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Salacia Imperatoria Urbs.Pdf © 2013 ARQUEOLOGÍA IBEROAMERICANA 18: 15–24. ISSN 1989–4104. http://www.laiesken.net/arqueologia/. ARQUEOLOGIA PORTUGUESA SALACIA IMPERATORIA URBS1 José d’Encarnação Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal RESUMO. Síntese acerca do que se tem investiga- UE ME SEJA PERMITIDO, ANTES DE MAIS, CONGRA- do sobre Alcácer do Sal na época romana. Explici- tular-me vivamente com este «tributo a João ta-se a razão do nome; refere-se o interesse que, em QFaria». Justíssimo. Não só pelo que o João todos os tempos, despertou nos historiadores; rele- foi como pessoa – e tive o gratíssimo prazer de o va-se o papel fundamental que deteve do ponto de contar entre os meus alunos – mas também (e aqui vista estratégico e económico (os Cornelli Bocchi, a sublinha-se sobretudo) pelo que incessantemente, emissão de moeda…). Analisa-se, nesse contexto, o sem desfalecer, logrou concretizar pela sua terra natal: pedestal dedicado por uma flamínia a I. O. M. (IRCP sempre havia algo a fazer, numa vontade incessante 183); a consagração de Vicanus, Bouti filius, ao im- de dar continuidade – e falo no que à Arqueologia perador Augusto (IRCP 184), a presença da ono- diz respeito – aos trabalhos em boa hora encetados mástica grega e a importância invulgar da tabella há muito, com tão excelentes resultados e novidades defixionis, em que se invocam Hércules e Átis. de monta e que tardavam em publicar-se… Outros muito melhor do que eu falaram já de Al- PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Salacia,Cornelii Bocchi, cul- cácer pré-romana. Dos vestígios arqueológicos temos to imperial, tabella defixionis. especialistas que se debruçaram sobre os resultados das escavações, as antigas e, inclusive, as levadas a TITLE: Salacia Imperatoria Urbs. cabo por Cavaleiro Paixão e continuadas pelo nosso homenageado. Por conseguinte, agora que vamos ABSTRACT. Synthesis of the investigation about entrar na Salacia romana, creio, porém, que me não Salacia: the cause of its Roman designation, the in- encontro em condições de fazer uma síntese dos co- terest of the researchers throughout time, the impor- nhecimentos já adquiridos. Primeiro, porque muito tant strategic and economic position of the town (the me escapa do que tem sido investigado e escrito; de- family of the Cornelli Bocchi, emission of money…). pois, porque justamente para se fazer esse balanço se Additionally, this synthesis includes the reanalysis pensou este 1.º Encontro de Arqueologia e História. of uncommon epigraphic texts: the dedication of a E «1.º» porque se antoja, desde já, que terá de haver flaminica to I. O. M. (IRCP 183), the consecration of um 2.º e outros mais, que Alcácer do Sal bem no Vicanus Bouti filius to the Emperor August (IRCP merece e a labuta levada a cabo e iniciada por Mes- 184), the significant presence of the Greek names tre João Carlos Lázaro Faria dessas iniciativas é sobe- and of a tabella defixionis where the power of jamente credora. Hercules and Atis are invoked. KEYWORDS: Salacia, Cornelii Bocchi, imperial SALACIA IMPERATORIA URBS cult, tabella defixionis. Seríamos tentados a reflectir sobre a razão de tão 1 Texto da conferência proferida, a 24-5-2009, em Alcácer pomposa nomenclatura. Também aqui, outros me- do Sal, no âmbito do 1.º Encontro de Arqueologia e História, de homenagem ao Dr. João Carlos Lázaro Faria, arqueólogo e lhor que eu o farão, relacionando, como convém, a vereador da Câmara Municipal daquela cidade, falecido a 17 fundação da cidade e a sua posterior elevação a mu- de Junho de 2006, com apenas 46 anos de idade. nicípio com as peripécias e as contingências políti- Recebido: 15-2-2013. Aceito: 20-2-2013. Publicado: 30-6-2013. Editor/Publisher: Pascual Izquierdo-Egea. Todos los derechos reservados. All rights reserved. Licencia/License CC BY 3.0. 16 ARQUEOLOGÍA IBEROAMERICANA 18 • JUNIO 2013 ISSN 1989–4104 cas de finais da República, as guerras entre César e Ni en la capilla de San Justo y Pastor ni en Beja se Pompeu, por exemplo.2 conserva la inscripción que trae el mismo Resende Na verdade, se algo há a sublinhar como funda- pág. 290 dedicada a los mismos santos, que dice así mental na história desta cidade é o facto de ela ter [texto de Resende de IHC 1]. En el mismo templo sido sempre importante. Importante em todos os tem- había otro cipo de letra elegantísima que decía [texto pos da História, importante para todos os tempos da de CIL II 37 tomado de Resende]. Añade, finalmente História. Há lugares que só a partir de determinado Resende que había otros tres cipos metidos en la pa- momento passam a constar no rol das preocupações red y cuyas letras no son legibles por estar vueltos dos pensadores, seguindo, amiúde, as modas. Alcá- hacia dentro. Otra inscripción dice que había menos cer do Sal, não: sempre terá suscitado o interesse dos