GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT (MoEnv) ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROMOTION CENTER (AEPC) Khumaltar, Lalitpur

FINAL REPORT On ANNUAL BIOGAS USERS’ SURVEY 2009/2010 for Biogas Support Program – Nepal (BSP - Nepal) Activity – I

Submitted By:

Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] (P) Ltd. GPO Box No: 7301, Jitjung Marga 26, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal Telephone : + 977 1 4244989 / 4241001; Fax : + 977 1 4226028 E-mail : [email protected] Website: www.ness.com.np

July, 2011 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Abbreviation and Acronyms

AEPC : Alternative Energy Promotion Center BSP : Biogas Support Programme BSP/N : Biogas Sector Partnership Nepal BUS : Bio-gas Users Survey CBO : Community Based Organization CDM : Clean Development Mechanism FYM : Farm Yard Manure GHGs : Green House Gas GO : Government Organization GON : Government of Nepal HHs : Households I/NGOs : International/Non–government Organizations IGAs : Income Generating Activity IRMC : Integrated Resource Management Consultancy IWM : Improved Water Mill KfW : Kreditansalt fur Wiederaufbau Kg : Kilogram LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas MH : Micro Hydropower MoPE : Ministry of Population and Environment N : Number NBPA : Nepal Biogas Promotion Association NGOs : Non Government Organizations R&M : Repair and Maintenance RET : Renewable Energy Technology Rs : Rupees SHS : Solar Home System SLC : School Leaving Certificate SNV : Netherlands Development Organization TOR : Terms of Reference TV : Television VDC : Village Development Committees WHO : World Health Organization

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. i Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Table of Contents

Abbreviation and Acronyms Table of Contents List of Tables sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z Executive Summary

1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 General Background...... 1 1.2 Study Rationale...... 1 1.3 Objectives of the study ...... 1 1.4 Survey Locations ...... 2 1.5 Scope and Limitation of the study ...... 3 1.6 Expected Output and Deliverables...... 3 1.7 Methodology ...... 3 1.7.1 Team composition...... 3 1.7.2 Sample Selection ...... 4 1.7.3 Selection of Enumerators and their Orientation ...... 6 1.7.4 Pretesting of the Questionnaire...... 6 1.7.5 Field Work ...... 7 1.7.6 Data Processing and Analysis...... 7 2.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS OWNERS...... 8 2.1 Capacity of Biogas Plants...... 8 2.2 Demographic Characters...... 8 2.2.1 Caste/ Ethnicity ...... 8 2.2.2 Family size ...... 9 2.2.3 Literacy status...... 9 2.3 Socio-economic Characteristics ...... 10 2.3.1 Distance from the road ...... 10 2.3.2 Availability of Water Resources...... 10 2.3.3 Electricity Connectivity...... 10 2.3.4 Occupation...... 11 2.3.5 Investment of the plant ...... 11 3.0 IMPACTS OF BIOGAS AND BIOSLURRY ...... 13 3.1 Issues and Impacts of Bio-Slurry...... 13 3.1.1 Impact of bio-slurry Application on productivity...... 14 3.1.2 Impacts of slurry application on the incidence of insects and diseases ...... 15 3.1.3 Reduction in Manure and Chemical Fertilizer ...... 15 4.0 ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SANITATION...... 16 4.1 Energy...... 16 4.1.1 Sources of energy and energy use pattern ...... 16 4.1.2 Changes in consumption pattern of both conventional and biomass energy at household level ...... 16 4.1.3 Source of Firewood, Responsibility of Collection and Harvesting Method...... 18 4.1.4 Impact on Forest due to firewood collection before biogas plant ...... 20 4.1.5 Changes of firewood Use and Collection Time before 10 and 20 years ...... 21 4.1.6 Use of Firewood saved from Biogas Users...... 21 4.1.7 Cost of energy...... 22 4.2 Environment, Health and Sanitation...... 22 4.2.1 Reduction in indoor air pollution ...... 22 4.2.2 Impacts of toilet attachment...... 23 4.2.3 Reduced Incidence of Disease among Household members...... 24 5.0 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF BIOGAS PLANTS...... 25 5.1 Gas Production and Utilization ...... 25 5.1.1 Daily operation ...... 25 5.1.2 Top Filling of the Dome...... 25 Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. ii Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 5.1.3 Time saving and its utilization...... 26 5.2 Plant Feeding...... 27 5.2.1 Frequency and Amount of dung feeding ...... 27 5.2.2 Reason of not feeding the available dung...... 28 5.2.3 Feeding materials other than dung...... 28 5.3 Users’ Satisfaction ...... 29 5.3.1 Gas production...... 29 5.3.2 Satisfaction and dissatisfaction ...... 30 5.3.3 Level of satisfaction ...... 30 5.3.4 Suggestions to improve the overall performance...... 31 5.4 Repair and Maintenance of Biogas Plant...... 31 5.4.1 Physical condition of the plant ...... 31 5.4.2 Services provided by companies...... 32 5.4.3 Routine Visit...... 32 5.4.4 Frequency of visit by companies ...... 32 5.4.5 Failure of appliances...... 33 5.4.6 Post installation services ...... 33 5.5 Training Provided...... 34 5.5.1 Training to biogas users on operation and maintenance...... 34 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 35 6.1 Conclusions ...... 35 6.1 Recommendations...... 36 REFERENCES...... 37

Pictorial Highlights

Annex

Annex 1: Terms of Reference for Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Annex 2a: Sampling Approach Annex 2b: List of Sample Households and their details Annex 3: Field Enumerators involved in the Survey Annex 4: Orientation Training Schedule Annex 5: Final Questionnaires of Biogas User and Non User Households Annex 6: Non-operational Plants Annex 7: Reduction in Energy Consumption after Biogas Installation (Activity 1) Annex 8: Calculation of Non Renewable Biomass

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. iii Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 List of Tables

Table 1: Ecological distribution of different size biogas plants included in the survey Table 2: Caste/Ethnicity Table 3: Composition of Population Table 4: Educational Status of family members Table 5: Distance from the road Table 6: Availability of Water Resources Table 7: Electricity Connectivity Table 8: Occupational Status Table 9: Way of Financing during the construction of biogas plant Table 10: Loan payment status Table 11: Subsidy for installing biogas plant Table 12: Use of bio-slurry in the farmland Table 13: Bio-slurry application Table 14: Impact of Bio-slurry use on productivity of farmland Table 15: Increment in Production Table 16: Impact of bio-slurry application on the incidence of diseases and insects Table 17: Reduction in manure and chemical fertilizer Table 18: Types of biogas stoves Table 19: Energy Consumption Pattern of Non User Households Table 20: Energy Consumption Pattern of User Households Table 21: Firewood Collection Source Table 22: Responsibility of Fire Wood Collection Table 23: Harvesting method of firewood from different forest. Table 24: Impacts observed on the forest during firewood collection Table 25: Consequences of forest degradation Table 26: Time required, Distance Changed and Change in Price of Firewood before 10 & 20 years Table 27: Use of Saved Firewood by others Table 28: Consequences of use of firewood by others Table 29: Cost of Energy Table 30: Reduction of indoor smoke in kitchen Table 31: Toilet Facility Table 32: Attachment of the toilet in Biogas Plant Table 33: Reason for not attaching the toilet in Biogas Plant Table 34: Reduced incidence of diseases Table 35: Average Operation Time of Biogas for cooking Table 36: Top filling of the dome Table 37: Time saving due to the operation of Biogas Plant Table 38: Utilization of Saved Time in Different Activities Table 39: Frequency of dung feeding Table 40: Average amount of daily feeding Table 41: Reasons of not feeding all available dung Table 42: Feeding of materials other than dung Table 43: Adequacy of Gas Production Table 44: Reasons of Inadequacy Table 45: Sufficiency of the biogas production Table 46: Level of Satisfaction Table 47: Reason of Satisfaction Table 48: Physical condition of the plant Table 49: Service Received from company Table 50: Routine visit Table 51: Frequencies of visit by companies Table 52: Failure of Biogas Appliances Table 53: Training received by biogas users

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. iv Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z afof]Uof; k|of]ustf{ ;j]{If0f @)^^÷^& sf] d'Vo p2]Zo :jR5 ljsf; k|lqmof lqmofsnfk–! cGtu{tsf afof]Uof; KnfG6x?sf] ;+VofTds tyf u'0ffTds cj:yfsf] ;fy;fy} k|of]ustf{x?sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yf, :jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0fLo cj:yfsf] lrq0f ug'{ xf] . o;} ;Gbe{df jftfj/0f dGqfno cGtu{tsf] j}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|åf/f afof]Uof; k|of]ustf{ ;j]{If0f @)^^÷@& sf] lhDd]jf/L o; g]kfn OGefO/f]Gd]06n P08 ;fO{lG6lkms ;le{;]h -g];_ k|f=ln= nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 . o; ;j]{If0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zox?df o;n] phf{ If]q, :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO{ If]q, s[lif If]q, ;fdflhs–cfly{s If]q tyf jftfj/0fLo If]qdf k'¥ofpg] kmfObfx?sf] lj:t[t cWoog tyf d'NofÍg ug'{ xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm afof]Uof; Knf06n] ljZjJofkL ?kdf jftfj/0fdf k'¥ofpg] kmfObfsf] ;d]t d'NofÍg ug'{ xf] . lj:t[t 3/w'/L ;j]{If]0fdf cfwfl/t o; ;j]{If0f ubf{ cWoog 6f]nLn] k"j{ k|sflzt ljleGg k|ltj]bgx? tyf hfgsf/Ld"ns >f]tx?sf] k"j{–cWoog u/]sf] lyof] .

3/w'/L ;j]{If0fsf] k|ZgfjnLnfO{ clGtd :j?k k|bfg ug{] l;nl;nfdf cWoog 6f]nLn] j}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| tyf lj=P;=kL=g]kfn;Fu lgoldt ?kdf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . ;j]{If0fstf{x?nfO{ ;j]{If0fsf] nflu sfo{If]q v6fpg' k"j{ tflnd lbFb} k|ZgfjnLsf] k"j{ k/LIf0f ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . tTkZrft ;j]{Ifsx?nfO{ ;j]{If0f sfo{ ug{sf nflu t/fO{, kxf8L tyf pRr kxf8L lhNnfx?df kl/rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . t/fO{, kxf8L tyf pRr kxf8L lhNnfx?dWo] :jR5 ljsf; k|lqmof lqmofsnfk–! cGtu{tsf @% lhNnfsf afof]Uof; Knf06x? dWo]af6 !#% j6f afof]Uof; Knf06x?nfO{ ;j]{If0fdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ tYofÍLo ;ˆ6j]o/ -P;=lk=P;=P;= tyf dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]n_ af6 ljZn]if0f ul/ o; k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . cWoogsf d'Vo pknlAwx?M kl/ro !_ o; ;j]{If0fdf $ 3=ld= b]lv !) 3=ld= Ifdtfsf !#% afof]Uof; Knf06x?sf] cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] h;dWo] t/fO{sf (@ tyf kxf8L tyf pRr kxf8L If]qsf $# j6f Knf06x? cWoogdf ;dflji6 5g\ . hg;f+lvsLo ljj/0f @_ ;j]{lIft !#% 3/w'/Lx?sf] cf}ift kl/jf/ ;+Vof ^=^( kfO{of] eg] k|of]ustf{x?sf] hfltx?df a|fXd0f - %@=%(%_, If]qL -!@=%(%_, hghflt -!@=%(%_, yf? tyf dw];L -(=^#%_, g]jf/ -$=$$%_ tyf blnt - @=(^%_ /x]sf] kfOof] . o;y{ afof]Uof; Knf06x? lgdf{0f blntju{sf] kx'Fr Go'g ePsf] kfOof] . #_ ;j]{lIft 3/w'/Lx?sf] ;fIf/tf *(=*% k|ltzt kfOof] h;df t/fO{ lhNnfsf] t'ngf kxf8L lhNnfx?sf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt a9L /x]sf] kfOof] . $_ ;j]{If0f cg';f/ ^ 3=ld= sf afof]Uof; Knf06 &%=%@%, $ 3=ld= sf !#=##%, * 3=ld= sf (=^#% tyf jfFsL !=$*% afof]Uof; Knf06x? !) 3=ld= Ifdtfsf] kfOof] .

;fdflhs–cfly{s l:ylt %_ ;j]{lIft 3/w'/LdWo] &*=%@% 3/w'/L s[lif k]zfdf cfl>t 5g\ eg] &=$!% Jofkf/ Joj;fodf, !#=## % gf]s/Ldf tyf )=&$% dhb'/L u/]/ hLljsf]kfh{g ul//x]sf] kfOof] . ^_ afof]Uof; k|of]ustf{x?dWo] *)% 3/w'/Ldf ljB't ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 . &_ t/fO{df *)=$#% 3/w'/Lsf] cfFugd} kfgLsf] >f]tsf] kx'Fr /x]sf] kfOof] eg] kxf8L 3/w'/Lx?df o;sf] k|ltzt ^&=$!% /x]sf] 5 . *_ afof]Uof; lgdf{0f vr{ ;DaGwdf *@=(^% 3/w'/Lx?n] cfˆg} nufgLdf afof]Uof;sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] kfOof] eg] %=(#% n] n3' ljQLo ;+:yfaf6, #=&)% n] :yfgLo ;fx'dxfhgx?af6 C0f k|fKt ul/ lgdf{0f ;DkGg u/]sf] kfOof] .

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. v Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 (_ cg'bfgsf] xsdf $(=^#% 3/w'/Lx?n] cg'bfg k|fKt ePsf] hgfP eg] lgdf{0fsf qmddf %)=#&% 3/w'/Lx?nfO{ cg'bfg ;DaGwL hfgsf/L gePsf] atfP . sDkgLx?n] lgdf{0fsf qmddf gub cg'bfg glbOsg lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx?df cg'bfg /sd vr{ u/]sf] x'g;Sg] ePsf]n] cg'bfgsf] hfgsf/L gePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . afof]Uof; Knf06 tyf n]bf] uf]a/dnsf] k|of]usf] c;/ !)_ ;j]{If0f cg';f/ ((=@^% 3/w'/Lx?n] afof]Uof; Knf06af6 pT;lh{t n]bf] uf]a/dn k|of]u u/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ h;dWo] ()=#&% 3/w'/Lx?n] uf]a/dnnfO{ sDkf]i6 k|ljlw pkof]u u/L cfˆgf v]taf/Ldf k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] kfOof] . !!_ ^*=!%% 3/w'/Lx?n] n]bf] uf]a/dnsf] k|of]uaf6 cfˆgf] v]taf/Lsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ePsf] hgfPsf 5g\ eg] !*=%@ % 3/w'/Lx?nfO{ o;sf] c;/af/] 1fg gePsf] atfP . ;fy} !!=!!% n] eg] o;sf] s'g} c;/ gePsf] k|ltlqmof lbP . pTkfbsTj j[l4 ;DaGwL ;sf/fTds pQ/ lbg]x?dWo] $)=&$% 3/w'/Lx?n] cfˆgf] pTkfbsTjdf !) b]lv @) k|ltzt ;Dd j[l4 ePsf] :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . !@_ %&=$!% 3/w'/Lx?n] n]bf] uf]a/dnsf] k|of]uaf6 /f]u tyf sL/fx?sf] ;+qmd0fdf 36]sf] hgfPsf 5g\ @#=&)% n] j[l4 ePsf] tyf @%=!(% n] o;sf] s'g} c;/ gePsf] atfP . phf{, jftfj/0f, :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO{ !#_ *%=!(% afof]Uof; k|of]ustf{ 3/w'/Lx?sf] efG5fdf Psd'v] r'Nxf] tyf !$=*! % 3/df b'Od'v] r'Nxf] h8fg u/]sf] kfOof] . !$_ afof]Uof; k|of]u k"j{ vfgf ksfpg] bfp/fsf] >f]tdf %*=%@% 3/w'/Ln] ;fd'bflos jgaf6, #!=*%% n] lghL jgaf6 tyf ^=^&% n] ;/sf/L h+unaf6 bfp/f ;+sng ug{] u/]sf] kfOof] . afFsL @=(^% n] eg] :yfgLo ahf/af6 lsg]/ pkef]u ug]{ hgfP . !%_ 3fF; bfp/f ;+sngsf] xsdf ^%=!(% 3/w'/Ln] dlxnf k'?if b'j} ;+nUg x'g] hgfP eg] @%=(#% n] eg] o;sf] lhDd]jf/L 3/sf dlxnf ;b:osf] /x]sf] atfP . !^_ bfp/fhGo OGwgsf] ;+sng ljlwsf] xsdf k|fon] xfFufx? l5dNg] ljlw k|of]u ug]{ atfP . &$=)&% -t/fO{df &@=*#% / kxf8df &^=&$%_ 3/w'/Lx?n] :yfgL jg h+un ljgfz eO{/x]sf] :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . To:t} !&=)$ % 3/w'/Lx?n] jgh+un cToflws dfqfdf ljgfz eO{/x]sf] atfP . !&_ ;j]{If0f cg';f/ ;dosf] cGt/fndf $%=!(% 3/w'/Lx?n] bfp/f ;+sngsf] ;dodf j[l4 ePsf] hgfPsf 5g\ eg] @)=&$% n] bfp/fsf] yf]s d'No ;d]t j[l4 ePsf] / $=$$% n] bfp/fsf] u'0f:t/df ;d]t x|f; cfPsf] hgfPsf lyP . !*_ t/fO{ lhNnfx?df xfn Ps ef/L bfp/f ;+sng ug{ *&=)& ldg]6 tyf kxf8L lhNnfx?df ^!=%% ldg]6 nfUg] atfPsf 5g\ . t/ @) jif{ cl3 t/fO{df #(=($ ldg]6 tyf kxf8L lhNnfdf #)=(# ldg]6 nfUg] u/]sf] atfP . To:t} bfp/f ;+sng ug{sf nflu h+un k'Ug xfn t/fO{df ^)=*@ ldg]6 tyf kxf8df $%=** ldg]6 nfUg] atfP . t/ @) jif{ cl3 of] b'/L t/fO{df #)=%& ldg]6 tyf kxf8df !(=*# ldg]6 nfUg] atfP . bfp/fsf] d"Nosf] xsdf xfn t/fO{df k|lt ef/L ;/b/ ?= @@!=!! 5 eg] kxf8df ? !%!=!^ /x]sf] kfOof] . of] d"No ljutdf eGbf j[l4 ePsf] xf] . xfneGbf !) jif{ cufl8 o;sf] d"No t/fO{df ? !!@=%( tyf kxf8df ? ^&=%) lyof] eg] @) jif{ cufl8 k|lt ef/L t/fO{df ? %)=%( tyf kxf8df ? @&=&$ df k|fKt ug{ ;lsGYof] . !(_ afof]Uof; phf{ k|of]u ug{ yfn] kZrft cfkm"n] j}slNks OGwg k|of]u u/L hf]ufPsf] h+un cGon] k|of]u u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwsf] k|Zgdf t/fO{sf &!=&$% tyf kxf8sf *#=&@% n] k|of]u gu/]sf] atfPsf lyP . @)_ dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgdf xf] eGg] dWo] t/fO{sf ^*% -^)% t/fO{ tyf !)) % kxf8_ n] pQm bfp/f ljgfzdf /x]sf h+unaf6 ;+sng ug]{ u/]sf] atfP eg] @*=!#% n] eg] bfp/f ;+sng >f]t ljgfz gePsf h+unaf6 lng] u/]sf] atfPsf lyP . #=!#% n] eg] gljs/0fLo phf{af6 k'gM bfp/f pkef]u ug{ yfn]sf] atfP . @!_ phf{sf] d"Nosf] s'/f ubf{ xfn bfp/f ;/b/ ?= !*$=%@ k|lt ef/L -#)–$) s]hL_, s[lifhGo OGwg -e';_ ?= !)*=## -k|lt !)) s]hL_, dl§t]n ?= &@ k|lt ln6/ tyf Pn=lk=hL= Uof; ?= !@^#=## k|lt l;ln08/ /x]sf] kfOof] . jftfj/0f, :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO{ @@_ ;j]{lIft 3/w'/Lx?dWo] $*=*(% 3/w'/Ln] efG5fdf s]xL dfqfdf w'Fjfsf] sdL ePsf] jtfPsf lyP eg] $^=^&% n] pNn]Vo dfqfdf sdL cfPsf] tyf @=@@% n] efG5fsf] w'Fjfdf s'g} sdL gePsf] atfPsf lyP . @#_ rkL{sf] ;DaGwdf %(=@^% 3/x?df afof]Uof; k|of]u ug'{ k"j{ g} rkL{ lgdf{0f u/]sf] tyf afof]Uof; k|of]u u/]kZrft eg] ;j]{lIft 3/w'/Lx? dWo] (%=%^% 3/df rkL{ lgdf{0f u/]sf] atfPsf lyP . h;dWo] ^&=$!% Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. vi Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 n] rkL{nfO{ afof]Uof; Knf06df hf]8]sf 5g\ . t/fO{sf] ! 3/ tyf kxf8sf % 3/x?n] eg] ;fdflhs sf/0f, cltl/Qm /sdsf] af]´ tyf cGo sf/0fn] ubf{ ghf]8]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . @$_ ;j]{If0fn] &^=)(% n] cfFvf ;DaGwL /f]u 36]sf], @@=*#% n] Zjf;k|Zjf; ;DaGwL /f]u pNn]Vo dfqfdf 36]sf] tyf $^=&$% n] vf]sL nfUg] ;d:of ;d]t 36]sf] atfPsf lyP . cfuhgL ;DaGwL k|Zgdf eg] t/fO{sf #%=*&% n] tyf kxf8sf &$=$@% 3/w'/Lx?n] cfuhgL 36]sf] atfP . afof]Uof; Knf06 lgdf{0f, ;~rfng tyf dd{t @%_ ;j]{lIft Knf06x?df ;/b/ %*=#% ldg]6 laxfgsf] vfgf ksfpg, %@=(% ldg]6 ;fF´sf] vfgf ksfpg, $#=$% ldg]6 vfhf ksfpg, !#=)! ldg]6 laxfgsf] lrof gf:tf tyf @^=() ldg]6 ;fF´sf] lrof ksfpg afof]Uof; k|of]u ug]{ atfP . ;/b/ lbgdf afof]Uof; !($=^^ ldg]6 -@!@=)! ldg]6 t/fO{df tyf !%&=&* ldg]6 kxf8df_ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] kfOof] . @^_ ;j]{If0f cg';f/ (^=#)% 3/w'/Lx?sf afof]Uof; 8f]d k"0f{ ?kn] 5f]lkPsf] kfOof] . @&_ ;fwf/0ftof afof]Uof; Knf06sf] lgdf{0faf6 k/Dk/fut r'Nxf] k|of]u ubf{ eGbf ;dosf] art x'g' :jefljs xf] . ;j]{If0f cg';f/ bfp/f ;+sngdf k|f}9 k'?ifsf] nflu t/fO{df #$=*^ ldg]6 tyf kxf8df @( ldg]6 ;do art ePsf] kfOof] . To:t} k|f}9 dlxnfsf] xsdf t/fO{df *)=^& ldg]6 tyf kxf8df ^*=!# ldg]6 art ePsf] kfOof] . To:t} vfgf ksfpFbf dlxnfx?sf] nflu @%=^$ ldg]6 t/fO{df tyf @^=** ldg]6 kxf8df ;do art x'g] kfOof] . To:t} efF8fjt{g df‰gsf] nflu dlxnfx?sf] xsdf t/fO{df !^=^# ldg]6 tyf kxf8df !&=@% ldg]6 art x'g] kfOof] . cWoogaf6 o;/L art ePsf] ;do /]l8of]÷l6=eL= x]g{, kqklqsf k9\g, ;fdflhs sfo{ ug{ tyf cGo cfod'ns sfo{x?df nufgL ug]{ u/]sf] ;d]t kfOof] . @*_ lgoldt uf]a/ e/0fsf] xsdf ;j]{lIft 3/w'/Lx? dWo] &$=)&% n] b}lgs Ps k6s, !*=%@ % n] b}lgs b'O{ k6s tyf %=(#% n] b'O{ lbgdf Psk6s uf]a/ e/0f ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . ljleGg Ifdtfsf Knf06x?dWo] $ 3=ld=df cf}ift @$=^& s]hL, ^ 3=ld= df @&=*& s]hL, * 3=ld=df #$ s]hL tyf !) 3=ld=df $) s]hL uf]a/ e/0f ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] k|fo w]/} Knf06x?df cfjZos eGbf sd dfqfdf dfq uf]a/ e/0f ug{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . sd dfqfdf uf]a/ e/0f ug]{ d'Vo sf/0fx?df &@=%(% n] Uof; kof{Kt dfqfdf pTkfbg ePsf], $=$$% n] uf]a/ e/0fsf sf/0f v]tdf dnsf] sdL cfpg] 8/, %=(#% n] ;do cefjsf sf/0fx? hgfPsf lyP . afof]Uof; Knf06df uf]a/ afx]s cGo >f]tx?sf] k|of]usf nflu ^#=&)% 3/w'/Lx?n] rkL{ hf]8]sf] kfOof] . k|of]ustf{x?sf] ;Gt'li6 @(_ ;j]{lIft 3/w'/Lx?dWo] !!=*%% -&=^!% t/fO{ tyf @)=(#% kxf8_ 3/w'/Lx?n] k|z:t dfqfdf Uof; pTkfbg ePsf], *$=$$% -t/fO{sf *^=(^% tyf kxf8sf &(=)&%_ n] l7sl7s} pTkfbg ePsf] tyf #=&)% -t/fO{sf %=$#%_ n] pTkfbg ck'u ePsf] hgfPsf lyP . #)_ ;Gt'li6sf] s'/f ubf{ !#=## % 3/w'/Lx? k"0f{ ?kdf ;Gt'i6, *!=$*% ;Gt'i6 tyf $=$$% c;Gt'i6 b]lvof] . d'Votof vfgf ksfpg tyf bfp/f ;+sngdf ;do art tyf w'Fjf /lxt efG5fsf] sf/0fx?n] ;Gt'i6 /xsf] atfP . dd{t ;Def/ #!_ ;j]{If0f cg';f/ !!=*%% afof]Uof; Knf06x?sf] ef}lts cj:yf Psbd} /fd|f], %&=&*% sf] /fd|f] tyf !=$* % Knf06sf] ef}lts cj:yf lau|]sf] kfOof] . #@_ pQ/bftfx?dWo] !@=%( % x?n] afof]Uof; sDkgLaf6 lgoldt ;]jf kfPsf], @)% n] ;]jf kfPtfklg ;]jfdf l9nf;':tL ePsf] tyf @%=%^% n] eg] ;]jf g} gkfPsf] hgfPsf lyP . sDkgLåf/f lgoldt lg/LIf0f tyf e|d0fsf] xsdf !=$* % n] clt pQd, @!=$*% n] pQd, !$=*! % n] ;Gtf]ifhgs tyf %(=@^% n] eg] c;Gt'li6 JoQm u/]sf] ;d]t kfOof] . ##_ ;j]{lIft Knf06x?dWo] hDdf *=*(% df dfq :6f]e, ldSr/ ;fdu|L, eNe, Uof; 6]k jf jf6/8«]gdf ;d:of /x]sf] kfOof] . #$_ @@=@@% 3/w'/Lx?n] afof]Uof; sDkgLaf6 afof]Uof; lgdf{0f eP kZrft e|d0f gePsf], #&=)$% n] Ps k6s e|d0f ePsf], @)=&$% n] b'O{ k6s ePsf], @=(^% n] tLg k6s tyf $=$$% n] tLg eGbf a9L k6s e|d0f tyf lg/LIf0f ePsf] atfP . #%_ ;j]{lIft 3/w'/Lx?dWo] @&=$!% n] afof]Uof; ;DaGwL tflnd k|fKt u/]sf] atfPsf lyP . #^_ ;du|df ;j]{If0f cg';f/ hyfefjL ?v s6fg tyf bfp/fhGo OGwg tyf sf7sf] pRr laqmL x'g] ePsf]n] jg ljgfz eO/x]sf] atfP . Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. vii Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 ;f/f+zdf g]kfndf afof]Uof; lgdf{0f ug'{sf] d'Vo sf/0f bfp/fsf] ck|fKotf atfPsf 5g\ . k|fo ;a} k|of]ustf{x? afof]Uof; lgdf{0faf6 ;Gt'i6 b]lvG5 . ;Gt'li6sf] d'Vo sf/0fx?df w'Fjf/lxt efG5fsf]7f, vfgf ksfpg ;lhnf], efF8fjt{g ;kmf ug{ ´G´6 gx'g] cflb atfP . ;~rfng cjlwdf cfpg] k|fljlws ;d:ofdf ljleGg pks/0fx? lau|]sf b]lvPsfn] ;DalGwt lgsfo tyf afof]Uof; sDkgLx?n] lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. viii Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Executive Summary

