President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation and Management Master Plan

The Government of Nepal President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board

2074

Foreword The Chure hill has remained to be fragile, susceptible and the store of forest/vegetation in the geo-physical, geological and the like points of view, but it has severely eroded as well as depleted because of the developmental endeavors in the last few decades. The Chure Hill, Dun, Bhavar and Tarai Madhesh are connected with one another in harmonious manner. Although the Chure has been providing support to the agriculture business and the inhabitants of the Dun and Tarai Madhesh regions with the natural fertilizer, water and other resources from its region, it has now created disasters and worries following its gradual destruction. Due to its inappropriate or incorrect use, it is affecting upon all- the Dun, the Bhavar and the Tarai Madhesh. Due to the unmanaged cultivation, animal husbandry and uncontrolled grazing on its sloped terrains, the soil of this region has arrived at the Tarai Madhesh region. Furthermore, the impromptu collection of the sand, rock and pebbles from the streams/rivers in the deep-valleys of the Chure and in the Bhavar regions has turned the Tarai land in the grip of river-cutting and flood.

Although the manpower and land are the main sources of the Tarai Madhesh region, both the production and productivity of this region are in the decreasing trend because of the migration of the youths outside the nation for employment together with the ever-increasing disasters such as landslide, river-cutting and flood. There is an extreme shortage of forest resources, especially in the southern part. In this way, the opportunities for the development of the Tarai Madhesh region are decreasing due to various reasons despite being rich in manpower and land. Keeping these problems into consideration, the Government of Nepal had started various conservation efforts in the Chure region from the last few years, but such programs have not gained expected success. The main reasons for this are- the efforts for solution being quite minimal as compared to the problems; the priority of the programs in the downstream region rather than in the Chure Hill, the upstream region (the root of the problem); the programs not being implemented in the integrated and coordinated manner; and so on. Based on the learning from these efforts, the President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board (PCTMCDB) was established in 2071 BS. Taking into consideration the past experiences, this Board has adopted the policy of the management of the Chure Hill, Bhavar, Tarai Madhesh and Dun regions as a single landscape.

The conservation of the Chure region is only possible through a multi-stakeholder, multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary as well as multidimensional effort. The solution of the problems here is not possible through the conservation of the forest resources of the Chure region alone. Hence, watershed conservation, improvement in agriculture system, management of animal husbandry, river control, wetland management, water conservation and so on along with forest management are found to be necessary for the purpose. Among these, co-ordination and team-work of the upstream and downstream communities are indispensable.

Therefore, it is essential for the implementation of the programs in an intensive manner in the team-work of all the stakeholders through the preparation of a master plan for the

conservation and integrated management of the Chure, Dun, and Tarai Madhesh regions. In this regard, this Master Plan has been prepared by a national team of the multidisciplinary experts having experience in the conservation of the Chure region through-field observation, consultations with the local communities, district-level sociological and technical authorities and the representatives of the political parties, and the central-level experts and different authorities together with the consultations with the Honorable Members of the Legislature Parliament. The Master Plan presents the integrated conservation plan based on the river systems of the Chure Hill, Dun, Bhavar and Tarai Madhesh regions. The support and team- work of all are expected in the implementation of this Plan.

The English version of this Master Plan has been prepared by Mr. Sahas Man Shrestha, Forest Resource Inventory and Management Expert.

Contents Summary ...... i - xii 1.Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Configuration of the ground ...... 1 1.1.1 Creation and nature of the landscape ...... 1 1.1.2 Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape ...... 1 1.2 Concept and necessity of the Master Plan ...... 2 1.3 Master Plan preparation process ...... 3 1.4 Structure of the Master Plan ...... 7 1.5 Scope and limitations of the Master Plan ...... 7 2.Analysis of the existing status ...... 8 2.1 Geo-biological status ...... 8 2.1.1 Geology and geomorphology ...... 8 2.1.2 Susceptible region ...... 11 2.1.3 River system ...... 14 2.1.4 Ground cover and land use...... 18 2.1.5 Climate and climate change ...... 20 2.1.6 Environmental services ...... 25 2.1.7 Forest, vegetation and biodiversity ...... 26 2.1.8 Agriculture and animal husbandry ...... 30 2.1.9 Wetlands, religious and cultural heritages and the sites with paleo-historical .... 33 2.1.10 Groundwater ...... 37 2.1.11 River-bed materials ...... 38 2.2 Socio-economic status ...... 42 2.2.1 Settlements and population ...... 42 2.2.2 Occupational status ...... 45 2.2.3 Use of energy ...... 46 2.3 Existing and developing-stage important physical structures and public facilities ..... 47 2.3.1 Irrigation ...... 47 2.3.2 Roads and railways (including bridges and mini-bridges)...... 47 2.3.3 Drinking water ...... 48 2.3.4 Hydro-electricity and Electric Power Transmission ...... 49 2.4 Existing organizations and structures ...... 53

2.4.1 Governmental organizations ...... 53 2.4.2 Non-governmental organizations ...... 55 2.4.3 Community-based organizations...... 56 2.4.4 Existing policy and legal format ...... 57 3.Outline of the Master Plan ...... 58 3.1 Strategic roadmap ...... 58 3.1.1 Vision ...... 58 3.1.2 Goal ...... 58 3.1.3 Objectives ...... 58 3.1.4 Guiding principles ...... 59 3.1.5 Programs ...... 60 3.1.6 Implementation level ...... 60 3.1.7 Program implementation, common strategy ...... 61 3.1.8 Financial mechanism ...... 62 3.2 Master Plan ...... 63 3.2.1 Programs and periodical goals ...... 63 3.2.2 Summary and implementation strategies of the programs ...... 68 3.2.3 Employment and Specialized skill ...... 93 3.3 River System and local-level programs ...... 94 3.3.1 River system ...... 94 3.3.2 Local-level ...... 97 3.4 Investment plan ...... 97 1.1 Mitigation in the damage/decline of the natural resources; ...... 98 1.2 Stabilization of the environment and increase in the productivity; and ...... 98 1.3 Mitigation in the impacts of risk ...... 98 3.1 Development of trees outside forest; ...... 99 3.2 Extension of renewable energy-related technologies; and ...... 99 3.3 Support in the management and commercialization of private forests ...... 100 3.4 Lack of information and need of recording or research ...... 106 4. Implementation ...... 108 4.1 Policy and legal reform ...... 108 4.1.1 Integrated Act for Chure conservation ...... 108 4.1.2 Ownership or responsibilities of rivers ...... 108 4.1.3 Management of unmanaged settlements in susceptible areas ...... 109

4.1.4 Green-belt for river-belt protection ...... 110 4.1.5 Extension of multi-year crops on sloped agriculture land ...... 111 4.1.6 Public wetland conservation ...... 111 4.1.7 Multi-year contract for collection of river-bed materials...... 111 4.1.8 Export of river-bed materials outside the nation ...... 112 4.1.9 Modification of the map of the Chure Conservation region ...... 112 4.1.10 Inclusion of Mahabharat region in river system management ...... 112 4.2 Institutional structure ...... 112 4.3 Human resource ...... 115 4.4 Roles and responsibilities ...... 115 4.5 Capacity building and Information and communication ...... 119 4.5.1 Capacity building ...... 119 4.5.2 Information and Communication ...... 120 5. Monitoring and evaluation ...... 121 5.1 Result-oriented monitoring plan ...... 121 5.2 Information system for the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape ...... 122 5.3 Milestones ...... 122 5.4 Evaluation Plan ...... 122 References cited ...... 124 Glossary ...... 152

List of Figures

Figure 1: Conceptual Diagram of the Master Plan ...... 5 Figure 2: Preparatory Mechanism of the Master Plan ...... 6 Figure 3: Map showing the Geographical Division of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape .. 9 Figure 4: Map showing the Geological Division of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape .... 10 Figure 5: Map showing the landslide-susceptible areas ...... 13 Figure 6: Map showing the Flood-susceptible Areas ...... 13 Figure 7: Map showing the River Systems in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape ...... 15 Figure 8: Map showing the Ground Cover and Land Use in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh ...... 19 Figure 9: Graph showing the Spatial Tendency of the Average Annual Rainfall ...... 21 Figure 10: Map showing the Areas having Maximum Rainfall within 24 hours in the...... 23 Figure 11: Map showing the Locations of the Sites with Paleo-historical and ...... 34 Figure 12: Map showing the Existing as well as the Potential Excavation Sites for the ...... 40

Figure 13: Map showing the Locations of the Houses in the Areas Highly Susceptible ...... 44 Figure 14: Map showing the Locations of the Houses in the Areas Highly Susceptible ...... 45 Figure 15: Map showing the Locations of the Hydro-electricity Power Transmission Lines . 51 Figure 16: Financial Mechanism ...... 63 Figure 17: Institutional Structure ...... 114

