends for their unreserved and continued support not only in my stay here in the university but also throughout my career. Birhane Kussa October 2016 ii Contents Page Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………..i Acknowledgment ………………………………………………………………………………………………....ii List of Tables………………………………………………………………...……...…………....vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations…………………………………………………………...... viii Definition of terms ……………………………………………………………………...………..x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................................. 3 1.3.1. General Objective ................................................................................................................. 3 1.3.2 Specific Objectives…………………………………………………………………….........3 1.4. Basic Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Limitations of the Study………………………………………………….…………………...4 1.7 Scope of the Study .................................................................................................................... 4 1.8 Ethical Considerations………………………………………………………………………...5 1.9 Organization of the Thesis ........................................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................................ 6 2.1 General Concepts and Major Types of Energy ......................................................................... 6 iii 2.2 Global Energy Supply and Consumption ................................................................................. 7 2.3 Energy Supply and Consumption in Africa .............................................................................. 9 2.4 Household Energy Supply and Consumption in Ethiopia ...................................................... 11 2.5 Household Energy Consumption trend of Addis Ababa......................................................... 14 2.6 Literature Gap………………………………………………………………………………..15 2.7 Conceptual framework………………………………………………………………….…....16 CHAPTER III: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHOD………………………………………………………………………………………..17 3.1 Description of the Study Area…………………………………………….…………………17 3.2 Research Approach and Design…………………………………………..…………………19 3.3 Data Sources and Types ......................................................................................................... 20 3.4 Methods of Data Collection……………..………………………………..………………….20 3.5 Sampling Technique….…………………………………………………..……………….....21 3.5.1 Sampling Size................................................................................................................…...22 3.6 Analysis of Data…………………………..………………………………………………….22 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS OF PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION…………………………….………………………………24 4.1 Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Respondent Households……………..24 4.1.1 Age of the household head …………………………………...……………..………..……25 4.1.2 Sex composition of the household head............................................................................... 25 4.1.3 Marital status ....................................................................................................................... 25 4.1.4 Occupational status ............................................................................................................. 26 iv 4.1.5 Educational background....................................................................................................... 26 4.1.6 House Ownership or Tenure ................................................................................................ 27 4.2 Patterns of Household Energy Consumption and Conversion of Various Energy Sources into Gross Energy in Terms of Heat Value……………………………………………….…..27 4.2.1 Conversion of Expenditures on Traditional Fuel into Heat Values of Fuel wood………...28 4.2.2 Conversion of Expenditures on Traditional Fuel into Heat Values of Charcoal ................. 28 4.3 Conversion of Expenditures on Modern Fuels into Heat Values ........................................... 29 4.3.1 Conversion of Expenditure on Kerosene into heat Values ..............................................
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