DOCSLIB.ORG

Conservation Implications of Ethnoveterinary Knowledge: a Mongolian Case Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conservation Implications of Ethnoveterinary Knowledge: a Mongolian Case Study Conservation implications of ethnoveterinary knowledge: A Mongolian case study by Barbara Catharine Seele Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Ecology at Stellenbosch University Supervisors: Prof. Anthony B. Cunningham Prof. Karen J. Esler Prof. Leanne L. Dreyer Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Faculty of AgriSciences March 2017 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. __________________ Barbara Seele March 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Across the world, pastoralist livelihoods are centred on the health of livestock herds. In Mongolia, where herders rely on the well-being of their livestock and the vast rangelands they inhabit, pastoralism holds important economic and cultural significance. Through centuries of herding, Mongolian pastoralists have developed a rich heritage of traditional ecological knowledge, which includes local knowledge, beliefs and practices relating to animal health. This ethnoveterinary knowledge is the focus of the present study. Ethnoveterinary data were recorded from 50 semi-structured interviews, conducted with pastoralist families in the central northern region of Mongolia. Interviews included free listing opportunities, the use of photographs of plants in a reference book, and a questionnaire with open- and closed-ended questions. In addition, participant observation schedules, journal keeping and travelling on horseback were used to gain a better understanding of the context in which the ethnoveterinary knowledge is embedded. The methods and approaches used to collect data for this study were critically reviewed by comparing theory and practice, culminating in a better understanding of the data, and the development of constructive recommendations for researchers in similar fields. This study demonstrates that Mongolian herders possess a wealth of ethnoveterinary knowledge. This includes the sophisticated use of a variety of medicinal plants. The use of 39 botanical species from 20 families, equating to 29 ethnospecies, was recorded in this study. Medicinal plant use and importance was analysed by means of use-values, free-listing salience index and fidelity levels. According to these, Urtica cannabina, Sanguisorba officinalis, Plantago spp., Rhodiola spp., Pulsatilla spp. and Cacalia hastata are particularly important ethnospecies, used in the treatment of various livestock ailments. The ethnoveterinary uses of twenty non-plant remedies and three techniques were also recorded. This study indicates that ethnoveterinary knowledge is held by both men and women, and is transmitted between generations as lived knowledge, experiential learning and by active teaching. Maintaining this traditional ecological knowledge requires the continuation of herding practices and herding culture as well as a family structure that allows for intergenerational connection across space and time. The ethnoveterinary knowledge of Mongolian pastoralists is embedded in the context of a social- ecological system with both biological and cultural components. Therefore, to determine the conservation implications of ethnoveterinary knowledge, the concept of biocultural diversity was used. To allow for a better understanding of biological and cultural diversity and the connections between them, a novel framework for biocultural diversity was developed. This framework was populated with examples from the Mongolian pastoralist context to describe the factors that influence conservation in this environment. ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Opsomming Regoor die wêreld is die broodwinning van herders gesentreer rondom die gesondheid van hulle lewendehawe kuddes. In Mongolië, waar herders staat maak op die welstand van hulle lewendehawe en die uitgestrekte weivelde wat hulle bewoon, het pastoralisme belangrike ekonomiese en kulturele betekenis. Deur eeue van herderskap, het Mongoolse herders ʼn ryk nalatenskap van tradisionele ekologiese kennis ontwikkel, wat plaaslike kennis, gelowe en gebruike met betrekking tot diere gesondheid insluit. Hierdie etno-veeartsenykundige kennis is die fokus van die huidige studie. Etno-veeartsenykundige data is ingesamel deur 50 semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, gevoer met herder families in die sentrale noordelike streek van Mongolië. Onderhoude het vrye lys geleenthede, die gebruik van fotos van plante in ʼn verwysingsboek, en ʼn vraelys met oop en geslote vrae ingesluit. Daarmee saam is deelnemer waarnemingsskedules, joernaal inskrywing en reis te perd gebruik om beter begrip van die konteks waarin etno-veeartsenykundige kennis geleë is te bekom. Die metodes en benaderings wat gebruik is om data in te samel vir hierdie studie is krities hersien deur teorie en praktyk te vergelyk, wat gekulmineer het in ʼn beter begrip van die data en die ontwikkeling van konstruktiewe aanbevelings vir navorsing in soortgelyke velde. Hierdie studie demonstreer dat die Mongoolse herders ʼn rykdom van etno-veeartsenykundige kennis besit. Dit sluit die gesofistikeerde gebruik van ʼn verskeidenheid medisinale plante in. Die gebruik van 39 botaniese spesies van 20 families, wat gelyk is aan 29 etnospesies, is in hierdie studie aangeteken. Medisinale plant gebruik en belangrikheid is geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van gebruikswaardes, vry lys opvallendheidsindeks en getrouheidsvlakke. Volgens hierdie maatstawwe is Urtica cannabina, Sanguisorba officinalis, Plantago spp., Rhodiola spp., Pulsatilla spp.en Cacalia hastata van besondere belang as etnospesies, en word gebruik in die behandeling van verskeie lewendehawe kwale. Die etno- veeartsenykundige gebruik van twintig nie-plant geneesmiddels en drie tegnieke is ook aangeteken Hierdie studie dui aan dat etno-veeartsenykundige kennis deur beide mans en vrouens gehou word, en tussen generasies oorgedra word as geleefde kennis, ervaringsleer en aktiewe onderrig. Om te verseker dat tradisionele ekologiese kennis behou word, vereis die voortbestaan van herderspraktyke en die herderskultuur, sowel as ʼn familie struktuur wat inter-generasie skakeling toelaat deur ruimte en tyd. Die etno-veeartsenykundige kennis van Mongoolse herders verskyn in die konteks van ʼn sosio- ekologiese sisteem met beide biologiese en kulturele komponente. Om die bewaringsimplikasies van etno- veeartsenykundige kennis te bepaal is die konsep van biokulturele diversiteit dus gebruik. Om toe te laat vir ʼn beter begrip van biologiese en kulturele diversiteit en die skakels tussen die twee, is ʼn nuwe raamwerk vir biokulturele diversiteit ontwikkel. Hierdie raamwerk is ingevul met voorbeelde van die Mongoolse herders konteks om die faktore te beskryf wat bewaring in hierdie konteks beïnvloed. iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Тойм Дэлхий даяар малчдын аж амьдрал мал сүргийн эрүүл мэндээс голчлон хамаарч байдаг. Малчид нь мал сүрэг хийгээд нутаглан буй уудам газар нутгийнхаа сайн сайхантай амь нэгтэй байдаг Монгол орны хувьд мал аж ахуй нь эдийн засаг, соёлын чухал ач холбогдолтой байдаг. Зуун зууны туршид мал маллаж ирсэн Монголын малчид нутаг усныхаа тухай мэдлэг, малын эрүүл мэндтэй холбоотой арга туршлага, итгэл үнэмшил зэрэг экологийн уламжлалт мэдлэгийн арвин их өв үүсгэжээ. Малын уламжлалт эмчилгээний мэдээллийг 50 удаагийн ярилцлагаар цуглуулсан бөгөөд Монголын төвийн хойд зүгийн бүс нутагт амьдарч буй малчин өрхүүдийг судалгаанд хамруулсан. Ярилцлага авахдаа нээлттэй жагсаалт үүсгэх боломж олгож, лавлах номны ургамлын зураг болон нээлттэй, сонголтот хариулттай асуумжийг ашигласан. Түүнчлэн малын уламжлалт эмчилгээний мэдлэг бүрэлдэн тогтсон орчин нөхцөлийг илүү сайн ойлгохын тулд оролцон ажиглах туршилт явуулах, тэмдэглэл хөтлөх болон морь унах зэрэг аргыг ашигласан. Энэхүү судалгааны мэдээлэл цуглуулахад ашигласан арга, аргачлалуудыг онол, практик хослуулан нарийн нягталж, мэдээллийг сайтар шинжилсэн бөгөөд мөн адил салбарт ажиллаж буй судлаачдад зориулан зөвлөмж боловсруулахад тус болсон юм. Энэхүү судалгаанаас Монголын малчид малын уламжлалт эмчилгээний арвин их мэдлэг, мэдэгдэхүүнтэй