List of Tables

Table 1: Physiographic Terrain-wise Areas of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape ...... 9 Table 2: Geological Terrain-wise Coverage of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape ...... 11 Table 3: Details on the River Systems ...... 16 Table 4: Physiographic Region-wise Ground Cover in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh ...... 20 Table 5: Changing Tendency of Rainfall measured during 1984‒2013 at Different ...... 21 Table 6: Amount of 24-hour-rainfall measured at Different Meteorological Stations, their .. 24 Table 7: Physiographic Region-wise Forest Areas versus Sloppiness of the Terrain ...... 27 Table 8: Details on Nepal's Biodiversity versus Biodiversity of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh ... 28 Table 9: Details on the Protected Areas of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape ...... 29 Table 10: Details on the Protected Forests in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape ...... 29 Table 11: Ecosystems outside the Protected Areas ...... 30 Table 12: Physiographic-region-wise Sloppiness of the Terrain in the Chure-Tarai ...... 32 Table 13: District-wise Data on the Wetlands together with the Religious and Cultural ...... 33 Table 14: Sites having Paleo-historical and Archaeological Importance ...... 35 Table 15: Amount of Annual Recharge of Groundwater and its Consumption ...... 37 Table 16: Details on the Existing as well as the Potential Excavation Sites for the ...... 40 Table 17: Details on the Populace engaged in Various Occupations in the Chure-Tarai ...... 46 Table 18: Distract-wise Details on the Rural Roads ...... 48 Table 19: Data on the Types of the Availability of Drinking Water and the Users ...... 49 Table 20: Details on the Hydro-electricity Power Stations ...... 49 Table 21: Details on the Hydro-Electricity Power Transmission Lines ...... 52 Table 22: Small hydro-electricity generating power stations on the basis of their ...... 53 Table 23: Details on the Local-level GOs having Very Close Relationship with the ...... 54 Table 24: Details on the NGOs concerned with Chure Conservation ...... 56 Table 25: Details on the CBOs engaged in the Conservation of Chure ...... 56 Table 26: Details on the Main Programs and Periodical Goals ...... 64 Table 27: Details on the Agricultural Systems recommended on the basis of Sloppiness ...... 73

Table 28: Details on the Non-timber Forest Products to be extended ...... 76 Table 29: Year-wise Employment Opportunity for the First 5-year-Period ...... 94 Table 30: List of the Selected River Systems ...... 95 Table 31: Period-wise Cost-estimates for 20 years ...... 98 Table 32: Year-wise Budget-Estimate for the First 5-year Period ...... 102 Table 33: Details on the Responsible Implementing Authorities ...... 116 Table 34: Milestones ...... 122 Table 35: Action Plan for Evaluation ...... 123

List of Annexes

Annex 1: District-wise Area of the Chure Region ...... 155 Annex 2: Details on the River Systems ...... 157 Annex 3: Tendency of the Arrival of Monsoon ...... 167 Annex 4: Details on Temperature and Rainfall ...... 168 Annex 5: Encroached Forest Area (ha) ...... 170 Annex 6: District-wise Data on the Domestic Cattle in the Chure Conservation Region ..... 171 Annex 7: Important Wetlands in Environmental Point of View ...... 173 Annex 8: VDCs and Municipalities falling entirely or partially in the Chure Region ...... 177 Annex 9: Details on Irrigation Plan ...... 179 Annex 10: Details on the Households and Populace using Natural Water ...... 189 Annex 11: Logical Framework ...... 191 Annex 12: Potential Sites for the Collection and Storage of Rainwater and Recharge ...... 200 Annex 13: Example of Cost-estimate Analysis for the First 5-year Period ...... 212 Annex 14: Formation, Duties and Work-procedures of the Coordination Committees ...... 229 Annex 15: Result-oriented Monitoring Action Plan ...... 233

Summary The region having the dominancy of comparatively dwarf mountainous on the southern part of the Himalayan Mountain Range is called “Chure range”. The Chure hills along with some gullies created by the rivers and Dun Valleys (or Inner Tarai) lie in the Chure range. Mainly, sandstone, mudstone and conglomerates are found in the Chure region, and are in the state of being eroded as these rocks have not been totally solidified. As the Chure range has remained to be an important part being ecologically connected with the Bhavar and the Tarai Madhesh regions, it is essential to conserve and manage the entire region accordingly considering the Chure Hill and the narrow gullies created by the rivers there, the Dun Valleys, the Bhavar and the Tarai Madhesh as a single landscape (approximately 3,925,204 ha).

The Chure region is distinctive in terms of geological, biological, hydrological cycle and ecological point of views, and following the eradication of cholera after the decade of 1950s and after the construction of the East-west Highway, the extension of human settlement started in the entire Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape leading it to be the habitat of more than half of the nation’s populace (14,748,672 as of 2068 population census); and because of their activities, the natural resources of this entire region were extracted beyond their renewable capacity. Although the policies, programs and projects have been contributing in the conservation of the Chure, the output as per the expectation could not be achieved as their programs were limited within the small physiographic region and as the inter-relationship between the upstream and downstream regions could not be addressed properly.

Being sensitive towards the adverse impacts upon the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape due to the deteriorating status of the Chure region, the Government of Nepal (GoN), had initiated the implementation of the President Chure Conservation Program in the Fiscal Year (FY) 2066/67, and in order to drive it in powerful manner, the GoN formed the President Chure- Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board on 2ndAshad, 2071; and this Master Plan (MP) has been prepared as per the Government’s directive (to this Board) to prepare and implement the programs through preparation of a master plan of the entire Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape. This MP has adopted the vision of ensuring the sustainable availability of the environmental services through execution of the erosion-mitigating activities keeping into consideration the existing situation when there is increase in the people’s grief and disaster owing to the decline in the productivity caused by the deterioration in the Chure environment leading to uncertainty of the environmental services.

The MP has been given the final shape by incorporating the feedback provided by the freelancers and the stakeholders from the central and district levels on its draft prepared on the basis of the study and analysis of the literatures, consultations from central to local-level and field observations.

In this MP that has been prepared for the 20-year period, the action plan for the first 5-years, and on the basis of the same, the programs projected for the coming 10, 15 and 20 years have been included. The overall image of the conservation, analysis of the existing scenario and

i management of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape has been incorporated in the MP. The integrated river system management plan, of the 64 river systems, that will be implemented in the first 5-year period has been incorporated in the first complementary section of the MP. Similarly, the district-wise plans of the 36 districts touched by the Chure region have been included in its second complementary section. In addition to this, the different supporting documents prepared in course of the preparation of the MP have been incorporated in the Appendix of the MP.

As the geo-biological and socio-economic aspects have affected upon the status of the Chure, the analyses of both these aspects have also been included in the MP.

The MP has divided the rivers, flowing across the Chure and Tarai Madhesh regions and crossing the Nepal-India Border, into four categories on the basis of their origins. For the purpose of management, some river systems consisting of very long rivers or large watershed areas or the watersheds having clear differences have been even divided into a number of blocks. Altogether, 164 river systems have been inventoried in such mapped out river systems.

Although 48.19% of the total area of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape is covered by agriculture and settlement, 47.16% by forest, shrub-land and grassland, and the rest 4.65% by river and river-bed, the proportion of the land-cover within the physiographic units differ extremely. Of the total area of the Chure hills (including gullies), 83.47% is occupied by forest, shrub and grassland while 13.16% by agriculture and settlement, and the rest 3.37% by river and river-bed. On the contrary, 83.18% of the Tarai Madhesh region is occupied by agriculture and settlement, 12.59% by forest, shrub and grassland, and the rest 4.23% by river and river-bed. In the case of the Dun, 57.73% land area is covered by forest, shrub and grassland while 33.36% is occupied by agriculture and settlement, and the rest 8.91 by river and river-bed. Similarly, 58.40% of the land area of the Bhavar is covered by agriculture and settlement, 35.09% by forest, shrub and grassland, and the rest 6.51% by river and river-bed.

Outline of the Master Plan This MP has been prepared incorporating the data-based information, consultations done at the central, district and community levels together with field observation. It includes strategic roadmap and the structural provision required for the implementation of plan and programs. The vision, goal, objectives, expected outputs and programs have been included in the strategic roadmap.

Vision: “To achieve economic prosperity along with the protected as well as naturally balanced Chure-Tarai Madhesh and Dun Landscape, and the continuous flow of environmental goods and services”

Goal: “To support in poverty reduction and national goal of Prosperous Nepal through conservation and sustainable management of the resources in the Chure region, and improvement of the ecosystem services”

Objectives Objective 1: To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the climate change and natural disasters through ensuring the sustainable management of the natural resources (land, water, vegetation and biodiversity) of the Chure hills (including gullies) and Bhavar region, favorable to their geological, physiographical status and ecosystems.

