Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 24:185–213 (2015) ARTICLE Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia ROY LARICK AND RUSSELL L. CIOCHON Island Southeast Asia covers Eurasia’s tropical expanse of continental shelf Solo Basin, has since produced more and active subduction zones. Cutting between island landmasses, Wallace’s than 80 Homo erectus cranial and Line separates Sunda and the Eastern Island Arc (the Arc) into distinct tectonic dental fossils. The Sangiran and Tri- and faunal provinces. West of the line, on Sunda, Java Island yields many fossils nil fossils have thick cranial vaults of Homo erectus. East of the line, on the Arc, Flores Island provides one skele- and cranial capacities of 840 to 1,059 ton and isolated remains of Homo floresiensis. Luzon Island in the Philippines cc.3 A much later set of Solo Basin has another fossil hominin. Sulawesi preserves early hominin archeology. This Homo erectus fossils, from Ngandong insular divergence sets up a unique regional context for early hominin dispersal, and related sites, have cranial isolation, and extinction. The evidence is reviewed across three Pleistocene cli- capacities reaching 1,250 cc. mate periods. Patterns are discussed in relation to the pulse of global sea-level In 2003, at Liang Bua, on Flores, shifts, as well as regional geo-tectonics, catastrophes, stegodon dispersal, and east of Wallace’s Line, Homo flore- paleogenomics. Several patterns imply evolutionary processes typical of oceanic siensis was defined on the basis of islands. Early hominins apparently responded to changing island conditions for one nearly complete skeleton and a million-and-a-half years, likely becoming extinct during the period in which fragmentary remains of several indi- Homo sapiens colonized the region. viduals.4,5 Compared to Sunda Homo erectus, the fossils from Liang Bua have a very small cranial capacity In 1859, Alfred Russell Wallace Sunda and the Arc. Wallace’s Line 3 identified two faunal provinces represents a series of sea-channel (417 cm ). In relation to most Pleis- within Island Southeast Asia (ISEA), barriers to the dispersal of large tocene early hominins, the Liang mammals between them. The provin- Bua skeleton is short (1.06 m) and ces are based primarily on the conti- has primitive wrists and large feet, 6 Roy Larick owns Bluestone Heights, an nental origin of large terrestrial as well as a late age (60 ka). Other environmental education and consulting mammals (Fig. 1, Box 1).1 West of members of the Liang Bua vertebrate firm in Cleveland, OH. He is a Paleolithic fauna share similar insular charac- archeologist who has done field work Wallace’s Line, mammalian species 6 covering Europe, Africa, and Asia. He is a have Eurasian origins; east of the ters (Box 2). When compared with founding member of the Iowa-Bandung line, “Wallacean” mammals and related species on other ISEA land- Java Project. Email: [email protected] other vertebrates show a mixture of masses, the Liang Bua fauna show Russell Ciochon is Professor of Anthro- Eurasian and Australian origins. pology and Director of Museum Studies signs of isolation on Flores for a sig- at the University of Iowa, Iowa City. He is Similar, if less provincial differentia- nificant part of the Pleistocene.7 a paleoanthropologist with field work tion can be observed for some spe- In 2007, fragmentary fossils were projects throughout Asia. He also is a cies of fish, insects, and birds. The founding member of the Iowa-Bandung collected from Callao Cave on the Java Project. Larick and Ciochon have line should pose a factor for ISEA island of Luzon, in the Philippines.8 collaborated on paleoanthropological early hominin dispersal, isolation, projects in Vietnam, China, and Indone- Because of its small dimensions and sia. Email: [email protected] and extinction. gracile morphology, a complete meta- tarsal resembles those in small- EARLY HOMININ bodied early hominins, including Homo habilis and Homo floresiensis. Key words: Sunda; insular dwarfism; island rule; BIOGEOGRAPHY IN ISLAND Homo erectus; Homo floresiensis; Marine Isotope Its date, 66.7 ka, is close to that of Stages (MIS); Java; Flores; Luzon; Sulawesi; SOUTHEAST ASIA Liang Bua. In 2014, an upper molar Timor In 1891, Eugene Dubois’ named tooth row of archaic character was Pithecanthropus erectus (now Homo recovered, as were