DOCSLIB.ORG

Download Download

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download Download Journal of Rural and Community Development Journal of Rural and Community Development Living with Livestock: The Nu and the Value of Local Voice in Rural Chinese Development Authors: Shengyu Pei & Jeffrey H. Cohen Citation: Pei, S. -Y., & Cohen, J. H. (2019). Living with livestock: The Nu and the value of local voice in rural Chinese development. The Journal of Rural and Community Development, 14 (1), 19–34. Publisher: Rural Development Institute, Brandon University. Editor: Dr. Doug Ramsey Open Access Policy: This journal provides open access to all of its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Such access is associated with increased readership and increased citation of an author's work. ISSN: 1712-8277 © Journal of Rural and Community Development www.jrcd.ca Journal of Rural and Community Development Living with Livestock: The Nu and the Value of Local Voice in Rural Chinese Development Shengyu Pei South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan, China [email protected] Jeffrey H. Cohen The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio [email protected] Abstract The Nu (Yunnan Province) are a rural, economically marginal ethnic minority in southwestern China known for their tradition of raising livestock in pens built under or next to their homes. The local government used the federal Targeted Poverty Alleviation (TPA) program to build freestanding pens and relocate livestock in response to the perceived poverty of the Nu. The project had limited success. We argue that the program’s failure left the Nu out of decision-making and program planning process. Our discussion explores an alternative approach to the top-down structure of TPA and incorporates ethnic minorities in decision-making. By listening to local voices and embracing ethnographic–anthropological methods, the governments can improve the effectiveness of TPA in ethnic regions of China. Keywords: Living with livestock, indigenous development, Targeted Poverty Alleviation, cultural tradition, the Nu people 1.0 Introduction Targeted Poverty Alleviation (TPA) programs began in China, in 2014 with government sponsorship and promised to directly address (target) rural poverty and develop measure that would support economic growth across the nation. TPA replaced previous poverty alleviation programs and strived to improve their accuracy, effectiveness and sustainability by tailoring projects to help poor households and individuals according to their needs. Programs were organized to meet specific goals that could be quantified at a national level and linked directly to local governments. The assumption was that local governments would support national goals that strove to meet specific targets under federal standards. In other words, TPA was meant to identify ‘real poverty’ that might confront the poor or real challenges that limited rural opportunity and integration. President Xi Jinping argued that TPA goals are best met through industrial development, relocation, eco-compensation, education and the expansion of both the protections and reach of social security programs. He also regards TPA as critical to ISSN: 1712-8277 © Journal of Rural and Community Development www.jrcd.ca Pei & Cohen Journal of Rural and Community Development, 14, 1(2019) 19–34 20 ending poverty nationwide, the most important goal for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Nevertheless, a significant and complicated challenge for ethnic minority regions is that the benefits of TPA programming have not fully met the needs of many ethnic minority communities in the country’s west. Nearly 30.5 million people continued to live in poverty, earning no more than 2,952 yuan ($429) annually as recently as 2017. Of this group 33.9%, or more than 10.3 million people, were living in the ethnic minority regions. And the poverty rate for China’s ethnic minorities living in the western half of the country was 6.9%, more than double the poverty rate of the nation overall 3.1% (National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, 2018). A nationwide survey found diverse needs and a series of different challenges added difficulties for TPA to succeed (Li, Su, & Liu, 2016). This means that TPA while an important approach to dealing with poverty does not take into account what local minorities are really talking about to some extent. We need to rethink current poverty alleviation methods and explore an effective development model in western China and for ethnic minority groups. TPA goals were defined by the government not the minorities’ communities in question. It is by listening to local communities and engaging with their traditional practices, that the government can plan ‘real targeted’ programs and meet not only national goals but make those goals local and sustainable. 