Expected outputs and programs: Mitigation in the damage/decline of the natural resources

- Determination of the government forests or public lands on the basis of their mapping (using the Land Use Zone Map) - Mapping of forests showing the management units (using the Topographical Map of the Survey Department) - Control of forest encroachment - Rehabilitation of degraded lands - Control or management of grazing in the forests and river-beds - Commercial animal husbandry - Multi-year crop extension on sloped agriculture lands

Stabilization of the environment and increase in the productivity - Forest management - Development and management of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) - Conservation of biodiversity (11 ecosystems and 7 protected areas) - Wetland management - Collection and storage of rainwater, recharge of groundwater and its use - Incentive for environment-friendly physical infrastructures - Control of invasive species

Mitigation in the effects of risk - Use/management of river-bed materials - Management of settlements within the susceptible areas - Mitigation and control of forest fire

Objective 2: To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the water-induced disasters in the Chure hills, Dun and Tarai Madhesh Landscape, and to continue the flow of the environmental services.

iii

Expected outputs and programs Integrated river system resource management infrastructure

- Development of river management mechanism at river system-level - Preparation of action plan for integrated river system resource development

Stabilization of the landslide-susceptible areas in the upper watershed region

- Treatment of the landslide areas - Conservation of springs and community-based soil conservation

Mitigation in the damage caused by river-cutting and inundation

- Stabilization of river-banks - Development of green-belts on the river-banks

Objective 3: Maintain accessibility in the household use of energy, and to increase the accessibility of the residents (especially from the Tarai Madhesh region) living far from the national forests, in the use of timber, wood and other energy resources.

Expected outputs and programs Development of trees outside forests

- Management of qualitative seeds and seedlings - Promotion and commercialization of private forest through production, plantation and management of seedlings on private/social lands

Extension of the technologies related to renewable energy

- Extension of cow-dung gas - Extension of household solar energy - Development of mini-hydro-electricity power and its use - Extension of access to national electricity power transmission - Use/Extension of bio-briquette and improved stove technology

Multi-sector and institutional development programs The following multi-sector and institutional development programs have been also incorporated so as to achieve the above mentioned objectives and outputs:

Emergency disaster management

- Collection of information on damage - Support for disaster management

Eco-tourism development

- Study on feasibility of eco-tourism

- Support for eco-tourism development

Participation of women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized communities

- Production and transmission of the women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized community-friendly awareness-raising materials - Skill-oriented capacity building - Participation in community-based organizations - Priority to employments created in course of MP implementation - Exhibition of the women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized community-friendly natural resource conservation model

Climate adaptation

- Assessment and prioritization of the risks of climate change - Support in the preparation and implementation of the Local Adaptation Plan for Action (LAPA) or Climate Adaption Plan of Action (CAPA).

Scientific and action-oriented research and technology development

- Increase likely to occur in the Mean Annual Increment (MAI) as per the forest management system(in the forests of Chure, Bhavar, Dun and Tarai Madhesh) - Action-oriented research on forest management system versus rate of soil erosion - Action-oriented research on the amount of sediment of the managed river system - Development of a manual on non-traditional river-bank conservation technology - Research and recording on the inter-relationship and dependency between natural resources and communities - Comparative study on the animal husbandry with open grazing versus stall-feeding (economic, social, and environmental aspects) - Comparative study on cultivation on sloped agricultural land versus multi-year cultivation system that requires less ploughing (economic, social, and environmental aspects) - Feasibility test on the increase in the value-addition of Kans (Saccharum spontaneum) and technology development - Mapping and categorization of landslide areas, prioritization for their control and technology development (for their control) - Bamboo production, value-added tax and marketing - Status of the wildlife outside the Protected Area System (PAS) and conservation measures - Occurrence, extent of invasion, effects and control of invasive plant species - Economic evaluation regarding environmental services affected due to conservation measures - Status of the protected plants outside the PAS and conservation measures - Feasibility study on forest-based industries

- Development and trial of new technologies (e.g., location-specific smart and climate- resilient agriculture technology generation and development)

Public communication

- Public communication strategy development - Production and transmission of information materials favorable to central, state and local levels - Web-site development, updating and information dissemination

Human capacity building

- Human resource involved in the MP implementing authorities - Officials of the community-based organizations - Farmers - Laborers

Planning and coordination amongst inter-authorities

- Coordination among central, state and local levels - Annual planning - Development of Second 5-year Action Plan

Monitoring and evaluation

- Development of result-oriented monitoring system - Collection, analysis, feedback and publication of information - Performance evaluation

Acts, Rules, Policy, Work-policy and development of manual/guidelines

- Development/Improvement of Acts and Rules - Policies and work-policies related to technical and procedural issues and improvement of manual/guidelines

Inception of Master Plan

- Introductory workshop on the Master Plan at central, river system and local levels - Introductory field observation on the basis of the mapping of the Chure Conservation region

Guiding principles This MP has adopted the following guiding principles in order to direct the momentum of its implementation:

 Ensure the system of sustainable production and use of the resources;

 Give emphasis to the programs that mitigate climate change and its effects

 Intensify the conservation, rehabilitation and sustainable use of the land-environment, manage the forests sustainably, cease desertification and soil-erosion, and conserve biodiversity;

 Fulfill the objectives and programs as targeted by the sectoral plans and strategies, in environmental point of view;

 Streamline the inclusion of women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized communities while planning and implementing the programs related to climate-adaptation and poverty reduction;

 Involve the governmental, non-governmental and community-based organizations in the program implementation, and give them the responsibilities on the basis of their expertise, capabilities and fields (subjective as well as physiographic), and prepare integrated plan considering the upstream and downstream regions of the river system as a single unit;

 Modify the policy, programs, implementation process and technology continuously on the basis of the achievement, experience and evidence; and

 Ensure the participation of the local communities in each step (planning, implementation, maintenance, monitoring and benefit distribution) of the programs.

Implementation mechanism The programs have been fixed to be implemented at the three levels viz. i) central level, ii) river system-level and iii) local level. The programs to be implemented from the central-level include- policy reform, high-level directions, central-level coordination, technical and process-related policy, work-policy and development of manual/guidelines, public communication strategy development, production of information materials, research, development of monitoring system together with the programs that are not incorporated at the local-level or river system-level, but that will be implemented in the PAS. In the case of the programs to be implemented at the river system-level, the programs such as the treatment of the landslide sites at the upper watershed areas, community-based soil and water (springs) conservation, strengthening of the river-banks downstream regions, and construction of green-belts have been included with priority. In the same way, the programs to be implemented at the local-level include control of forest encroachment, rehabilitation of degraded public lands, control and management of grazing, management of the use of river- bed materials, management of the settlements in the susceptible areas, extension of multi-year crops on the sloped agriculture lands, wetland management, forest fire control, collection and storage of rainwater, groundwater recharge and the use of surface-water, and so on.

Common strategy in program implementation

 The communities likely to be affected and benefitted from the programs will be actively involved in all the phases-while fixing the program-site, designing and implementing the programs, and establishing access to the profit obtained following

vii

the program achievement. Such affected and benefitted communities will be involved in the MP implementation through the community-based organization (existing or newly established). While involving the communities, representation from the women, dalit, indigenous, and ethnic groups will be ensured and their concerns will be addressed.

 The prioritized river system-level and the local-level programs will be incorporated in the annual programs on the basis of the detailed-design and the cost-estimate based on the integrated resource management action plan, and will be implemented accordingly. As all the programs will be of multi-year in nature, and as those will have to be looked after and repaired/maintained in the first few years, multi-year programs will be fixed and implemented accordingly.

 Although the implementation of the MP will be executed mainly through the authorities of the Government of Nepal (GoN) and the local governments, the non- governmental organizations (NGOs) will be involved in social mobilization, advocacy, information flow and so on works.

 Private sector will be involved in the programs requiring the specialized skill not available in the governmental organizations (GOs) and NGOs, and in the programs producing the outputs with the fixed quality in the fixed time-period.

 Research activities will not be carried out only for the purpose of maintaining the research-results limited to theoretical knowledge; the research-results will be exercised in practice, and will be gradually updated.

 If the programs of similar nature are carried out in the places where the programs are implemented, coordination will be done so as to ensure that the programs will not be duplicated, or it will be ensured not to spend dual investment in the same program while implementing the programs through the collaborative organizations.

 While identifying and implementing the programs at local-level, the ownership of the local governments will be ensured.