The Biogas Users’ Survey 2009/10 is conducted in order to find out the operational status of the biogas plants registered under CDM Project Activity I and provides a qualitative as well as quantitative documentation on status of demography, socio-economic state, health and hygiene and environmental conditions of the biogas user households. Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services (NESS) (P) Ltd. was entrusted to undertake the “Biogas Users’ Survey 2009/10" by the AEPC.

The objective of the Biogas Users’ Survey 2009/10 is to make a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of the CDM Registered Project biogas plants on energy, health and sanitation, agricultural production, socio-economic condition, and environment. Besides, the local impact of biogas, the survey is also expected to provide information to evaluate the global environmental impacts of biogas plants in the context of CDM.

The Biogas Users’ Survey (BUS) was based primarily on detailed sample household survey designed specifically for this purpose. The consultant team of NESS reviewed all available relevant reports of previous survey and guidelines provided by AEPC, and BSP/N before designing the sampling framework and determining the sample size for survey.

Based on the analysis of the information collected from secondary sources, the Consultant team designed data collection instrument. The survey questionnaires were finalized in consultation with the concerned officials of AEPC and BSP/N. The enumerators were given rigorous training and pre-testing was also carried out before mobilizing the survey team to the field. The survey team was mobilized in 25 districts selected for the survey representing remote Hills/ Hills and Terai regions covered under the CDM Project I.

Altogether, 135 samples of the total registered biogas plants registered under Biogas CDM Project Activity 1 was taken for annual survey purpose at 95% confidence level were drawn by stratified random sampling method. Though, UNFCCC General Guidelines for Sampling and Surveys for Small-Scale CDM Project Activities suggests that sampling technique must be adopted with 90/10 confidence/precision, in this study, the sampling technique was based on 95/5 confidence/precision in order to minimize the error and maximize the greater representation of population size. The data collected from household survey was analyzed by Computer using SPSS software package and interpreted accordingly prior to preparation of survey report.

The major finding of the Biogas Users’ Survey - 2009/2010 has been summarized in the following points:

General

1. Survey has covered a total of 135 biogas plants; i.e. 92 from Terai and 43 from Hills/Mountains covering 25 districts with plant size ranging from 4 m3 to 10 m3 capacities.

Demographic Characters

2. The average family size of biogas user households is 6.69. Ethnic Distribution of sample biogas users shows that among the total users majority is Brahmins (52.59%), Chhetries (12.59%) followed by Janajatis (12.59%), Tharu and Madeshi (9.63%), Newars (4.44%) and Dalits (2.96%). The study shows that the penetration of biogas plants toward marginalized society is very less. 3. Overall literacy status was observed with 89.85%. Regionally, 11.07% of Terai and 7.62% of Hill population are illiterate. 4. The survey showed that 75.56 per cent (72.83% from Terai and 81.40% from Hills/Mountain) of the plants were 6 m3 size followed by 13.33 percent (13.04% from Terai and 13.95 from hills/mountains) of 4 m3, 9.63 per cent (11.96% from Terai and 4.65% from

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. ix Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Hill/Mountain) 8 m3 and the remaining 1.48 per cent (2.17% from Terai) were of 10 m3 capacity.

Socio-Economic Characteristics

5. The major occupation is agriculture with 78.52% involved in it primarily and the remaining is engaged in other income activities like business (7.41%), service (13.33%) and wage/labor (0.74%). 6. The survey shows that among the biogas user households about 80% had access to electricity connectivity in their home. 7. In Terai 80.43 per cent have water resource facility at home, 18.48 per cent at a maximum distance of one hour where as in the hills/mountains, 67.41 per cent have water resource facility at home, 30.37 per cent at a maximum distance of one hour. 8. Regarding financing of the plants 82.96 per cent have self financed, 7.41 per cent taken loan from banks, 5.93 per cent loan from micro credit and the remaining 3.70 per cent taken loan from village money lenders for the installation of biogas plant. Except one household from hill, all households who have taken loan paid all the installments. 9. The survey showed that 49.63 per cent of the respondent received subsidy from the government of Nepal and the remaining 50.37 per cent don't know about the subsidy policy. This may be because some of the companies installed biogas plants on a sort of lump sum basis.

Impacts of Biogas and Bioslurry

10. It is revealed that 99.26% of surveyed households use slurry in their farm land. Majority of the respondent use slurry by making compost (90.37%), followed by 5.19% as it is and the remaining 3.70% use slurry after drying. 11. About 68.15% sample biogas user households (61.96% from Terai and 81.40% from Hills/Mountains) mentioned that agricultural production was increased where as 18.52% do not know about the impact of slurry application, 11.11% mentioned as "no effect", 1.48% mentioned decreased productivity. The increment of productivity below 10% was mentioned by 21.48%, 10-20% increment was mentioned by 40.74%, above 20% increment was mentioned by 5.93%. 12. 27.41% of households reported that the incidences of diseases and insects were decreased by using slurry manure, 23.70% reported that the incidences were increased, and 25.19% as reported as "no effects"

Energy, Environment, Health and Sanitation

13. Majority of the biogas owners (85.19%) use single stove, where as 14.81% use double stove in their kitchen. 14. Regarding fire wood collection, 58.52% of the respondents collect firewood from community forest, followed by 31.85% from private forest, 6.67% from government forest and remaining 2.96% buy from the market. 15. The major responsibility of collection of firewood goes to both male and female of the family (65.19%) followed by female member (25.93%). 16. Regarding harvesting of fire wood, pruning of branches is more prevalent following thinning and felling It was found that 74.07 (72.83% in Terai and 76.74% in Hills/mountains) responded that the forest were considerably degenerated. 17.04% responded that forest were excessively degenerated 17. From the study, it is revealed that 45.19 per cent of the total respondent (33.70% from Terai and 30% from the hills/mountains) mentioned that time taken in collecting firewood as distance travelled were increased. Likewise, 20.74 per cent mentioned that price of firewood purchased increased due to increase in time or distance travelled in collection of fire wood. 4.44 per cent mentioned that type of fire wood collected were changing to lower grade due to scarcity of fire wood like twits, agro-wastes etc.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. x Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 18. The time required to collect one bundle of fire wood now is 87.07 minutes in Terai and 61.55 minutes in hills/mountains, whereas before ten years it was 67.56 minutes in Terai and 44.30 minutes in hills/mountains. Likewise, 20 years before it was 39.94 minutes in Terai and 30.93 minutes in hills/mountains. Similarly, the distance to be travelled to collect one bundle of fire wood is 60.82 minutes in Terai and 45.88 minutes in hills/mountains currently. Before ten years it was 43.88 minutes in Terai and 30.40 minutes in hills/mountain and before 20 years it was 30.57 minutes in Terai and 19.83 minutes in hills/mountains. If we compare the cost of one bundle of fire wood it is Rs 221.11 per bhari in Terai and Rs 151.16 in hills/mountain currently. Before Ten years it was Rs 112.59 in Terai and Rs 67.50 in hills/mountains. Likewise 20 years before it was Rs 50.59 and Rs 27.74 respectively in Terai and hills/mountains. 19. On the inquiry of fire wood used by others, which is saved from biogas users after installation of biogas plants, majority of the HHs 71.74 per cent in Terai and 83.72 percent in hills/mountains responded as "No", where as 27.17 percent in Terai and 16.28 percent in the hills/mountains respondent as "Yes". 20. Out of total respondents who answered "Yes" on firewood used by others, 68.75 per cent (60% in Terai and 100% in hills/mountains) answered that user used to get fire wood from a source where trees are depleting, 28.13 per cent (36% from Terai) of the users used to get fire wood from a source where trees are not depleting. 3.13% users (4% from Terai) switched to firewood from the use of renewable sources. 21. If we consider the cost of energy, fire wood cost Rs 184.52 per bhari (about 30-40 kg), agro residue (100 kg) cost Rs 108.33, kerosene costs Rs 72.00 per lit. and LPG costs Rs 1263.33 per cylinder.

Environment, Health and Sanitation

22. Regarding reduction of indoor smoke in kitchen, 48.89 per cent mentioned that smoke has reduced to some extent, 46.67 per cent to greater extent and 2.22 per cent expressed as not reduced. 23. Regarding toilet facilities, 59.26 per cent have toilet facilities in their HHs before biogas installation and it rises up to 95.56 per cent after biogas installation. Out of total HHs, 67.41 per cent have provision of toilet attachment whereas one household of Hill and five households of Terai do not have toilet facility. The reasons for not connecting toilet in biogas plant was due to socio-cultural reasons (87.18%) followed by extra cost burden (7.69%), and other reasons (2.56%). 24. The survey showed that 76.09% of respondent agreed in reduction of eye infection. Similarly, 22.83% stated that the respiratory diseases are drastically reduced and 46.74% reported that cough is reduced. Similarly in hill region, 74.42% of the respondent reported that eye infection is reduced. Similarly, 32.56% reported that respiratory diseases are reduced and 72.09% reported that cough is reduced. While talking about fire related injuries, in Terai, 35.87% reported that it is reduced, and in Hill the percentage is 74.42%.

Operation and Maintenance of Biogas Plants

25. Regarding average operating time, the gas was used about 58.35 minutes for morning meal, 52.95 minutes for evening meals, 43.45 minutes for day lunch, 13.01 minutes for morning tea and 26.90 minutes for evening tea operating a total of 194.66 minutes (212.01 minutes in Terai and 157.78 minutes in hills/mountains). 26. The top filling of the dome were sufficient in 96.30 per cent of the respondents (94.57% in Terai and 100% in hills/mountains). 27. It is revealed that around 34.86 minutes in Terai and 29 minutes in hill region were saved in firewood collection for male adults. Similarly, for female adults, the time savings are 80.67 minutes in Terai and 68.13 minutes in Hill. Similarly, for cooking, 25.64 minutes in Terai and 26.88 minutes in Hill were saved for female adults. In case of cleaning dishes and utensils, the time saving for females adults were 16.63 minutes in Terai and 17.25 in Hill region. The saved time was used in listening radio/watching TV, reading newspaper, social works and in income generating activities.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. xi Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 28. Regarding frequency of dung feeding, 74.07 per cent feed once a day, 18.52 per cent twice a day, 5.93% every second day. The amount of feeding were 24.67 kg in 4 m3 plant, 27.87 kg in 6 m3 plants, 34 kg in 8 m3 plants and 40 kg in 10 m3 plants. Hence most of the plants were under fed. The reasons for not feeding all available dung are; gas is sufficient (72.59%), fear of reduction in quantity of FYM (4.44%), lack of time (5.93%). Regarding other feeding materials than dung, 63.70% of households fed night soil into their biogas plant.

Users’ Satisfaction

29. Gas production was very adequate in 11.85 per cent plants (7.61% in Terai and 20.93% in hills/mountains), adequate in 84.44 per cent (86.96% in Terai and 79.07% in hills/mountains) and not adequate in 3.70 per cent (5.43 % in Terai). 30. Regarding the level of satisfaction, 13.33 per cent of the total respondent is fully satisfied, 81.48 per cent satisfied, 4.44 per cent not satisfied. The reasons of satisfaction were primarily time saving in cooking, cleaning utensils and smokeless kitchen.

Repair and Maintenance of Biogas Plant

31. Physical conditions of the plants were found very well in 11.85 per cent of the total households, good in 57.78 per cent and poor in 1.48 per cent. 32. The survey showed that 12.59 per cent of the respondents are receiving regular services from the companies, 20 per cent delayed services, 35.56% are not receiving services from the companies. Regarding routine visit from the companies, only 1.48 per cent expressed very well, 21.48 per cent expressed good, 14.81 per cent expressed satisfactory and the remaining 59.26 per cent not satisfied. 33. Only 8.89% of surveyed plants have the problem in appliances either in stove, mixture machine, valve, gas tape or in water drain. 34. Regarding the visit by companies, 22.22 per cent reported that the plant were never visited after installation, 37.04 per cent of plants are visited once, 20.74 per cent are visited twice, 2.96 per cent thrice visited and 4.44 per cent more than three times visited. 35. The survey showed that only 27.41 per cent of the respondents received training on smooth operation and maintenance of biogas plants. 36. The survey indicates that illegal felling of trees for both domestic use and selling of firewood and timber are the main causes of deforestation in all regions of Nepal.

From the findings, it can be concluded that the shortage of firewood seems to be the main reason for installing biogas. Users of biogas plants are satisfied with the plant operation. The reasons for the satisfaction are smokeless kitchen, efficiency in cooking and washing utensils, saving fuel wood and tasty food. Appliances failure in the kitchen seems to be major technical problem faced by the users and needs to be paid attention to.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. xii Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background

The Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC) was established in 1996 as a nodal organization of Government of Nepal under the then Ministry of Science and Technology with the objective of developing and promoting renewable/alternative energy technologies in Nepal. Strategic objectives of AEPC include the popularization and promotion of the use of alternative/renewable energy technologies, raising living standard of rural people, protection of environment and the development of commercially viable alternative energy industries in the country.

Currently AEPC has multidimensional focus regarding the promotion of the alternative energy technologies and biogas is one of those technologies. Nevertheless, the development and dissemination of biogas has a history beyond the establishment of AEPC which tracks back to 1955 when the biogas technology was first introduced in Nepal. Acknowledging its practical application potential, the government started promoting biogas officially in 1976, and has been subsiding biogas plants to benefit rural households since then. The development and promotion of biogas gained real momentum since the establishment of the Biogas Sector Partnership-Nepal as the Biogas Support Program (BSP) in 1992. After the establishment of AEPC, activities regarding the promotion, development and implementation of biogas are being carried out by AEPC in collaboration with BSP and its related organizations. As a result of continuous efforts, biogas are becoming popular alternatives to the firewood based kitchen regime in the rural parts of Nepal and this is well justified by the statistics of biogas plant installation. As of December 2009, a total of 200,860 biogas plants have been installed in Nepal.

Biogas is the first renewable technology that received the benefits from Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). BSP registered its first CDM Projects in Nepal December 2005. 19,396 plants constructed under BSP Phase-IV have been registered with and approved by the CDM Executive Board. An Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA) for the two projects was signed with the World Bank for trading of the Emission Reductions from the two projects for first seven years starting 2004/05 as the first crediting year. Annual reporting and verification for the two Projects for crediting years 2004/05 and 2005/06 have been completed. .The annual carbon revenue (net of Project development and verification expenses) is around US$400,000. In the context of biogas CDM project in Nepal, it is necessary that the quality of the biogas and overall positive impact of biogas be assured. In order to obtain necessary feedbacks about the technology, it is essential to monitor both the technology and its impact on user satisfaction by conducting appropriate and detailed surveys at regular intervals.

1.2 Study Rationale

Since the establishment of BSP, several studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of biogas on the social, economic and environmental impacts amongst its users. The Biogas Users' Survey is a regular activity of AEPC carried out through independent third parties. Besides, several studies have been conducted to assess various impacts of biogas to find out the effect of biogas on health and workload of women and children. In the context of CDM project, the Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. (NESS) was awarded the "Annual Biogas Users' Survey, 2009/10" by AEPC through a competitive bidding process. This Biogas User Survey has been conducted as a part of monitoring process which is essential for the verification of the emission reductions claimed by the host party (Annex 1).

1.3 Objectives of the study

The major objective of the Biogas Users’ Survey 2009/10 (BUS 2009/10) was to make a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of the biogas plants installed so far on changes on

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 1 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 energy consumption pattern, function/operational status of the plants, environmental impact and livestock pattern in relation to forest, and community benefits.