2.0 Review Governmental departments and regional workers have explored various approaches to poverty alleviation through years of practical application. Over the last several years the Chinese government has learned that income transfer programs and non- food based social safety ultimately places more choices in the hands of the poor as they gain the ability to make informed economic decisions (Ramanujam & Chow, 2016). Yan (2016) summarizes some of the costs and benefits of various programs in “Poverty Alleviation in China: A Theoretical and Empirical Study” noting ways the state combats rural poverty among other things. Wu and Han (2018) argue that it is also crucial to engage with the poor as stake holders in any programing. And while the government's decision to launch the TAP program is based on defining and understanding poverty in China, Xing and Zhao (2016) note that there is no single definition that captures the dynamic nature of poverty in the nation. They argue that poverty is a cultural construction that reflects ideas associated with ‘the poor’ and perhaps more importantly structural factors that confront and limit what those living in poverty can accomplish. Factors that limit rural and impoverished Chinese include capital, resources and technology, education and knowledge, information and culture among other things. A second set of challenges are defined by what the state considers the ‘misuse’ of relief funds that are spent on alcohol and cigarettes. In Gansu and Ningxia, rural poor will quickly sell the cattle or sheep that were provided by local government programs to earn a quick return; thwarting the hopes of local programs and programmers who sought to increase rural engagement with national cultural programs. The challenges that confront TPA suggest that the rural poor in China have yet to fully benefit from programed poverty reduction (Wang & Zeng, 2018). Further complicating poverty reduction in China is the lack of diversity and flexibility in TPA policies (Ge & Zing, 2015). Too often the state promotes a ‘one size fits all’ approach to poverty alleviation that ignores or underestimates local Pei & Cohen Journal of Rural and Community Development, 14, 1(2019) 19–34 21 challenges to programming—undermining flexibility and application. Bu (2018) describes the problems TPA is facing in ethnic areas as a form of developmental ‘involution' creating complexity as groups come into to contact around poverty reduction without actually addressing any problems (see also Geertz, 1963; Fang, 2014). The resulting distortions led to the inaccurate delivery of TPA resources, problematic TPA performance, and a weakening of policy. ‘Growth without development’ complicates support as public support wanes in response to failed development. Xiao and Wu (2018) argue that the widening of the income gap counteracts the effect of economic development of the poor, based on a study of ethnic regions over the past 70 years. Urbanization and population flows as well as cultural differences further impact poverty reduction programs (see also Nie and Gong, 2018). Bao (2018), who has studied the Mumba and Lhoba ethnic groups in Medog, Tibet, believes that TPA should move from a set of programs that are focused on poverty relief to programs that seek to foster development. In fact, the lack of recognition of the unique challenges facing ethnic minority communities tests much of the effort by the state to foster programming. We argue that the challenges facing TPA are founded in the unique and diverse needs of the various rural and minority communities the state seeks to support. Further complicating programs is the government’s failure to engage with local communities in defining challenges as well as the search for sustainable solutions. Policies and measures of TPA can be truly ‘targeted’ only if they take into account structural challenges to local groups, the cultural background of minorities and changing the existing ‘top-down’ model promoted by the state. To test our assumption, we surveyed Qiunatong village, Gongshan, the site of a recent TPA program located in a remote county defined by mountains and gorges in northwest Yunnan Province and near China’s border with Myanmar. 3.0 Challenges Home to the Nu, Gongshan County is one of the poorest rural areas in Yunnan (see Table 1), a region characterized by mountainous terrain, poor infrastructure, and an ethnically diverse population that includes the Lisu, Derung, Tibetan, Bai and Naxi in addition to the Nu (Yeh, 2015; Zheng, 2017). Traveling across the region’s many rivers captures the challenge that rural minorities face in Yunnan. Rather than bridges, most people must depend on zip-lines to cross rivers and move from home to work (see Figure 1). To better understand the challenges of development and review ongoing projects, we worked with the Nu people in Qiunatong village, a community in Gongshan county, Yunnan province, China. The Nu is one of 56 ethnic groups in China, with a population about 40,000 (Writing Group, 2008, 2009; Zhao, 2001; Mullaney, 2011; Yang, 2011). Named for their proximity to the Nu River (see Figure 2), the ancestors of the contemporary Nu lived in the upper and middle reaches of the River as early as the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368 AD).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download 375.48 KB
    ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK TAR:PRC 31175 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (Financed by the Cooperation Fund in Support of the Formulation and Implementation of National Poverty Reduction Strategies) TO THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR PARTICIPATORY POVERTY REDUCTION PLANNING FOR SMALL MINORITIES August 2003 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 31 July 2003) Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) Y1.00 = $0.1208 $1.00 = Y8.2773 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank FCPMC – Foreign Capital Project Management Center LGOP – State Council Leading Group on Poverty Alleviation and Development NGO – nongovernment organization PRC – People's Republic of China RETA – regional technical assistance SEAC – State Ethnic Affairs Commission TA – technical assistance UNDP – United Nations Development Programme NOTES (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government ends on 31 December (ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This report was prepared by D. S. Sobel, senior country programs specialist, PRC Resident Mission. I. INTRODUCTION 1. During the 2002 Asian Development Bank (ADB) Country Programming Mission to the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Government reconfirmed its request for technical assistance (TA) for Participatory Poverty Reduction Planning for Small Minorities as a follow-up to TA 3610- PRC: Preparing a Methodology for Development Planning in Poverty Blocks under the New Poverty Strategy. After successful preparation of the methodology and its adoption by the State Council Leading Group on Poverty Alleviation and Development (LGOP) to identify poor villages within the “key working counties” (which are eligible for national poverty reduction funds), the Government would like to apply the methodology to the PRC's poorest minority areas to prepare poverty reduction plans with villager, local government, and nongovernment organization (NGO) participation.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    StudyontheInteractionoftheSinicizationofChristianityand theReconstructionofCrossＧborderEthnicMinoritiesƳCulturesinYunnan〔１〕 ZhiyingGAOandDongleiWANG (YunnanUniversityandYunnanUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,Kunming,YunnanProvince,P．R．China) Abstract :TheSinicizationofChristianity,whichisthedevelopingstrategyandpracticeto makeChristianityadaptto Chineseculture．ItcorrespondstotheChristianizationofChineseethnic minoritypeoplewhobelievedinChristianity． Fromtheperspectiveofculturalinteraction,borrowingandblending,thestudyexploresthe motivation,processand characteristicsoftheinteractivedevelopmentbetweenthelocalizationandcontextualizationofChristianityin Yunnan ethnicminorities ‘areasandtheChristianizationofethnic minorities’culturesbyhistoricalcombingandsynchronic comparison．Mostly between Christianity and ethnic minoritiesƳ traditional cultures had experienced from the estrangement,andcoexistedwitheachotherandblendingprocess,andfinishedtheChristianfrom “in”tothetransitionof “again”,soastorealizetheSinicizationalcharacteristicsoftheregional,national,butalsomaketheborderethniccultural reconstruct． KeyWords :Yunnanethnicminorities;Sinicization;Christianization;Interactivedevelopment Author :GaoZhiying,Professor,PhD,CenterforStudiesofChineseSouthwestƳsBorderlandEthnicMinoritiesofYunnan University．Tel:１３８８８０７２２２９Email:２２９６０５４８９１＠qq．com WangDonglei,ViceProfessor,PhD,SchoolofInternational LanguagesandCulturesofYunnanUniversityofFinanceandEconomics．Tel:１５８８７０１５５８０Email:１６０９７６６８７８＠qq．com Ⅰ．TheOriginoftheTopic JustasZhuoXinpingsaid,ItisnecessaryforforeignreligionssuchasBuddhism,Christianity
    [Show full text]
  • China Shaping Tibet for Strategic Leverage
    MANEKSHAW PAPER No. 70, 2018 China Shaping Tibet for Strategic Leverage Praggya Surana D W LAN ARFA OR RE F S E T R U T D N IE E S C CLAWS VI CT N OR ISIO Y THROUGH V KNOWLEDGE WORLD Centre for Land Warfare Studies KW Publishers Pvt Ltd New Delhi New Delhi Editorial Team Editor-in-Chief : Lt Gen Balraj Nagal ISSN 23939729 D W LAN ARFA OR RE F S E T R U T D N IE E S C CLAWS VI CT N OR ISIO Y THROUGH V Centre for Land Warfare Studies RPSO Complex, Parade Road, Delhi Cantt, New Delhi 110010 Phone: +91.11.25691308 Fax: +91.11.25692347 email: [email protected] website: www.claws.in CLAWS Army No. 33098 The Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi, is an autonomous think-tank dealing with national security and conceptual aspects of land warfare, including conventional and sub-conventional conflicts and terrorism. CLAWS conducts research that is futuristic in outlook and policy-oriented in approach. © 2018, Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi Disclaimer: The contents of this paper are based on the analysis of materials accessed from open sources and are the personal views of the author. The contents, therefore, may not be quoted or cited as representing the views or policy of the Government of India, or Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) (Army), or the Centre for Land Warfare Studies. KNOWLEDGE WORLD www.kwpub.com Published in India by Kalpana Shukla KW Publishers Pvt Ltd 4676/21, First Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002 Phone: +91 11 23263498 / 43528107 email: [email protected] l www.kwpub.com Contents Introduction 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhododendron Uses and Distribution of This Knowledge Within Ethnic Groups in Northwest Yunnan Province, China
    Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2016, 4, 138-150 Published Online January 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jss http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.41018 Rhododendron Uses and Distribution of this Knowledge within Ethnic Groups in Northwest Yunnan Province, China Elizabeth Georgian1,2, Eve Emshwiller1 1University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 2Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania Received 2 December 2015; accepted 25 January 2016; published 29 January 2016 Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract This research investigated the interplay between nature and culture by focusing on knowledge about the genus Rhododendron in seven ethnic minorities (Bai, Dulong, Lisu, Naxi, Nu, Tibetan, and Yi) and the majority (Han) in Yunnan Province, China. Ethnobotanical uses of rhododendron were determined by interviewing 252 individuals. Using these data, we investigated patterns of know- ledge distribution within each ethnic group and the majority to gain an understanding of who holds specific types of ethnobotanical knowledge. We conducted additional interviews with a subset of the interviewees to discuss their perception of knowledge loss and possible solutions. We find that every ethnic minority and the Han had uses for Rhododendron and that this know- ledge is distributed unevenly within each ethnic group. Rhododendron knowledge is distributed by age, gender, or distance from tourist areas for use categories such as knowledge of songs, handi- crafts, religious uses, and tourism. Additionally, 67.5% of 84 interviewees believe that ethnobo- tanical knowledge is being lost.
    [Show full text]
  • Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau
    IPP740 REV World Bank-financed Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Ethnic Minority Development Plan of the Yunnan Highway Assets Management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau July 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized EMDP of the Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Summary of the EMDP A. Introduction 1. According to the Feasibility Study Report and RF, the Project involves neither land acquisition nor house demolition, and involves temporary land occupation only. This report aims to strengthen the development of ethnic minorities in the project area, and includes mitigation and benefit enhancing measures, and funding sources. The project area involves a number of ethnic minorities, including Yi, Hani and Lisu. B. Socioeconomic profile of ethnic minorities 2. Poverty and income: The Project involves 16 cities/prefectures in Yunnan Province. In 2013, there were 6.61 million poor population in Yunnan Province, which accounting for 17.54% of total population. In 2013, the per capita net income of rural residents in Yunnan Province was 6,141 yuan. 3. Gender Heads of households are usually men, reflecting the superior status of men. Both men and women do farm work, where men usually do more physically demanding farm work, such as fertilization, cultivation, pesticide application, watering, harvesting and transport, while women usually do housework or less physically demanding farm work, such as washing clothes, cooking, taking care of old people and children, feeding livestock, and field management. In Lijiang and Dali, Bai and Naxi women also do physically demanding labor, which is related to ethnic customs. Means of production are usually purchased by men, while daily necessities usually by women.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1. a Brief Description of China's 56 Ethnic Groups
    Appendix 1. A Brief Description of China’s 56 Ethnic Groups Throughout history, race, language and religion have divided China as much as physical terrain, political fiat and conquest.1 However, it is always a politically sensitive issue to identify those non-Han people as different ethnic groups. As a result, the total number of ethnic groups has never been fixed precisely in China. For example, in 1953, only 42 ethnic peoples were identified, while the number increased to 54 in 1964 and 56 in 1982. Of course, this does not include the unknown ethnic groups as well as foreigners with Chinese citizenship.2 Specifically, China’s current 56 ethnic groups are, in alphabetical order, Achang, Bai, Baonan, Blang, Buyi, Dai, Daur, Deang, Derung, Dong, Dongxiang, Ewenki, Gaoshan, Gelao, Han, Hani, Hezhe, Hui, Jing, Jingpo, Jino, Kazak, Kirgiz, Korean, Lahu, Lhoba, Li, Lisu, Manchu, 1 The text is prepared by Rongxing Guo based on the following sources: (i) The Ethnic Minorities in China (title in Chinese: “zhongguo shaoshu minzu”, edited by the State Ethnic Affairs Commission (SEAC) of the People’s Republic of China and published in 2010 by the Central Nationality University Press, Beijing) and (ii) the introductory text of China’s 56 ethnic groups (in Chinese, available at http://www.seac.gov.cn/col/col107/index.html, accessed on 2016–06–20). 2 As of 2010, when the Sixth National Population Census of the People’s Republic of China was conducted, the populations of the unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship were 640,101 and 1448, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation China
