Sir William Osler Image in public domain (PD-1923) THE INTERURBAN CLINICAL CLUB (1905–2015) A RECORD OF ACHIEVEMENT IN CLINICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE R John N. Forrest, Jr ACKNOWLEDGMENTSR The following are gratefully acknowledged for contributing financial support for the book. Department chairs: Mark Zeidel Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Gary Desir Department of Medicine Yale School of Medicine Donald Landry Department of Medicine Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons Richard Shannon Former Chair, Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Michael Parmacek Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Myron Weisfeldt Former Chair, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Joseph Loscalzo Chair, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Individuals who contributed to the MD-PhD fund: Jonathan Epstein Executive Vice Dean and Chief Scientific Officer Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Barbara Kazmierczak MSTP Director Yale School or Medicine I Copyright 2016 The Interurban Clinical Club. Published by the New York Academy of Sciences II DEDICATIONR for Catherine Lee Kiene Forrest III IV GREETINGS FROM THE OSLERR FAMILY The descendants of the Osler family sincerely wish to thank the editor and the active and emeritus members of the Interurban Clinical Club (ICC) for this book that keeps alive the ongoing celebration of the legacy of Sir William Osler as the founder of the club. Medicine is ever changing, but the concept of getting together to hear diverse scientific papers of new findings from the best creative physician-scientists of five east coast cities (Boston, New Ha- ven, New York City, Philadelphia and Baltimore) will never be out of date. We were pleased that Eve Osler Hampson, the grand niece of Sir William, was invited to participate in the 200th meeting of the club in Baltimore, MD. We urge members of the ICC to visit the Osler libraries and museums at McGill Medical School, Johns Hopkins Medical School, and The Osler Club of London. V VI PREFACER In 2010, I was asked to bring the history of the Interurban Clinical Club up to date in a fourth volume. The early history of the club, founded by William Osler in 1905, was published in 1937.1 The first volume was prepared by a committee of the Club, composed of David Riesman of Philadelphia (edi- tor), S. W. Lambert of New York, T. B. Futcher of Baltimore, W.D. Stroud of Philadelphia, and H. A. Christian of Boston. Two additional volumes, published in 1976 and 1994, were edited by Mac Harvey of Johns Hopkins. In the first volume, there was no reference to the original research done by the members of the Club. As Mac Harvey examined the programs of the meetings, it became clear that the activities of the Club and the careers of its members represented an important record of the development of clini- cal science and academic medicine in the United States. Thus, the scientific accomplishments of each member were included in their biographies, a practice continued in this volume. The objects of the Club, as stated by Osler, were “to promote the scientific investigation of disease and stimulate the study of internal medicine; by mutual intercourse and discussion to improve our methods of work and teaching; and to increase our knowledge of the methods of work in other clinics than our own.” When the Club began, clinical science was in its infancy, and the cities in which the members resided (Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and later New Haven) and the universities and medical schools in which they worked were the major centers of activity in academic medicine. Thus, the scientific programs represent a unique picture of the progress of American medicine in the last 110 years, and the members, as well as the non-members who participated in the programs, provide a composite of the men and women who were primarily responsible for the rapid progress of medicine by applying the methods of science to the study of disease in man. VII The influence of the Interurban Clinical Club has been great. At its incep- tion, it furnished a much needed, intimate meeting ground for the lead- ers in academic medicine who were responsible for areas of research, for training programs for young individuals, and for innovations in medical practice. In 1910, soon after the Club began its activities, the Flexner Re- port appeared and newly organized and reorganized Schools of Medicine were looking for leadership in their research programs. The meetings of the Interurban Club provided a forum where young people wishing to en- gage in a career in clinical science, could present their work for evaluation and could become known to the leaders of medicine whose counsel was sought regarding the recruitment of faculty members. For example, it was through the Interurban Club meetings that E.A. Locke met and learned of the unusual qualities of David Edsall. This led to Edsall’s appointment as Jackson Professor of Medicine and director of one of the medical services at the Massachusetts General Hospital- an event considered a critical turn- ing point in the development of clinical science in Boston. This contribution of William Osler’s did not stop with the original Interur- ban Clinical Club. Similar clubs were organized when the activities of the original group became known in various parts of the country. This devel- opment provided a forum for the rapid exchange of ideas among the vari- ous schools and hospitals in relation to advances taking place in basic and clinical research, clinical practice, and medical education. As an example of the importance of these satellite groups, the Central Society for Clinical Research was born out of the activities of the Central Interurban Club. In agreement with Mac Harvey, I did not attempt to set the activities of the Club into the background of historical events. The book is a record of the activities of a group of physician scientists over the decades in the growth of clinical science in the United States. It is hoped that the volume will not only be of interest to the members of the Interurban Club, but will also serve historians as a source of information about the vital contributions that these leaders made to clinical science. To present a sequential picture of the development of research and clinical science, the biographies of living members are presented in alphabetical order by each city in the club, listing active members first and then emeri- tus members. A section on recent scientific programs has been included (Chapter 9). VIII Chapters have been added by members to this volume on The Legacy of Sir William Osler and the Interurban Clinical Club (Chapter 4 by Thomas Duffy), The Blood Vessel and its Disorders: A Brief, Early History of Vas- cular Physiology and Medicine in Boston (Chapter 5 by Joseph Loscalzo), Why Junior and Senior Physician-Scientists and All Members of the Inter- urban Clinical Club Should Embrace Club Meetings (Chapter 6 by Cynthia Sears), on the development of our website (Chapter 7 by Wafik El-Deiry) and on the Osler Young Investigator Awards given at each meeting (Chap- ter 8 by William Chin). The after dinner speakers at recent dinners of the club and their topics are included in the programs. No attempt has been made to summarize the lively discussions that followed the speakers. Information for the biographical sketches was furnished by the living club members. Each member was asked to give an account of his or her career, including early education, medical education, and the genesis of interest in research, research training, and accomplishments in investigation. Im- portant honors and memberships are listed. Great importance was placed on the research contributions of each member. All original source material will be offered to the National Library of Medicine, along with the pro- grams of the scientific meetings of the Club. I deeply appreciate the cooperation of the members of the Club in supply- ing biographical material and to the councilors in each city and the offi- cers of the club, particularly Dr. Mone Zaidi of New York City, the current secretary-treasurer, and Dr. Jon Epstein, of Philadelphia, the current Presi- dent of the Club. Dr. Epstein suggested having MD-PhD students present at the meetings and wrote about this in Chapter 10. Dr. Wafik El-Deiry, a previous secretary-treasurer and president, was instrumental in making sure this book was published. I also gratefully acknowledge the excellent assistance in the preparation of this volume by my secretaries at Yale, Ms. Donna Carranzo, Ms. Mae Geter, and Ms. Kelly-Jo Carlson, and Dr. Zaidi’s secretary Ms. Nanette Fraticelli of New York City. IX The publication of this volume and the opportunity to present it to the members of the Club, to the libraries of the schools of medicine and de- partments of internal medicine has been made possible by contributions from the department chairs of medicine in the cities of the Club. I am grateful to Dr. Douglas Braaten, Senior Vice President - Science Pub- lications at the New York Academy of Sciences, who kindly agreed to pub- lish this history of the ICC and devoted his staff to this effort. John N. Forrest, Jr., MD, Sc.D (Hon.) Professor of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Editor 1 Riesman, D. (Ed): History of the Interurban Club (1905-1937). Philadelphia, The John C. Winston Company, 1937. William Osler and the Interurban Clinical Club. Bull. No. IX, International As- sociation of Medical Museums. Sir William Osler Memorial Number. Privately issued, Montreal , 1926, p.