The survey has focused primarily on emission reductions and energy use patterns as per the following.

. Household daily utilization of fire wood, kerosene, agriculture residues, animal dung, and LPG for cooking . Changes in the above practices after the installation of biogas . Plant operation hours, days . Accessibility to the sustainable biomass over the period of time . Number of beneficiary households that have access to toilets . Overall beneficiary satisfaction with the product and process

1.4 Survey Locations

The BSP database in the Biogas Sector Partnership-Nepal showed that 9,708 family size biogas plants installed in 57 districts across Nepal have been registered under the CDM Project-I. As per the condition laid down by the AEPC for conducting the Annual Biogas Users’ Survey for 2009/10, about 50 per cent of the districts representing major three ecological regions of Nepal covered by the CDM project were required to be selected for survey purpose. Therefore, the districts covered under the CDM project were first stratified into three classes as: i) Remote/High Hills, ii) Hills and iii) Terai regions. Then, the districts with less than 10 plants registered under the CDM were dropped from the sampling list. The sample districts were selected by proportionate stratified random sampling method. Altogether, 25 districts were selected for survey purpose. The districts covered under the CDM Activity 1 are shown in Figure-1.

Figure-I: Districts Covered by CDM Activity 1

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 2 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the study

The objective of this study was to identify the benefits of biogas plants from the users' perspective and to make an assessment of the impacts on the social, economic and environmental fronts. The survey has assessed the reduction in emission of greenhouse gases due to biogas plants vis-à-vis the burning of non renewable fuel wood and dung cakes.

1.6 Expected Output and Deliverables

The consultant prepared the representative sample districts and sample numbers from statistical sample design technique. The finalization of allocation of samples to selected districts was done in consultation with and consent of AEPC. Based on the study, the following separate reports were prepared and submitted to the client . . Draft Report for Activity 1 . Final Report for Activity 1

1.7 Methodology

1.7.1 Team composition

Team Leader/Biogas Expert

Mr. Govinda Prasad Devkota, the Team leader is a recognized biogas expert in Nepal and elsewhere. He has about 25 years of experience in the field of renewable energy technology especially biogas, both in research and implementation. He holds a Master Degree in "Environmental Science and Technology" from International Institute for Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE), Delft, the Netherlands and Master degree in Economics from Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. He has published three books on Biogas, Micro-hydro and Renewable energy technology in Nepal and awarded two national awards: Dipendra Science and Technology Youth Award (1985) from NAST and National Talent Awards (2001) from Ministry of Culture, Tourism, and Civil Aviation for his outstanding achievements in these sectors. He has been involved in various studies related to biogas.

As the team leader, Mr. Devkota was responsible for the following activities:

 Co-ordinate the team of professionals;  Focus on developing questionnaires, and writing report;  Organize meeting with the officials of the concerned organizations; and  Report writing at the end of the study.

Statistician

Mr. Kedar Man Joshi worked as statistician.

As a statistician Mr. Joshi was responsible to

 Assist the team leader;  Sampling process and techniques; and  Assist the team leader in writing the report.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 3 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 CDM Expert

Mr. Sujesh Shrestha, Environmental Officer of NESS with 3 years of working experiences in related field, worked as CDM expert.

As an expert, Mr. Shrestha was responsible for

 CDM calculations;  Assist the team leader;  Assist the team leader in writing the report.  Organize the survey and coordinate the surveyors.

1.7.2 Sample Selection

Sampling Process

Based on the TOR and sampling tools, stratified multi-stage sampling (ecological regions, districts, VDCs and sample plants under activities) was adopted for this project. Three separate sampling strategy: (a) Selection of districts (b) Selection of VDCs and (c) selection of HHs was employed to conduct out this study. The sampling strategy was to select VDCs for survey ensuring better representation of ecological zones e.g. Mountain, Hill and Terai, and representation of the development region, from the perspective of accessible and inaccessible location and ethnic diversity.

Sampling Design Approach

Crucial elements in the sample design are the identification of the most influential variables and then find the mean and variances for each variable. However, according to the nature of this study a single variable approach is not feasible. Moreover, no data was available to estimate mean and variances of population. In this context, instead of going to general process of determining the sample size based on mean, variances or the prevalence rate, alternative method of using coefficient of variation was used.

Main advantage of this method is that the coefficient of variation is more stable than mean and variances. Any moderate changes in estimated values pose least effect on the sample size. The sample size determined is hence more reliable.

Determination of Sample Size

As discussed above, coefficient of variation was taken as the major indicator for sample design. Let V be the coefficient of variation. In ideal case of the coefficient of variation will be 0.1 which is rarely achieved but a coefficient of variation of 0.15 can be taken as representative (Kalton 95 and Kish 91). Sample size is then computed as follow:

2 2 n0 = 2(v/) (Z /2 + Z (1-/2))

Z Where /2 is normal value at level of significance () =5% and Z (1-/2) is the Normal Value for the 80 % power of test (1-/2).  is degree of detection error and is set to 5 %. V is the coefficient of variation and is set to 15%. N represents for total household, which is 96921 bio-gas users in Activity 1. From this formula, total sample size for bio-gas users is derived at 137.

1 1 The Biogas Support Program – Nepal (BSP-Nepal) Activity – 1 covers 9708 biogas plants of various sizes that are installed in several parts of Nepal during the period November 1, 2003 to June 15, 2004. Out of the total 9,708plants installed 16 plants of 6 m3 size constructed in Makwanpur district in the Hill region have been reported to be non- existing by the company, as a landslide damaged and displaced the whole village. Hence these plants have been excluded from the scope of survey. The total number of plants that have been considered in the survey is thus 9,692 with the number of 6 m3 plants in the Hill region reducing from 3,137 to 3,121. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 4 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

The required sample size using correction factor by n= n0/ {1+ (n0/N)} would be then 135. By adjusting non-response proportionate at 10 percent, it comes at 149 bio-gas users. By rounding up the sample size comes to 150. As per TOR, it is necessary to take 50 percent non-biogas users so as to compare difference between users and non-users. Thus, by adding 50 percent non- biogas users, the ultimate sample size of users and non-users will be 225.

Though, UNFCCC General Guidelines for Sampling and Surveys for Small-Scale CDM Project Activities suggests that sampling technique to be adopted with 90/10 confidence/precision, in this study, the sampling technique was based on 95/5 confidence/precision in order to minimize the error and maximize the greater representation of population size.

Selection of VDCs and Sample Biogas Plants

The detailed list of the biogas users was obtained from BSP-Nepal. Based on the sample number calculated 150 registered biogas users and 75 non biogas users were selected on the basis of Alternative Random Sampling Method. Completely randomized samples were selected using the ORACLE software with the existing database in BSP/N. A four tier system was followed

. cluster-wise distribution . district-wise distribution . lists of sampled VDC . detail list of sample plants

First of all, Nepal as a whole was divided into 15 clusters based on Ecological (3) and Development (5) Regions. Cluster-wise distribution of plant was then obtained by defining plant construction period.

As a result of this sampling method, the following districts were selected from the five Development Regions. The details of sampled households are presented in Annex 2 (a and b).

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 5 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Figure II: BUS 2009/10 Sample Districts

1.7.3 Selection of Enumerators and their Orientation

For the purpose of survey, ten enumerators were selected based upon their experiences in previous biogas users’ survey and their involvement in the field of social survey (Annex 3). A three days orientation training was conducted for the enumerators prior to field mobilization. The main objective of the orientation training was to develop, among enumerators, a common understanding of questions included in the survey questionnaire so that the survey outcomes would be consistent with the objectives of the survey (Refer to Annex 4 for detail outline of orientation training). Enumerators were divided into 7 sub-groups to exercise the pre-test of the questionnaire. After the completion of training, a pre-testing of questionnaire and checklists was conducted. in consultation with AEPC and BSP/N. The result of the pre-testing exercise was further discussed and the questionnaires were finalized after making appropriate adjustments. The whole process was carried out under the observation of representatives from AEPC and BSP and the questionnaires were finalized upon their consent.

1.7.4 Pretesting of the Questionnaire

Initially, the questionnaires prepared by the consultant were submitted to AEPC and BSP/N to seek their observations in the questionnaires and to have their input and corrections to finalize the questionnaire. After the reception of the comments and suggestions from the respective authority and their incorporation, consultant submitted the copies of final questionnaires.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 6 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 The initially finalized questionnaires were used during the pre-test exercise. Based on the outcome of pre-test, the questionnaires were further improved and finalized (Annex 5). Finalization of all study tools were made with mutual consent of AEPC, BSP/N and the consultant.

1.7.5 Field Work

The field teams were mobilized immediately after AEPC approved the detailed work plan. The enumerators were instructed to apply extra care while filling out the questionnaire because the questionnaire is the backbone of the survey. After completing a day's work they checked each questionnaire in the evening and correct any mistakes or inconsistencies immediately the next day by revisiting the household in question and verifying the information.

All the sample households i.e. 150 households were visited during field survey including 10% non- responsive proportionate samples. Out of which 4 plants were found to be in non-operating status (Annex 6).

1.7.6 Data Processing and Analysis

The study team scrutinized the field data in detail. The statistician of the study team ensured at the outset that the questionnaire was designed for easy coding and entry in the computer for analysis. As per sample design, 135 households were processed for analysis using MS Excel and SPSS 14.

Statistical Analysis

From the collected data, the following parameters were duly considered for calculation and reporting:

. No. of hours the plant was in operation in a year (hrs/year) . Annual Reduction in Kerosene used for cooking (litre/year) . Annual Reduction in firewood used for cooking (kg/year) . Access to sustainable biomass over the period of time.

Proper statistical analysis were carried out for all the variables mentioned above and reported the results of the central tendencies/mean, standard deviation (SD) and standard error (SE) separately for each category.

In case of the access to sustainable biomass parameter, it was checked whether the biogas have continued overtime to substitute the non-renewable biomass with the installation of the biogas plants. Based on the perception of the sampled biogas users and non-users in terms of the positive and negative trends in accessibility to firewood, sources of firewood and forest regeneration around the household vicinity, the percentage of substituted biomass considered non-renewable was computed.

In order to compute the percentage of the non renewable biomass, the following parameters were checked. i) Leakage: a) Due to the increased availability of NRB, non-users that previously used renewable biomass switch to NRB due to the project ii) Displacement of NRB: a) Trends in distance traveled for firewood gathering since 1989 b) Trends in time needed for firewood gather since 1989. c) Price of firewood since 1989.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 7 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 2.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS OWNERS

2.1 Capacity of Biogas Plants

It was observed from survey that about 75.56% (72.83% in Terai and 81.40% in hills/mountains) sample households were using biogas plants of 6 m3 size followed by 4 m3 (13.33%) and 8 m3 (9.63%) while the remaining 1.48 per cent were found to be using 10 m3 capacity. The ecological distribution of different size of biogas plant included in the survey is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Ecological distribution of different size biogas plants included in the survey

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Capacity N % N % N % 4 m3 12 13.04 6 13.95 18 13.33 6 m3 67 72.83 35 81.40 102 75.56 8 m3 11 11.96 2 4.65 13 9.63 10 m3 2 2.17 0 0.00 2 1.48 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

2.2 Demographic Characters

2.2.1 Caste/ Ethnicity

Distribution of biogas plant among different castes indicates the affordability and acceptability of technology among those caste/ethnic groups.

Table 2 shows the caste and ethnic distribution of the households using biogas as an alternative energy. The table shows: out of total 135 households, the Brahmins (52.59%) fall under majority of biogas users followed by Chhetri and Janajati (12.59%) and Tharu/Madheshi (9.63%). Dalits represent only 2.96% of the total respondents.

Considering ecological region, Brahmins are the majority group in both ecological regions i.e. 47.83% in Terai and 62.79% in Hill/Mountain. After Brahmin, the ownerships of biogas in other ethnic groups are concentrated among Chhetri (15.22%), Tharu/Madheshi (14.13%) and Janajati (10.87%) those reside in Terai Region. In Hill/Mountain Region, it is found that Chhetri accounts 16.28% followed by Newar (9.30%) and Chhetri (6.98%). The details of the caste/ethnic distribution of the biogas users are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Caste/Ethnicity

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Caste N % N % N % Newar 2 2.17 4 9.30 6 4.44 Brahmin 44 47.83 27 62.79 71 52.59 Chhetri 14 15.22 3 6.98 17 12.59 Janajati 10 10.87 7 16.28 17 12.59 Dalit 3 3.26 1 2.33 4 2.96 Tharu /Madeshi 13 14.13 0 0.00 13 9.63 Others 6 6.52 1 2.33 7 5.19 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 8 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 2.2.2 Family size

Greater family sizes of the household require more energy resources for their daily subsistence. In this regard, the household size reflects the overall energy consumption scenario within the family.

The average household size of the surveyed households is 6.69. The total population of the 135 surveyed households was found to be 905. Out of this, 47.51% are male, 40.09% are female and remaining 8.40% are children below 6 years old. Considering ecological region, in both Terai and Hill/Mountain region, the male population is higher compared to the female population. Contrast is observed in the population of children below 6 years population with figures 17.88% in Hill/Mountain region but only 4.28% in Terai. Table 3 depicts the details of composition of surveyed household population.

Table 3: Composition of Population

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Composition Population Percent Population Percent Population Percent Male 311 49.29 119 43.43 430 47.51 Female 293 46.43 106 38.69 399 44.09 Children below 6 27 4.28 49 17.88 76 8.40 Total 631 100.00 274 100.00 905 100.00 Source: NESS Survey 2010

2.2.3 Literacy status

The adoption of biogas technology in household depends on how educated family members are. Consciousness towards better indoor environment and the conservation of the forest and natural resources may highly prevail in the families and/or regions with higher literacy rates. Besides, the literacy status also indicates the overall socioeconomic condition and well being.

The educational status of the family members of the surveyed households is presented in Table 4. The survey results show that 95.32% of the total male members above 5 years and 84.04% of the total female members above 5 years are literate.

Table 4: Educational Status of family members

Terai Hill/Mountain Total

Educational Status

% % % % % %

Male Male Male

Female Female Female

Illiterate 20 6.43 47 15.99 0 0.00 17 15.89 20 4.68 64 15.96 Literate 59 18.97 63 21.43 16 13.79 20 18.69 75 17.56 83 20.70 Primary 41 13.18 44 14.97 9 7.76 11 10.28 50 11.71 55 13.72 Lower Secondary 38 12.22 31 10.54 14 12.07 12 11.21 52 12.18 43 10.72 Secondary 37 11.90 41 13.95 17 14.66 21 19.63 54 12.65 62 15.46 SLC 47 15.11 40 13.61 24 20.69 12 11.21 71 16.63 52 12.97 Intermediate 38 12.22 23 7.82 22 18.97 12 11.21 60 14.05 35 8.73 Bachelors or above 31 9.97 5 1.70 14 12.07 2 1.87 45 10.54 7 1.75 Total 311 100 294 100 116 100 107 100 427 100 401 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 9 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 2.3 Socio-economic Characteristics

2.3.1 Distance from the road

Location of the household from the road head indicates the spatial distribution of biogas plants in relation to its accessibility. Table 5 depicts the distribution of the biogas plants in relation to distance from the road head. Majority of the households (71.11%) were reachable within 1 hour of walking distance from the road. In Hill/Mountain, 60.47% of survey households were reached by walking less than 1 hour and 27.91% of households were at the roadside. Similarly, in Terai, when 76.09% of households were accessible within 1 hour of walking distance, 15.22% were accessed by walking 1 to 2 hours.

Table 5: Distance from the road

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Distance N % N % N % Less than 1 hour 70 76.09 26 60.47 96 71.11 1 to 2 hour 14 15.22 2 4.65 16 11.85 More than 2 hours 4 4.35 3 6.98 7 5.19 At road 4 4.35 12 27.91 16 11.85 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

2.3.2 Availability of Water Resources

Majority of the surveyed households had the availability of water resources in their own home. In Terai it was more pronounced (80.43%) than Hill/Mountain (39.53%). In Hill/Mountain, majority of household (55.81%) don't have water availability in their home but they reported that the nearest water sources could be reached by within 1 hour of walking distance. Table 6 shows the availability of water resources.

Table 6: Availability of Water Resources

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Availability N % N % N % At home 74 80.43 17 39.53 91 67.41 Out of Home (1-60min) 17 18.48 24 55.81 41 30.37 Not responded 1 1.09 2 4.65 3 2.22 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

2.3.3 Electricity Connectivity

Regarding the national grid connection in the surveyed households, 80% have electricity connectivity in their home. Terai households have better access of electricity compared to Hill/Mountain households. In Terai, the electricity connectivity is found to be 97.83% but in case of Hill/Mountain, it is only 41.86%. Table 7 shows the details of access to electricity facility.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 10 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Table 7: Electricity Connectivity

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Connectivity N % N % N % Yes 90 97.83 18 41.86 108 80.00 No 2 2.17 25 58.14 27 20.00 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

2.3.4 Occupation

As Nepal is predominantly an agricultural nation, similar to the country scenario, majority of households were found to be dependent on agriculture as their main occupation in the surveyed households.

Majority of the households depend on agriculture for their subsistence. Of the total households surveyed, 77.17% in Terai and 81.40% in Hill/Mountain were found to be adopting agriculture as their major occupation. The other occupations in Terai include Service (16.30%), Business (5.43%) and Wages/Labors (1.09%) while in case of Hill it is found that 11.63% of households depend on Business and 6.98% of household depends on Service for income other than agriculture. The details of the occupational status is presented in Table 8

Table 8: Occupational Status

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Occupation N % N % N % Agriculture 71 77.17 35 81.40 106 78.52 Business 5 5.43 5 11.63 10 7.41 Services 15 16.30 3 6.98 18 13.33 Wages/labours 1 1.09 0 0.00 1 0.74 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

2.3.5 Investment of the plant

Socio-economic condition of the households might have had variances in the way of financing during the construction of biogas plant. Out of total respondents, majority of biogas plant owners (82.96%) reported that they constructed the biogas plant with self financing followed by Bank Loan (7.41%), Loan from Micro Credit (5.93%) and Loan from Village Lenders (33.70%). The details of the way of financing construction in Terai and Hill region are given in Table 9.

Table 9: Way of Financing during the construction of biogas plant

Ways of Financing for Terai Hill/Mountain Total construction N % N % N % Self 77 83.70 35 81.40 112 82.96 Loan from village lender 3 3.26 2 4.65 5 3.70 Bank Loan 8 8.70 2 4.65 10 7.41 Loan from Micro Credit 4 4.35 4 9.30 8 5.93 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 11 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Most of the plant owners constructed the plant with their own investment. Only 16.30% of Terai households and 18.60% of Hill households constructed the biogas plant with loan. Only one household of hill/mountain had not paid the installments of loan that has been taken (Table 10).

Table 10: Loan payment status

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Loan Payment Status N % N % N % Paid all the installments 15 16.30 7 16.28 22 16.30 Paid few installments 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Not Paid any installment 0 0.00 1 2.33 1 0.74 Not Applicable 77 83.70 35 81.40 112 82.96 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

The subsidy policy of government has energized the households to construct the biogas plant and switch to renewable energy. Out of total respondents, only 49.63% reported that they received the subsidy for installing biogas plant. 55.43% in Terai and 37.21% in Hill/Mountain reported that they received subsidy. As AEPC provides subsidy for installing biogas plant, the respondents didn't know whether they receive the subsidy or not. The survey result on subsidy is presented in Table 11. The possible reasons for not knowing about the subsidy may be due to 1) agreement signed by person and the respondent are different, 2) company may provide the service from a lump sum amount without differentiating the subsidy amount.

Table 11: Subsidy for installing biogas plant

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Subsidy N % N % N % Received 51 55.43 16 37.21 67 49.63 Don’t Know 41 44.57 27 62.79 68 50.37 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 12 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 3.0 IMPACTS OF BIOGAS AND BIOSLURRY

Fertilizer is an essential input to maximize the crop yield. Bio-slurry is rich in plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. Well fermented bio-slurry improves soil properties resulting in qualitative as well as quantitative yield improvement of crops. Nitrogen remains in effluents of bio- fertilizers from the slurry while some escape as ammonia gas. Slurry from the biogas plant is more than a soil conditioner, which builds good soil texture, provides and releases plant nutrients. As Nepal predominantly has agri-based economy, majority of population is dependent on farm based activities. This justifies the need of installation or propagation of the biogas plants for the fertilizer value of bio-slurry. The dung if used directly in farm in the form of Farm Yard Manure (FYM) provides only one benefit of manure and the similar case will prevail if the dung is combusted for energy requirement. Nevertheless, with biogas digester, both the requirements of energy demand and fertilizer are fulfilled.

3.1 Issues and Impacts of Bio-Slurry

One of the major by-products of the biogas is slurry which has high manure value. But it has been observed, from previous surveys, that the biogas users do not give much importance to slurry. However, the slurry extension program to sensitize the users on its nutritive value for the crop plant and thereby promote its use has left positive impact on biogas users and increased the use of bio-slurry among them.

As by-product of biogas plant, the digested slurry has proven to be the best fertilizer for farms in rural areas but a lot needs to be done to promote its use in mass scale. The slurry obtained from the biogas plant can be used in the agriculture to increase the agricultural productivity and this can ultimately replace the chemical fertilizers thereby contributing to national economy.

The study revealed that 99.26% of the total respondents use bio-slurry in their farmlands. All respondents of in Hill/Mountain use bio-slurry manure in their farmland. Table 12 depicts the detail for the use of bio-slurry in the farmlands of biogas users.