болох нь харагдаж байна. Тэд мөн олон зүйлийн эмийн ургамлын нарийн хэрэглээг сайн мэдэж байсан юм. Хорин овгийн 39 зүйлийн ургамал буюу нийтдээ 29 угсаатны зүйл энэхүү судалгаанд бүртгэгдсэн. Эмийн ургамлын хэрэглээ, ач холбогдлыг хэрэглээний үнэт зүйлс, шинж чанарын үзүүлэлтийн нээлттэй жагсаалт үүсгэн ургамлын хэрэглээ, ач холбогдол болон индексийн аргаар шинжилсэн. Үүнээс үзэхэд Urticacannabina, Sanguisorba officinalis, Plantago төрөл зүйл, Rhodiola төрөл зүйл, Pulsatilla төрөл зүйл болон Cacalia hastata зэрэг ургамал нь чухал угсаатны зүйл байсан бөгөөд малын олон төрлийн эмчилгээнд ашигладаг байна. Ургамлын бус 20 эм, 3 аргачлалыг малын уламжлалт эмчилгээнд мөн ашигладаг болох нь тогтоогдсон юм. Энэхүү судалгаанаас үзэхэд эрэгтэйчүүд, эмэгтэйчүүд бүгд малын уламжлалт эмчилгээний мэдэгдэхүүнтэй байсан бөгөөд уг мэдлэгээ амьдрал дээр туршин суралцах болон идэвхтэй сургах байдлаар үеэс үед дамжуулдаг байна. Энэхүү экологийн уламжлалт мэдлэгийг хадгалахын
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download 375.48 KB
    ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK TAR:PRC 31175 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (Financed by the Cooperation Fund in Support of the Formulation and Implementation of National Poverty Reduction Strategies) TO THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR PARTICIPATORY POVERTY REDUCTION PLANNING FOR SMALL MINORITIES August 2003 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 31 July 2003) Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) Y1.00 = $0.1208 $1.00 = Y8.2773 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank FCPMC – Foreign Capital Project Management Center LGOP – State Council Leading Group on Poverty Alleviation and Development NGO – nongovernment organization PRC – People's Republic of China RETA – regional technical assistance SEAC – State Ethnic Affairs Commission TA – technical assistance UNDP – United Nations Development Programme NOTES (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government ends on 31 December (ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This report was prepared by D. S. Sobel, senior country programs specialist, PRC Resident Mission. I. INTRODUCTION 1. During the 2002 Asian Development Bank (ADB) Country Programming Mission to the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Government reconfirmed its request for technical assistance (TA) for Participatory Poverty Reduction Planning for Small Minorities as a follow-up to TA 3610- PRC: Preparing a Methodology for Development Planning in Poverty Blocks under the New Poverty Strategy. After successful preparation of the methodology and its adoption by the State Council Leading Group on Poverty Alleviation and Development (LGOP) to identify poor villages within the “key working counties” (which are eligible for national poverty reduction funds), the Government would like to apply the methodology to the PRC's poorest minority areas to prepare poverty reduction plans with villager, local government, and nongovernment organization (NGO) participation.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    StudyontheInteractionoftheSinicizationofChristianityand theReconstructionofCrossＧborderEthnicMinoritiesƳCulturesinYunnan〔１〕 ZhiyingGAOandDongleiWANG (YunnanUniversityandYunnanUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,Kunming,YunnanProvince,P．R．China) Abstract :TheSinicizationofChristianity,whichisthedevelopingstrategyandpracticeto makeChristianityadaptto Chineseculture．ItcorrespondstotheChristianizationofChineseethnic minoritypeoplewhobelievedinChristianity． Fromtheperspectiveofculturalinteraction,borrowingandblending,thestudyexploresthe motivation,processand characteristicsoftheinteractivedevelopmentbetweenthelocalizationandcontextualizationofChristianityin Yunnan ethnicminorities ‘areasandtheChristianizationofethnic minorities’culturesbyhistoricalcombingandsynchronic comparison．Mostly between Christianity and ethnic minoritiesƳ traditional cultures had experienced from the estrangement,andcoexistedwitheachotherandblendingprocess,andfinishedtheChristianfrom “in”tothetransitionof “again”,soastorealizetheSinicizationalcharacteristicsoftheregional,national,butalsomaketheborderethniccultural reconstruct． KeyWords :Yunnanethnicminorities;Sinicization;Christianization;Interactivedevelopment Author :GaoZhiying,Professor,PhD,CenterforStudiesofChineseSouthwestƳsBorderlandEthnicMinoritiesofYunnan University．Tel:１３８８８０７２２２９Email:２２９６０５４８９１＠qq．com WangDonglei,ViceProfessor,PhD,SchoolofInternational LanguagesandCulturesofYunnanUniversityofFinanceandEconomics．Tel:１５８８７０１５５８０Email:１６０９７６６８７８＠qq．com Ⅰ．TheOriginoftheTopic JustasZhuoXinpingsaid,ItisnecessaryforforeignreligionssuchasBuddhism,Christianity