Financial mechanism The Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation and Management Plan will be implemented by utilizing the Government’s own financial resource together with those received from the other sources including the donor authorities through the GoN. The financial resource obtained in the name of the President Chure Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board will be mobilized for the implementation of the MP through the governmental, non- governmental, community-based, and private organizations and individuals with specialized expertise as indicated by the MP.

viii

Employment and specialized skill While executing these programs, there will be the requirement of both skilled and unskilled laborers who work in the field including the technicians having high and medium skills. There seems to be ample of employment opportunities due to the requirement of a huge number of skilled and unskilled laborers to work in the sectors like forest management, animal husbandry, management of agriculture land and river management. The employment opportunity of the laborers equivalent to a total of 52 million and 830 thousand man-days including the skilled laborers equivalent to 7 million and 315 thousand man-days and the unskilled laborers equivalent to 45 million 515 thousand man-days is expected to be created at the local-level during the first 5-year period.

Investment plan A total investment of Rs. 249,700,196,000 (Rupees two hundred forty nine billion seven hundred million and one hundred ninety six thousand) as of the cost of 2072 BS is expected to be required to accomplish the aforementioned programs in the 20-year period of the MP. Of this total investment, Rs. 80,856,253,000 (Rupees eighty billion, eight hundred fifty six million and two hundred fifty three thousand) is expected to be spent in the first five-year period, Rs. 67,013,539,000 (Rupees sixty seven billion, thirteen million and five hundred thirty nine thousand) in the second five-year period, Rs. 51,956,329,000 (Rupees fifty one billion, nine hundred fifty six million and three hundred twenty nine thousand) in the third five-year period, and Rs. 49,874,075,000 (Rupees forty nine billion, eight hundred seventy four million and seventy five thousand) in the fourth five-year period. As per the estimate, Rs. 9,870,512,000 (Rupees nine billion, eight hundred seventy million and five hundred twelve thousand) will be required for the first year, Rs. 18,240,234,000 (Rupees eighteen billion, two hundred forty million and two hundred thirty four thousand) in the second year, Rs. 21,204,389,000 (Rupees twenty one billion, two hundred four million and three hundred eighty nine thousand) in the third year, Rs. 18,487,501,000 (Rupees eighteen billion, four hundred eighty seven million and five hundred one thousand) in the fourth year, and Rs. 13,053,616,000 (Rupees thirteen billion, fifty three million and six hundred sixteen thousand) in the fifth year.

Implementation provision Policy and legal reforms It is proposed that the contradictory situation caused by the differing provisions in the existing acts and even the duplication of mandate will be addressed through policy, legal and behavioral reforms. The integrated act is so recommended that there will be harmony amongst the acts directly concerned with the use of the Chure resources and its conservation. The MP has proposed for the improvement of various legal and policies for addressing the difficulties while executing the programs such as fixing the ownership and responsibility of the rivers and construction of green-belts on the banks of the rivers. The policy and legal reforms are proposed for the development of forests in the old areas in compensation for the encroached forest areas that are practically difficult to be recovered. Although the Land Use

Policy, 2069 BS has encouraged for the extension of multi-year crop on the sloped lands, this MP proposes for the joint effort so as to bring pace in its implementation as the policy has been implemented quite slowly. In the same way, despite the same policy has managed provision for the implementation of wetland management, it has not been noticed in practice; so, this MP recommends for its implementation. There is a multi-year contract program for the use of river-bed materials in the MP. Although there is no legal barrier for making such contract, it is missing in practice; so, this MP recommends for its implementation accordingly. Likewise, the MP has recommended for the prohibition of the river-bed materials in the form of raw-materials outside the nation. As there are also flat areas of the Dun with densely populated settlements and cities like Hetauda, Narayangat and Dang falling within the Chure which has been stated as the “environment conservation region”, this MP recommends for the updating of the maps removing the Duns from the environment conservation region. Further, the MP has recommended for executing landslide control programs even in the Mahabharat region as per the technical requirement in course of the river system management.

Institutional structure Institutional structures are proposed for the implementation of this MP, wherein the central- level, river system-level and state-level authorities as well as the local communities will be actively involved. It is proposed that these structures will accomplish three types of task- policy and legal simplicity, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the programs. The role of the Environment Conservation Committee (ECC) under the Legislature Parliament, High-level Direction Committee under the chairmanship of the Forest and Soil Conservation Minister, concerned ministries and PCTMCDB is imperative in policy and legal simplicity. For the implementation and monitoring of the programs, the responsibilities of the Central Coordination Committee, the concerned ministries and the corresponding departments, the expert organizations and the PCTMCDB have been identified. At the state and local levels, the programs will be implemented through the creation of the implementation levels as per the national restructure. For this purpose, coordination committees will be formed with the representation of the government at the state and local levels. There will be a Cluster Office between every one or two states. There will be, altogether, five such offices within the Chure-Tarai Madhesh landscape. Each Cluster Office will be headed by one of the PCTMCDB Members.

Similarly at the local-level, the MP has proposed for the active involvement of the river system-level network, user groups, farmers, individuals or private organizations. For the purpose of evaluation work, the ECC under the PCTMCDB together with the internal and external evaluation teams have been managed at the central-level. Likewise, the participatory evaluation teams are proposed accordingly for the evaluation of the programs at the district and local levels.

Duties and responsibilities For the implementation of each MP program, the details on the main responsible authorities and the subordinating authorities are incorporated. For instance, it is mentioned that the main responsible authority for executing the forest encroachment control program will be the concerned district forest office, and the subordinating authorities will be the district administration office and the security authority.

Capacity building The capacity and skill development is proposed for the following four categories of human resource- i) the staff working in the MP implementing organizations (both the government as well as local government), ii) the officials of the community-based organizations, iii) farmers, and iv) laborers who will be directly involved in the implementation of the MP. Although the requirement and the level of capacity enhancement for these four categories of human resource will have to be determined after comprehensive need assessment, some issues have been identified.

Information and communication Powerful communication strategy is proposed for transformation of the communities’ attitude into conservation-oriented format, and communication materials will be produced and transmitted based on the issues and procedures identified by the same policy. The website, local F.M. Radio, S.M.S. and Mobile Apps will be used with priority for the purpose of information transmission.

Result-oriented monitoring plan A result-oriented monitoring plan consisting of the indicators of the impacts, effects and achievements and highlighting the necessary information, present scenario, relevancy, place, time, resource, technique and responsibility for each of the indicators, is included in this MP; and the monitoring of the MP implementation will be a continuous process. The review of the programs will be done after every six months in the meeting of the coordination committee to be formed at the state and local levels. Similarly, the review of the implementing units will be done after every two months. As per the Action Plan, the monitoring of the impacts will be performed in the tenth and twentieth years, and that of the effects and performance will be accomplished in the second trimester of the fifth, tenth, fifteenth and twentieth years. Four assumptions are included in the Logical Framework of the MP, and the monitoring of all these four assumptions are also incorporated in the MP. Besides, the mitigation measures for three risks and uncertainties are suggested.

Information system for the Chure-Tarai Madhesh region The MP has proposed for the development of information system by identifying the required information on the basis of the result-oriented monitoring plan, and has also proposed for the collection of the information regarding the programs and achievements by each district at the district-level and the collection of the information regarding the overall programs and

xi achievements of all the districts right from the beginning at the central-level together with the mapping of such information using the Geographic Information System (GIS) every year.

Milestones Altogether, nine main destinations of the successful implementation of the MP along with the fixed quantitative measurement points for the first five-year period are incorporated in the MP (see Table 34). The destinations include: i)the encroached forest area relieved from encroachment, and the forest rejuvenated again; ii) the cattle-raising households habituated of open-grazing now adopting stall-feeding for their domestic cattle; iii) extension of multi-year crop by ploughing on the sloped agricultural lands with 19degrees or more slope; iv) forest management with suitable silviculture system; v) collection and storage of rainwater, groundwater recharge, structures developed for the use of groundwater and wetland management; vi) management of the river-bed materials; vii) management of the houses in the landslide or flood susceptible areas; vii) integrated river system development- upper watershed management, construction of embankments along the river-banks, and development of green-belts on both sides of rivers; and ix) trees and bamboo grown up outside forest.

Evaluation plan The 20-year period of the MP has been divided into four 5-year periods, and the mid-term evaluation of each 5-year period will be done in the third year and the end-of-program evaluation in the fifth year. Evaluation will be done on the basis of the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impacts and sustainability of the programs. The mid-term evaluation is proposed to be performed by the PCTMCDB together with the group of the officials responsible for accomplishing the evaluation of the MP while that of the end-of- program is proposed to be accomplished by the group of the national-level evaluation experts having sectoral knowledge.

xii

1. Introduction This Chapter of the Master Plan(MP) includes the configuration of the ground of the Chure, Tarai and Madhesh Landscape, concept and necessity of the MP and its preparation process together with its structure, margins and limitation.