additional small 9 VC 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. erectus) based on a calotte and femur limb bones. The new Callao finds DOI: 10.1002/evan.21460 suggest a possible third group to the Published online in Wiley Online Library found at Trinil, in the Solo Basin of (wileyonlinelibrary.com). eastern Java.2 Sangiran, also in the ISEA Pleistocene hominin population 186 Larick and Ciochon ARTICLE Figure 1. Southeast Asia: sedimentary basins and catastrophe origin points of relevance to early hominin paleoanthropology. Terrestrial sur- face extends to 100 m below current sea level. We followed Huxley’s modification of Wallace’s Line208 as illustrated in Cooper and Stringer204. Boxes show areas detailed in Figure 3. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.] and a second colonization east of numerous and widespread. Archeol- three sections corresponding to these Wallace’s Line. ogy therefore fleshes out early homi- events. A period framework makes Early hominins are now definitively nin biogeography. The historical for some repetition in presenting situated on Sunda and at two wide- trend of archeological research par- sites with long stratigraphic sequen- spread points on the Arc. Both Arc allels that of fossils. Recent research ces. Nevertheless, parsing regional fossil hominins have the small size provides a richer comparative base developments by period helps to and specialized skeletal traits seen in (Box 3). Stone tools are incorporated identify the effects of climate change insular evolutionary contexts and, to into the review when an excavated and several regional environmental a lesser extent, in the earliest Homo stratigraphic sequence contains catastrophes (Box 5). Figure 2 erectus from Eurasia (Dmanisi). The fauna and artifacts within a recog- presents the overall scheme. Each Arc hominins diverge greatly from all nized geological level and when a period section has a synoptic table known Sunda forms. After more than sequence-long sampling strategy has for the relevant events, sites, lithics, a century of accumulating fragmen- consistently produced Pleistocene and fauna. Table 1, for example, tary evidence, ISEA early hominin ages. presents the earlier Pleistocene biogeography is now a significant Using dated Marine Isotope Stages benchmarks. research topic. Here we review rele- (MIS) global events and a long chro- vant evidence from Sunda and the nology for regional occurrences, we OLDUVAI SUBCHRON, OR Arc within a framework of Pleisto- can begin to comprehend ISEA bio- EARLIER PLEISTOCENE cene climate change, our primary geographic events in their global goal being to evaluate potential roles contexts (Fig. 2, Box 4). Three global During the earlier Pleistocene for well-known insular evolutionary events can be tied to crucial regional (2.6-0.9 Ma), a 41-kyr orbital cycle processes in ISEA early hominin evo- biogeographic transitions: the Oldu- drove global climate. This periodic- lution (Box 2). vai paleomagnetic event, the Late ity, based on earth’s orbital obliquity, While ISEA early hominin fossils Early Pleistocene Revolution (aka exemplifies one of three such orbital are few and spatially isolated, Mid-Pleistocene Revolution), and the patterns, known as Milankovitch Pleistocene-age stone artifacts are Mid-Brunhes Event. This review has cycles.10 During this time, glacial- ARTICLE Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia 187 Figure 2. ISEA Pleistocene chronology and site correlation. Even-numbered MIS represent cooler phases (Northern hemispheric glacials); odd-numbered stages represent warmer phases (Northern hemispheric interglacials). MIS ages are drawn from Bowen and Sikes,272 Berger et al.,109 and Willoughby.273 Ages before MIS 19 are approximate. Since early hominin fossils are known only from sites in Java and Liang Bua, Flores, artifacts serve as the evidence of early hominins at other sites. FAD 5 first appearance datum; LAD 5 last appearance datum. Except where noted, site or event placement marks earliest occurrence. Blue lines indicate first-occurrence pre- sumed hominin continuous occupation in each regional site sequence unless otherwise noted. Sites with named formations and/or geologic designations: Lower Lahar, Lower Lahar Unit (Sangiran Formation); Sangiran, Sangiran Formation; Bapang, Bapang Forma- tion; Ngebung, Bapang Formation; Song Terus, karst cave; Ngandong, 20 m terrace of Solo River; Wolo Sege, Tangi Talo, Mata Menge, Boa Lesa, and Kobatuwa, Ola Kile Formation; Liang Bua, karst cave; S Enrile Q, Awidon Mesa Formation; Cagayan, Ilagan and Awidon Mesa Formations; Arubo, Sierra Madre foothills; Callao, karst cave; Cabenge, Walanae Basin fill. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.] interglacial cycles were relatively the size and distribution of Sunda mammals arrived on an emergent short and had low temperature landmasses. Northern Hemisphere Sunda.19–21 amplitude.11,12 Toward the middle of glacial ice advanced significantly this phase, the Olduvai Subchron between about 1.8 and 1.74 Ma (MIS marks a brief geomagnetic pole 62, 60, and 58), about 1.56 Ma (MIS Sunda reversal event, 1.98-1.79 Ma.13 Soon 52), between 1.24 and 1.1 Ma (MIS Sangiran, Java (Indonesia) after Olduvai, increases in monsoon 36, 34, and 30), and about 0.9 Ma intensity were recorded in the terres- (MIS 22).16 During these stages, sea- Much of the Solo Basin lies at trial contexts of the Lake Turkana level lowstands opened emergent about 78 S latitude and sits above the (Kenya) and Heqin (China) landmasses throughout ISEA.17,18 It Indonesian subduction zone (Fig. basins.14,15 Glacial-interglacial was, apparently, just after the Oldu- 3A).
Recommended publications
  • Suitable Habitat Modeling of Prehistoric Antelope-Like Bovid Duboisia Santeng in Java Island in the Early Pleistocene Andriwibowo*
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 16 September 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0355.v1 Suitable Habitat Modeling of Prehistoric Antelope-like Bovid Duboisia Santeng in Java Island in The Early Pleistocene Andriwibowo* Keywords: Abstract Bovid, forest, habitat, model, The migration routes have facilitated the distribution of mammals from south Pleistocene east Asian mainland to the Sundaland including Java island in the early Pleistocene. One of species that has migrated through that route is antelope-like bovid Duboisia santeng. In the present study, the potential distribution areas and the suitable habitats of D. santeng have been projected and modeled. The modeled habitat was a forest river basin sizing 302.91 Ha in the central of Java island. The model has classified and reconstructed the habitat suitability ranged *Email: paleobio2020@gmail from low to high back to Pleistocene. The surrounding areas of forest were .com mostly classified as medium and low related to the limited tree covers. Most *Address: suitable habitats were identified in the middle of forest river basin where the U. o. Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia tree covers were presented. Introduction The adaptation and distribution of prehistoric mammals were favoured by migration routes. Presences of large mammal fossil from Indochinese and Sundaic provinces, which are distinct climatically, floristically, and faunistically support the hypothesis of a continental migration route during the middle and late Pleistocene periods. During the glacial periods, the faunal exchanges were favored by the emersion of a huge continental shelf known as Sundaland. This emerged land connected the South East Asian mainland to Borneo and other Indonesia islands including Java island.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Bovidae from the Malay Archipelago and the Punjab
    FOSSIL BOVIDAE FROM THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO AND THE PUNJAB by Dr. D. A. HOOIJER (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden) with pls. I-IX CONTENTS Introduction 1 Order Artiodactyla Owen 8 Family Bovidae Gray 8 Subfamily Bovinae Gill 8 Duboisia santeng (Dubois) 8 Epileptobos groeneveldtii (Dubois) 19 Hemibos triquetricornis Rütimeyer 60 Hemibos acuticornis (Falconer et Cautley) 61 Bubalus palaeokerabau Dubois 62 Bubalus bubalis (L.) subsp 77 Bibos palaesondaicus Dubois 78 Bibos javanicus (d'Alton) subsp 98 Subfamily Caprinae Gill 99 Capricornis sumatraensis (Bechstein) subsp 99 Literature cited 106 Explanation of the plates 11o INTRODUCTION The Bovidae make up a very large portion of the Dubois collection of fossil vertebrates from Java, second only to the Proboscidea in bulk. Before Dubois began his explorations in Java in 1890 we knew very little about the fossil bovids of that island. Martin (1887, p. 61, pl. VII fig. 