Table 12: Use of bio-slurry in the farmland

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Use of Bio-slurry manure N % N % N % Yes 91 98.91 43 100.00 134 99.26 No 1 1.09 0 0.00 1 0.74 Total 92 100 46 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Majority of households (90.37%) use slurry by making compost in farmyard. Very few households i.e. 5.19% use the slurry as it is in their farmland and 3.70% use the slurry after drying. Table 13 provides the way of application of bio-slurry in their farmland.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 13 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Table 13: Bio-slurry application

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Way of slurry manure use N % N % N % Slurry as it is 6 6.52 1 2.33 7 5.19 Making Compost 81 88.04 41 95.35 122 90.37 After Drying 4 4.35 1 2.33 5 3.70 Not Applicable 1 1.09 0 0.00 1 0.74 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

3.1.1 Impact of bio-slurry Application on productivity

As revealed by the past study, bio slurry contains 1.76% Nitrogen, 2.07% Phosphorus and 2.3% Potash. Besides, it was found that the slurry from anaerobic fermentation of a biogas digester improved the physical and chemical properties of the soil. As reported by the survey respondents, 68.15% of households stated that the productivity of farmland has increased after application of the Bio-Slurry while only 1.48% reported the declined productivity after bio-slurry use.

In Terai region, 61.96% responded that the productivity has increased after bio-slurry application in their farmland. Similar results were obtained from the respondents of Hill districts but with even higher percentage (81.43%). Regarding the contrasting views stating ineffectiveness of bioslurry, 14.13% of Terai and 4.65% of respondents in Hill stood for it. The details of impact of bio-slurry use on productivity of farmland are given in Table 14.

Table 14: Impact of Bio-slurry use on productivity of farmland

Impact on Productivity of Terai Hill/Mountain Total using slurry manure N % N % N % Decreased 2 2.17 0 0.00 2 1.48 Increased 57 61.96 35 81.40 92 68.15 No Effect 13 14.13 2 4.65 15 11.11 Don't Know 19 20.65 6 13.95 25 18.52 Not Applicable 1 1.09 0 0.00 1 0.74 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

From the study, it was also found that 32.61% of Terai and 58.14% of Hill districts respondents responded that the productivity has increased by 10-20%. Similarly 5.43% of Terai and 6.98% of Hill households responded that their productivity has increased above 20% as shown in Table 15.

Table 15: Increment in Production

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Increment in Production N % N % N % Below 10% 22 23.91 7 16.28 29 21.48 10-20% 30 32.61 25 58.14 55 40.74 above 20% 5 5.43 3 6.98 8 5.93 Not Applicable 35 38.04 8 18.60 43 31.85 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 14 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 3.1.2 Impacts of slurry application on the incidence of insects and diseases

Regarding the incidence of diseases and insects, after bio-slurry use, 27.41% responded decreased, 23.70% increased and 25.19% responded that the application does not affect the incidence of insects and diseases. Specifically, 34.78% in Terai, and 11.63% in hill said that incidence of insects and diseases have decreased after the application of bio-slurry. Similarly, 9.78% of Terai and 53.49% of hill households reported increased incidence of insects and diseases after the application of bio-slurry in the farmlands. Still some of the households (22.83% of Terai and 23.26% of Hill) were found to be unaware about the impact of bio-slurry application on the incidence of diseases and insects. Table 16 summarizes the details of impact of bio-slurry application on the incidence of diseases and insects.

Table 16: Impact of bio-slurry application on the incidence of diseases and insects

Impact of slurry manure Terai Hill/Mountain Total application on the incidence of insects N % N % N % Decreased 32 34.78 5 11.63 37 27.41 Increased 9 9.78 23 53.49 32 23.70 No Effect 29 31.52 5 11.63 34 25.19 Don't Know 21 22.83 10 23.26 31 22.96 Not Applicable 1 1.09 0 0.00 1 0.74 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

3.1.3 Reduction in Manure and Chemical Fertilizer

Regarding the manure use and chemical fertilizer use, the use of farm yard manure was greatly reduced (from 12937kg/Ha/Yr to 814kg/Ha/Yr) after the installation of biogas plant. This FYM was replaced either by bio-slurry as it is / dried (608.97 kg/Ha/Yr) or the slurry compost (10124 kg/Ha/Yr). Similarly, Chemical Fertilizer (Urea, DAP and Potash was reported to reduce from 322kg/Ha/Yr before biogas plant installation to 249kg/Ha/Yr after biogas installation.

Table 17: Reduction in manure and chemical fertilizer

Unit: kg/Ha/Yr Manure Before Biogas After Biogas Bio-slurry 0.00 608.97 Urea, DAP and Potash 322.40 249.11 FYM 12937.19 814.44 Slurry Compost 0.00 10124.15 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 15 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 4.0 ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SANITATION

The distribution of households with respect to the types of biogas stoves are presented in Table 18 It was found from the survey that majority of households i.e. 82.61% in Terai and 90.70% in Hill region were found to have single stove biogas plant.

Table 18: Types of biogas stoves

Types of Biogas Stoves used Terai Hill/Mountain Total N % N % N % One Stove 76 82.61 39 90.70 115 85.19 Two Stoves 16 17.39 4 9.30 20 14.81 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

4.1 Energy

Biogas, a methane-rich gas, is produced by anaerobic digestion of organic materials. It is mainly composed of 50-70% methane, 30-40% Carbon dioxide, 5-10% of Hydrogen, 1-2% Nitrogen, 0.3% Water Vapor and traces of other gases. Biogas is a flammable gas produced by microbes when organic materials are digested in absence of oxygen in a certain range of temperature with optimum temperature being 35°C. The main use of biogas at present is for domestic cooking purpose. Using biogas for cooking purpose has proved to reduce the firewood consumption thereby providing dual benefits of forest conservation and meeting energy demand. This also creates a cross cutting effect of reducing drudgery on women and children. Reduction in firewood consumption reduces the extent of green house gas (GHG) emission compared to baseline thereby creating a feasible scenario for CDM projects.

4.1.1 Sources of energy and energy use pattern

Nepal's energy resources are classified into three major categories namely the traditional, commercial and alternative. Traditional energy resources include fuel wood from the forests and tree resources, agricultural residues from agricultural practices and animal dung in the dry form. Traditional energy resource is also termed as biomass energy resources as it only covers the bio organic materials to release energy. Energy resources under the commercial or business practices are grouped into commercial energy resources that particularly include the coal, grid electricity and petroleum products. Biogas, solar technologies, wind and micro hydro are categorized as alternative energy resources in Nepal. Such resources are considered as alternative to the conventional energy resources.

Total energy consumption in the year 2008/09 was about 9.3 million tonnes of oil equivalent (401 million GJ) in the country out of which 87% were derived from traditional resources, 12% from commercial sources and less than 1% from the alternative sources.

4.1.2 Changes in consumption pattern of both conventional and biomass energy at household level

Biogas which is mainly used for cooking purpose has significantly reduced the consumption of firewood and other conventional biomass energy sources. It has been gradually substituting the fuel wood and biomass consumption and helping to reduce the GHGs emission into the atmosphere.

From the Biogas Non-User households' survey, non user households around the vicinity of biogas households were found to be using Firewood, Crop residue, Kerosene, LPG etc to meet their

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 16 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 energy needs. Among these, firewood is found to be the most prevalent energy sources. The survey of 86 non users showed that, they use 6206 kg of firewood per year in Terai and 3485.49 kg/year in Hill/Mountain. The deviation is calculated 3485.49 kg and 2768.56 kg in Terai and Hill respectively. Similarly, the average consumption of crop residue was found to be 177kg/year in Terai and 81.92 kg/year in Hill/Mountain. The deviation is calculated as 302.32kg and 245.86kg respectively. The deviation is greater than the average is because most of non users do not use crop residue (i.e. zero). From the survey, 64 non user households reported that they do not use crop residue and the maximum and minimum value of crop residue use are 1080 kg/year and 138 kg/year.

From the survey, non users consume dung (12 kg/year in Terai), kerosene (1.6lit/year in Terai and0.92 lit/year in Hill/Mountain) and LPG (0.30 cylinders/year in Terai and 0.58 cylinders/year in Hill/Mountain) which does not seem to have any significant impact in fulfilling the overall energy demand.

Table 19: Energy Consumption Pattern of Non User Households

Terai Hill/Mountain Energy Type Unit Standard Standard Average Deviation Average Deviation Firewood Kg/yr 6206.00 3485.49 5657.31 2768.56 Crop Residue Kg/yr 177.30 302.32 81.92 245.86 Dung Kg/yr 12.00 78.74 0.00 0.00 Kerosene Lt/yr 1.60 7.15 0.92 3.26 LPG Cyl/yr 0.30 1.32 0.58 2.40 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Within the surveyed non biogas user households, the energy consumption pattern is dominated by firewood followed by other sources like crop residue, kerosene and LPG. From the survey, it is found that the biogas users consumed substantially lesser amount of firewood and other sources of energy like kerosene, crop residue, Liquid Petroleum Gases etc compared to the non user households. As revealed by the survey, average firewood consumption before biogas was found to be 7213.56 kg/Year. But after installation of biogas, the average firewood consumption was reduced to 3491.78 kg/Year. The average reduction was calculated as 3748.44kg/Year (Annex 7).

The average crop residue consumption before biogas was found to be 52.98 kg/Year. But after installation of biogas, the average crop residue consumption was reduced to 54.04 kg/Year. From the calculation, it was found that average saving of the crop residue was 10.93kg/Year. In this case, as only 22 households were found to be using crop residue, the standard deviation appeared high in comparison to average consumption.

In case of kerosene consumption, the survey showed that there was insignificant use of kerosene. It was found that only 5 households were using kerosene for initial ignition. It was observed from the survey that average consumption of kerosene 1.69 liter/year before the use of biogas and 1.38 liter/year after the use of biogas. The average reduction was found to be 0.31 liter/year.

Regarding LPG, only 13 households were found to be using LPG for cooking purpose. In contrast to other energy resources, few households (3 households) started using LPG even after biogas installation. In such cases, the saving is considered as zero rather than negative value during analysis. As reported by the respondents, the average consumption of LPG is 0.15 cylinders per year before biogas plant installation and 0.12 cylinders per year after biogas plant installation. Hence, there is very little impact on LPG consumption due to the biogas plant installation i.e. only 0.10 cylinders per year were saved.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 17 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Table 20: Energy Consumption Pattern of User Households

Region Hill/Mountain (n=43) Terai (n=92) Overall (n=135) Energy Consumption Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Before 7111.40 2867.74 7261.30 4370.11 7213.56 3943.60 Firewood After 3643.26 1603.38 3420.98 2908.19 3491.78 2561.28 (kg/Year) Saving 3468.14 1751.22 3879.46 2405.33 3748.44 2219.74 Before 34.33 142.43 61.70 162.50 52.98 156.38 Crop Residues After 31.95 141.20 46.76 125.38 42.04 130.28 (kg/Year) Saving 2.37 15.55 14.93 52.66 10.93 44.65 Before 1.95 8.25 1.57 6.22 1.69 6.90 Kerosene After 0.98 4.13 1.57 6.22 1.38 5.63

Energy Type (Lit/Year) Saving 0.98 6.40 0.00 0.00 0.31 3.61 Before 0.13 0.49 0.16 0.93 0.15 0.81 LPG After 0.16 0.47 0.10 0.70 0.12 0.63 (Cyl./Year) Saving 0.04 0.29 0.13 0.76 0.10 0.65 Source: NESS Survey 2010

4.1.3 Source of Firewood, Responsibility of Collection and Harvesting Method

The survey tried to identify the sources of firewood collection. Firewood in the context of Nepal is sourced from government, community or private forests. In case of community and private forests, the forests are managed by the users themselves thereby maintaining the forest for their perpetual use is considered by the users. But this case may not be applicable for Government forest as it is a common pool of resource and not a single person or community feels their responsiveness to manage it. This causes extraction of firewood from governmental forest such that it may imply serious degradation of resource in course of time.

Method of harvesting firewood is one of the indirect methods used for assessing the degradation situation of the forest resource. Direct felling of the trees can seriously affect the regeneration capacity and shrink the forest area compared to pruning of branches and thinning of trees which are sustainable methods of harvesting/ collecting fuel wood.

Social institution of Nepal reflects the patriarchal system; the majority of household related works are completed by female members. As the firewood collection is directly related to kitchen duties, the responsibility is usually assigned to female members of the family.

The respondents were asked to state the sources of firewood, responsibility of collection and harvesting method accordingly. Majority of respondents (58.52%) reported the collection of firewood from neighboring community forest followed by Private Forest (31.85%) and Government Forest (6.67%). Only 2.96% of the total respondents said that they buy firewood for energy consumption. The details of firewood collection source for Terai and Hill/Mountain region is presented in Table 21.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 18 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Table 21: Firewood Collection Source

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Firewood collection N % N % N % Government Forest 5 5.43 4 9.30 9 6.67 Community Forest 56 60.87 23 53.49 79 58.52 Private Forest 28 30.43 15 34.88 43 31.85 Buy 3 3.26 1 2.33 4 2.96 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

During the firewood collection, the major responsibility goes to both male and female of the family. 65.19% of the total respondents reported that male and female both are assigned with the responsibility of collecting firewood followed by female (25.93%). In Terai region, 61.96% of respondents responded that the responsibility of firewood collection was of both and 25% was of female. In Hill/Mountain region, 72.09% respondents responded the responsibility was of both and 27.91% was of female. The details of response over the fire wood collection are presented in Table 22.

Table 22: Responsibility of Fire Wood Collection

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Fire wood collection N % N % N % Male 5 5.43 0 0.00 5 3.70 Female 23 25.00 12 27.91 35 25.93 Both 57 61.96 31 72.09 88 65.19 Not answered 7 7.61 0 0.00 7 5.19 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

The harvesting method adopted by the households is pruning of branches, thinning of trees and felling of trees. Respondents were found adopting more than one harvesting methods to meet their daily firewood requirements. From the survey, it was found that out of total respondents of Terai, 61.96% harvest the firewood by pruning of branches from community forest followed by thinning of trees from community forest (29.35%) and felling of trees from private forest (14.13%). Similarly, in the context of hill region, 51.16% of the total households were adopting pruning of branches from community forest followed by thinning of trees from government forest (9.30%) and Felling of trees from private forest (4.65%).

It was also seen that majority of households who fell trees for firewood requirement sourced them from private forest. Table 23 represents the harvesting method of firewood from different forest.

Table 23: Harvesting method of firewood from different forest.

Terai Hill/Mountain Method Government Community Private Government Community Private Pruning of branches 3.26 61.96 6.52 6.98 51.16 30.23 Thinning of trees 2.17 29.35 15.22 9.30 4.65 6.98 Felling of trees 1.09 1.09 14.13 0.00 2.33 4.65 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 19 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 4.1.4 Impact on Forest due to firewood collection before biogas plant

Biogas installation subsequently reduces the firewood consumption. This has helped to conserve the forest substantially. The study anticipated to get information about the status of forest conservation before the biogas installation. Majority of respondents (74.07%) observed that the forest was considerably degenerated due to firewood collection before biogas plant installation. 17.04% of the total respondents responded that the forest was excessively degenerated. 72.83% in Terai and 76.74% in Hill/Mountain respondents reported that the forests are considerably degenerated before biogas installation. The details of the impacts are tabulated in Table 24 below.

Table 24: Impacts observed on the forest due to firewood collection before biogas installation

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Impacts N % N % N % Excessively Degenerated 19 20.65 4 9.30 23 17.04 Considerably degenerated 67 72.83 33 76.74 100 74.07 Forest/trees were not degenerated at all 4 4.35 6 13.95 10 7.41 Unknown 2 2.17 0 0.00 2 1.48 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

The consequences of declining forest area due to the firewood collection from nearby forest can be summarized into three main headings.

. Increase in Distance and Time taken in collecting firewood . Increase in Price of firewood purchase due to increase in time/distance . Scarcity of high grade good quality firewood

Of the total respondents, 45.19% reported increase in time taken in collecting firewood. 20.74% of total respondents observed increase in price of firewood due to the forest degeneration. Details of consequences of forest degradation due to the firewood collection are presented in Table 25 below.

Table 25: Consequences of forest degradation

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Consequences of forest degradation N % N % N % a) Time taken in collecting firewood was increasing as the 31 33.70 30 69.77 distance traveled was increasing 61 45.19 b) Price of firewood purchase was increasing due to increase in time or distance traveled in collection of 25 27.17 3 6.98 firewood 28 20.74 c) Type of firewood collected was changing to lower grade 5 5.43 1 2.33 due to scarcity of firewood, like twits, agro-wastes etc. 6 4.44 d) a and b 23 25.00 1 2.33 24 17.78 e) b and c 1 1.09 1 2.33 2 1.48 f) c and a 1 1.09 1 2.33 2 1.48 g) Not applicable 6 6.52 6 13.95 12 8.89 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 20 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 4.1.5 Changes of firewood Use and Collection Time before 10 and 20 years

In Terai, the average time required to collect one bhari (generally 30 kg to 40 kg) of firewood has increased from 39.94 minutes before 20 years to 67.56 minutes before 10 years. At present, it takes 87.07 minutes. Similarly in Hill region, the time required was only 30.93 minutes before 20 years, 44.30 minutes before 10 years and at present it takes 61.55 minutes.

Similarly, at present it takes 60.82 minutes in Terai and 45.88 minutes in Hill Region to access the forest. But the time taken to access forest was 43.88 minutes in Terai and 30.40 minutes in Hill before 10 years and 30.57 minutes in Terai and 19.83 minutes in Hill before 20 years. This indicates that the forest coverage is shrinking in course of time which requires spending longer time duration to reach forest.

Similar trend is observed in case of the price of one head load of firewood. It has increased from NRs. 50.59 before 20 years to NRs. 221.11 in Terai at present. In Hill, it was NRs. 27.74 before 20 years and now it is NRs. 151.16 as shown in table 26.

Table 26: Time required, Distance Changed and Change in Price of Firewood before 10 & 20 years

Details Terai Hill/Mountain Time required now (minutes) 87.07 61.55 Time required before 10 years 67.56 44.30 Time required before 20 years 39.94 30.93

Distance now (minutes) 60.82 45.88 Distance before 10 years 43.88 30.40 Distance before 20 years 30.57 19.83

Price now (Rupees per bhari) 221.11 151.16 Price before 10 years 112.59 67.50 Price before 20 years 50.59 27.74 Source: NESS Survey 2010

4.1.6 Use of Firewood saved from Biogas Users

On the inquiry if firewood saved from biogas users after installation of biogas plant has been used by others, majority of households (71.74% of Terai and 83.72% of Hill) responded that it has not been used in such manner. Respondents reporting contrasting answers to the majority that the fuel saved by the biogas user household has been used by non users were 27.17% in Terai and 16.28% in Hill. One household of Terai and one of Hill didn’t answer against the inquiry. Details of this are as shown in table 27.

Table 27: Use of Saved Firewood by others

Terai Hill/Mountain Use of Firewood by others N % N % Use of firewood by others which is Yes 25 27.17 7 16.28 saved by you after installation of No 66 71.74 36 83.72 the biogas plant Not Answered 1 1.09 0 0.00 Total 92 100 43 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 21 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Those respondents who answered "Yes" against the use of firewood by others, majority (68.75%) stated that the user used to get firewood from sources where trees are depleting (60% of Terai and 100% of Hill). Similarly 36% households of Terai responded that the user used to get firewood from a source where trees are not depleting as shown in table 28.

Table 28: Consequences of use of firewood by others

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Consequences N % N % N % The user used to get firewood from 15 60.00 7 100.00 22 68.75 a source where trees are depleting The user used to get firewood from a source where tree are not 9 36.00 0 0.00 9 28.13 depleting The user switched to firewood from 1 4.00 0 0.00 1 3.13 the use of renewable sources Total 25 100 7 100 32 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

4.1.7 Cost of energy

The cost of firewood per bhari in Terai district is about NRs. 200.11. In each Bhari, the amount of firewood content varies from 30 to 40 kg. Similarly, the Terai households pay NRs. 70.56 per liter of kerosene. They use kerosene for initial burning of firewood and lighting purpose. In case of LPG, it costs about NRs. 1250 per cylinder. In Hill district, the cost of energy for firewood is NRs. 184.52 per Bhari, Kerosene is NRs 72.00 per liter and LPG is NRs. 1263.33 per cylinder. The details of cost of energy are depicted in Table 29.

Table 29: Cost of Energy

Energy Type Terai Hill/Mountain Total Firewood (Bhari) 200.11 151.16 184.52 Crop Residues (100 kg) 100.00 150.00 108.33 Kerosene (Lt.) 70.56 74.17 72.00 LPG (Cyl.) 1250.00 1275.00 1263.33 Source: NESS Survey 2010

4.2 Environment, Health and Sanitation

4.2.1 Reduction in indoor air pollution

Direct combustion of biomass based energy resources and fossil fuels release pollutants like Hydrocarbons, Carbon-monoxide, SOx, NOx, and particulate matters. The incomplete combustion of these energy resources interfere with health of the people coming in its direct contact. In kitchen environment, the carbon soot, SOx, NOx and particulate matters prevail in high concentration directly affecting respiratory system of human. As female members are mainly responsible for kitchen work, they are highly exposed to such risks and susceptible for incidence of respiratory diseases. According to MoPE, 2003 the TSP and PM-10 in indoor air of sampled rural area was found to be 3-42 mg/m3 and 1-14 mg/m3, respectively. These values are considerably higher than the WHO standards (TSP-0.12 mg/m3, and PM10-0.07mg/m3).

Use of biogas technology instead of traditional fuel sufficiently reduces the extent of indoor air pollution thereby giving a healthy indoor environment and reducing the chances of occurrence of respiratory diseases. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 22 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Of the entire survey respondents, 48.89% responded that the indoor smoke is reduced to some extent while 46.67% responded it has greatly reduced the indoor smoke in kitchen. In Terai region, 56.52% and 25.58% in Hill region responded that the indoor smoke has been reduced by greater extent. 36.96% of Terai region and 74.42% of hill district responded that the amount of smoke in kitchen is reduced to some extent. The detail of response regarding the reduction of amount of smoke in kitchen is presented in Table 30.