    [Show full text]
  • China Shaping Tibet for Strategic Leverage
    MANEKSHAW PAPER No. 70, 2018 China Shaping Tibet for Strategic Leverage Praggya Surana D W LAN ARFA OR RE F S E T R U T D N IE E S C CLAWS VI CT N OR ISIO Y THROUGH V KNOWLEDGE WORLD Centre for Land Warfare Studies KW Publishers Pvt Ltd New Delhi New Delhi Editorial Team Editor-in-Chief : Lt Gen Balraj Nagal ISSN 23939729 D W LAN ARFA OR RE F S E T R U T D N IE E S C CLAWS VI CT N OR ISIO Y THROUGH V Centre for Land Warfare Studies RPSO Complex, Parade Road, Delhi Cantt, New Delhi 110010 Phone: +91.11.25691308 Fax: +91.11.25692347 email: [email protected] website: www.claws.in CLAWS Army No. 33098 The Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi, is an autonomous think-tank dealing with national security and conceptual aspects of land warfare, including conventional and sub-conventional conflicts and terrorism. CLAWS conducts research that is futuristic in outlook and policy-oriented in approach. © 2018, Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi Disclaimer: The contents of this paper are based on the analysis of materials accessed from open sources and are the personal views of the author. The contents, therefore, may not be quoted or cited as representing the views or policy of the Government of India, or Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) (Army), or the Centre for Land Warfare Studies. KNOWLEDGE WORLD www.kwpub.com Published in India by Kalpana Shukla KW Publishers Pvt Ltd 4676/21, First Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002 Phone: +91 11 23263498 / 43528107 email: [email protected] l www.kwpub.com Contents Introduction 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhododendron Uses and Distribution of This Knowledge Within Ethnic Groups in Northwest Yunnan Province, China
    Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2016, 4, 138-150 Published Online January 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jss http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.41018 Rhododendron Uses and Distribution of this Knowledge within Ethnic Groups in Northwest Yunnan Province, China Elizabeth Georgian1,2, Eve Emshwiller1 1University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 2Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania Received 2 December 2015; accepted 25 January 2016; published 29 January 2016 Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract This research investigated the interplay between nature and culture by focusing on knowledge about the genus Rhododendron in seven ethnic minorities (Bai, Dulong, Lisu, Naxi, Nu, Tibetan, and Yi) and the majority (Han) in Yunnan Province, China. Ethnobotanical uses of rhododendron were determined by interviewing 252 individuals. Using these data, we investigated patterns of know- ledge distribution within each ethnic group and the majority to gain an understanding of who holds specific types of ethnobotanical knowledge. We conducted additional interviews with a subset of the interviewees to discuss their perception of knowledge loss and possible solutions. We find that every ethnic minority and the Han had uses for Rhododendron and that this know- ledge is distributed unevenly within each ethnic group. Rhododendron knowledge is distributed by age, gender, or distance from tourist areas for use categories such as knowledge of songs, handi- crafts, religious uses, and tourism. Additionally, 67.5% of 84 interviewees believe that ethnobo- tanical knowledge is being lost.