    Lemo June 22 Location: More than 2,000 of the Lemo under the Lisu 1.25 tons (2,750 lb.) per 3 •Lushui people who use the ethnic minority — a classification capita. In addition to •Dali name Lemo live in the small the Lemo strongly disagree agriculture, many Lemo are •Baoshan MYANMAR •Tengchong town of Lemo, 78 with — their identity as a engaged in fishing and YUNNAN kilometers (48 mi.) from distinct people group has hunting. •Longchuan Liuku Township in western gradually eroded. Lincang • Yunnan Province. The Lemo Neighboring people, who are Religion: Most Lemo Scale 0KM80 live along the Nujiang River, forced to believe China has people, especially the near the mountainous only 55 minority elderly, are Theravada Population in China: 2,000 (1997) China-Myanmar border and nationalities, now call them Buddhists. They are 2,140 (2000) close to communities of Lisu. This has resulted in superstitious people who 2,670 (2010) Lisu and Nu people. some comical situations. believe in ghosts, deities, Location: Yunnan When several researchers and the existence of good Religion: Buddhism Christians: None Known Identity: The Lemo may be visited the Lemo in 1997, and evil spirits. If someone an ethnic group who they asked at the home of a dies from an accident it is Overview of the Lemo developed as the result of Bai man, who said he had considered impure and a intermarriage between the never heard of such a bad omen. Nine grains of Countries: China Tai Mao and Lisu. Francis group. They then knocked rice (seven for women) are Pronunciation: “Lee-mo” Ward, writing in 1913, on the door of another home placed in the mouth of the Other Names: Lu-k’ou, Laimo described them as racially about 20 feet away.
    [Show full text]
  • Articulating Language Oppression: Colonialism, Coloniality and the Erasure of Tibet’S Minority Languages
    Patterns of Prejudice ISSN: 0031-322X (Print) 1461-7331 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rpop20 Articulating language oppression: colonialism, coloniality and the erasure of Tibet’s minority languages Gerald Roche To cite this article: Gerald Roche (2019) Articulating language oppression: colonialism, coloniality and the erasure of Tibet’s minority languages, Patterns of Prejudice, 53:5, 487-514, DOI: 10.1080/0031322X.2019.1662074 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2019.1662074 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 29 Oct 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 12917 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 7 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rpop20 Patterns of Prejudice, 2019 Vol. 53, No. 5, 487–514, https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2019.1662074 Articulating language oppression: colonialism, coloniality and the erasure of Tibet’s minority languages GERALD ROCHE ABSTRACT Roche’s article discusses ‘language oppression’ as a form of domination that is coherent with other forms of oppression along the lines of ‘race’, nation, colour and ethnicity. Scholars have defined language oppression as the ‘enforcement of language loss by physical, mental, social and spiritual coercion’.It is part of an evolving suite of concepts from linguistics, sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology that examines issues of language discrimination, or ‘linguicism’. Roche explores one aspect of linguicism—language erasure—and how it relates to language oppression, focusing on Tibetans in the People’s Republic of China (PRC).
    [Show full text]
  • Charting New Pathways Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Development of the Nu River Valley
    CHARTING NEW PATHWAYS TOWARDS INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NU RIVER VALLEY March 2018 Yu Xiaogang, Chen Xiangxue, Carl Middleton and Nicholas Lo Green Watershed and Center for Social Development Studies (CSDS), Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University About Green Watershed Green Watershed is an NGO based in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. It works towards participatory and integrated watershed management, gradually establishing it as a model for sustainable development in Western China, supported both by the government and by NGOs (www.chinagreenwatershed.org). About the Center for Social Development Studies The Center for Social Development Studies (CSDS) within the Faculty of Political Science of Chulalongkorn University produces critical interdisciplinary research on social development in Southeast Asia, engages in policy-making through building partnerships, and provides a public forum for debating critical issues (www.csds-chula.org). Contact Green Watershed Center for Social Development Studies (CSDS), 8-1-401, Dianchi Linquan Zhiyuan Xiaoqu, Faculty of Political Science, Guangfu Road Western Extend Line, 2nd Floor, Building 2 (Voraphakphibul Building), KunMing, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan Yunnan, China Bangkok 10330, Thailand Telephone number: +86 871-64182395 Telephone number: + 66 2 218 7313 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements: The researchers would like to thank all of the interviewees who generously provided their time to answer our questions. We would also like to sincerely thank Dr. Diana Suhardiman for her feedback on an early draft of the report, and Dr Vanessa Lamb, Robert Irven and Orapan Pratomlek for their overall support. Cover image The first bend of the Nu River (Credit: Sun Min).