Table 30: Reduction of indoor smoke in kitchen

Amount of Smoke in Terai Hill/Mountain Total Kitchen N % N % N % Reduced to some extent 34 36.96 32 74.42 66 48.89 Reduced to greater extent 52 56.52 11 25.58 63 46.67 Not reduced 3 3.26 0 0.00 3 2.22 I don't know 3 3.26 0 0.00 3 2.22 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

4.2.2 Impacts of toilet attachment

Facility of toilet in household can be taken as the indicator of sanitation and hygiene. This will enhance the health of the family members and can reduce the occurrence of sanitation related diseases. Majority of households who didn't have toilet facility before biogas plant installation, have constructed it after installation of biogas plant. In total, only 59.26% had toilet facility in their households before biogas plant installation, but after biogas installation, it rose up to 95.66%. After the biogas plant installation, 94.57% of the surveyed Terai households have toilet facility and similar in case with 97.67% in surveyed households in Hill/Mountain region. Table 31 depicts the toilet facility of the surveyed households.

Table 31: Toilet Facility

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Before After Before After Before After Toilet Facility N % N % N % N % N % N % Yes 48 52.17 39 42.39 32 74.42 10 23.26 80 59.26 49 36.30 No 44 47.83 5 5.43 11 25.58 1 2.33 55 40.74 6 4.44 Not Applicable - - 48 52.17 - - 32 74.42 - - 80 59.26 Total 92 100 92 100 43 100 43 100 135 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

The night soil from the toilet provides the substrate to the biogas plant. Out of total households, 67.41% of household have the provision of attachment of toilet to the biogas plant. Similarly, 6 households (4.44%) do not have toilet facility. In hill, the prace of attaching toilet to the biogas facility for extra substrate feeding is more prominent with 90.70% of the surveyed households reporting toilet connection to their biogas plant. But reverse is observed in case of Terai districts with only 56.52% in case of Terai households attaching toilet to their biogas plant. Of the total survey respondents, 28.15% were found to have toilet in their household but not attached to the biogas plant. Five households of Terai region and one household of hill region don't have toilet facility in their home. Table 32 depicts the toilet attachment in the biogas plant Table 33 depicts the reasons for not connecting the toilet to biogas plant.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 23 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Table 32: Attachment of the toilet in Biogas Plant

Attachment of the toilet in Terai Hill/Mountain Total Biogas Plant N % N % N % Yes 52 56.52 39 90.70 91 67.41 No 35 38.04 3 6.98 38 28.15 Not Applicable 5 5.43 1 2.33 6 4.44 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Table 33: Reasons for not attaching the toilet in Biogas Plant

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Reason N % N % N % Company did not suggest 1 2.78 0 0.00 1 2.56 Extra cost burden 3 8.33 0 0.00 3 7.69 Socio-cultural reason 31 86.11 3 100.00 34 87.18 Others 1 2.78 0 0.00 1 2.56 Total 36 100 3 100 39 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

4.2.3 Reduced Incidence of Disease among Household members

Biogas technology not only reduces the emission of GHG, but also decreases the incidence of different smoke related diseases. The diseases like eye infection, respiratory diseases, cough etc are generally observed in families having traditional cooking system.

From the survey, in Terai ecological zone, 76.09% of respondent reported the reduction of eye infection after the installation of biogas plant. Similarly, 22.83% stated drastic reduction in respiratory diseases and 46.74% reported reduction in cough. In hill region, 74.42% of the respondent reported that eye infection is reduced accompanied by 32.56% reporting reduction in respiratory diseases and 72.09% reported reduction in cough.

While talking about fire related injuries, in Terai, 35.87% reported that it is reduced, and in Hill the percentage reporting the same is 74.42%. (Table 34)

Table 34: Reduced incidence of diseases

Terai (%) Hill/mountain (%) Incidence of Drastically Don’t Drastically Don’t disease Reduced Reduced reduced Know reduced Know Eye Infection 7.61 76.09 16.30 16.28 74.42 9.30 Respiratory diseases 22.83 18.48 58.70 27.91 32.56 39.53 Cough 4.35 46.74 48.91 6.98 72.09 20.93 Fire related injured 3.26 35.87 60.87 4.65 74.42 20.93 Source: NESS Survey 2010

From the survey, only one case of occurrence of fire related accident in Terai during past 12 months was found.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 24 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 5.0 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF BIOGAS PLANTS

This chapter deals with the state of operation, repair and maintenance of the installed biogas plants. The durability, proper functioning and smooth flow of gas from installed biogas plants depend largely on the quality of construction, operation and timely repair and maintenance of the installed plants. Therefore, it is vital to ensure the smooth functioning of the installed plants by carefully operating the plants and undertaking timely maintenance and repair services as and when required. In order to identify the operation and maintenance status of the sampled bio- digesters, attempts were made to collect relevant information on different parameters like amount, type and quantity of materials being fed into the digester, state of gas production and use for different purposes, perceptions of the users, state and type of maintenance services, types of training provided to the biogas users, problems encountered both in appliances and civil structures, mitigation measures being adopted etc. from the biogas users. The information collected from the surveyed biogas users were analyzed to assess and document the current operational status and overall performance of the registered biogas plants in order to check the timely and quality services to the biogas users and identify shortcomings of the technology and accordingly improve the overall quality of on-going program to ensure better planning and implementation of future projects.

5.1 Gas Production and Utilization

5.1.1 Daily operation The respondents of sampled biogas user households were asked for how long they used gas produced from the biogas plant per day for different purposes.

In an average the daily operation of plant in Terai (212.01 minutes) is greater than that of Hill (157.78 minutes). In Terai districts, the users use biogas for Morning Tea (11.44 minutes), Morning Meal (61.94 minutes), Day Lunch (51.23 minutes), Evening Tea (30.20 minutes) and Evening Meal (57.20 minutes). While in Hill districts, the users use biogas for Morning Tea (16.28 minutes), Morning Meal (50.81 minutes), Day Lunch (26.81 minutes), Evening Tea (19.93 minutes) and Evening Meal (43.95 minutes). The details of average operation time of biogas for daily cooking purpose are depicted in Table 35.

Table 35: Average Operation Time of Biogas for cooking

Average Operation Time (Minutes) Operation of Biogas Terai Hill/Mountain Total Morning Tea 11.44 16.28 13.01 Morning Meal 61.94 50.81 58.35 Day Lunch 51.23 26.81 43.45 Evening Tea 30.20 19.93 26.90 Evening Meal 57.20 43.95 52.95 Total Daily Operation 212.01 157.78 194.66 Source: NESS Survey 2010

5.1.2 Top Filling of the Dome

The proper top filling of the dome decreases the heat loss from the dome. Lower temperature inside the dome can reduce the production of gas. By the visual observation, it was found that 96.30% biogas plants have the sufficient top filling. In Terai only 5.43% of the total plants did not have sufficient top filling. All the plants of Hill have sufficient top filling over dome. The details of the status of top filling of the dome are presented in the Table 36.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 25 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Table 36: Top filling of the dome

Terai Hill Total Top Filling N % N % N % Sufficient 87 94.57 43 100.00 130 96.30 Not Sufficient 5 5.43 0 0.00 5 3.70 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

5.1.3 Time saving and its utilization

Use of biogas instead of wood fired stoves reduces time in different aspects like collection of firewood, cooking time, washing of dishes etc. From the survey, it is revealed that around 35 minutes in Terai and 29 minutes in hill region were saved in firewood collection for males. For female, the time savings were 81 minutes in Terai and 68 minutes in Hill for the same purpose. Similarly, for cooking, 26 minutes in Terai and 27 minutes in Hill were saved for females. In case of cleaning dishes and utensils, female adults saved around 17 minutes in both Terai and Hill region. The details of saving of time are presented in Table 37.

Table 37: Time saving due to the operation of Biogas Plant Average Time in Minutes Time Saving Terai Hill/Mountain Time saved in firewood Male Children 25.00 - collection (min) Male Adult 34.86 29.00 Female Children 20.00 - Female Adult 80.67 68.13 Time saved in Cooking Male Children - - collection (min) Male Adult 30.00 - Female Children 20.00 - Female Adult 25.64 26.88 Time saved in Male Children - - Washing collection Male Adult 20.00 - (min) Female Children 18.33 - Female Adult 16.63 17.25 Source: NESS Survey 2010

The saved time after installation of biogas plant can be utilized in different activities like attending literacy classes, listening radios/watching TVs, reading news papers, social works, recreation for children, study and other income generating activities. The number of beneficiary population is presented in Table 38.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 26 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Table 38: Utilization of Saved Time in Different Activities

Terai Hill/Mountain Activity Male Female Male Female Children Adult Children Adult Children Adult Children Adult Literacy Classes 0 1.1 0 17.4 0 2.3 0 14 Listening Radio/ Watching TV 21.7 58.7 22.8 85.9 4.7 41.9 4.7 67.4 Reading Newspaper 8.7 31.5 8.7 3.3 0 14 0 18.6 Social Works 0 43.5 0 14.1 0 4.7 0 11.6 Recreation 6.5 3.3 5.4 2.2 0 0 0 2.3 Study 26.1 12 19.6 8.7 9.3 16.3 4.7 9.3 Income Generating Activity 2.2 23.9 1.1 33.7 2.3 4.7 2.3 18.6 Others (Agriculture) 0 7.6 0 25 0 37.2 0 69.8 Source: NESS Survey 2010

5.2 Plant Feeding

Cattle and Buffalo Dung is the main feeding material for biogas plants at household level. On the other hand, Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is the major source of fertilizer in the fields for majority of the rural households in Nepal. Therefore, it was observed that some of the biogas users in the study areas were not fully feeding available dung into the biogas plants considering the fact that quantity of FYM would considerably decrease if the dung is fed into the biogas plant.

5.2.1 Frequency and Amount of dung feeding

It is necessary to sufficiently feed the dung or substrate into the digester to have gas production in optimum amount. It is necessary to feed 6 kg per m3 for the plants installed in hills and mountains and 7.5 kg per m3 for the plants installed in Terai daily for the optimum production. From the survey, it is found that majority of households (74.07%) feed dung once in a day while 18.52% of the total respondents reported to feed the plant two times a day. One time daily feeding of biogas plant was reported by 75% of survey respondents in Terai and 72.09% in Hill/Mountain followed by 15.22% in Terai and 25.58% in Hill/Mountain twice a day. The details of frequency of dung feeding are depicted in Table 39.

Table 39: Frequency of dung feeding

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Frequency N % N % N % Twice a day 14 15.22 11 25.58 25 18.52 Once a day 69 75.00 31 72.09 100 74.07 Every second day 7 7.61 1 2.33 8 5.93 Twice a week 1 1.09 0 0.00 1 0.74 Once a week 1 1.09 0 0.00 1 0.74 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

The recommended amount of dung feeding depends on the size of the biogas dome. Generally, 7.5 kg per m3 digester must be fed daily in order to produce the optimum quantity of biogas. From the survey, the average amount of dung fed daily (Generalized) are 24.67kg for 4m3, 27.87 kg for 6m3, 34.00kg for 8m3 and 40.0 kg for 10m3. The details of the amount of feeding in different sizes of biogas are presented in Table 40.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 27 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Table 40: Average amount of daily feeding

Average Amount of Daily Feeding (KG) Size of Biogas Plant Terai Hill/Mountain Total 3 4m 24.17 25.67 24.67 3 6m 30.42 23.00 27.87 3 8m 34.73 30.00 34.00 3 10m 40.00 - 40.00 Source: NESS Survey 2010

5.2.2 Reason of not feeding the available dung

Dung or any substrate feeding is a crucial activity of biogas technology. The optimum production of gas can only expected if the recommended feeding is met. From the study, 20.65% of Terai and 4.65% of Hill households were found to feed all the dung. Acknowledging the sufficiency in gas production, 67.39% of Terai and 83.72% of hill households reported that they do not feed all available dung. The other reasons of not feeding all available dung are Fear of reduction in quality of FYM (3.26% in Terai and 6.98% in Hill) and Lack of time (6.52% in Terai and 4.65% in Hill). The details of Reasons of not feeding available dung are presented in Table 41.

Table 41: Reasons of not feeding all available dung

Reason of not feeding all available Terai Hill/Mountain Total Dung N % N % N % Gas is sufficient 62 67.39 36 83.72 98 72.59 Fear of reduction in quality of FYM 3 3.26 3 6.98 6 4.44 Lack of time 6 6.52 2 4.65 8 5.93 Absence of Livestock currently 2 2.17 0 0.00 2 1.48 All dung is fed 19 20.65 2 4.65 21 15.56 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

5.2.3 Feeding materials other than dung

The biogas plants can be fed by multiple feedings like night soils, poultry droppings, pig manure etc. BSP/N has developed new Modified GGC 2047 Model for multiple feeding including kitchen wastes. But the surveyed plants are of model GGC 2047.

In total, 63.7% of total households have toilet attachment facility. 43.48% of Terai region and 9.30% of hill region feed nothing except dung. Table 42 depicts the feeding of materials other than dung.

Table 42: Feeding of materials other than dung

Feeding of materials other than Terai Hill/Mountain Total Dung N % N % N % Night Soils 47 51.09 39 90.70 86 63.70 Poultry Droppings 4 4.35 0 0.00 4 2.96 Pig Dung 1 1.09 0 0.00 1 0.74 None 40 43.48 4 9.30 44 32.59 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 28 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 5.3 Users’ Satisfaction

The beneficiaries' only become satisfied when the biogas plant smoothly functions and the gas produced is sufficient. Besides, the satisfaction is also directly linked with the post installation services and on call services provided by the services after the installation of plant.

5.3.1 Gas production

84.44% of the total biogas users responded that the gas production has been adequate to fulfill their daily requirement. Only 3.70% of the respondents replied that produced gas is not adequate. In Terai region, 86.96% of the respondents stated that the gas production is adequate while in Hill region, the percentage reporting adequacy is 79.07%. 5.43% of the Terai region invoked the inadequacy of gas production. Table 43 shows the adequacy of the gas production from the biogas plants.

Table 43: Adequacy of Gas Production

Estimated Gas Terai Hill/Mountain Total Production N % N % N % Very Adequate 7 7.61 9 20.93 16 11.85 Adequate 80 86.96 34 79.07 114 84.44 Not Adequate 5 5.43 0 0.00 5 3.70 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

For the query about reason of inadequacy of gas released, 2.17 % of the respondents in Terai region and 4.65% of the respondents in hill region reasoned for disorder of accessories. The survey results show that 94.57% respondents in Terai region and 95.35% of respondents in hill region had adequate gas collection for the domestic use. The overall data reveals that 94.81% of the respondents had sufficient gas collection while only 2.96% of the respondents had problem with the accessories for gas production. (Table 44)

Table 44: Reasons of Inadequacy

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Reason of Inadequacy N % N % N % Accessories not in order 2 2.17 2 4.65 4 2.96 Do not know 3 3.26 0 0.00 3 2.22 Not Applicable 87 94.57 41 95.35 128 94.81 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

The optimum gas production is dependent on the surrounding temperature and the recommended feeding of the substrate. From the survey, it was revealed that 79.26% of the total households have sufficient gas production while 14.07% responded that the gas production is sufficient only in summer. In Terai region, 76.09% and in Hill region, 86.05% of the respondents reported year round production sufficiency of gas. Only 8.70% of Terai and 2.33% of Hill region reported to have insufficient gas production. Table 45 depicts the sufficiency of biogas production.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 29 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Table 45: Sufficiency of the biogas production

Sufficiency of biogas Terai Hill/Mountain Total production N % N % N % Sufficient 70 76.09 37 86.05 107 79.26 Sufficient only in summer 14 15.22 5 11.63 19 14.07 Not sufficient during both 8 1 9 winter and summer 8.70 2.33 6.67 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

5.3.2 Satisfaction and dissatisfaction

As there are reasons for satisfaction, there must be reasons for dissatisfaction as well. The level of satisfaction with the biogas plant is directly linked with the smooth functioning of the installed biogas plant and sufficient production of gas. The users were asked to what extent they are satisfied with installation of biogas plant at their home.

Since there were very few households using biogas lamps in the sample only one user reported the reason for his dissatisfaction due to frequent breakage of lamp.

5.3.3 Level of satisfaction

As mentioned in previous sections, the satisfaction from the biogas plant depends on the gas sufficiency, its associated benefits like time saving in firewood collection, cooking, decrease in indoor smoke etc. The study revealed that 13.33 % of the respondents were fully satisfied with the installation of biogas plant while 81.48 % of the respondents were only satisfied and remaining 4.44% respondents were not satisfied by installation. Specifically 11.96% of the respondents in Terai region and 16.28 % of the respondents in the hill region were fully satisfied by the use of biogas while only 4.35 % and 4.65% of the respondents in Terai and hill region respectively were not satisfied as shown in Table 46.

Table 46: Level of Satisfaction

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Level of Satisfaction N % N % N % Fully satisfied 11 11.96 7 16.28 18 13.33 Satisfied 76 82.61 34 79.07 110 81.48 Not satisfied 4 4.35 2 4.65 6 4.44 No response 1 1.09 0 0.00 1 0.74 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

The reasons of satisfaction of biogas users are presented in Table 47. High percentages of the surveyed user respondents were satisfied because of at least one of the reason: saved time in cooking, cleaning utensils and/or satisfied with smokeless stove.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 30 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Table 47: Reason of Satisfaction

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Reason of Satisfaction N % N % N % Time saving while cooking 1 1.09 4 9.30 5 3.70 Time saving for cleaning utensils 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 No smoke in the kitchen 2 2.17 3 6.98 5 3.70 Time saving in cooking and cleaning utensils 29 31.52 22 51.16 51 37.78 Time saving in cleaning utensils and no smoke in kitchen 5 5.43 1 2.33 6 4.44 Time saving in cooking and no smoke in kitchen 3 3.26 1 2.33 4 2.96 All 47 51.09 10 23.26 57 42.22 Not Applicable 5 5.43 2 4.65 7 5.19 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

5.3.4 Suggestions to improve the overall performance

The questionnaires administered to users also seek suggestions regarding the after sales services of biogas. From the survey, it was found that most of the users were complaining on the receiving adequate training from the company and lack of regular visit by the company personnel for maintenance and troubleshooting either. The users also suggested that the materials used during construction of biogas plant should be of good and high grade quality. The major grievances of the users were the unavailability of spare parts and they also suggested that the technicians constructing biogas should be an experienced one.

5.4 Repair and Maintenance of Biogas Plant

5.4.1 Physical condition of the plant

Among the total surveyed biogas plants, the prevalence of biogas plants in very good condition in Hill and Terai region accounted for 16.28% and 9.78% respectively. Similarly, the plants found in good condition in Hill and Terai region were 69.77 % and 52.17% respectively. From the study it was found that Terai region had comparably high numbers of biogas plants in poor and very poor condition accounting 2.17 % and 1.09 % respectively. In total 11.85 % of the installed plants were in very good condition and 57.78 % were in good condition. Only 1.48 % plants were in poor condition and 0.74% biogas plants were found to be in very poor condition. That means the installed plants are being utilized and handled properly by almost 97 % of the users included in the study as shown in Table 48.

Table 48: Physical condition of the plant

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Physical Condition N % N % N % Very good 9 9.78 7 16.28 16 11.85 Good 48 52.17 30 69.77 78 57.78 Satisfactory 31 33.70 6 13.95 37 27.41 Poor 2 2.17 0 0.00 2 1.48 Very poor 1 1.09 0 0.00 1 0.74 Not Answered 1 1.09 0 0.00 1 0.74 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 31 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 5.4.2 Services provided by companies

The company should visit the plant at any time when the problem arises till the guarantee period. The study on service received from companies revealed that 12.59% of the respondents received regular service and 20.00% respondents received delayed service. In 31.85% of the cases respondents did not responded to the question while 35.56% reported that they were not receiving the service. Regionally, 11.96% of the respondents of Terai and 13.95% of the respondents of hill received regular service while 23.91% respondents of Terai and 11.63% respondents of hill received delayed service. Table 49 shows the services received from company.

Table 49: Service Received from company

Terai Hill.Mountain Total Services received from company N % N % N % Regular 11 11.96 6 13.95 17 12.59 Delay 22 23.91 5 11.63 27 20.00 Not receiving 22 23.91 26 60.47 48 35.56 Not Responding 37 40.22 6 13.95 43 31.85 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

5.4.3 Routine Visit

The routine visit is scheduled for at least once every year, no matter whether there is any problem or not. From the survey, biogas plants were routinely visited by the companies to get the updated information of the installed plants. In total 1.48 % of the respondents responded the routine visit as “very good”, 21.48% responded it as “good” while 39.26% reported the routine visit to be very poor .The study in Terai region showed that 25% of the users responded “good”, 16.30 % users gave “satisfactory” response and 28.26% responded “poor” response for it. In hill region ,for the query about the routine visit by the companies, 4.65% of the respondents responded as “very good” , 13.95% responded as “good”, 11.63% of the respondent responded as “satisfactory” and 62.79% responded as very poor in comparison, the hill region is less visited than in Terai region as shown in Table 50.

Table 50: Routine visit

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Routine Visit N % N % N % Very good 0 0.00 2 4.65 2 1.48 Good 23 25.00 6 13.95 29 21.48 Satisfactory 15 16.30 5 11.63 20 14.81 Poor 26 28.26 1 2.33 27 20.00 Very poor 26 28.26 27 62.79 53 39.26 Not Answer 2 2.17 2 4.65 4 2.96 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

5.4.4 Frequency of visit by companies

With the popularity of biogas technology, companies have been established in many parts of the country and all the biogas plants included in the survey were constructed by the companies recognized by BSP/N. The Biogas Companies are required to provide necessary post installation services to all biogas users as per agreement signed between the BSP/N and the concerned

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 32 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Biogas Company. The biogas users were asked whether they had received the services from the respective biogas companies as per agreement or not.

On accounting the frequency of visit by the company representatives, study showed that 43.48% respondents of Terai and 23.26% respondents of hill informed about single visit per year. Whereas 21.74% respondents of Terai and 18.60% respondents of hill responded for twice visit a year. In total 37.04% respondent said the companies visit once a year and 20.74% respondent said that the companies visit twice a year. 13.04% of Terai and 41.86% of hill respondents said that the companies had not visited ever. Table 51 shows the frequencies of visit by companies in each year.