    [Show full text]
  • Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau
    IPP740 REV World Bank-financed Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Ethnic Minority Development Plan of the Yunnan Highway Assets Management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau July 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized EMDP of the Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Summary of the EMDP A. Introduction 1. According to the Feasibility Study Report and RF, the Project involves neither land acquisition nor house demolition, and involves temporary land occupation only. This report aims to strengthen the development of ethnic minorities in the project area, and includes mitigation and benefit enhancing measures, and funding sources. The project area involves a number of ethnic minorities, including Yi, Hani and Lisu. B. Socioeconomic profile of ethnic minorities 2. Poverty and income: The Project involves 16 cities/prefectures in Yunnan Province. In 2013, there were 6.61 million poor population in Yunnan Province, which accounting for 17.54% of total population. In 2013, the per capita net income of rural residents in Yunnan Province was 6,141 yuan. 3. Gender Heads of households are usually men, reflecting the superior status of men. Both men and women do farm work, where men usually do more physically demanding farm work, such as fertilization, cultivation, pesticide application, watering, harvesting and transport, while women usually do housework or less physically demanding farm work, such as washing clothes, cooking, taking care of old people and children, feeding livestock, and field management. In Lijiang and Dali, Bai and Naxi women also do physically demanding labor, which is related to ethnic customs. Means of production are usually purchased by men, while daily necessities usually by women.
    [Show full text]
  • Заметки О Некоторых Видах Pulsatilla L. (Ranunculaceae) Из Приенисейских Саян © Н.В
    6 Систематические заметки …, 2014. № 109. С. 6–19 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– УДК 582.675.1+581.9 Заметки о некоторых видах Pulsatilla L. (Ranunculaceae) из приенисейских Саян © Н.В. Степанов Сибирский федеральный университет, Красноярск, Россия; [email protected] Рассмотрены данные о морфологических, географических, экологических особенностях отдельных представителей рода Pulsatilla L. из различных районов приенисейских Саян; описаны новые таксоны: Pulsatilla orientali- sibirica Stepanov, Pulsatilla herba-somnii Stepanov и Pulsatilla usensis Stepanov. К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а : Pulsatilla, Ranunculaceae, новые виды, приенисейские Саяны. В Сибири, по данным «Флоры Сибири» (Тимохина, 1993), встречается 11 видов рода Pulsatilla L., по уточненным сведениям Л.И. Малышева (2012), в Азиатской России отмечено 15 видов, в том числе 9 – в Сибири. Большая часть сибирских видов прострелов – 6 видов – указана для приенисейских Саян (P. ambigua (Turcz. ex Pritz.) Juz., P. bungeana C.A. Mey., P. turczaninovii Krylov et Serg., P. multifida (Pritz.) Juz., P. tenuiloba (Turcz.) Juz., P. flavescens (Zucc.) Juz.), исключая некоторые узколокальные эндемики. Несмотря на незначительное число видов, различные авторы весьма по-разному рассматривают таксономический состав этого рода Сибири, что обусловлено неполнотой ботанико-географических, экологических и иных данных в отношении ряда видовых и внутривидовых таксонов Pulsatilla, а также представлениями об объѐме вида, различающимися у разных авторов. Pulsatilla flavescens (Zucc.) Juz. – один из наиболее распространѐнных видов прострелов Сибири. Ареал вида охватывает все районы региона от севера до юга и от запада до востока (Тимохина, 1993). При этом вид «внезапно» исчезает как к западу, так и к востоку от Сибири. На Урале вид замещается близким видом Pulsatilla uralensis (Zämelis) Tzvelev (Цвелѐв, 2001), в Европе – Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1. a Brief Description of China's 56 Ethnic Groups
    Appendix 1. A Brief Description of China’s 56 Ethnic Groups Throughout history, race, language and religion have divided China as much as physical terrain, political fiat and conquest.1 However, it is always a politically sensitive issue to identify those non-Han people as different ethnic groups. As a result, the total number of ethnic groups has never been fixed precisely in China. For example, in 1953, only 42 ethnic peoples were identified, while the number increased to 54 in 1964 and 56 in 1982. Of course, this does not include the unknown ethnic groups as well as foreigners with Chinese citizenship.2 Specifically, China’s current 56 ethnic groups are, in alphabetical order, Achang, Bai, Baonan, Blang, Buyi, Dai, Daur, Deang, Derung, Dong, Dongxiang, Ewenki, Gaoshan, Gelao, Han, Hani, Hezhe, Hui, Jing, Jingpo, Jino, Kazak, Kirgiz, Korean, Lahu, Lhoba, Li, Lisu, Manchu, 1 The text is prepared by Rongxing Guo based on the following sources: (i) The Ethnic Minorities in China (title in Chinese: “zhongguo shaoshu minzu”, edited by the State Ethnic Affairs Commission (SEAC) of the People’s Republic of China and published in 2010 by the Central Nationality University Press, Beijing) and (ii) the introductory text of China’s 56 ethnic groups (in Chinese, available at http://www.seac.gov.cn/col/col107/index.html, accessed on 2016–06–20). 