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 356 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2019) A Study of the Fusion of Religious Multiculturalism on the Tea Horse Road Jinyu Yang Journal Editorial Department Kunming University Kunming, China 650214 Abstract—In 2013, the "Tea Horse Road" was listed as the local residents. This ramp not only maintains the mutual seventh national key cultural relics protection units. It marks exchanges between the people in Nu nationality and Tibetan the official entry of the Tea Horse Road steps into the field of nationality, but also serves as an important channel for the cultural heritage protection. The Tea Horse Road is a folk communication and transportation of people's materials trade channel that "walks out" by Horse Caravan. It is a between Gongshan in Yunnan Province and Zayu County in channel for cultural communication and a corridor of national Tibet Province (district). At the same time, it provides culture in southwest China. This article researches from the favorable conditions for the cultural integration between Nu perspective of the Tea Horse Road from the Bingzhongluo area nationality and Tibetan nationality. The author tries to where the Nu nationality lived to the Chavalon in Tibet. This explore the formation process of ethnic multiculturalism paper explores the religious multicultural integration of the Nu from the perspective of cultural integration of Bingzhongluo nationality and Tibetan nationality on this Tea Horse Road (a post on the Tea Horse Road) through investigation, through the field investigation, interviews with people and interviews with people, and literature research.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River the Anthropocene: Politik—Economics— Society—Science
    The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science Carl Middleton Vanessa Lamb Editors Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics— Society—Science Volume 27 Series Editor Hans Günter Brauch, Peace Research and European Security Studies (AFES-PRESS), Mosbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15232 http://www.afes-press-books.de/html/APESS.htm http://www.afes-press-books.de/html/APESS_27.htm# Carl Middleton • Vanessa Lamb Editors Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River Editors Carl Middleton Vanessa Lamb Center of Excellence for Resource School of Geography Politics in Social Development, University of Melbourne Center for Social Development Studies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Faculty of Political Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, Thailand ISSN 2367-4024 ISSN 2367-4032 (electronic) The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science ISBN 978-3-319-77439-8 ISBN 978-3-319-77440-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77440-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adap- tation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ming Shi-Lu As a Source for Southeast Asian History
    THE MING SHI-LU AS A SOURCE FOR THE STUDY OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN HISTORY © 2005 GEOFF WADE The Ming Shi-lu as a source for Southeast Asian History by Geoff Wade, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore to accompany Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource <http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl> 1. Introduction 2. The Nature of the Ming Shi-lu 2.1 - The Contents of theMing Shi-lu 2.2 - The Editions of the Ming Shi-lu 2.3 - Collections of MSL References 2.4 - Indexes to MSL References 2.5 - Characteristics of the MSL as a Historical Source 3. The Chinese “World View” and Rhetoric of the Ming Shi-lu 3.1 The Emperor / the Chinese State 3.2 The Civilizing Role of Chinese Culture 3.3 General Attitudes to Non-Chinese Persons 3.4 The Place of Other Polities and Peoples 1 | THE MING SHI-LU AS A SOURCE FOR THE STUDY OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN HISTORY © 2005 GEOFF WADE 1. INTRODUCTION Any student of the Southeast Asian past quickly comes to realize how the paucity of written sources relating to the period prior to the 16th Century restricts the reconstruction of the early history of the region. The reliance which must be placed on those works which do exist determines that much history is written from a single source or based on a single viewpoint. Works relating to the period, such as the Nagarakertagama, the Sejarah Melayu, other sejarah and hikayat of the archipelago, the Vietnamese Annals, the various recensions of the Ayudhyan Annals, the Cambodian annals, the chronicles of the various Tai polities and other such historical accounts can be compared with only a very limited number of alternate sources, and are essentially seen as “the account” of the polity during that period.
    [Show full text]