Table 51: Frequencies of visit by companies

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Frequencies of visit by companies N % N % N % Never 12 13.04 18 41.86 30 22.22 Once 40 43.48 10 23.26 50 37.04 Twice 20 21.74 8 18.60 28 20.74 thrice 3 3.26 1 2.33 4 2.96 more than three times 3 3.26 3 6.98 6 4.44 Not Responding 14 15.22 3 6.98 17 12.59 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

5.4.5 Failure of appliances

Good civil structure is vital for the smooth operation of installed biogas plant. The table below depicts the frequency of the break downs of different civil structures of biogas plants.

The study revealed that, in total 91.11% of the respondents reported that the plant is functioning properly, 2.22% of the respondents had problem with stove, 2.22% had problem with mixture machine and 2.96 % had problem with gas tape. In Terai region, 3.26% respondent gave the reason for failure of biogas appliances due to stove and 6.98% of the respondents in hill region said that the plant failed due to gas tape. Table 52 depicts failure of biogas appliances.

Table 52: Failure of Biogas Appliances

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Failure of Biogas Appliances N % N % N % stove 3 3.26 0 0.00 3 2.22 mixture machine 2 2.17 1 2.33 3 2.22 valve 1 1.09 0 0.00 1 0.74 Gas tape 1 1.09 3 6.98 4 2.96 Others 0 0.00 1 2.33 1 0.74 None 85 92.39 38 88.37 123 91.11 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

5.4.6 Post installation services

Timely and regular supervision by authorized technical personnel is necessary for smooth and continued operation of biogas plant. Since biogas companies are the recognized institutions, they are liable to conduct regular supervision of the biogas plants installed through the respective

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 33 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 companies. The Biogas companies are also required to provide post installation services for at least three years to the buyers of the biogas plants. The biogas users were asked whether or not the biogas companies provided the services to them after the installation of biogas plant.

5.5 Training Provided

Training is an integral part of service package of Biogas Company authorized to install the biogas plants to the users and is essential for successful operation of biogas plants.

5.5.1 Training to biogas users on operation and maintenance

The general operation and maintenance training to the biogas users helps to rectify the simple problems encountered during the operation period of biogas plant. The simple problems like removing of water drain, general leakages etc can be solved by the users themselves. Similarly, from the training, the users may know reason of inadequacy of gas, water and dung mixing ratio, amount of recommended dung to be fed etc. These all can help in operating biogas plant.

The survey resulted that out of total biogas users surveyed, 27.41% respondents answered that they have received training regarding the biogas production and use while 72.59% answered the reverse. 28.26% of Terai and 25.58% of hill region the respondents reported to have received the training. The data relating to training received by the users are presented in Table 53.

Table 53: Training received by biogas users

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Training received by Biogas Users N % N % N % Yes 26 28.26 11 25.58 37 27.41 No 66 71.74 32 74.42 98 72.59 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Source: NESS Survey 2010

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 34 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusions

The present survey study concludes that the use of biogas has gradually substituted the fuel wood and biomass consumption. This has not only reduced the dependency on fuel wood and biomass consumption but also played a vital role to protect forests on Nepal. The followings conclusions were drawn by the present study.

. The average family size of biogas user households is 6.69. Ethnic Distribution of sample biogas users shows that among the total users majority is Brahmins (52.59%), Chhetries (12.59%) followed by Janajatis (12.59%), Tharu and Madeshi (9.63%), Newars (4.44%) and Dalits (2.96%). The study shows that the penetration of biogas plants toward marginalized society is very less. . Overall literacy status was observed with 89.85%. Regionally, 11.07% of Terai and 7.62% of Hill population are illiterate. . The major occupation is agriculture with 78.52% involved in it primarily and the remaining is engaged in other income activities like business (7.41%), service (13.33%) and wage/labor (0.74%). . The survey shows that among the biogas user households about 80% had access to electricity connectivity in their home. The study also shows that 67.41% of households have availability of water resource at home. . The survey shows that out of total surveyed households, majority of households (75.56%) have 6 m3 biogas plants followed by 4m3 (13.33%). . Distribution of sample biogas plants in the survey districts clearly indicates that biogas companies have not reached to potential interior areas for promotion of this technology. Majority of the installed biogas plants are located within few kilometers of road heads. . The present study shows that almost all biogas user households (99.26%) are utilizing the bio-slurry. Only one household of Terai region is not using bio-slurry manure. . The survey indicates that the biogas users gave mixed responses regarding the benefits from the application of bio-slurry on the productivity of land and crops grown in different land types. But majority of households (68.15%) responded that the productivity of farmland is increased from application of bio slurry. It was also found that 32.61% of Terai and 58.14% of Hill districts responded that the productivity has increased by 10-20%. . 27.41% responded the decrement on incidence of diseases and insects while 25.19% responded that the application of bio-slurry did not affect the incidence of insects and diseases. . The study supports the previous findings as the biogas technology has significantly reduced the consumption of firewood, agricultural residues and fossil fuels such kerosene, LPG at household level thereby helping to reduce indoor air pollution and GHGs emission. . The study shows that 85.19% biogas user households are using one stove and 14.81% are using two-stoves. . Fire wood is still the major source of energy for cooking followed by biomass (agriculture residue, dung cake) and fossil fuels (Kerosene, LPG). Regarding harvesting of fire wood, pruning of branches is more prevalent following thinning and felling It was found that 74.07% (72.83% in Terai and 76.74% in Hills/mountains) responded that the forest were considerably degenerated. 17.04% responded that forest were excessively degenerated . The survey shows that average prices for all energy sources have increased significantly in all geographical regions. Considering cost of energy, Firewood costs NRs. 184.52 per bhari. . Despite of installation of biogas, majority of sample households were also using other sources of biomass and fossil fuels for cooking purpose. . The study shows that 46.67% of the respondents expressed the views that kitchen smoke has been reduced to a great extent after the use of biogas in the house followed by reduced to some extent (48.89%).

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 35 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 . The study reveals that prevalence of eye infections, respiratory diseases and cough are reduced significantly after installation of biogas. Consequently, the users of biogas have benefited with improved health conditions of family members (especially female and children who work in kitchen). Hence, it could be concluded that biogas has played a vital role in improving the health status and thus uplifting the health and hygiene. . The survey further shows that majority of the rural women have been utilizing their save time for undertaking various income generating activities and earning additional cash incomes for the households. The school going children have been investing additional saved time for study purpose. . The survey shows that shortage of availability of firewood, time saving in cooking and cleaning utensils and increased prices for the available conventional energy sources are some of the major reasons for installation of biogas. . The study reveals that an overwhelming majority of the biogas user households (more than 90%) were satisfied with installation of biogas. The reasons for users’ satisfaction with installation of biogas are due to smokeless kitchen, efficiency in cooking and washing utensils and saving fuel wood. However, some of the users were dissatisfied with installation of biogas insufficiency of biogas during winter and disorder of plant accessories. . The study shows that proportion of households connecting toilets to the biogas plants has been increasing gradually. During the study, it is found that majority of households in Hill/Mountain attached their toilet to biogas plant. . It was reported that on the whole, installed biogas plants are operated for about 3 hours per day with slight variation between Terai and Hill region. . More than 90% of the surveyed households responded that the gas production is adequate. . Daily feeding is the most popular practice in both Terai and Hill region. . The study shows that 12.59% of user households reported regular services from companies, 20.00% delayed in services and 35.56% are not receiving services. About 38% of households satisfied with the routine visit by company Thus it can be concluded that the service delivery system of the majority of the Biogas Companies was not effective. . About 72.59% biogas users reported that they had not received any training from the Biogas Companies and only 27.41% biogas user reported the receipt of training from the companies.

6.1 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study and experiences of the Consultant in this sector, following recommendations have been made to improve the overall performance of the installed biogas plants in general and plants registered under the CDM projects in particular:

. The grievances of biogas users toward post installation should be minimized from developing proper instruments and monitoring arrangements. . Arrangement of training for basic operation and maintenance of biogas plant. . It was observed that majority of the biogas users are still not aware of the importance of bio-slurry to improve the soil fertility and reducing the incidence of insects and pests on the crop. The proper way of storing and using bio-slurry should be demonstrated to biogas users. . Cattle urine utilization in gas production should be included in the biogas users training as it increases the gas production as well as the nutrient content of bio-slurry. . During the supervision visit and on demand visit, the checking of biogas appliances particularly, the rubber hose, burner and stop cork by the company personnel must be made compulsory in order to reduce the malfunctions. . Raising awareness about the subsidy schemes for installation of biogas.

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 36 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 REFERENCES

1. AEPC/BSP Nepal (2008): Annual Emission Reduction Report for Biogas Support Program – Nepal (BSP-Nepal) Project Activity – 1, (CDM Activity –1), 2008 2. CMS (2008): Biogas Users' Survey 2007/08, Biogas Support Program, Kathmandu, Nepal 3. CMS (2007): Biogas Users' Survey 2006/07, Biogas Support Program, Kathmandu, Nepal. 4. CDM Executive Board/UNFCC: Clean Development Mechanism Simplified Project Design Document for Small Scale Project Activities (SSC-CDM-PDD), Version:02, Biogas Support Program Nepal Activity-1, 2005 5. CDM Executive Board/ UNFCCC: General Guidelines for Sampling and Surveys for Small- Scale CDM Project Activities (Version 1), EB 50 Report, Annex 30 6. DET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV): Validation Report, Biogas Support Program Nepal (BSP- Nepal), Activity – 1, Report No. 2005 – 1164, Revision No. 01 7. Devkota Govinda P: Biogas technology in Nepal: A Sustainable Source of Energy for Rural people, Kathmandu, August 2001. 8. Devkota Govinda P: Renewable Energy technology in Nepal: An Overview and Assessment, UCS, Kathmandu, Nepal, November 2007. 9. IRMC (2009): Biogas Users' Survey 2008/09, Alternative Energy Promotion Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal 10. Verification /Certification Report: Biogas Support Program (BSP- Nepal) Activity-I, UNFCCC Registration Ref No. 0136, Report No. 2006 – 9007A, Revision No. 01 11. www.aepc.gov.np 12. www.bspnepal.org

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 37 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Pictorial Highlights

Orientation Program

Presentation of Pretest Questionnaire from Enumerators

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 38 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Group Discussion on Questionnaires

Enumerator conducting questionnaire survey

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 39 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Plant Feeding

Cattles in Biogas Users House

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. 40 Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

ANNEX

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Annex 1: Terms of Reference for Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Annex 2a: Sampling Approach

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

II)

II

&

S.N.

Total Total Total Total

Grand

Region

Sample (I) Final Sample

Plant (I) Plant

Final (II) Final

Plant (II) Plant

Districts

Category

Non User Non

Non User Non (I Sample

Non User I Non 1 Chitawan Central Terai 575 14 7 717 18 9 32 16 48 2 Mahottari Central Terai 45 1 1 55 1 1 2 2 4 3 Kathmandu Central Hill 70 2 1 68 2 1 4 2 6 4 Lalitpur Central Hill 101 3 1 59 1 1 4 2 6 5 Makawanpur Central Hill 612 15 8 414 10 5 25 13 38 6 Parsa Central Terai 21 1 1 22 1 1 2 2 4 7 Sarlahi Central Terai 181 5 2 170 4 2 9 4 13 8 Sindhupalchowk Central Hill 29 1 1 13 1 1 2 2 4 9 Ilam Eastern Hill 107 3 2 140 3 1 6 3 9 10 Jhapa Eastern Terai 707 17 7 849 21 9 38 16 54 11 Sunsari Eastern Terai 226 10 5 213 12 6 22 11 33 12 Sankhuwasabha Eastern Remote Hill 31 1 1 78 2 1 3 2 5 13 Saptari Eastern Terai 8 1 1 11 1 1 2 2 4 14 Udayapur Eastern Hill 91 2 1 123 3 1 5 2 7 15 Kailali Far Western Terai 571 14 7 550 14 7 28 14 42 16 Bardiya Mid Western Terai 264 7 3 233 6 3 13 6 19 17 Pyuthan Mid Western Hill 19 1 1 44 1 1 2 2 4 18 Surkhet Mid Western Hill 81 2 1 61 2 1 4 2 6 19 Arghakhachi Western Hill 21 1 1 27 1 1 2 2 4 20 Gorkha Western Hill 171 4 2 141 4 2 8 4 12 21 Kapilbastu Western Terai 220 6 3 172 4 2 10 5 15 22 Kaski Western Hill 573 15 7 562 14 7 29 14 43 23 Lamjung Western Hill 249 6 3 292 7 3 13 6 19 24 Nawalparasi Western Terai 423 11 5 395 10 5 21 10 31 25 Syangja Western Hill 273 7 3 298 7 3 14 6 20 Total 5669 150 75 5707 150 75 300 150 450 Grand Total 450

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Annex 2b: List of Sample Households and their details

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Ward Construction S.N. Owner Name VDC/NP Cluster Name District No. Date Chitwan Activity 1 = 14 Non User = 7 1 Sita Ram Mahato Bahhauli 3 Bagmaara Chitwan 10/5/2060 2 Hiralal Bharati Bachauli 3 Bagmaara Chitwan 2/12/2061 3 Sommaya Tamang Bachauli 3 Bagmaara Chitwan 2/10/2061 4 Hom Bdr Magar Bachauli 3 Bagmaara Chitwan 2/27/2061 5 Kul Pd. Pathak Bachauli 8 Janakauli Chitwan 2/8/2061 6 Megraj Pathak Bachauli 8 Jhuwani Chitwan 12/25/2060 7 Maniram Tripathi Bachauli 3 Malpur Chitwan 1/20/2061 8 Kashinath Lamsal Pithuwa 3 Pithuwa Chitwan 2/26/2061 9 Ramesh Thapa Pithuwa 3 Pithuwa Chitwan 9/24/2060 10 Durga Pd. Adhikari Pithuwa 7 Madhabpur Chitwan 12/9/2060 11 Binod Duwadi Pithuwa 3 Pithuwa Chitwan 11/11/2060 12 Pushpa Tiwari Pithuwa 7 Amarchok Chitwan 9/2/2060 13 Rita Bhandari Pithuwa 2 Pithuwa Chitwan 9/10/2060 14 Dipendra Shrestha PIthuwa 4 Rayamajhi Tole Chitwan 11/4/2060 Chitwan Activity 2 = 18 Non User = 9 1 Deu Narayan Sapkota Birendranagar 4 Badhara Chitwan 10/26/2061 2 Ganga Dutta Kandel Birendranagar 2 Birendranagar Chitwan 1/27/2061 3 Tilak Bdr. Lama Birendranagar 6 Pakhadibas Chitwan 11/3/2061 4 Brihaspati Ghimire Birendranagar 7 Bramhanagar Chitwan 11/15/2061 5 Maniraj Chimariya Birendranagar 8 Bramhanagar Chitwan 10/20/2061 6 Raju Pathak Birendranagar 2 Badhara Chitwan 12/5/2061 7 Rishi Ram Pandey Birendranagar 1 Madanpur Chitwan 10/21/2061 8 Naresh Tamang (Lama) Birendranagar 6 Pakhadibara Chitwan 11/6/2061 9 Bhawani Shankar Niure Birendranagar 1 Prempuri Chitwan 11/10/2061 10 Dilaram Dhungana Birendranagar 8 Bramhanagar Chitwan 10/22/2061 11 Tharka Bdr. Pun Birendranagar 1 5 Group Chitwan 11/4/2061 12 Bishan Gurung Birendranagar 1 6 Group Chitwan 10/25/2061 13 Bal Kumar Chaudhari Bachauli 2 Sauraha Chitwan 11/17/2061 14 Lok Nath Suvedi Bachauli 2 Sauraha Chitwan 11/17/2061 15 Sushma Khanal Pithuwa 3 Pithuwa Chitwan 1/2/2061 16 Gita Bidari Pithuwa 1 Khairati Chitwan 11/7/2061 17 Khambir Dhakal Pithuwa 7 Madhavpur Chitwan 12/5/2061 18 Hari Bdr. Dhakal Pithuwa 2 Dhruvachok Chitwan 11/6/2061

Mahottari Activity 1 = 1 Non User = 1 1 Shambhu Nepali Khayarmara 6 Thapatole Mahottari 10/12/2060 Mahottari Activity 2 = 1 Non User = 1 1 Om Bdr. Shahi Bardibas 8 Orahe Road Mahottari 10/27/2061

Kathmandu Activity 1 = 2 Non User = 1 1 Bal Krishna Acharya Ramkot 5 Taukhel Kathmandu 12/23/2060 2 Shivaram Khanal Ramkot 5 Taufikal Kathmandu 12/23/2060 Kathmandu Activity 2 = 2 Non User = 1 1 Indra Khadka Gagalphedi 6 Baluwadhik Kathmandu 12/16/2061 2 Sharmila Thapa Gagalphedi 6 Thuladhik Kathmandu 12/15/2061

Lalitpur Activity 1 = 3 Non User = 1 1 Kedar Khadka Lele 8 Ghaya Bari Lalitpur 2/2/2061 2 Gopi Silwal Lele 4 Kavregaun Lalitpur 1/25/2061 3 Kamala Thapa Magar Sunakothi 2 Bakhattar Lalitpur 11/14/2060 Lalitpur Activity 2 = 1 Non User = 1

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Ward Construction S.N. Owner Name VDC/NP Cluster Name District No. Date 1 Thal Pd. Sapkota Bhattedanda 1 Bhainse Lalitpur 3/25/2061

Makwanpur Activity 1 = 15 Non User = 8 1 Sita Ram Neupane Hatiya 4 Dabilay Makwanpur 12/2/2060 2 Narayan Puri Hatiya 4 Dabilay Makwanpur 12/7/2060 3 Nar Bdr. Rai Hatiya 6 Gairigaun Makwanpur 1/8/2061 4 Ram Chandra Timilsina Hatiya 1 Gaurigaun Makwanpur 2/13/2061 5 Dilli Pd. Parajuli Hatiya 2 Rajdevi Makwanpur 2/5/2061 6 Rita Shrestha Hatiya 3 Gangate Makwanpur 11/21/2060 7 Durga Bi. Ka. Hatiya 2 Rajdevi Makwanpur 2/15/2061 8 Rakchya Man Shrestha Hatiya 3 Gangate Makwanpur 10/1/2060 9 Deepak Shrestha Hatiya 3 Gangate Makwanpur 12/25/2060 10 Lal Km. Waiba Churiyamai 1 Uttarpani Makwanpur 9/15/2060 11 Anita Thing Churiyamai 2 Mayurdhap Makwanpur 1/3/2061 12 Man Km. Ghalan Churiyamai 3 Simsartole Makwanpur 11/4/2060 13 Ram Km. Titung Churiyamai 3 Simsartole Makwanpur 11/8/2060 14 Deu Maya Gole Churiyamai 1 Uttarpani Makwanpur 9/30/2060 15 Nani Moktan Churiyamai 1 Uttarpani Makwanpur 9/30/2060 Makwanpur Activity 2 = 10 Non User = 5 1 Uddav Bhujel Hetauda NP 6 Hattilet Makwanpur 11/14/2061 2 Radhika Bidari Hetauda NP 6 Chuchekhola Makwanpur 11/24/2061 3 Hira Lal Shrestha Hetauda NP 6 Rachhyadevi Makwanpur 11/15/2061 4 Suresh Dangal Hetauda NP 6 Rangasala Makwanpur 11/25/2061 5 Man Maya Dangal Hetauda NP 6 Hattilet Makwanpur 10/13/2061 6 Chandra Maya Bi. Ka. Churiyamai 2 Nayabasti Makwanpur 11/6/2061 7 Sita Dahal Churiyamai 2 Nayabasti Makwanpur 1/15/2061 8 Bishnu Pd. Khanal Churiyamai 2 Mayurdham Makwanpur 12/2/2061 9 Pratap Singh Moktan Churiyamai 2 Mayurdham Makwanpur 12/2/2061 10 Radhika Devi Dahal Churiyamai 2 Nayabasti Makwanpur 11/10/2061

Parsa Activity 1 = 1 Non User = 1 1 Ram Narayan Yadav Alau 6 Bazartole Parsa 12/29/2060 Parsa Activity 2 = 1 Non User = 1 1 Chhote Lal Shaha Alau 7 Alau Parsa 12/6/2061

Sarlahi Activity 1 = 5 Non User = 2 1 Kamal Poudel Lalbandi 8 Bastipur Sarlahi 10/27/2060 2 Lekh Bdr. Susling Lalbandi 8 School Tole Sarlahi 10/29/2060 3 Ghan Shyam Pokharel Lalbandi 8 Bastipur Sarlahi 10/6/2060 4 Shanti Pd. Ghimire Murtiya 1 Murtiya Sarlahi 12/9/2060 5 Kalyani Karki Murtiya 1 Murtiya Sarlahi 9/14/2060 Sarlahi Activity 2 = 4 Non User = 2 1 Top Raj Luitel Hariyon 9 Haribanchowk Sarlahi 11/20/2061 2 Devika Dhakal Hariyon 1 Chapini Sarlahi 10/29/2061 3 Mohan Raya Majhi Hariyon 6 Dharhara Sarlahi 11/25/2061 4 Narayan Das Hariyon 9 Partatole Sarlahi 12/5/2061

Sindhupalchowk Activity 1 = 1 Non User = 1 1 Pashupati Nath Neupane Bhimtar 1 Adhikari Tole Sindhupalchowk 2/25/2061 Sindhupalchowk Activity 2 = 1 Non User = 1 1 Ramkrishna Nepal Phulpingdanda 7 Jyamire Sindhupalchowk 11/26/2061

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Ward Construction S.N. Owner Name VDC/NP Cluster Name District No. Date Ilam Activity 1 = 3 Non User = 2 1 Sita Gautam Chulachuli 3 Aanarkhadi Ilam 11/25/2060 2 Chabilal Gautam Chulachuli 3 Barahagothey Ilam 2/11/2061 3 Dorna Pokhrel Chulachuli 3 Anarkhidi Ilam 11/12/2060 Ilam Activity 2 = 3 Non User = 1 1 Chandramaya Chauhan Ilam NP 3 Shera Ilam 3/3/2061 2 Krishna Pd. Suvedi Ilam NP 3 Shera Ilam 3/8/2061 3 Chhumanya Devi Bhattarai Ilam NP 3 Shera Ilam 3/7/2061