2 As of 2010, when the Sixth National Population Census of the People’s Republic of China was conducted, the populations of the unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship were 640,101 and 1448, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation China
    Lemo June 22 Location: More than 2,000 of the Lemo under the Lisu 1.25 tons (2,750 lb.) per 3 •Lushui people who use the ethnic minority — a classification capita. In addition to •Dali name Lemo live in the small the Lemo strongly disagree agriculture, many Lemo are •Baoshan MYANMAR •Tengchong town of Lemo, 78 with — their identity as a engaged in fishing and YUNNAN kilometers (48 mi.) from distinct people group has hunting. •Longchuan Liuku Township in western gradually eroded. Lincang • Yunnan Province. The Lemo Neighboring people, who are Religion: Most Lemo Scale 0KM80 live along the Nujiang River, forced to believe China has people, especially the near the mountainous only 55 minority elderly, are Theravada Population in China: 2,000 (1997) China-Myanmar border and nationalities, now call them Buddhists. They are 2,140 (2000) close to communities of Lisu. This has resulted in superstitious people who 2,670 (2010) Lisu and Nu people. some comical situations. believe in ghosts, deities, Location: Yunnan When several researchers and the existence of good Religion: Buddhism Christians: None Known Identity: The Lemo may be visited the Lemo in 1997, and evil spirits. If someone an ethnic group who they asked at the home of a dies from an accident it is Overview of the Lemo developed as the result of Bai man, who said he had considered impure and a intermarriage between the never heard of such a bad omen. Nine grains of Countries: China Tai Mao and Lisu. Francis group. They then knocked rice (seven for women) are Pronunciation: “Lee-mo” Ward, writing in 1913, on the door of another home placed in the mouth of the Other Names: Lu-k’ou, Laimo described them as racially about 20 feet away.
    [Show full text]
  • Title: Vegetation Conditions in Various Plant Communities in Khongor District, Darkhan-Uul Province in Mongolia
    Land Restoration Training Programme Keldnaholt, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland Final project 2013 VEGETATION CONDITIONS IN VARIOUS PLANT COMMUNITIES IN KHONGOR DISTRICT, DARKHAN-UUL PROVINCE IN MONGOLIA Tserennadmid Bataa Mongolian Agricultural University of Darkhan-Uul province New Darkhan, old district, 14th bag, Darkhan-Uul province, Mongolia [email protected] Supervisors Jarngerdur Gretarsdottir Agricultural University of Iceland [email protected] Groa Valgerdur Ingimundardottir Lund University, Sweden [email protected] ABSTRACT The main part of the Mongolian ecosystem is natural grassland. Because of the increasing effects of humans and animals on the natural grassland, the vegetation cover has been changing considerably. Overgrazing of livestock is the main cause of land degradation in Mongolia, resulting in more bare ground and lower species diversity. Few extensive grassland steppes remain in Eurasia, where wildlife and domestic livestock co-exist. One of these steppes is the Mongolian Daurian steppe in North-east Mongolia. The goal of this project was to assess the vegetation conditions in eight different plant communities in the Khongor district, Darkhan- Uul province, which is located in the north-western part of the Mongolian Daurian steppe, and to investigate vegetation dynamics in the communities for the years 2009 – 2012. Vegetation data were collected, using phytosociological methods, from 40 stands in eight areas crossing approximately 300 km and covering a large proportion of the south-east part of the Khongor district. The results showed that regarding ecological groups, most species in the study sites belonged to mesophytes (38 %), xerophytes (26 %) and mesoxerophytes (23 %), but different groups were important in different communities. The results revealed also a variation between study sites in canopy cover, species richness and vegetation height, but minor changes in cover, richness and height between the four study years.