2) described a horn core as Bison sivalensis Falconer (?); Bison sivalensis Martin has al• ready been placed in the synonymy of Bibos palaesondaicus Dubois by Von Koenigswald (1933, p. 93), which is evidently correct. Pilgrim (in Bron- gersma, 1936, p. 246) considered the horn core in question to belong to a Bibos species closely related to the banteng. Two further horn cores from Java described by Martin (1887, p. 63, pl. VI fig. 4; 1888, p. 114, pl. XII fig. 4) are not sufficiently well preserved to allow of a specific determination, although they probably belong to Bibos palaesondaicus Dubois as well. In a preliminary faunal list Dubois (1891) mentions four bovid species as occurring in the Pleistocene of Java, viz., two living species (the banteng and the water buffalo) and two extinct forms, Anoa spec.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Evolution Timeline 1
    Name: Human Origins Web Inquiry 1. Got to the website: http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence 2. Read the paragraph under “Evidence of Evolution.” 3. In the maroon box on the left, click on “Timeline Interactive” 4. Start by clicking on the red bands at the bottom of the timeline, beginning with Homo sapiens and the rest of the Hominids. Read the information boxes that pop up when you click. 5. When you come across a species you find particularly interesting, record that information (including dates) in the box below. Record facts of at least 5 interesting hominid species, including Homo sapiens. 6. Then begin to explore the rest of the timeline. As you go, record at least 5 other interesting species. 7. Use the magnifier tool at the bottom of the timeline. Click on “color key” to identify the different color dots. Each dot represents a specific piece of evidence scientists have discovered in their study of evolution. 8. Click on various colored dots to learn about tools, events, geology, climate information, behavior, and skeletal adaptations discovered by scientists that add to the evidence for human evolution. Record 7 pieces of evidence you find interesting or particularly important in the box on the back. Make sure to put down different types of evidence (different colors). 9. Take 15-20 minutes to explore the whole timeline and record interesting facts. 10. Build your own timeline on the next page, filling in the interesting species and evidence you recorded in their proper place in the timeline. Hominids Species Dates Interesting fact(s) Homo sapiens Name: Evidence Type of Date Interesting fact(s) Evidence Name: Human Evolution Timeline 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Adaptive Significance of Human Language
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Senior Thesis Projects, 1993-2002 College Scholars 2000 The Adaptive Significance of Human Language Nathan Oesch Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_interstp2 Recommended Citation Oesch, Nathan, "The Adaptive Significance of Human Language" (2000). Senior Thesis Projects, 1993-2002. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_interstp2/52 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the College Scholars at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Thesis Projects, 1993-2002 by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Adaptive Significance of Human Language Nathan Oesch Department of Psychology University of Tennessee, Knoxville noesch @ utk. edu Abstract Many experts have argued that human language is fundamentally incompatible with the principles of traditional Darwinian evolutionary theory. According to conventional Darwinian explanations, specific traits evolved among species according to gradual and incremental genetic changes, each of which that were in some way so favorable to the survival and reproduction of ancestral generations that they were ultimately preserved within successive generations of those species. Human language, it has been said, is simply to complex to be explained as a result of Darwinian explanations, since each successive step in the evolution of language would confer no obvious survival benefits to its recipients. According to this idea, language is such an "all-or­ none system," that it could not possibly have existed in any immediately beneficial intermediate forms and thus could not have evolved according to conventional Darwinian modes of explanation.