1.1 Configuration of the ground The Chure or the Chure range is situated parallely along the south of the Himalayan range in Nepal. Geographically, it is equally known as the "Siwalik" or "Sub-Himalaya". Some narrow gorges created by the rivers such as the Marin and Kamala gorges of Sindhuli, the Rangoon Valley of Dadeldhura together with the Dun Valley or the Inner-Tarai such as the Dang, Deukhuri, Surkhet and Chitwan Valleys lie within the Chure range extending over 800 km from Mahakali in the west to Mechi in the east. It occupies, altogether, 36 (fully or partially) out of the 75 districts of the nation (see Annex 1). Moreover, its width varies from 10 km to 50 km (north-south), having more width where there are valleys. Its minimum width is found to be less than 350m at the gorge of the Timai Khola (stream) at the junction of the Shantinagar Village Development Committee (VDC)of Jhapa district and the Irutar VDC of Ilam district. The Chure occupies about 12.78% of the total land area (147,181 sq km) of the nation, which has been declared as "environment conservation region" in 2071 Bikram Sambat (BS). The elevation of the Chure hills ranges from 120 m (near the Baralgaon in the Theliya VDC of Saptari district) to 1,972 m (the Bhasuko Hill in the Sahajpur VDC of Kailali district).

1.1.1 Creation and nature of the landscape The rocks in the Chure range are formed due to the sediments deposited by rivers flowing down from the Himalayas and from the Tibetan plateau beyond the Himalayas between the mid-Miocene Era (about 15 million years ago) and the Pleistocene Era (about one million years ago) when the Himalayan range gained its height. In terms of geological time-period, the sedimentary rocks formed due to such sediments being deposited from the lateral Miocene Era are still fragile and erodible in nature as those have not become hard. Generally, sandstone, mudstone and conglomerate are found in this region. Apart from these, three types of rocks, huge thick sediments of sandstone in the form of tar are located at many places especially at the banks of the big rivers, and are at quite vulnerable stage. These sandstones that look like hard rock are stronger than others, but are really in high risk of being eroded as these are formed in the layers of soft mudstone.

1.1.2 Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape Ecologically, the Chure range is so linked with the Bhavar and the Tarai Madhesh regions that it cannot be separated when we talk about the conservation and management of the later two regions. For the conservation of the Chure region, the consideration of the "Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape” is imperative as the Chure hills along with the narrow gullies formed by the rivers flowing there, the Dun Valleys (Inner-Tarai), the Bhavar and the Tarai Madhesh

1 belong to the same landscape in the environmental point of view. Thus, it is necessary to consider the Chure-Tarai Madhesh as one vast region, and manage it through proper planning for the mitigation of the erosion of the Chure region and the damage owing to the floods in the Tarai Madhesh region.

1.2 Concept and necessity of the Master Plan It is necessary to specifically consider the conservation of the Chure region as it is distinctive in the geological, biological, hydrological and ecological points of view. Up till 1950, this region had not been fragmented although being naturally susceptible as there were limited settlements because of malaria. After the eradication of malaria and construction of the East- west highway, the settlements started growing in this region. With the increase in the human activities, the forest and other resources in the region were extracted beyond their renewable capacities leading to deforestation in the region. Now, more than half of the residents of the nation (14,748,672 as of the 2068 population census) reside in this region. Thus, there exist a number of examples of the fertile lands of the Tarai Madhesh region being changed into unproductive lands due to the river-bank cutting and the sediments carried along by the rivers. The ecological balance of the Chure region has changed following the un-achievement of the expected outputs because of the lack of proper consideration of the inter-relationship between the upstream and downstream regions in the past.

Despite the conservation of the Chure was mentioned in the fourth five-year plan of the Government, no proper programs were implemented. The situation remained so up to the sixth five-year plan period. Later on, the Master Plan for the Forestry Sector had stressed for the management of the natural resources in the Chure region cautiously after identifying this region as the special region. The National Conservation Strategy prepared at about the same time had recommended for the implementation of conservation programs under the special strategy in this region exploring the sensitivity of the Chure region. The Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan prepared later on had also recommended for the implementation of the special conservation programs taking into consideration the sensitivity of this region.

The Government has been focusing on the conservation of the Chure region right from its eight-five year plan period. In this regard, the Government initiated the implementation of some projects. The Agriculture Perspective Plan, 1995 had stressed for the conservation and management of the forests and the watersheds of the Chure region taking into consideration, the deteriorating ecological status of this region together with the contribution of the Chure- Bhavar region in the re-storage of groundwater resource and its effects in the downstream region. During the tenth five-year pan period, the Government had even initiated the Tarai Landscape Strategy so as to conserve the biodiversity of this region taking into consideration the Tarai Landscape concept. During this period, the Government had prepared the strategic program of the Chure region taking into consideration the overall conservation needs and the sensitivity of this region. Several programs based on these policies, strategies and plans were implemented in different districts at different times. However, those could have only

2 minimum impacts as compared to the problems despite providing some good lessons as such programs were implemented in the small areas.

Being sensitive towards the adverse impacts upon the Chure-Tarai Madhesh landscape due to the deteriorating status of the Chure region, the Government of Nepal (GoN), had initiated the implementation of the President Chure Conservation Program in the Fiscal Year (FY) 2066/67, and this program has been considered as the “program with national glory” since the FY 2070/071. As the expected results could not be achieved even then, the GoN formed the President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board on 2nd Ashad, 2071, and this MP has been prepared as per the directive of the Government to prepare such plan for the entire Chure region and implement the programs accordingly under this Board. The conceptual diagram of the MP which has been prepared by analyzing the present status keeping at the centre the environmental status of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh, its effects upon the productivity and eventually its impacts upon human life, and reflecting the expected outputs after its implementation, is presented in Figure 1. The existing scenario reflecting the uncertainty of the environmental service owing to the deterioration in the environment of the Chure Landscape leading to the decline in the productivity and increasing the calamities and the hardship of the local people has been presented in the Figure. The main reason behind such scenario in the Chure region is the increase in the sensitivity of the region due to the effects of climate change on its fragile geological structure triggered by the human activities especially the unmanaged settlements, unmanaged extraction of forest products, non-eco- friendly farming system, open grazing of the cattle, unmanaged extraction of the river-bed materials, forest fire, non-eco-friendly physical infrastructures in the region. This MP has been prepared to ensure the provision of the environmental services of this region through the implementation of the erosion-mitigating activities.

1.3 Master Plan preparation process First of all, a pre-preparatory workshop was conducted amongst the concerned stakeholders and the experts in course of the preparation of this MP. The participants of the workshop had provided suggestions for the preparation of the Plan. In course of the collection of suggestions, suggestions were also collected from the Members of the Environment Conservation Committee (ECC) of the Legislature Parliament and the Legislature Parliament Members representing from the Chure-Tarai and Madhesh Landscape by conducting an interaction workshop amongst them. The suggestions so collected became very important for the PCTMCDB to have knowledge about the preparation process and to prepare the Action Plan. As per the MP preparation process and as indicated by the Action Plan, the PCTMCDB formed an Expert Team (ET) by identifying the required experts for the preparation of the MP. After the formation of the expert committee, the PCTMCDB, in collaboration with the ET, modified the MP preparation process and the Action Plan by reviewing it. With the help of the PCTMCDB, the ET then collected and reviewed the literatures which consisted of different data, Satellite Image, maps and other information. With the help of the collected Satellite Image and maps and using the Geographical Information System (GIS), identification of river systems and their enumeration, demarcation of watersheds, land-use,

3 river-flow, extension of settlements and so on were done, and their periodical changes were mapped out and analyzed. The MP Team had also gone to the field to verify the maps so prepared.

After completion of the study and analysis of the literatures, the MP Team had gone to Sindhuli and Mahottari districts taking with them the necessary material and procedure for the purpose of the study and discussion at the local level. The Team had also conducted the study of the river systems in these two districts. Another interaction workshop was organized amongst the central-level stakeholders based on the experience gained from the local-level too, and the suggestions regarding the mechanism and procedure for the preparation of the MP were collected. On the basis of the local-level-experience and the central-level- suggestions, the MP preparation procedure and the required materials were modified.