    [Show full text]
  • Articulating Language Oppression: Colonialism, Coloniality and the Erasure of Tibet’S Minority Languages
    Patterns of Prejudice ISSN: 0031-322X (Print) 1461-7331 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rpop20 Articulating language oppression: colonialism, coloniality and the erasure of Tibet’s minority languages Gerald Roche To cite this article: Gerald Roche (2019) Articulating language oppression: colonialism, coloniality and the erasure of Tibet’s minority languages, Patterns of Prejudice, 53:5, 487-514, DOI: 10.1080/0031322X.2019.1662074 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2019.1662074 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 29 Oct 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 12917 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 7 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rpop20 Patterns of Prejudice, 2019 Vol. 53, No. 5, 487–514, https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2019.1662074 Articulating language oppression: colonialism, coloniality and the erasure of Tibet’s minority languages GERALD ROCHE ABSTRACT Roche’s article discusses ‘language oppression’ as a form of domination that is coherent with other forms of oppression along the lines of ‘race’, nation, colour and ethnicity. Scholars have defined language oppression as the ‘enforcement of language loss by physical, mental, social and spiritual coercion’.It is part of an evolving suite of concepts from linguistics, sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology that examines issues of language discrimination, or ‘linguicism’. Roche explores one aspect of linguicism—language erasure—and how it relates to language oppression, focusing on Tibetans in the People’s Republic of China (PRC).
    [Show full text]
  • Charting New Pathways Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Development of the Nu River Valley
    CHARTING NEW PATHWAYS TOWARDS INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NU RIVER VALLEY March 2018 Yu Xiaogang, Chen Xiangxue, Carl Middleton and Nicholas Lo Green Watershed and Center for Social Development Studies (CSDS), Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University About Green Watershed Green Watershed is an NGO based in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. It works towards participatory and integrated watershed management, gradually establishing it as a model for sustainable development in Western China, supported both by the government and by NGOs (www.chinagreenwatershed.org). About the Center for Social Development Studies The Center for Social Development Studies (CSDS) within the Faculty of Political Science of Chulalongkorn University produces critical interdisciplinary research on social development in Southeast Asia, engages in policy-making through building partnerships, and provides a public forum for debating critical issues (www.csds-chula.org). Contact Green Watershed Center for Social Development Studies (CSDS), 8-1-401, Dianchi Linquan Zhiyuan Xiaoqu, Faculty of Political Science, Guangfu Road Western Extend Line, 2nd Floor, Building 2 (Voraphakphibul Building), KunMing, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan Yunnan, China Bangkok 10330, Thailand Telephone number: +86 871-64182395 Telephone number: + 66 2 218 7313 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements: The researchers would like to thank all of the interviewees who generously provided their time to answer our questions. We would also like to sincerely thank Dr. Diana Suhardiman for her feedback on an early draft of the report, and Dr Vanessa Lamb, Robert Irven and Orapan Pratomlek for their overall support. Cover image The first bend of the Nu River (Credit: Sun Min).
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 356 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2019) A Study of the Fusion of Religious Multiculturalism on the Tea Horse Road Jinyu Yang Journal Editorial Department Kunming University Kunming, China 650214 Abstract—In 2013, the "Tea Horse Road" was listed as the local residents. This ramp not only maintains the mutual seventh national key cultural relics protection units. It marks exchanges between the people in Nu nationality and Tibetan the official entry of the Tea Horse Road steps into the field of nationality, but also serves as an important channel for the cultural heritage protection. The Tea Horse Road is a folk communication and transportation of people's materials trade channel that "walks out" by Horse Caravan. It is a between Gongshan in Yunnan Province and Zayu County in channel for cultural communication and a corridor of national Tibet Province (district). At the same time, it provides culture in southwest China. This article researches from the favorable conditions for the cultural integration between Nu perspective of the Tea Horse Road from the Bingzhongluo area nationality and Tibetan nationality. The author tries to where the Nu nationality lived to the Chavalon in Tibet. This explore the formation process of ethnic multiculturalism paper explores the religious multicultural integration of the Nu from the perspective of cultural integration of Bingzhongluo nationality and Tibetan nationality on this Tea Horse Road (a post on the Tea Horse Road) through investigation, through the field investigation, interviews with people and interviews with people, and literature research.
    [Show full text]