    [Show full text]
  • Computation (Abacus) Aspects of the Sahasralingam
    International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 143 – No.13, June 2016 Computation (Abacus) Aspects of the Sahasralingam Jayabrata Mukherjee Deepak Bhattacharya, PhD Murugeshpallya, C/o Sri Radha Krishna, Bangalore-17, Karnataka, India Kedar Gouri Road, Bhubaneswar-751002, India. ABSTRACT used to conduct such & related studies. Herein, the India claims deep heritage in ancient sciences and specially Sahasralingam has been imagined as an abacus; numbers from in Mathematics & Astronomy – which means computation. 1-to-1020 have imputed and the results are presented as Evidence based works not noted (archaeology platform). tentative findings. The deductions posit as having unique and Sahasralingam (million indicator) is a artifact of indo novel applications in computation with versatility. Such type archaeology. One devise from Bhubaneswar is studied from of study and report has not been done pre to this computation aspects. Has 1020 indentures which transpires as communication. magic number. Sets of various types; Fibonacci; Pi; Permits The historical cum cultural identity of the candidate continuous computations viz., calculus, algebra, discreet math archaeology‘s locale is Kalinga (cleaver & intelligent) [3], in imperative and declarative languages; offers semantics; Utkala (excellent) and Kosala (capable), which have an embedment; steganography & VLSI type; lattices of various enviable heritage in high rise construction (intact array); orders; types & axis; symmetry with versatility and an architecture[4, 5]; compass & maritime engineering [6-7]; extraordinary level of mathematical maturity is reported from inspirational designs [8]; positional astronomy [9,10] and the first time. 1020 posits also as unique & novel testing archaeoastronomy [11,12] continuously from c.6th A.D [13], platform number.
    [Show full text]
  • Quaternary International 603 (2021) 40–63
    Quaternary International 603 (2021) 40–63 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint Taxonomy, taphonomy and chronology of the Pleistocene faunal assemblage at Ngalau Gupin cave, Sumatra Holly E. Smith a,*, Gilbert J. Price b, Mathieu Duval c,a, Kira Westaway d, Jahdi Zaim e, Yan Rizal e, Aswan e, Mika Rizki Puspaningrum e, Agus Trihascaryo e, Mathew Stewart f, Julien Louys a a Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia b School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia c Centro Nacional de Investigacion´ Sobre la Evolucion´ Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, 09002, Spain d Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia e Geology Study Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jawa Barat, 40132, Indonesia f Extreme Events Research Group, Max Planck Institutes for Chemical Ecology, the Science of Human History, and Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Ngalau Gupin is a broad karstic cave system in the Padang Highlands of western Sumatra, Indonesia. Abundant Taxonomy fossils, consisting of mostly isolated teeth from small-to large-sized animals, were recovered from breccias Taphonomy cemented on the cave walls and unconsolidated sediments on the cave floor.Two loci on the walls and floorsof Cave Ngalau Gupin, named NG-A and NG-B respectively, are studied. We determine that NG-B most likely formed as a Pleistocene result of the erosion and redeposition of material from NG-A. The collection reveals a rich, diverse Pleistocene Southeast Asia Hexaprotodon faunal assemblage (Proboscidea, Primates, Rodentia, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Carnivora) largely analogous ESR and U-series dating to extant fauna in the modern rainforests of Sumatra.
    [Show full text]
  • Endangered Species (Protection, Conser Va Tion and Regulation of Trade)
    ENDANGERED SPECIES (PROTECTION, CONSER VA TION AND REGULATION OF TRADE) THE ENDANGERED SPECIES (PROTECTION, CONSERVATION AND REGULATION OF TRADE) ACT ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS Preliminary Short title. Interpretation. Objects of Act. Saving of other laws. Exemptions, etc., relating to trade. Amendment of Schedules. Approved management programmes. Approval of scientific institution. Inter-scientific institution transfer. Breeding in captivity. Artificial propagation. Export of personal or household effects. PART I. Administration Designahem of Mana~mentand establishment of Scientific Authority. Policy directions. Functions of Management Authority. Functions of Scientific Authority. Scientific reports. PART II. Restriction on wade in endangered species 18. Restriction on trade in endangered species. 2 ENDANGERED SPECIES (PROTECTION, CONSERVATION AND REGULA TION OF TRADE) Regulation of trade in species spec fled in the First, Second, Third and Fourth Schedules Application to trade in endangered specimen of species specified in First, Second, Third and Fourth Schedule. Export of specimens of species specified in First Schedule. Importation of specimens of species specified in First Schedule. Re-export of specimens of species specified in First Schedule. Introduction from the sea certificate for specimens of species specified in First Schedule. Export of specimens of species specified in Second Schedule. Import of specimens of species specified in Second Schedule. Re-export of specimens of species specified in Second Schedule. Introduction from the sea of specimens of species specified in Second Schedule. Export of specimens of species specified in Third Schedule. Import of specimens of species specified in Third Schedule. Re-export of specimens of species specified in Third Schedule. Export of specimens specified in Fourth Schedule. PART 111.