Jhapa Activity 1 = 17 Non User = 7 1 Deu Kumar Limbu Lakhanpur 6 Lal Dhandra Jhapa 2/3/2061 2 Devi Tiwari Lakhanpur 6 Rangpur Jhapa 1/27/2061 3 Yam Pd. Poudel Lakhanpur 4 Ratnapur Jhapa 1/14/2061 Lakhanpur 4 Mira Kharel Lakhanpur 2 Chowk Jhapa 1/10/2061 5 Bhupal Mishra Lakhanpur 4 Ratnapur Jhapa 1/10/2061 6 Durga Bdr. Bhandari Lakhanpur 1 Aaitabare Jhapa 11/23/2060 7 Aananda Dev Gautam Lakhanpur 3 Gohabari Jhapa 1/13/2061 Pathibhara 8 Mina Adhikari Lakhanpur 1 Chowk Jhapa 12/25/2060 Kirateshwor 9 Ram Bdr. Rai Lakhanpur 1 Mandir Line Jhapa 11/20/2060 10 Kamala Baskota Lakhanpur 3 Jharbari Jhapa 2/6/2061 11 Buddhi Pd. Neupane Lakhanpur 9 Dhardhare Jhapa 2/6/2061 12 Benu Pd. Shivakoti Lakhanpur 4 Madhanpur Jhapa 10/12/2060 13 Wakil Pd. Acharya Lakhanpur 1 Sayapatri Jhapa 12/9/2060 14 Um Nath Niraula Lakhanpur 5 Mandirdanda Jhapa 11/19/2060 15 Lokendra Raj Raut Lakhanpur 1 Aytabarey Jhapa 1/15/2061 Bahraghare 16 Machhindra Bdr. Karki Lakhanpur 8 Bajar Jhapa 1/5/2061 Bahraghare 17 Man Bdr. Basnet Lakhanpur 8 Bajar Jhapa 1/5/2061 Jhapa Activity 2 = 21 Non User = 9 1 Jhalak Budhathoki Topgachhi 3 Bhutlung Jhapa 11/15/2061 2 Loknath Bhandari Topgachhi 7 Kerkha Jhapa 11/10/2061 3 Gehanath Lamichhane Topgachhi 4 Jogichaun Jhapa 10/3/2061 4 Uttam Khadka Gauradhaha 2 Sitapuri Jhapa 12/18/2061 5 Chandra Bdr. Basnet Gauradhaha 1 Charali Jhapa 10/15/2061 6 Tikaram Dahal Juropani 6 Shanti Tole Jhapa 3/3/2061 7 Keshav Kharel Juropani 6 Gwalduwa Bazar Jhapa 11/26/2061 8 Toya Nath Baskota Damak NP 18 Ghumaunetol Jhapa 12/1/2061 9 Man Bdr. Khadka Damak NP 10 Kharkharey Jhapa 9/24/2061 10 Parbati Devi Bhetwal Damak NP 16 Arnabadi Jhapa 3/28/2061 11 Chandiraj Pokharel Damak NP 10 Kharkharey Jhapa 11/30/2061 12 Chudamani Gautam Damak NP 1 Bhangbhari Jhapa 11/20/2061 13 Maheshwor Bhandari Damak NP 18 Pokharitol Jhapa 11/22/2061 14 Jivan Subedi Damak NP 1 Bhangbhari Jhapa 11/24/2061 15 Durga Sitaula Damak NP 16 Beteni Jhapa 11/20/2061 16 Tek Bdr. Khadka Damak NP 15 Bahraghare Jhapa 12/20/2061 17 Ek Raj guragain Damak NP 2 Himabichowk Jhapa 12/11/2061 Sagarmatha 18 Upaman Basnet Damak NP 15 Chowk Jhapa 11/21/2061

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Ward Construction S.N. Owner Name VDC/NP Cluster Name District No. Date 19 Gauri Sitaula Damak NP 16 Arnakhadi Jhapa 12/18/2061 20 Maiya Dahal Damak NP 2 Panganichowk Jhapa 12/2/2061 21 Dilmaya Bhandari Damak NP 14 Ganeshtol Jhapa 11/14/2061

Sunsari Activity 1 = 10 Non User = 5 1 Khagendra Bhattarai Mahendranagar 9 Salbandi Sunsari 1/22/2061 2 Goma Khatiwada Mahendranagar 9 Salbandi Sunsari 1/22/2061 3 Gyan Bdr Katuwal Mahendranagar 4 Devighat Sunsari 2/29/2061 4 Nirmala Dahal Mahendranagar 9 Salbandi Sunsari 1/22/2061 5 Devi Maya Pokhrel Mahendranagar 8 Jitpur Sunsari 10/28/2060 6 Hom Pd. Acharya Mahendranagar 4 Dhikjhoda Sunsari 10/27/2060 7 Nir Km. Khatri Prakashpur 6 Khoniyadhar Sunsari 12/5/2060 8 Chandra Maya Neupane Prakashpur 9 Khoniyadhar Sunsari 12/13/2060 9 Samsher Bdr. Bista Prakashpur 1 Manglabare Sunsari 12/13/2060 10 Rishikesh Dahal Prakashpur 6 Dahaltole Sunsari 2/31/2061 Sunsari Activity 2 = 12 Non User = 6 1 Govinda Pokharel Mahendranagar 4 Dhikjhoda Sunsari 6/6/2061 2 Sita Bista Mahendranagar 8 Kalapani Sunsari 12/20/2061 3 Khagendra Bhandari Bakalauri 1 Nayatol Sunsari 12/10/2061 4 Nandalal Bastola Bakalauri 4 Katudhara Sunsari 9/10/2061 5 Keshav Karki Bakalauri 4 Panchayan Sunsari 1/7/2061 6 Chandra Pd. Dahal Bakalauri 1 Basbari Sunsari 11/3/2061 7 Krishna Kumar Rai Hanshposha 4 Brampur Sunsari 9/28/2061 8 Dona Kumari Niraula Hanshposha 2 Munaltole Sunsari 11/15/2061 9 Kul Pd. Pandey Hanshposha 2 Ringroad Sunsari 12/5/2061 10 Tika Ram Niraula Hanshposha 2 Hansposa Sunsari 12/2/2061 11 Sita Katuwal Hanshposha 2 School Tole Sunsari 10/26/2061 12 Padam Pd. Dahal Hanshposha 4 Brahampur Sunsari 11/20/2061 Sankhuwasabha Activity 1 = 1 Non User = 1 1 Shanta Gautam Khadbari NP 13 Tumlingtar Sankhuwasabha 1/20/2061 Sankhuwasabha Activity 2 = 2 Non User = 1 Mathilo 1 Sita Kumal Khadbari NP 13 Tumlingtar Sankhuwasabha 12/20/2061 Mathilo 2 Amrita Kumal Khadbari NP 13 Tumlingtar Sankhuwasabha 12/7/2061 Saptari Activity 1 = 1 Non User = 1 1 Narendra Kr. Khatri Fatepur 3 Khoriya Saptari 9/18/2060 Saptari Activity 2 = 1 Non User = 1 1 Tulsi Dhungana Fatepur 3 Khoriya Saptari 12/23/2061 Udayapur Activity 1 = 2 Non User = 1 1 Indira Niraula Katari 9 Dikbas Bhorlay Udayapur 1/12/2061 2 Menuka Magar Katari 8 Lalpur Udayapur 9/24/2060 Udayapur Activity 2 = 3 Non User = 1 1 Govinda Khadka Triyuga NP 12 Chuwade Udayapur 5/12/2061 2 Chursaman Danuwar Triyuga NP 16 Rajabas Udayapur 6/18/2061 3 Bhim Bdr. Pulami Triyuga NP 12 Chubade Udayapur 5/14/2061 Kailali Activity 1 = 14 Non User = 7 1 Jagat Bdr. Thakulla Kota Tulsipur 9 Jharuwa Kailali 12/4/2060 2 Bhikhkhu Badariya Tharu Kota Tulsipur 3 Tulsipur Kailali 12/27/2060 3 Dev Lal Chaudhari Hasuliya 6 Bhari Kailali 2/8/2061 4 Jay Bdr. Bohora Hasuliya 8 Bisanpur Kailali 2/9/2061 5 Narayan Pd. Chaudhari Hasuliya 6 Hasuliya Kailali 12/16/2060

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Ward Construction S.N. Owner Name VDC/NP Cluster Name District No. Date 6 Sukiram Chaudhari Hasuliya 6 Bhari Kailali 12/22/2060 7 Chhedu Ram Chaudhari Hasuliya 8 Basantapur Kailali 11/8/2060 8 Dharma Chandra Koirala Tikapur NP 4 Chhegar Khola Kailali 10/14/2060 9 Kalu Pd. Chaudhari Tikapur NP 5 Puchhari Kailali 12/8/2060 10 Man Bdr Rawal Tikapur NP 9 Bhagraiya Kailali 2/31/2061 11 Surat Bdr. Rawal Tikapur NP 9 Tikapur Kailali 11/7/2060 12 Dammar Sharma Tikapur NP 9 Block No. 25 Kailali 2/5/2061 13 Laxmidevi Regmi Tikapur NP 9 Industrial Estate Kailali 1/5/2061 14 Dan Bdr. Bohora Tikapur NP 9 Nayatikapur Kailali 1/10/2061 Kailali Activity 2 = 14 Non User = 7 1 Kalam Bdr. Kathariya Kota Tulsipur 9 Bharuwa Kailali 10/16/2061 2 Bhole Ram Chaudhari Kota Tulsipur 9 Bhuruwa Kailali 9/16/2061 3 Keshav Bdr. Bi. Ka. Kota Tulsipur 8 Baidipur Kailali 8/22/2061 4 Narhari Rijal Darakh 5 Sukhad Kailali 10/29/2061 5 Deshraj Chaudhari Darakh 6 Narayanpur Kailali 11/2/2061 6 Dilip Chaudhari Darakh 2 Karaiya Kailali 12/5/2061 7 Premraj Bhatta Darakh 5 Janakpur Kailali 8/21/2061 8 Cheru Chaudhari Darakh 8 Chongalipur Kailali 1/16/2061 9 Asha Ram Chaudhari Darakh 6 Narayanpur Kailali 11/29/2061 10 Ram Bdr. Chaudhari Darakh 2 Karaiya Kailali 12/3/2061 11 Patiram Chaudhari Darakh 8 Choolangpur Kailali 11/25/2061 12 Hariram Chaudhari Darakh 8 Chonglalipur Kailali 11/25/2061 13 Prasu Ram Chaudhari Darakh 7 Sariya Kailali 11/2/2061 14 Jit Bdr. Chaudhari Darakh 5 Janakpur Kailali 11/21/2061 Bardiya Activity 1 = 7 Non User = 3 1 Jayashwor Dhakal Deudakala 9 Bangaudi Bardiya 2/24/2061 2 Sabitri poudel Deudakala 9 Juraina Bardiya 2/28/2061 3 Sabitri Lamichhane Deudakala 9 Kakaura Bardiya 2/24/2061 4 Sabita Tharu Deudakala 9 Kakaura Bardiya 2/24/2061 5 Hira Chaudhari Thakurdwara 7 Bantariya Bardiya 12/11/2060 6 Kalicharan Chaudhari Thakurdwara 1 Bhudkaiya Bardiya 2/17/2061 7 Sancharam Chaudhari Thakurdwara 1 Bhudkaiya Bardiya 2/15/2061 Bardiya Activity 2 = 6 Non User = 3 1 Janaki Tiwari Deudakala 9 Kakaura Bardiya 3/6/2061 2 Shankar Chaudhari Deudakala 8 Chaudharipur Bardiya 11/26/2061 3 Sonu Tharu Deudakala 4 Toraiya Bardiya 11/8/2061 4 Prem Bdr. Budha Motipur 7 Damauli Bardiya 11/20/2061 5 Binti Ram Tharu Motipur 9 Ram Nagar Bardiya 12/16/2061 6 Ram Bahadur Tharu Motipur 9 Motipur Bardiya 11/10/2061 Pyuthan Activity 1 = 1 Non User = 1 1 Rudra Pd. Acharya Baraula 9 Hariyatari Pyuthan 11/25/2060 Pyuthan Activity 2 = 1 Non User = 1 1 Mohan Raj Joshi Khalanga 6 Khalanga Pyuthan 6/23/2061 Surkhet Activity 1 = 2 Non User = 1 1 Raj Kumar Thapa Dasarathpur 6 Kamiyadhari Surkhet 2/13/2061 2 Chiranjivi Sharma Chalisey Dasarathpur 7 Melpani Surkhet 12/20/2060 Surkhet Activity 2 = 2 Non User = 1 1 Khusi Ram Chaudhari Latikoili 8 Tilapur Surkhet 3/21/2061 2 Man Bdr Khad Latikoili 9 Shantinagar Surkhet 7/30/2061 Arghakhanchi Activity 1 = 1 Non User = 1 1 Rudra Pd. Parajuli Sandhikharka 5 Tumkot Arghakhanchi 1/20/2061 Arghakhanchi Activity 2 = 1 Non User = 1

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Ward Construction S.N. Owner Name VDC/NP Cluster Name District No. Date 1 Durga Shrestha Argha 9 Kerunga Arghakhanchi 7/24/2061 Gorkha Activity 1 = 4 Non User = 2 1 Kamali Kanta Kaurala Chyangli 6 Dhulpur Gorkha 1/7/2061 2 Harimaya Shrestha Chyangli 3 Lambagaicha Gorkha 1/23/2061 3 Man Kumari Shrestha Khoplang 9 Beltar Gorkha 10/15/2060 4 Buddhi Kr. Shrestha Khoplang 9 Sundarkhola Gorkha 1/6/2061 Gorkha Activity 2 = 4 Non User = 2 1 Dal Bdr. Shrestha Chyangli 3 Puryok Gorkha 12/5/2061 2 Raj Kumar Shrestha Chyangli 3 Purthok Gorkha 12/6/2061 3 Shyamkaji Khatri Chyangli 6 Khatritar Gorkha 1/28/2061 4 Lal Kumar Shrestha Chyangli 3 Purthok Gorkha 12/5/2061 Kapilbastu Activity 1 = 6 Non User = 3 1 Krishna Pd. Poudel Hathausa 6 Dakchin Chetiya Kapilbastu 2/12/2061 2 Gopal Pd. Poudel Hathausa 6 Bhattasarkhawa Kapilbastu 2/10/2061 3 Kamala Thapa Kopawa 8 Manharapur Kapilbastu 12/23/2060 4 Maniram Upadhyay Kopawa 2 Kaupawa Kapilbastu 1/5/2061 5 Lal Bdr. Suvedi Kopawa 8 Simalkhor Kapilbastu 2/12/2061 6 Bhikhu Tharu Kopawa 8 Manharapur Kapilbastu 11/25/2060 Kapilbastu Activity 2 = 4 Non User = 2 1 Bimala Bohara Kopawa 7 Baikunthapur Kapilbastu 10/29/2061 2 Baluram Poudel Kopawa 4 Suthauli Kapilbastu 12/16/2061 3 Khuma Acharya Kopawa 9 Mangalpur Kapilbastu 8/20/2061 4 Yam Bdr. Neupane Kopawa 4 Bankaliya Kapilbastu 11/30/2061 Kaski Activity 1 = 15 Non User = 7 1 Rup Narayan Shrestha Deurali 3 Hatiya Kaski 11/7/2061 2 Uttar Kr. Shrestha Deurali 3 Hatiya Kaski 11/30/2061 3 Sanjit Joshi Deurali 2 Phedi Kaski 11/7/2061 4 Rupi Pun Bharatpokhari 1 Upallo Pudi Kaski 10/24/2061 5 Bal Bdr Bi. Ka. Bharatpokhari 3 Chainpur Kaski 12/18/2061 6 Bhim Bdr. Pun Bharatpokhari 1 Chhalyang Kaski 11/20/2061 7 Mithu Sapkota Bharatpokhari 3 Kalikathan Kaski 12/15/2061 8 Sridhar Pokharel Bharatpokhari 7 Danda Gaun Kaski 10/10/2061 9 Laxmi Gurung Bharatpokhari 7 Sunine Kaski 12/15/2061 10 Manohar Sharma Acharya Bharatpokhari 7 Dandagaun Kaski 11/14/2061 11 Sujan Aryal Bharatpokhari 3 Kalikasthan Kaski 6/21/2061 12 Sushila Ghatane Bharatpokhari 3 Torichaur Kaski 12/24/2061 13 Bishnu Kumari Adhikari Bharatpokhari 3 Chirkadi Kaski 8/3/2061 14 Agniraj Acharya Bharatpokhari 7 Dandagaun Kaski 12/10/2061 15 Laxmi Adhikari Bharatpokhari 3 Belani Kaski 10/25/2061 Kaski Activity 2 = 14 Non User = 7 1 Tikaram Chuwai Kaskikot 1 Lousidhunga Kaski 3/10/2061 2 Tanka Pd. Tripathi Kaskikot 4 Guntechaur Kaski 9/8/2061 3 Yadav Pd. Poudel Kaskikot 3 Guntechaur Kaski 9/5/2061 4 Balkrishna Chuwai Kaskikot 4 Guntechaur Kaski 9/7/2061 5 Basudev Acharya Kaskikot 3 Guntechaur Kaski 9/12/2061 6 Batuli Chuwai Kaskikot 4 Guntechaur Kaski 9/10/2061 7 Goma Luitel Kaskikot 3 Guntechaur Kaski 9/6/2061 8 Dinanath Chuwai Kaskikot 4 Guntechaur Kaski 9/9/2061 9 Dhan Shri Gurung Pumdibhumdi 5 Simle Kaski 8/18/2061 10 Sita Baral Pumdibhumdi 1 Katheuri Kaski 9/14/2061 11 Yam Pd Baral Pumdibhumdi 1 Dhab Kaski 6/3/2061 12 Gopiraj Baral Pumdibhumdi 1 Kodi Kaski 7/23/2061

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Ward Construction S.N. Owner Name VDC/NP Cluster Name District No. Date 13 Man Buja Bishwakarma Bhalam 2 Kurechaur Kaski 3/9/2061 14 Nabin Nepali Bhalam 2 Tallo Chaur Kaski 9/12/2061 Lamjung Activity 1 = 6 Non User = 3 1 Samjhana Basnet Chandreshwor 9 Pirinti Baysi Lamjung 12/7/2060 2 Maiya Devi Neupane Duradanda 5 Dharapani Lamjung 10/26/2060 3 Ambika Adhikari Duradanda 4 Pachghare Lamjung 2/1/2061 4 Bina Sapkota Sundarbazar 4 Sundarbazar Lamjung 11/19/2060 5 Indra Km. Gurung Sundarbazar 9 Pakhetar Lamjung 2/14/2061 6 Chandra Kanta Subedi Sundarbazar 9 Tarkutar Lamjung 1/24/2061 Lamjung Activity 2 = 7 Non User = 3 Phulbari 1 Dan Bdr. Gurung Bhoteodar 9 Gahatekhola Lamjung 9/13/2061 2 Ramhari Bhattarai Bhoteodar 9 Phedikuna Lamjung 3/25/2061 3 Man Bdr. Tamang Bhoteodar 9 Phulbari Lamjung 6/15/2061 4 Gaj Bdr. Gurung Bhoteodar 9 Phedikuna Lamjung 3/22/2061 5 Chin Bdr. Thapa Sundarbazar 1 Khatrithati Lamjung 3/26/2061 6 Nirmal K.C. Sundarbazar 1 Khatrithandi Lamjung 3/27/2061 7 Shanti Gurung Sundarbazar 9 Sahakale Lamjung 3/15/2061 Nawalparasi Activity 1 = 11 Non User = 5 1 Krishna Km. Bi. Ka. Gaidakot 5 Baikuntha Nawalparasi 2/11/2061 2 Hari Pd. Poudel Rajhar 8 Faram Gauripur Nawalparasi 12/12/2060 3 Hom Nath Chapagain Rajhar 4 Kuleni Nawalparasi 2/32/2061 4 Yog Maya Pathak Rajhar 3 Piprahar Nawalparasi 12/3/2060 5 Uma Sapkota Rajhar 6 Basantapur Nawalparasi 2/23/2061 6 Ram Bdr. Ale Rajhar 3 Piparahar Nawalparasi 2/23/2061 7 Jhamka Nath Lamichhane Kawaswoti 5 Churchtole Nawalparasi 12/8/2060 8 Durga Lal Poudel Kawaswoti 5 Shantitole Nawalparasi 11/1/2060 9 Yam Km. Sinjali Kawaswoti 5 Thakali Nawalparasi 9/26/2060 10 Padma Lal Gurau Kawaswoti 6 Kawasoti Nawalparasi 3/1/2061 11 Nil Narayan Gurai Kawaswoti 5 Taruwa Nawalparasi 2/15/2061 Nawalparasi Activity 2 = 10 Non User = 5 1 Bishnumaya Adhikari Gaidakot 1 Ganga Nagar Nawalparasi 11/11/2061 Om Shanti 2 Durga Dhakal Gaidakot 6 Chowk Nawalparasi 11/10/2061 3 Baburam Adhikari Gaidakot 5 Baikunthanagar Nawalparasi 11/5/2061 4 Udaya Km Neupane Kawaswoti 5 Taruwa Dik Nawalparasi 10/24/2061 5 Jagupati Sapkota Kawaswoti 6 Pragati Tole Nawalparasi 11/2/2061 6 Khadka Bdr. Saru Pragatinagar 7 Laxmipur Nawalparasi 12/17/2061 7 Om Bdr. Rana Pragatinagar 6 Prithivinagar Nawalparasi 12/13/2061 8 Cholanath Pokhrel Pragatinagar 3 Pragatinagar Nawalparasi 3/10/2061 9 Santa Maya Shrestha Pragatinagar 2 36 Ghare Nawalparasi 11/24/2061 10 Hari Bhakta Bhattarai Pragatinagar 3 Pragatinagar Nawalparasi 12/19/2061 Syangja Activity 1 = 7 Non User = 3 1 Yam Pd. Bhandari Kuwakot 4 Utak Syangja 10/16/2061 2 Bhabishwor Khanal Kuwakot 4 Utak Syangja 10/14/2061 3 Jiwan Khanal Kuwakot 4 Kisan Syangja 10/13/2061 4 Bhabiswar Bhandari Ratnapur 5 Beltari Syangja 3/20/2061 5 Bishnu Sunar Ratnapur 5 Bangkhola Syangja 3/16/2061 6 Keshav Acharya Ratnapur 5 Beltari Syangja 3/14/2061 7 Shambhu pd. Ghimire Ratnapur 5 Beldanda Syangja 3/5/2061 Syangja Activity 2 = 7 Non User = 3 1 Gopal Thapa Khilung Deurali 5 Phoksing Syangja 8/20/2061