Later on, the river systems of the remaining 34 districts were studied in the field and the required information were collected through extensive individual/group discussions amongst the local inhabitants (including female, dalit, tribal and marginalized communities). Altogether, 419 individuals were involved in the individual/group discussions conducted from the east to the west. Similarly, the chiefs/officers of the 254 governmental organizations (GOs) and 289 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) had provided their suggestions through discussions. Besides, suggestions were also collected from 187 representatives belonging to the different local- and district-level political parties. In the case of the districts of the Chure region, the suggestions were acquired through one-day interaction-workshops. Altogether, 1,081 individuals had provided their suggestions through 29 such one-day interaction-workshops. Similarly, suggestions were also obtained from the 103 concerned experts through the workshops conducted at different phases. Furthermore, suggestions were also obtained from the 130 Members of the Legislature Parliament representing from the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape and the Members of the ECC of the Legislature Parliament. Based on the suggestions so obtained and the results obtained on the basis of the analyses accomplished by the Team of Experts, a strategic roadmap and the programs for the MP were fixed and a Draft MP was prepared. The final MP had been prepared on the basis of the suggestions provided by the five concerned experts who had reviewed the Draft MP, the Members of the ECC of the Legislature Parliament together with the central-level and the district-level stakeholders. Altogether,750 individuals from 31 districts had participated in the 21local-level workshops organized amongst the stakeholders to collect suggestions regarding the Draft MP; a total of 177 individuals had participated in the 4 central-level interaction- workshops organized for the purpose. The mechanism adopted in course of the preparation of the MP is presented in Figure 2.

Natural

 Fragile geological structure Existing status Status after implementation of MP  Climate change

Environmental Uncertainty of Activities that Continuous degradation of environmental mitigate availability of Chure services erosion environmental Landscape process services Human-created

 Unmanaged settlements  Unmanaged extraction of  DeficiencyDecrease in in  Increase in forest products productionproductivity productivity  Decrease in  Land-capability-unfriendly  Increase in Decrease in Agriculture system peoples' hardship peoples' hardship and calamities and calamities  Open grazing of domestic cattle  Unmanaged extraction of river-bed materials

 Forest fire  Environment-unfriendly developmental infrastructures

Figure 1: Conceptual Diagram of the Master Plan

Pre-preparatory discussiodiscussionn Consultation with the Identification of required Procedure and action plan with stakeholders and Members of Legislature experts and preparatory for MP preparation experts Parliament work for individual's job

description

Collection of required Review and modification of Selection of experts and Satellite Imageries, maps, Literature review work-plan their designation data and information

Identification of rivers and Field-verification of GIS- their enumeration, based maps and information Data analysis demarcation of watersheds, analysis of land-usepatterns, river-flow, extension of Field-study on river systems Preparation of a far- settlements etc. sighted logical framework (draft)

Preparation of procedure Consultations at local-level and materials required for (districts and communities) Preparation of program local-level consultations implementation strategies

Discussion with Review of MP by experts Preparation of a Draft stakeholders on MP MP

Strategic Environmental Finalization of MP Assessment (SEA)

Figure 2: Preparatory Mechanism of the Master Plan

1.4 Structure of the Master Plan A semi-detail action plan has been incorporated for the first five years of this 20-year MP, and on the basis of this, there are plans launched for ten, fifteen and twenty years. The overall aspects of the conservation and management of the Chure-Tarai and Madhesh Landscape are accommodated in this Plan. The plans and the analysis of the existing status are included in it. The data included in the case-analysis can be utilized during the implementation phase of this Plan, and can be further utilized as basic information at the time of evaluation of the achievement after its implementation. The plan for the integrated river system management of the 64 rivers that will be implemented in the first five years has been included in the first complimentary portion of this MP. The second complementary portion of the MP consists of the district-wise plans of the 36 districts of the Chure region, which will be implemented after modification according to the local-level. The background papers prepared in course of the preparation of the MP are presented in the Appendix of the MP.

1.5 Scope and limitations of the Master Plan This MP has been prepared on the basis of the Terms of Reference (TOR) that was prepared in course of its pre-preparation and the scope of the discussions between the officials of the PCTMCDB and the ET. It has been prepared with the objective to supplement the existing sector-wise policies, strategies and plans adopted by the GoN from the environmental perspective. Being sensitive towards the environmental aspect, this MP encourages the integration of the environmental and developmental aspects for enhancing development and environment in balanced manner keeping into consideration the various developmental activities carried out in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape. The data incorporated in this MP have been collected from various sources, and the data so collected belonged to different years; so, there could be some difference in data analysis. Although such data and information are appropriate in terms of periodic plan preparation, deep field-study is necessary for extensive action plan. The programs incorporated in this MP will be implemented in the Chure-Tarai, Bhavar including Dun Landscape keeping the Chure Conservation region at the centre. The programs have been such fixed that these could also be implemented in the Mahabharat region if any river system is severely affected upon by the sediments coming from the Mahabharat region. Besides, some targeted programs have been determined for the continuation of the on-going programs in the protected area system (PAS which includes national parks, wildlife reserves, protected areas and buffer zones) as it is the mainland for biodiversity conservation.

2. Analysis of the existing status The existing status has been analyzed so as to manage the data and information required for the preparation of the MP. Besides, the existing status has been analyzed so that it may support in course of the plan preparation, its implementation and evaluation based on reality. Since the geo- biological and the socio-economic aspects, moreover, affect upon the status of the Chure, the analyses of both the geo-biological and socio-economic conditions have been presented in this MP.

2.1 Geo-biological status The geo-biological status includes the geology and geomorphology; susceptible areas; river systems; land-cover and land-use; climate and climate change; environmental services; forest, vegetation and biodiversity; agriculture and livestock; wetlands; religious and cultural heritages; paleo-historical and archaeological sites; ground water and riverbed materials.

2.1.1 Geology and geomorphology The Chure or Chure range is defined as the comparatively dwarf hilly terrain stretching from Mechi in the east to Mahakali in the west of Nepal, situated on the southernmost part of the Himalayan range. In general, "Chure" refers to the terrain between the main boundary thrust situated at the southern boundary of the Mahabharat Range and the main frontal thrust situated at the northern boundary of the Tarai Madhesh. The narrow gorges (Marin of Sindhuli and Rangoon of Dadeldhura) created by the rivers and the Dun valleys (Dang, Deukhuri, Birendranagar of Surkhet, Chitwan and Triyuga of Udayapur) within the aforementioned terrain are also the integral part of the Chure range. Although Bhavar too is the part of the Tarai Madhesh, there is a clear difference in its geomorphology because of the difference in the geological matter found there. Therefore, the terrain created due to the deposition of rough sediments has been categorized as "Bhavar" whereas the one created due to the deposition of fine sediments has been classified as "Tarai Madhesh". Similarly, there is difference in the gorges created by the rivers within the Chure hills in terms of geomorphology. The geographical division of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape is shown in Figure 3, and its geological divisions are presented in Figure 4. In terms of coverage, the biggest portion is covered by the Tarai Madhesh followed by the Chure hills, Bhavar, Dun and the narrow gorges created by the rivers. The coverage areas according to the physiographic classification are presented in Table 1 (see also Annex 1).

Table 1: Physiographic Terrain-wise Areas of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape S. N. Physiographic terrains Area (ha) Percentage 1. Chure hills 1,352,433 34.46 2. Narrow gorges created by rivers 88,086 2.24 3. Dun (Inner-Tarai) 328,018 8.36 4. Bhavar 584,499 14.89 5. Tarai Madhesh 1,572,168 40.05 Total 3,925,204 100.00 Source: Topographical map (digital layers) of the Survey Department.

Figure 3: Map showing the Geographical Division of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape

Figure 4: Map showing the Geological Division of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape Source: Dept. of Mines and Geology (Geological Map).

Although the Chure range is mainly is created with the rocks such as sandstone, mudstone and conglomerate, there are some quantities of shale, marl and clay-stone. Besides, the hard type of sandstone, shale and lime-stone that existed earlier to the creation of the Chure rocks, have come to the surface through the natural process, and are familiar as "Pre-Siwalik Rock". Such rocks are noticed at some places of the Shikhapur VDC of Makwanpur district to the Kapilakot VDC of Sindhuli district, and the Chure hills with such rocks are stretched up to approximately 40 km east-west with the maximum width of 4,500 m. Similarly, the Chure hills with such rocks are stretched up to 40 km east-west with the width of about 700‒800 m from the Sirthouli VDC of Sindhuli district to the Risku VDC of Udayapur district. The Dun Valleys are the deposits of the "lacustrine sediments" deposited at the beginning of their developmental stage some ten thousand years ago, and the "quaternary deposits" indicating the loose deposits of the fluvial sediments carried along by the rivers and streams flowing down from the Mahabharat and the Chure hills later on. Such deposits are noticed in the valleys of Surkhet, Dang, Deukhuri, Chitwan and Udayapur districts. Likewise, the quaternary deposits, created due to the deposition

10 of river-bed sediments, are found in the Tarai Madhesh region too. The geological classification is presented in Figure 4.