    [Show full text]
  • Curatorial Circulations in Southeast Asia
    SEPTEMBER/OCTO B E R 2 0 1 2 V O LUME 11, NUMBER 5 INSI DE Special Issue: Institution for the Future US$12.00 NT$350.00 PRINTED IN TAI WAN Patrick D. Flores Curatorial Circulations in Southeast Asia n Bangkok during the nineteenth century, the Thai king of the Chakri dynasty, Chulalongkorn, reserved a place in the royal palace for a museum he called phrabas phiphitaphan, or “a tour of various I 1 materials.” In the early part of the twentieth century, the American anthropologist, census-taker, and museum maker Dean Worcester went around the islands of the Philippines to document ethnicity. These forays share something with the toils of British explorer Sir Stamford Raffles, who, as recounted by an attentive observer, hoarded his people and things: “He kept four persons on wages, each in his peculiar department; one to go to the forests in search of various kinds of flowers, fungi, pulp, and such like products. Another he sent to collect all kinds of flies, grasshoppers, centipedes, bees, scorpions.”2 The intersection between the amassing of objects and people through the devices of the wunderkammer (a collection of objects without defined categories) and anthropometry (the study of human physical measurement in anthropology), well known in the discourse of reconnaissance, leads us to ponder the scale of the colonial in relation to the scale of the modern, the monument of empire and the miniature of periphery. Over time, this act of rendering the world picturesque and therefore collectible may be coincidental with the act of representation of both the self and the state, as can be gleaned in the efforts of the Thai king, the American social scientist, and the British discoverer.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIT 4 HISTORY of HUMAN EVOLUTION* History of Human Evolution
    UNIT 4 HISTORY OF HUMAN EVOLUTION* History of Human Evolution Contents 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Trends in Human Evolution: Understanding Pre-modern Humans 4.2 Hominization Process 4.2.1 Bipedalism 4.2.2 Opposable Thumb and Manual Dexterity 4.3 Summary 4.4 References 4.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Learning Objectives: After reading this unit you will be able to: analyze the major trends in human evolution; review characteristics which distinguish human from their primate ancestors; learn anatomical and cultural changes associated with the process of hominization; and comprehend the significance of these changes during evolution of human. 4.0 INTRODUCTION Humans first evolved in East Africa about 2.5 million years ago from an earlier genus of apes called Australopithecus, which means ‘Southern Ape’. About 2 million years ago, some of these archaic men and women left their homeland to journey through and settle vast areas of North Africa, Europe and Asia. Since survival in the snowy forests of northern Europe required different traits than those needed to stay alive in Indonesia’s steaming jungles, human populations evolved in different directions. The result was several distinct species, to each of which scientists have assigned a pompous Latin name. Humans in Europe and western Asia evolved into Homo neanderthalensis (‘Man from the Neander Valley’), popularly referred to simply as ‘Neandethals’. Neanderthals, bulkier and more muscular than us Sapiens, were well adapted to the cold climate of Ice Age western Eurasia. The more eastern regions of Asia were populated by Homo erects, ‘Upright Man’, who survived there for close to 2 million years, making it the most durable species ever.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanics of Bipedalism: an Exploration of Skeletal Morphology and Force Plate Anaylsis Erin Forse May 04, 2007 a Senior Thesis
    MECHANICS OF BIPEDALISM: AN EXPLORATION OF SKELETAL MORPHOLOGY AND FORCE PLATE ANAYLSIS ERIN FORSE MAY 04, 2007 A SENIOR THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN- LA CROSSE Abstract There are several theories on how humans learned to walk, and while these all address the adaptations needed for walking, none adequately describes how our early ancestors developed the mechanism to walk. Our earliest recognizable relatives, the australopithecines, have several variations on a theme: walking upright. There are varied changes as australopithecines approach the genus Homo. These changes occurred in the spine, legs, pelvis, and feet, and changes are also in the cranium, arms and hands, but these are features that may have occurred simultaneously with bipedalism. Several analyses of Australopithecus afarensis, specifically specimen A.L. 288-1 ("Lucy"), have shown that the skeletal changes are intermediate between apes and humans. Force plate analyses are used to determine if the gait pattern of humans resembles that of apes, and if it is a likely development pattern. The results of both these analyses will give insight into how modern humans developed bipedalism. Introduction Bipedalism is classified as movement of the post-cranial body in a vertical position, with the lower limbs shifting as an inverted pendulum, progressing forward. Simply, it is upright walking. Several theories have addressed why bipedalism evolved in hominids, with some unlikely ideas taking hold throughout the history of the issue. Other theories are more likely, but all lack the same characteristic: answering how bipedalism developed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Denisova Hominin Need Not Be an out of Africa Story
    Journal of Human Evolution 60 (2011) 251e255 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol News and Views The Denisova hominin need not be an out of Africa story María Martinón-Torres a,*, Robin Dennell b, José María Bermúdez de Castro a a National Research Centre on Human Evolution (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca s/n, 09002 Burgos, Spain b Department of Archaeology, Northgate House, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK article info Giraffa camelopardis at Latamne, Syria, from the late Early Pleisto- cene (Guérin et al., 1993) (depending on whether or not the gravels Article history: underlying the Acheulean horizon at this site are regarded as late Received 7 May 2010 Early Pleistocene in age); and the African suid Kalpochoerus at Accepted 5 October 2010 Evron, Israel, ca. 1.0 Ma (Tchernov et al., 1994). Theropithecus, Keywords: Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Panthera leo, and Panthera pardus were Evolutionary scenario other mammals that left Africa in the Early Pleistocene (Martínez- Atapuerca Navarro and Rabinovich, in press). There is also archaeological Eurasia evidence of at least two hominin dispersals before 0.7 Ma. The first Hominin dispersals is marked by the appearance of an early Acheulean bifacial tech- Homo heidelbergensis nology at ‘Ubeidiya, Israel, ca. 1.4e1.5 Ma (Bar-Yosef and Goren- Inbar, 1993), and the second is marked by the appearance of African types of cleavers at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov (GBY), Israel, ca. 780 ka (Saragusti and Goren-Inbar, 2001). Both of these dispersals The recent retrieval of a complete mitochondrial (mt) DNA appear to have been very localised within Asia, as there is no sequence from a 48e30 ka human bone from Denisova (Siberia) unequivocal evidence of Acheulean assemblages outside the Levant (Krause et al., 2010) is a remarkable achievement fully deserving until ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of Flores
    Are the Central Flores languages really typologically unusual? Alexander Elias January 13, 2020 1 Abstract The isolating languages of Central Flores (Austronesian) are typologically distinct from their nearby relatives. They have no bound morphology, as well elaborate numeral clas- sifier systems, and quinary-decimal numeral system. McWhorter (2019) proposes that their isolating typology is due to imperfect adult language acquisition of a language of Sulawesi, brought to Flores by settlers from Sulawesi in the relatively recent past. I pro- pose an alternative interpretation, which better accounts for the other typological features found in Central Flores: the Central Flores languages are isolating because they have a strong substrate influence from a now-extinct isolating language belonging to the Mekong- Mamberamo linguistic area (Gil 2015). This explanation better accounts for the typological profile of Central Flores and is a more plausible contact scenario. Keywords: Central Flores languages, Eastern Indonesia, isolating languages, Mekong- Mamberamo linguistic area, substrate influence 2 Introduction The Central Flores languages (Austronesian; Central Malayo-Polynesian) are a group of serialising SVO languages with obligatory numeral classifier systems spoken on the island of Flores, one of the Lesser Sunda Islands in the east of Indonesia. These languages, which are almost completely lacking in bound morphology, include Lio, Ende, Nage, Keo, Ngadha and Rongga. Taken in their local context, this typological profile is unusual: other Austronesian languages of eastern Indonesia generally have some bound morphology and non-obligatory numeral classifier systems. However, in a broader view, the Central Flores languages are typologically similar to many of the isolating languages of Mainland Southeast Asia and Western New Guinea, many of which are also isolating, serialising SVO languages with obligatory numeral classifier systems.
    [Show full text]