elegante y en un cipo más pequeño; pero yo tengo mis escritores: pela sua localização, sem dúvida; pelos dudas sobre su legitimidad [texto de CIL II 5* tomado vestígios da Antiguidade que apresentava, também; de Resende]. Inscripción leída por Resende en un tem- mas, de modo especial, pelo constante papel primor- plo antiguo dedicado a Júpiter a 2 millas del lugar de dial que desempenhou. Não houve, ao longo dos sé- Terraom [Torrão] en el Alentejo pág. 290 [texto de culos – e designadamente após o incremento das in- CIL II 32]. Dice Resende que de un lado tenía escul- vestigações locais instigadas pelas Academias desde pido un árbol que le era desconocido y del otro un o longínquo século XVIII – amante de antiguidades águila con las alas extendidas en acción de volar, y en que viesse de viagem a Portugal e não incluísse Al- las garras un rayo de tres puntas (el rayo de Júpiter). cácer no seu roteiro.3 Este cipo se conserva en el Museo de Beja, a donde le Estou a recordar-me que apresentámos recentemen- copié y reconocí que el árbol es una encina, árbol de- te excertos da vinda a Portugal de Cornide (José dicado a Júpiter. Andrés Cornide de Folgueira, 1734-1803), publica- dos no número especial deste ano da revista Ibn Ma- Voltaremos daqui a pouco a S. João das Arranas, ruan, de Marvão. E lá estava Alcácer: depois de ter num outro contexto, mas sirva-nos este exemplo para dormido em Monte Novo, «em casa do feitor do meu demonstrar quanto Alcácer do Sal e o seu termo des- amigo Bertrand, o livreiro de Lisboa», escreve ele, pertaram sempre o interesse dos estudiosos de anti- foi comer no dia seguinte (26 de Julho de 1800) em guidades. Alcácer, «em cuja matriz, que está no castelo, copiei Decerto as investigações recentes já explicitaram a inscrição de L. Porcio Himero, da tribo Galéria, todo o contexto em que o sítio entra como funda- referida por Resende» (são palavras suas).4 mental do ponto de vista estratégico e económico Não deixa Cornide de visitar S. João das Arranas, imediatamente antes da proclamação do Império. para cuja fase altomedieval já D. Fernando de Aliás, este poderá ser um dos raros locais da Penín- Almeida, Judite e Cavaleiro Paixão em tempos nos sula em que às fontes arqueológicas, epigráficas e chamaram a atenção.5 E não será despiciendo numismáticas se poderão aliar trechos significativos transcrever o que ele escreve: de relatos historiográficos. E estou em crer que os estudos em torno da família dos Cornelii Bocchi, 2 Veja-se, entre muitas outras possíveis, a obra AMELA VAL- seguramente uma das mais distintas da Lusitânia ro- VERDE, L., Hispania y el segundo triunvirato (44-30 a. C.), Aqui- mana, estudos cada vez mais sedutores pelas impli- la Legionis (Cuadernos de Estudios sobre el Ejército Romano) 11, 2009. É, aliás, muito extensa a bibliografía deste autor so- cações que têm nas cidades derredor (Olisipo, Sca- bre esse período, em que se tem especializado. llabis…) e pelo que, nestes mesmos dias, a seu 3 Uma pesquisa deveras interessante seria a de ver como é respeito se está a desvendar em Mérida, vão trazer que Alcácer do Sal é encarada em tempos de Renascimento e, dados inovadores e interessantes, a mostrar, de novo, mesmo, de Neoclassicismo, quando os académicos começa- ram a perscrutar «antiguidades»... As lendas andarão, aí, a par como foi determinante na história de Salacia o papel com os dados concretos visíveis no terreno – e estou a lem- de determinadas famílias, notáveis pela sua cultura e brar-me do templo de S. João das Arranas, que se referirá já a pelo seu poder económico-social e, consequentemen- seguir e que foi dos santos mártires Justo e Pastor e cuja sacra- te, político.6 lidade perdura na memória das gentes até à actualidade. 4 A transcrição comentada desse diário de jornada de José Cornide acaba de ser publicada: ABASCAL, J. M. e R. CEBRIÁN, Azinhais, Torrão, Alcácer do Sal), Setúbal Arqueológica 4, Los Viajes de José Cornide por España y Portugal de 1754 a 1978, 215-226. 1801, Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, 2009 (ISBN 978- 6 No XI Coloquio Internacional de Arte Romano Provin- 84-96849-55-6). cial «Roma y las Provincias: modelo y difusión», organizado 5 Cf. ALMEIDA, D. F. DE, J. PAIXÃO e A. CAVALEIRO, Monumen- pelo Museo Nacional de Arte Romano e pelo Instituto Catalán tos arqueológicos e visigóticos de Arranas (S. João dos de Arqueología Clásica (ICAC) e realizado em Mérida, de 18 ISSN 1989–4104 ARQUEOLOGÍA IBEROAMERICANA 18 • JUNIO 2013 17 Figura 1. Epígrafe da Quinta de Sempre-Noiva, perto de Arraiolos (F. Bandeira Ferreira). Duvido que não se discuta ainda longamente que O certo é que temos moedas. E a própria identifi- nome a cidade poderá ter tido antes de ser Salacia.7 cação do sítio não padece dúvidas quando, claramen- Aliás, as moedas aqui cunhadas, ostentando o topó- te, esta moeda (Fig.
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