Based on the principal rocks found in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape and their formation process, this Landscape has been divided into five categories, viz. i) Quaternary deposit, ii) Upper Shiwalik, iii) Mid-Shiwalik, iv) Lower Shiwalik and v) Pre-Shiwalik. The criteria for categorization, the percentage of coverage and their features are presented in Table 2 below:

Table 2: Geological Terrain-wise Coverage of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape S. Geological Minor rocks Area Major rocks found Features N. classification found (%) 1. Quaternary Loosely deposited sediments in the river 63.8 Layer soil-erosion; deposit or pond development of dry streams in the case of sloped terrain 2. Upper Shiwalik Conglomerates and Sandstone and 7.5 Debris-flow and unconsolidated mudstone development of dry gravel-dominated streamlets; gulley erosion; terraces Debris fan 3. Mid-Shiwalik sandstone Mudstone and 17.3 Rock fall; river-bank cutting shale on cliffs 4. Lower Mudstone, claystone Fine-grained 11.0 Shallow and deep landslides; Shiwalik and shale sandstone mud-slides; layer soil- erosion 5. Pre-Shiwalik Hard sand-stone and Limestone 0.4 Low risk due to the presence shale similar to, some of the rocks stronger than extent, the rocks of those found in the Chure Mahabharat region Total 100.0 Source: Geological Map of the Department of Mines and Geology.

2.1.2 Susceptible region In terms of water-induced disaster, the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape is susceptible to landslide together with flood and inundation. Mainly, the Chure hills are susceptible to landslide while the Dun, the Bhavar and particularly the Tarai Madhesh are susceptible to flood and inundation.

2.1.2.1 Landslide-susceptible areas Based on the topography, geology, geo-morphology and climate, the Chure hills have been divided into high-susceptible, medium-susceptible and low-susceptible areas in terms of landslide susceptibility. In this GIS-based analysis, the Topographical Map of the Survey Department and the Geological Map of the Department of Mines and Geology were used for the

11 preparation of the Geo-morphological map while the climatic data of the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology were used for the purpose of the climatic data analysis of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape. The landslide susceptible map of the region has been prepared on the basis of the landslide areas as visualized on the 2015 GoogleEarth Image together with field-verification. The detailed mapping procedure for the mapping of the landslide-susceptible areas is presented in the Appendix of the MP. The analysis performed on the basis of the river systems of the region shows that out of the total 1,949,613 ha mountainous part (including the Mahabharat region of some river systems), 34.12% is found to be under the "high-susceptible" category, 41.36% under the "medium-susceptible" category and 24.52% under the "low- susceptible" category (see Figure 5).

Thus, more than one third portion of the Chure region is highly susceptible and more than 40% of its region is fairly susceptible to landslide, and so this region is confirmed to be naturally susceptible in environmental point of view.

2.1.2.2 Flood-susceptible region The flood-susceptible areas have been mapped out on the basis of the identification of the change in the river-flow, flood, deposition of sediments and the river-bank cutting (see Figure 6). The information based on the Satellite Image/Google Earth Image analysis and the field observation have been used for the purpose of mapping. Based on the map so prepared, 89,789 ha area is found to be under "high-susceptible region" and 145,794 ha under "medium-susceptible region". Thus, approximately 12% of the total area of the Tarai Madhesh and Dun lies in the region susceptible to flood and inundation, which confirms that the significant portion of the Tarai Madhesh and Dun is influenced by flood and inundation.

Figure 5: Map showing the landslide-susceptible areas

Figure 6: Map showing the Flood-susceptible Areas

2.1.3 River system The rivers that cross the Nepal-India Border flowing across the Chure and Tarai Madhesh have been divided into four categories on the basis of their origins. For the purpose of management, some river systems consisting of very long rivers or large watershed areas or the watersheds having clear differences have been even divided into a number of blocks. Altogether, 164 river systems consisting of 27 rivers originating from the Himalayas and flowing throughout the year, 76 rivers originating from the Middle Hills and flowing throughout the year, 48 rivers originating from the Chure region and flowing only during the rainy season, and 13 rivers originating from the Tarai Madhesh region and flowing throughout the year were identified and mapped out. The map showing the river systems is presented in Figure 7. The names of the river systems are presented in Table 3 while the names of the secondary rivers and streams/streamlets are presented in Annex 2.

Figure 7: Map showing the River Systems in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape 15

Table 3: Details on the River Systems

Origin Name of the river systems

- 1. Koshi-2 (14) 2. Koshi-3 (15) 3. Koshi-4 (16) 4. Koshi-1 (17) 5. Koshi-5 (18) 6. Narayani-2 (85) 7. Narayani-1 (86) 8. Narayani-3 (87) 9. Narayani-4 (88) 10. Narayani-5 (92)

11. Bheri-1 (131) 12. Bheri-2 (133) 13. Bheri-4 (134) 14. Bheri-5 (135) 15. Bheri-3 (136)

27 16. Bheri-6 (137) 17. Bheri-7 (138) 18. Bheri-9 (139) 19. Bheri-8 (140) 20. Karnali-2(141) 21. Karnali-1 (142) 22. Karnali-3 (143) 23. Karnali-4 (144) 24. Karnali-5 (145) 25. Karnali-6 (146) 26. Lower Karnali 27. Mahakali (149)

High Himal and Himal Himal and Himal High (148) 1. Mechi (1) 2. Biring (3) 3. Kankai (4) 4. Ratuwa (7) 5. Bakraha (8) 6. Chisang (9) 7. Sunsari (13) 8. Triyuga-1 (19) 9. Triyuga-2 (20) 10. Kamala-6 (33) 11. Kamala-5 (34) 12. Kamala-4 (35) 13. Kamala-3 (36) 14. Kamala-2 (37) 15. Kamala-1 (38) 16. Kamala-8 (39) 17. Kamala-7 (40) 18. Kamala-Charnath (41) 19. Bagmati-6 (51) 20. Bagmati-5 (52)

21. Bagmati-4 (53) 22. Bagmati-3 (54) 23. Bagmati-2 (55) 24. Bagmati-9 (56) 25. Bagmati-8 (57)

76 26. Bagmati-7 (58) 27. Bagmati-Chandi Khola (59) 28. Bagmati-1 (61) 29. Bagmati-10 (62) 30. Bakaiya-4 (63)

s s 31. Kamala-9 (64) 32. Bakaiya-5 (65) 33. Bakaiya-2 (66) 34. Bakaiya-1 (67) 35. Bakaiya-3 (68)

Hill 36. East Rapati-1 (77) 37. East Rapati-3 (78) 38. East Rapati-4 (79) 39. East Rapati-6 (80) 40. East Rapati-2 (81)

41. East Rapati-5 (82) 42. East Rapati-7 (83) 43. Arun Khola (89) 44. Binaya Khola (90) 45. Tinau-3 (95) Middle Middle 46. Tinau-2 (96) 47. Tinau 1 (97) 48. Banganga-1 (100) 49. Banganga-2 (101) 50. Banganga-3 (102) 51. West Rapati-4 52. West Rapati-2 (106) 53. West Rapati-3 (107) 54. West Rapati-1 (108) 55. West Rapati-7 (109) (105) 56. West Rapati-6 57. West Rapati-5 (112) 58. West Rapati-8 (113) 59. West Rapati-10 (114) 60. West Rapati-9 (115) (110) 61. Babai-1 (117) 62. Babai-2 (118) 63. Babai-4 (119) 64. Babai-5 (120) 65. Babai-3 (121)

66. Babai-6 (122) 67. Babai-7 (123) 68. Babai-8 (124) 69. Babai-9 (125) 70. Babai-10 (126) 71. West Rapati-11 72. Babai-11 (130) 73. Puntura (161) 74. Rangun-2 (162) 75. Rangun-1 (163) (127) 76. Sirsa Gad (164) 1. Lohandra (10) 2. Budhi Khola (12) 3. Pouda (21) 4. Mahuli (22) 5. Kahndo (24) 6. Khadak (26) 7. Vihul (27) 8. Balan (28) 9. Badhar-Gagan (30) 10. Ghurmi (31) 11. Bataha (32) 12. Baluwa-Bilawuti (42) 13. Jalad (43) 14. Bigahi (44) 15. Ratu (45) 16. Maraha (46) 17. Banke Hardi (47) 18. Jhim (49) 19. Lakhandehi (50) 20. Lamaha-Jhaj (60) 24. Bhaluwai-Bakhariya 21. Pasaha (70) 22. Dudhoura (71) 23. Tilabe (73) 25. Thute-Shikharbas (76) (75) 26. Riu (84) 29. Kanchanpahili- 30. Surahi (103)