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Ward Construction S.N. Owner Name VDC/NP Cluster Name District No. Date 2 Umesh Thapa Khilung Deurali 7 Lubdikhola Syangja 8/20/2061 3 Shova Gharti Khilung Deurali 7 Hcaptari Syangja 8/15/2061 4 Bhima Thapa Biragha Archale 7 Niramsil Syangja 7/15/2061 5 Dhanisara Pandey Biragha Archale 1 Khahare Syangja 8/12/2061 6 Jhabilal Pandey Biragha Archale 3 Gahalam Syangja 8/8/2061 7 Shanta Pandey Biragha Archale 1 Khahare Syangja 3/5/2061

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Annex 3: Field Enumerators involved in the Survey

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

S.N. Name 1 Bhadrakala Pathak 2 Bhargabi Acharya 3 Binod Acharya 4 Dilli Ram Sharma 5 Dinesh Dahal 6 Janak Adhikari 7 Nirmala Thapa 8 Rita Shrestha 9 Sharada Paudyal 10 Subarchal Dahal

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Annex 4: Orientation Training Schedule

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

S.N. Activities Responsibility Time Day I 1 Introduction, Objective and Purpose of Govinda Devkota/ 10:00-10:45 Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Khagendra Nath Khanal 2 Enumerators' Experience in Biogas Enumerators 10:45-11:45 3 Factors affecting production, Uses of Sujesh Shrestha 11:45-12:30 Biogas 4 Visual 12:30-13:00 5 Tea Break 13:00-14:00 6 Question/Answer Session Govinda Devkota/ Sujesh 14:00-14:30 Shrestha 7 Discussion and Explanation of Govinda Devkota/ Sujesh 14:30-16:00 Questionnaires Shrestha 8 Summarization Govinda Devkota 16:00-16:30 Day II 1 Orientation of Pretest Govinda Devkota 10:00-10:30 2 Site Allocation to Enumerators 10:30-11:00 3 Pretesting of Questionnaire (Field) Enumerators 11:00-16:30 Day III Recapsulation 10:00-10:15 1 Group Presentation Enumerators 10:15-13:00 (Experience/constraints) Tea Break 13:00-14:00 2 Group Discussion/Improvements in Govinda Devkota /Sujesh 14:00-16:00 Questionnaires Shrestha 6 Summarization Govinda Devkota 16:00-16:30

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Annex 5: Final Questionnaires of Biogas User and Non User Households

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

BIOGAS USERS' SURVEY 2009/10 Questionnaire for Biogas User Households

1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 GENERAL 1.11 Full Name of the respondent 1.12 Full Name of the Plant Owner 1.13 Date of Interview / /2010 (2067/ / ) 1.2 LOCATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD 1.21 District 1.22 VDC/Ward No. 1.23 Village/Tole 1.24 Walking distance from the ………….day ………….hour………….min road 1.25 Distance to water source …………. meter/ft (………….hr/min) 1.26 Connectivity with electricity 1. Yes 2. No 1.3 IDENTIFICATION OF BIOGAS PLANT 1.31 BSP Plant Code No./File No. …………./…………./…………./ 1.32 Dome Gas Pipe No. or Fiscal …………. Number ………….Year Year 1.33 Plant Owner's Booklet No. 1.34 Name of Biogas Company 1.35 Date of Biogas Plant installed …………. Year …………. Month 1.36 Capacity of Biogas Plant …………. m3 1.4 INFORMATION OF HOUSEHOLD 1.41 Sex of the Family Head 1. Male 2. Female 1.42 Main Occupation of the 1. Agriculture Family Head 2. Business 3. Service 4. Wage/Labor 5. Other (Specify) ………………………………………….. 1.43 Number of Family Members ……………. Male …………….. Female ………………Children (<6 Yrs) 1.44 Educational Status (Above 5 Level Male Female Years only) Illiterate Literate Primary Lower Secondary Secondary SLC Intermediate Bachelors or above 2 HOUSEHOLD ENERGY SOURCES 2.1 Energy Sources for Cooking Sources Before Biogas After Biogas Summe Winter Summe Winter r r Firewood (kg/Bhari/Month) Crop Residues (kg/Month) Dung (Kg/Month)

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Coal (Kg/Month) Kerosene (Lit/Month) LPG (Cyl./month) Saw Dust (kg/Month) Other (………………….) (If Firewood is in Bhari, 1 Bhari = ……………… kg) 2.2 Changes in above practices Sources Increased Decreased Same after the installation of biogas Sum Win Sum Win Sum Win mer ter mer ter mer ter Firewood (kg/Bhari/Month) Crop Residues (kg/Month) Dung (Kg/Month) Coal (Kg/Month) Kerosene (Lit/Month) LPG (Cyl/month) Saw Dust (kg/Month) Other (………………) 2.3 Local Price of the energy Source Unit NRs./Unit source Firewood kg/Bhari Crop Residues Kg Dung Kg Coal Kg Kerosene Liter LPG Cylinder Saw Dust kg Other (……………….) 2.4 If you use firewood, where do 1. Forest you collect the firewood from? a. Government Forest b. Community Forest c. Private Forest/Land 2. Buy 3. Other (…………………………..) 2.5 Who is responsible for 1. Male 2. Female 3. Both 4. collection of firewood Children 2.6 Harvesting method of Method Forest firewood Governme Commu Private nt nity Pruning2 of branches Thinning3 of trees Felling4 of trees Other specify (…………...)

2 This involves the removal of dangerous or overhanging branches, reshaping, crown reduction and crown thinning. This will improve the health of the tree, improving light penetration and reducing the effects of wind damage. 3 This is the removal of a small portion of live branches to help the foliage appear evenly dense and spaced. It is usually confined to broad-leaved species and does not alter the overall size or shape of the tree. 4 Tree felling involves removal of a tree to ground level. (http://www.andrewstreeservices.co.uk/treeservices.html)

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 2.7 What impacts you have 1. Excessively degenerated observed on the forest during 2. Considerably degenerated (no. of forest/trees firewood collection before had decreased? biogas plant installation? 3. Forest/trees were not degenerated at all (Tick) 2.8 If the answer to the question 1. Time taken in collecting firewood was above is 1 or 2, which of the increasing as the distance traveled was following impact was more increasing prominent. 2. Price of firewood purchase was increasing due to increase in time or distance traveled in collection of firewood. 3. Type of firewood collected was changing to lower grade due to scarcity of firewood, like twits, agro-waste, etc. 4. None of the above. 2.9 What changes have been observed in following aspects of firewood use? Now (2010) Before 10 Years Before 20 Years (2000) (1990) Time required for collecting of one head load firewood in village (hr) Distance to be travelled for collection of firewood in villages (km or hour) Prices of one head load of firewood in the locality (NRs/Unit) 2.10 Is the firewood you saved after If Yes, earlier Tick installation of the biogas plant 1. The user(s) used to get firewood from a being used by others? source where trees are/ were depleting 2. The user(s) used to get firewood from a 1. Yes 2. No source where trees are not depleting 3. The user(s) switched to firewood from the use of renewable source of energy like hydro electricity, solar, etc. 3 Biogas Plant Operation 3.1 Type and Number of stove in Stove Before After Biogas use Biogas (No.) (No.) LPG Stove Kerosene Stove Improved Cooking Stove Traditional Stove Other (…………….………….) Biogas Stove - 3.2 Operation of Biogas Plant Purpose Hour Minute (Hour/Day) Morning Tea Morning Meal Day Lunch Evening Tea Evening Meal Other (……………………) 3.3. Plant Feeding 3.3.1 How many times in a day 1. Once a day ...... …..kg/feeding dung is fed into the plant? 2. Twice a day ...... kg/feeding

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 (Measure if 3. Every second day ...... kg/feeding necessary and ask the person 4. Twice a week ...... kg/feeding who performs the job) (Tick 5. Once a week ...... kg/feeding one) 3.3.2 If all the available dung is not 1. Gas is sufficient fed into the plant, what could 2. Fear of reduction in quality of FYM be the reason? 3. Lack of time 4. Others (specify)……………………… 3.3.3 What types of materials are 1. Night soils 3. Pig dung fed to plant other than dung? 2. Poultry droppings 4. Others (Specify)………… 3.3.4 Additional water required after 1. For family : ……………….litre/day installation of biogas at the 2. For mixing dung ……..…..litre/day household 3. For livestock …………..litre/day 4. Others (specify)…………………. 3.3.5 Usually who feeds into the 1. Male member of the household biogas plant? (Tick one) 2. Female member of the household 3. Domestic Helper 4. School Going Children 4 Number of beneficiary households that have access to Toilets 4.1 Have you constructed toilet in Before Biogas After Biogas your house? 1) Yes 2) No 1) Yes 2) No 4.2 If yes, have you attached the toilets with biogas plant? 1) Yes 2) No 4.3 If not, what is the reason? 1. BSP/Company did not suggest 2. Extra cost burden 3. Socio-cultural reason (specify) ………………….. 4. Others (specify) ………………… 5 Family Health and Fire related Accident 5.1 Reduced Incidence of Disease Drastically Reduced Not Reduced Do Not among Household Members Reduced Know 1. Eye infection 2. Respiratory diseases 3. Cough 4. Fire related injury 5. Others (specify)…………… 5.2 Has any member of your family suffered from fire related accident during Yes No last 12 Months? 5.3 If yes, who were they? No. of Person affected By Fire Related Hazard Sex Elder Person Adult Children Male Female 5.4 Has the amount of smoke in Reduced to some extent the kitchen reduced after Reduced to greater extent biogas installation? (Tick one) No I don't Know 6 Overall beneficiary satisfaction with the product and process 6.1 Physical condition of sample 1. Very good 2. Good 3. 4. Poor 5. Very plant (tick) Satisfactory Poor

6.2 Routine Visits (tick) 1. Very good 2. Good 3. 4. Poor 5. Very Satisfactory Poor

6.3 Repair and Maintenance 6.3.1. Average Operation of the plant Morning Tea in minutes Morning Meal

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Day Lunch Evening Tea Evening Meal Other (……………………) 6.3.2. Average gas shortage due to No shortage leakage (mins per day) Less than 10 min 10-20 min More than 20 min 6.3.3. Reasons of inadequacy of gas Not feed adequately Accessories not in order Do not know 6.3.4. Level of satisfaction 1. Fully 2. satisfied 3. Not 4. No response satisfied satisfied 6.3.5. Reasons of satisfaction 1. Time saving while cooking 2. Time saving for cleaning utensils 3. No smoke in the kitchen 6.3.6. Failure of biogas appliances stove Mixture valve Gas tape Water others (Tick) Machine drains 6.3.7. Services received from 1. regular 2. delay 3. Not receiving company 6.3.8. Frequency of visit by Never Once twice thrice More than companies per year three times 6.3.9. Any training received 1. Yes, 2. No ………………………………………. 6.4 Estimated gas production Very Adequate based upon feeding and total Adequate burning hour Not adequate 6.5 Top filling over the dome Sufficient Not sufficient 6.6 Users’ Perception Highly satisfied Satisfied Not satisfied 6.7 Sufficiency of biogas Sufficient Sufficient only in summer Not sufficient 6.8 Time Saving for Family Member 6.8.1 How much time of family Activity Male Female members is saved after biogas Childre Adult Children Adult installation? (Hr/Min) n 1. Firewood collection 2. Cooking 3. Washing dishes 4. Other specify 6.8.2 How the saved time is utilized Activity Childre Adult Children Adult by the members of your family n after biogas installation? 1. Literacy classes 2. Listening Radio/Watching TV 3. Reading newspapers 4. Social works 5. Recreation 6. Study

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 7. Income Generating Activity 6. Others ……………. 6.9 Bio-slurry Utilization 6.9.1 Do you use the bio-slurry manure? Yes No 6.9.2 If you are using slurry manure, 1. Slurry as it is 2. Making 3. After Drying in what way are you using it? compost 6.9.3 What are the impacts of slurry manure application on the 1. Decreased 2. Increased productivity of crop? 3. No Effect 4. Don't know 6.9.4 If increased by how much <10% 10-20% Above 20% percentage? 6.9.5 What are the impacts of slurry manure 1. Decreased 2. Increased application on the incidences of insects and 3. No Effect 4. Don't know Diseases on crops? 6.10 Use of Manures and Fertilizers (1, Bhari =…….kg, 2) (Bucket =……litre) per Ropani/Hectare/Biga/Katha Manures and Fertilizers Before Bio-slurry Use After Bio-slurry Use Manure (Bhari) Bio-slurry (Bucket) Slurry compost (Kg/Doko) Urea (Kg/Ha/Crop) DAP (Kg/Ha/Crop) Potash (Kg/Ha/Crop) Others, specify (Kg/Ha/Crop) 7 Investment on Plant 7.1 How did you manage financing for 1. Self Construction of biogas plant? 2. Loan from village lender (Tick one) 3. Bank loan (Large Banks) 4. Loan from micro credit institutions (Cooperative, Rural Development Bank, Others) 5. Others (specify)……………………. 7.2 If you have taken loan 1. Paid all the installments (Tick one) 2. Paid few installments 3. Not paid any installment 4. Others (specify)…………………… 7.3 Have you received subsidy for Received Not Don’t Know installing biogas plant? (NRs. …………..) Received 8 What are your suggestions to improve the overall performance of biogas? 1. 2. 3.

Name of the Interviewer: ………………………………………………….. Signature: ………………………………. Date:……………………………………..

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 BIOGAS USERS' SURVEY 2009/10 Questionnaire for Non Biogas User Households

1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 GENERAL 1.11 Full Name of the Respondent 1.13 Date of Interview / /2010 (2067/ / ) 1.2 LOCATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD 1.21 District 1.22 VDC/Ward No. 1.23 Village/Tole 1.24 Walking distance from the ………….day ………….hour………….min road 1.25 Distance to water source …………. meter/ft (………….hr/min) 1.26 Connectivity with electricity 1. Yes 2. No 1.3 INFORMATION OF HOUSEHOLD 1.31 Sex of the Family Head 1. Male 2. Female 1.32 Main Occupation of the 1. Agriculture 4. Wage/Labor Family Head 2. Business 5. Other ………………… 3. Service 1.33 Number of Family Members ………. Male ……… Female ………… Children ( Less than 6 Yrs) 1.34 Educational Status (Above 5 Level Male Female Years only) Illiterate Literate Primary Lower Secondary Secondary SLC Intermediate Bachelors or above 2 HOUSEHOLD ENERGY SOURCES 2.1 Energy Sources for Cooking Sources Summer Winter Firewood (kg/Bhari/Month) Crop Residues (kg/Month) Dung (Kg/Month) Coal (Kg/Month) Kerosene (Lit/Month) LPG (Cyl./month) Saw Dust (kg/Month) Other (………………….) (If Firewood is in Bhari, 1 Bhari = ……………… kg) 2.2 Local Price of the energy Source Unit NRs./Unit source Firewood kg/Bhari Crop Residues Kg Dung Kg Coal Kg Kerosene Liter LPG Cylinder Saw Dust kg Other (………………….) 2.3 If you use firewood, where do 1. Forest

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 you collect the firewood from? a. Government Forest b. Community Forest c. Private Forest/Land 2. Buy 3. Other (…………………………..) 2.4 Who is responsible for 1. Male 2. Female 3. Both 4. Children collection of firewood 2.5 Harvesting method of Method Forest firewood Governme Commun Private nt ity Pruning of branches Thinning of trees Felling of trees Other specify (…………...) 2.6 What impacts you have 1. Excessively degenerated observed on the forest during 2. Considerably degenerated (no. of forest/trees had firewood collection? (Tick) decreased? 3. Forest/trees were not degenerated at all 2.7 If the answer to the question 1. Time taken in collecting firewood was increasing above is 1 or 2, which of the as the distance traveled was increasing following impact was more 2. Price of firewood purchase was increasing due to prominent. increase in time or distance traveled in collection of firewood. 3. Type of firewood collected was changing to lower grade due to scarcity of firewood, like twits, agro-waste, etc. 4. None of the above. 2.8 What changes have been observed in following aspects of firewood use? Now (2010) Before 10 Years Before 20 Years (2000) (1990) Time required for collecting of one head load firewood in village (hr) Distance to be travelled for collection of firewood in villages (km or hour) Prices of one head load of firewood in the locality (NRs/Unit) 3 Sanitation 3.1 Have you constructed toilet in your house? 1) Yes 2) No 3.3 If not, what is the reason? 5. Not Habitual 6. Extra cost burden 7. Others (specify) ………………… 4 Family Health and Fire related Accident 4.1 Prevalence Incidence of Disease among Household Members 1. Eye infection 2. Respiratory diseases 3. Cough 4. Fire related injury 5. Others (specify)…………… 4.2 Has any member of your family suffered from fire related accident during Yes No last 12 Months? (Firewood Stove) 4.3 If yes, who were they? No. of Person affected By Fire Related Hazard

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10 Sex Elder Person Adult Children Male Female 5 Use of Manures and Fertilizers 4.10 Use of Manures and Fertilizers (1, Bhari =…….kg, 2) (Bucket =……litre) per Ropani/Hectare/Biga/Katha 1. Manure (Bhari) 4. Potash (Kg/Ha/Crop) 2. Urea (Kg/Ha/Crop) 5. Others, ……………….. (Kg/Ha/Crop) 3. DAP (Kg/Ha/Crop) 7 Perceptions toward Biogas 7.1 Do you know about Biogas? 1. Yes 2. No 7.2 Do you prefer to install a biogas 1. Yes 2. No plant?

Name of the Interviewer: ………………………………………………….. Signature: ………………………………. Date:……………………………………..

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Annex 6: Non-operational Plants

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

SN Districts Name VDC Status 1 Gorkha Kamali Kanta Kaurala Chyangli Not in Operation 2 Surkhet Raj Kumar Thapa Dasharathpur Not in Operation 3 Parsa Ram Narayan Yadav Alau Not in Operation 4 Syangja Yam Prasad Bhandari Kuwakot Not in Operation

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Annex 7: Reduction in Energy Consumption after Biogas Installation

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Firewood (kg/Year) Crop Residues (kg/Year) Kerosene (Lit/Year) LPG (Cyl./Year) Region Size Value B A S B A S B A S B A S Mean 5920.00 3720.00 2200.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 (n=6) SD 2643.18 1933.08 1025.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.90 4.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mean 7062.00 3494.57 3567.43 42.17 39.26 2.91 2.06 0.86 1.20 0.16 0.19 0.05 6 (n=35) SD 2737.88 1496.58 1732.57 157.23 156.00 17.24 8.96 4.15 7.10 0.55 0.51 0.32 Hill/Mountain Mean 11550.00 6015.00 5535.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8 (n=2) SD 2757.72 1039.45 1718.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mean 7111.40 3643.26 3468.14 34.33 31.95 2.37 1.95 0.98 0.98 0.13 0.16 0.04 Total (n=43) SD 2867.74 1603.38 1751.22 142.43 141.20 15.55 8.25 4.13 6.40 0.49 0.47 0.29 Mean 7380.00 2700.00 4680.00 82.00 43.00 39.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.25 0.25 4 (n=12) SD 2266.47 1232.82 1633.58 47.54 29.93 21.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73 0.87 0.87 Mean 6735.22 3375.67 3413.28 70.03 56.51 13.52 0.90 0.90 0.00 0.13 0.09 0.13 6 (n=67) SD 4084.93 2816.13 2266.15 187.44 144.90 59.97 4.34 4.34 0.00 0.81 0.73 0.81 Mean 9801.82 4464.55 5337.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.45 5.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Terai 8 (n=11) SD 6876.91 4529.60 3047.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.43 12.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mean 10200.00 3525.00 6675.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.00 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 (n=2) SD 424.26 2439.52 2015.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.97 16.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mean 7261.30 3420.98 3879.46 61.70 46.76 14.93 1.57 1.57 0.00 0.16 0.10 0.13 Total (n=92) SD 4370.11 2908.19 2405.33 162.50 125.38 52.66 6.22 6.22 0.00 0.93 0.70 0.76 Mean 7213.56 3491.78 3748.44 52.98 42.04 10.93 1.69 1.38 0.31 0.15 0.12 0.10 Overall (n=135) SD 3943.60 2561.28 2219.74 156.38 130.28 44.65 6.90 5.63 3.61 0.81 0.63 0.65 Note: B= Before Installation, A = After Installation and S= Saving of Fuel, S is considered as 0 in case of a

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Annex 8: Calculation of Non Renewable Biomass

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. Final Report on Annual Biogas Users' Survey 2009/10

Method 1: Based on the Data from Table 25 (Consequences of forest degradation)

Terai Hill/Mountain Total Consequences of forest degradation N % N % N % a) Time taken in collecting firewood was increasing as the distance traveled was increasing 31 33.7 30 69.77 61 45.19 b) Price of firewood purchase was increasing due to increase in time or distance traveled in collection of firewood 25 27.17 3 6.98 28 20.74 c) Type of firewood collected was changing to lower grade due to scarcity of firewood, like twits, agro- wastes etc. 5 5.43 1 2.33 6 4.44 d) a and b 23 25 1 2.33 24 17.78 e) b and c 1 1.09 1 2.33 2 1.48 f) c and a 1 1.09 1 2.33 2 1.48 g) Not applicable 6 6.52 6 13.95 12 8.89 Total 92 100 43 100 135 100 Response pointing towards the use of non- renewable biomass 86 94.95 37 86.67 123 92.36

Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd.