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Tugas Sejarah Ii “Manusia Purba Trinil Dan Sangiran”

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Tugas Sejarah Ii “Manusia Purba Trinil Dan Sangiran” TUGAS SEJARAH II “MANUSIA PURBA TRINIL DAN SANGIRAN” NAMA : RINI LARASATI KELAS : X MIA 5 MANUSIA PURBA TRINIL Museum Trinil terletak di pinggiran Sungai Bengawan Solo, tepatnya di Dusun Pilang, Desa Kawu, Kecamatan Kedunggalar, Kabupaten Ngawi. Dari penggalian yang dilakukan Eugene Dubois, seorang dokter berkebangsaan Belanda ditemukan beberapa pecahan batu dan penemuan sisa-sisa manusia purba. Mulai dari gigi geraham, tulang paha, tengkorak manusia purba dan binatang. Koleksi museum yang berjumlah sekitar 1.200 fosil yang terdiri dari 130 jenis. GAMBAR MUSEUM TRINIL Museum Trinil memamerkan beberapa replika fosil manusia purba, di antaranya replika Phitecantropus Erectus yang ditemukan di Karang Tengah (Ngawi), Phitecantropus Erectus yang ditemukan di Trinil (Ngawi), serta fosil-fosil yang berasal dari Afrika dan Jerman, yakni Australopithecus Afrinacus dan Homo Neanderthalensis. Kendati hanya berupa replika, namun fosil tersebut dibuat mendekati bentuk aslinya. Sementara fosil-fosil yang asli disimpan di beberapa museum di Belanda dan Jerman. Selain fosil manusia, museum ini juga memamerkan fosil tulang rahang bawah macan (Felis Tigris), fosil gigi geraham atas gajah (Stegodon Trigonocephalus), fosil tanduk kerbau (Bubalus Palaeokerabau), fosil tanduk banteng (Bibos Palaeosondaicus), serta fosil gading gajah purba (Stegodon Trigonocephalus). Fosil-fosil hewan ini umumnya EUGENE DUBOIS lebih besar dan panjang daripada ukuran hewan sekarang.Dan fosil fauna dan flora lainnya. Pada tahun 1890, E. Dubois menemukan fosil yang ia beri nama Pithecanthropus Erectus di dekat Trinil, sebuah desa di Pinggir Bengawan Solo, tak jauh dari Ngawi (Madiun). • Dubois pertama-tama menemukan sebagian rahang. Kemudian pada tahun berikutnya kira-kira 40 km dari tempat penemuan pertama, ditemukan sebuah geraham dan bagian atas tengkorak. Pada tahun 1892, beberapa meter dari situ ditemukan sebuah geraham lagi dan sebuah tulang paha kiri. Untuk membedakan apakah fosil itu, fosil manusia atau kera, E.Dubois memperkirakan isi atau volume otaknya. Volume otak dari fosil yang ditemukan itu, diperkirakan 900 cc. Manusia biasa memiliki volume otak lebih dari 1000 cc, sedangkan jenis kera yang tertinggi hanya 600 cc. Jadi, fosil yang ditemukan di Trinil merupakan makhluk di antara manusia dan kera. Bentuk fisik dari makhluk itu ada yang sebagian menyerupai kera, dan ada yang menyerupai manusia. Oleh karena bentuk yang demikian, maka E. Dubois memberi nama Pithecanthropus Erectus artinya manusia-kera yang berjalan tegak (pithekos = kera, anthropus = manusia, erectus = berjalan tegak). Jika makhluk ini kera, tentu lebih tinggi tingkatnya dari jenis kera, dan jika makhluk ini manusia harus diakui bahwa tingkatnya lebih rendah dari manusia (Homo Sapiens). Ditemukan pula Golongan primata : 1. Pithecanthropus Erectus Dubois 2. Pithecanthropus Soloensis 3. Pongo Pygmaeus Hoppins 4. Symphalangus Syndoctylus Raffles 5. Hyaobates Ofmeloch Andebert 6. Nacaca Fascicalois Contoh koleksinya: Gading gajah dari seekor gajah purba Tanduk banteng Gigi geraham atas gajah Replika Manusia Purba yang ditemukan di Daerah Trinil Berbagai Fosil Manusia Purba dari berbagai macam jenis dan ukuran otak yang disesuaikan dengan jamannya. Dibelakangnya nampak peta penyebaran penemuan Fosil manusia purba yang ada diseluruh dunia. MANUSIA PURBA DI SANGIRAN Museum Manusia Purba Sangiran sendiri terletak di dalam kawasan Kubah Sangiran. Kawasan Kubah Sangiran sendiri terletak di kawasan Depresi Solo, memiliki luas sekitar 56 kilometer persegi di kaki Gunung Lawu, di sekitar lembah Sungai Bengawan Solo. Secara administratif, Museum Manusia Purba Sangiran ini berada di Desa Krikilan, Kecamatan Kalijambe, Kabupaten Sragen, Jawa Tengah. Memiliki jarak tempuh sekitar 40 km dari arah Kota Sragen, atau sekitar 17 km dari arah Kota Solo. Museum Manusia Purba Sangiran sendiri memiliki koleksi fosil lebih dari 13.809 fosil, di mana sekitar 2.934 di antaranya dipamerkan di ruang pameran museum, dan sebagian lainnya masih disimpan di dalam gudang penyimpanan untuk dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut. Sebagian fosil-fosil manusia purba Sangiran ini disimpan di Museum Geologi Bandung dan juga Museum Palaenthropologi Yogyakarta. Tak heran jika koleksi fosil pada jaman purba yang sebanyak ini menjadikan Museum Manusia Purba Sangiran merupakan salah satu museum manusia terlengkap di Asia bahkan di dunia. Keunikan dan kelengkapan koleksi di museum ini menjadikan Museum Manusia Purba Sangiran dinobatkan menjadi salah satu Situs Warisan Dunia oleh UNESCO sebagai World. Menurut para ahli geologi, dahulu wilayah Sangiran merupakan kawasan lautan yang cukup luas. Namun, karena proses geologi dan juga akibat dari letusan beberapa gunung seperti Gunung Lawu, Gunung Merapi, dan Gunung Merbabu, kawasan Sangiran akhirnya berubah menjadi daratan. Hal ini mengakibatkan Sangiran memiliki lapisan tanah yang berbeda dengan kawasan- kawasan di sekitarnya. Secara ilmiah dapat dijelaskan dengan ditemukannya fosil-fosil binatang laut yang berada di lapisan tanah paling bawah yang menandakan bahwa dahulu kawasan ini memang berupa lautan. Tak heran jika Sangiran menjadi salah satu situs yang sangat penting bagi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan, khususnya di bidang antropologi, arkeologi, bologi, palaentologi, geologi, dan juga dalam bidang kepariwisataan. Keberadaan Sangiran sebagai salah satu tempat ditemukannya fosil manusia purba tidak bisa dilepaskan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh seorang ahli paleoantropologi yang bernama Gustav Heinrich von Koenigswald pada tahun 1934. Penemuan pertama adalah fosil manusia purba berjenis Pithecanthropus Erectus atau biasa disebut dengan manusia Jawa. Museum Manusia Purba Sangiran memiliki koleksi fosil seperti fosil manusa purba yang terdiri dari berbagai jenis seperi Australopithecus Africanus, Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis, Meganthropus Palaeojavanicus, Pithecanthropus Erectus, Homo Soloensis, Homo Neanderthal Eropa, Homo Neanderthal Asia serta Homo Sapiens. Data yang menarik adalah mengenai manusia purba jenis Homo Erectus yang ditemukan di wilayah Sangiran ini berjumlah sekitar lebih dari 100 individu. Angka ini mewakili sekitar 65% dari seluruh fosil manusia purba jenis Homo Erectus yang ditemukan di Indonesia atau sekitar 50% dari total fosil manusia purba sejenis di dunia. Tak heran jika kawasan Sangiran sangatlah penting bagi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, baik dalam kancah nasional maupun internasional. Selain koleksi fosil manusia purba, museum ini juga memiliki koleksi fosil-fosil binatang yang hidup pada jaman purba baik hewan verteberata hingga cangkang molusca. Beberapa fosil hewan verteberata antara lain adalah fosil gajah purba, harimau, babi, badak, sapi, banteng, rusa serta domba. Ada pula fosil binatang air seperti buaya, ikan dan kepiting, gigi ikan hiu, kuda nil, dan juga kura-kura serta berbagai macam molusca. Selain itu ada pula beberapa batuan yang ditemukan seperti batuan meteorit/taktit, kalesdon, diatome, agate, dan ametis. Gambar koleksi: • Sangiran 17 DISEBUT sebagai Sangiran 17 (sesuai dengan nomor seri penemuan yang diberikan), fosil tengkorak Homo erectus yagn ditemukan dari endapan pasir fluvio- volkanik di Pucung ini merupakan salahs atu temuan master piece Homo erectus Sangiran. Desebut demikian karena temuan ini merupakan temuan fosil manusia terbaik dari Sangiran, yang terdiri atas atap tengkorak dan dasar tengkorak dengan muka masih terkonservasi secara baik meski proses transportasi dan deformasi telah memintalnya selama lebih dari 500.000 tahun. Inilah satu-satunya fosil Homo erectus Asia yang mempunyai muka sehingga tidak dapat dimungkiri lagi bahwa Sangiran 17 memiliki nilai penting yang amat besar dalam rekonstruksi muka Homo erectus yang sebenarnya. Dalam konteks yang lebih luas, Sangiran 17 adalah salah satu dari dua tengkorak Homo erectus di dunia yang ditemukan lengkap dengan mukanya. Spesimen lainnya berasal dai Afrika Timur. Inilah bentuk muka Homo erectus itu. Dahi sangat datar, tulang kening menonjol, orbit mata persegi, pipi lebar menonjol, mulut menjorok ke depan dan tengkorak pendek memanjang. Berdasarkan morfologi tengkorak yang dipenuhi dengan superstruktur tengkorak yang berat dan insersi otot-otot yang sangat berkembang, tengkorak ini adalah individu laiki-laki dewasa. Dia hidup pada saat Sangiran didominasi oleh lingkungan sungai yang luas pada periode sekitar 500.000 tahun yang lalu. Mengingat primanya kondisi temuan ini telah menjadikan nilai teramat penting baginya. Sangiran 17 menjadi data banding dalam telaah evolusi fisik bagi temuan-temuan fosil homo erectus lainnya sehingga cetakan fosil ini dapt ditemukan di berbagai laboratorium evolusi manusia paling terkemuka di dunia meski fosil aslinya saat ini tersimpan damai di salah satu laboratorium di Bandung..
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