48 27. Turiya-Khare Khola (93) 28. Sakhoura-Rohani (94)

- Inguriya (98) 32. Bhaurisal- 31. Chhagrihawa 34. Dundawa- Ghangrawal- 33. Singahiya-Kerbaniya- (104) Behadondra- 35. Man (129) Chure Chure Koilabas- Chunhawa (116) Amilakiran (128) Bhaisahi (111) 37. Thuligad-Khoural-Salle 40. Surma Kataini (Likma- 36. Aourahi (132) 38. Pathari-Karha Khola (149) 39. Kandra (150) (147) Kataini) (151) 44. Machheli-Donda 41. Choumala- 42. Khutiya (153) 43. Mohana (154) 45. Syali-Banhara (156) Ghuraha (152) (155) 46. Choudhar Khola 47. Bahuni Khola (158) 48. Sadani Khola (160) (157) 5. Tiljuga (23) 1. Aduwa Vairang (2) 2. Kisni Khola (5) 3. Gouriya (6) 4. Singhiya (11) 7. Trisula-Kataniya-Kalyandahi 8. Sapaha-Singahi-Banari (48) 9. Tiyar-Adhuwa (69) 10. Sarisawa (72) 6. Ghordaha Nadi (25) (29)

Tarai 13. Tilar-Kothimathi-Simari- Madhesh 11. Dhongahi (74) 12. Jharahi-Bhaluhi (91) Musal (99) Source: Topographical map of the Survey Department. Note: The numbers presented in the parentheses are the serial numbers of the river systems indicated in the map.

2.1.4 Ground cover and land use Although the ground covered by the agriculture is 48.19%, forest, shrub and grassland 47.16% and the rivers and river-beds 4.65%, on an average, in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape, the proportion of the their ground coverage in terms of the physiographical units is quite different. The proportion of the ground coverage under the forest, shrub and grassland in the Chure hills is quite high while there is dominance of agriculture in the Tarai Madhesh region. The proportion of agriculture is nearly 58% in the Dun while almost the same proportion of ground is covered by forest, shrub and grassland in the Bhavar region. The coverage of rivers and river-beds is comparatively quite high in the Dun and Bhavar regions. Although the extension of rivers at some places in the Tarai Madhesh region is quite high, the proportion of rivers and river-beds is found to be, moreover, less in the Tarai Madhesh region as the rivers near the Nepal-India Border have narrowed down. The existing status of the ground cover and the land use in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape are highlighted in Figure 8, and their areas are presented in Table 4.

Figure 8: Map showing the Ground Cover and Land Use in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape

Table 4: Physiographic Region-wise Ground Cover in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape Land cover/ land use Physiographic Agriculture and Forest, shrub and Rivers and river- Total region others grassland beds Area, ha % Area, ha % Area, ha % Area, ha Chure hills 189,593 13.16 1,202,461 83.47 48,465 3.37 1,440,519 Dun (Inner-Tarai) 189,353 57.73 109,429 33.36 29,236 8.91 328,018 Bhavar 205,120 35.09 341,330 58.40 38,049 6.51 584,499 Tarai Madhesh 1,307,769 83.18 197,904 12.59 66,495 4.23 1,572,168 Total 1,891,835 48.19 1,851,124 47.16 182,245 4.65 3,925,204 Source: 2014 Google Earth Image and 2014 Landsat Image.

2.1.5 Climate and climate change

Climate affects upon the environment deeply. Besides, the event of the global climate-change unexpectedly affects upon environment as well as human life. Among the various aspects of climate, the main monitors, especially temperature and rainfall have more effect on the Chure environment, and so the analysis of the data concerning the same are incorporated in this Plan since more attention needs to be focused on these aspects while implementing the conservation programs.

2.1.5.1 Rainfall

The records of the annual-rainfall measured from 1984 to 2013 at the 30 meteorological stations in the Tarai Madhesh and Dun around the Chure region indicate that the highest amount, nearly 84%, of the average annual 1,833 mm rainfall occur in the rainy season (June–September) followed by 9% in summer (March–May), 4% in autumn (October–November) and 3% in winter (December–February).With some exceptions, the amount of annual rainfall gradually decreases from the east to the west, with the highest in Jhapa district. The spatial tendency of the average annual rainfall is presented in Figure 9.

Figure 9: Graph showing the Spatial Tendency of the Average Annual Rainfall

There is a mixed tendency of change in the amount of the annual rainfall, with the increase at some meteorological stations and decrease somewhere. In some meteorological stations, there is the tendency of decrease in the amount of rainfall during the winter season, and the tendency is the same at some stations even during the summer season. During both these seasons, the symptom of adverse effects upon the production of the crops cultivated (wheat, musuro- a kind of lentil and mustard in winter, and maize in summer) has appeared due to the overall decrease in the amount of the rainfall leading to the increase in the upper-vaporization as compared to the amount of the rainfall when the soil-frostiness remains negative. The amounts of the average annual rainfall measured at the six different meteorological stations are presented in Table 5 below:

Table 5: Changing Tendency of Rainfall measured during 1984‒2013 at Different Meteorological Stations

Average annual rainfall(mm) Season Kanchanpur Chisapani Butwal Karmaiya Dharan Gainde (Kailali) (Rupandehi) (Sarlahi) (Sunsari) (Jhapa) Spring (March-May) ‒ 0.216 + 1.095 + 2.808 + 0.550 ‒ 0.196 ‒ 0.753 Rainy (June-Sept) ‒ 0.833 ‒ 0.538 ‒ 27.570 + 6.137 ‒ 16.650 ‒ 21.580 Autumn (Oct-Nov) + 2.750 ‒ 2.893 ‒ 1.642 + 0.920 ‒ 2.232 ‒ 2.272 Winter (Dec-Feb) ‒ 0.194 ‒ 1.687 ‒ 1.132 ‒ 0.443 ‒ 1.251 ‒ 0.631 Source: Based on the analysis of rainfall data of the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.

In Nepal, monsoon generally starts from 10th June from the east, and arrives in the Kathmandu Valley by 12th June; however, its arrival date is expected to be late by 10 to 15 days on the basis of the analysis of the rainfall data during the period of 15 years from 1967 to 2015. The tendency of the arrival of monsoon is highlighted in Annex 3. Thus, the uncertainty of the arrival of monsoon has affected upon the cultivation-period of the main crop, paddy in Nepal. Especially in the past years, the news concerning the delay in paddy cultivation due to the delay in the arrival of monsoon often appears in the media.

There will be the risk of landslide when there is 100 mm rainfall within 24 hours, and the risk increases with the increase in the rainfall. The maximum amount as well as frequency of rainfall within 24 hours greatly affect upon the incidences of landslides in the Chure region having the fragile geological structure and the deposition of sediments in the downstream regions. Based on the analysis of the past 30-year rainfall data of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape, adequate number of such incidences are found to be measured by all the meteorological stations of the region, from Jhapa in the east to Kanchanpur in the west. The maximum amounts of rainfall measured within 24 hours at the different meteorological stations are indicated in Figure 10 below:

Figure 10: Map showing the Areas having Maximum Rainfall within 24 hours in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape.

The Gainde Meteorological Station of Jhapa district has measured up to 437 mm rainfall within 24 hours in 1984. All these data indicate that the Chure region is susceptible to landslide. The amount of 24-hour-rainfall measured at the different meteorological stations and their frequencies together with the nature of landslide likely to be caused by the same in the Chure- Tarai Madhesh Landscape are highlighted in Table 6.

Table 6: Amount of 24-hour-rainfall measured at Different Meteorological Stations, their Frequencies and Types of Potential Landslide in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape during 1984‒2013 Amount Frequency of rainfall of Butwal Type of potential rainfall, Kanchan- Chisapani Karmaiya Dharan Gainde (Rupan- landslide* mm pur (Kailali) (Sarlahi) (Sunsari) (Jhapa) dehi) 100‒130 44 47 55 43 31 74 Small-scale shallow landslides

130‒250 33 38 42 33 26 61 Slumps, landslides and debris-flow

250‒300 3 3 2 0 2 2 Abrupt increase in large landslides Extensive and 300 1 0 2 4 2 1 simultaneous debris-flow Source: Based on the analysis of rainfall data of the Dept. of Hydrology and Meteorology. *Chalise and Khanal (2001)

The incidences of the amount of rainfall recorded indicate that such incidences may repeat in future too. Therefore, pre-preparedness work is necessary for the mitigation of such incidences.

2.1.5.2 Temperature The analysis of the temperatures measured at the 25 meteorological stations in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape from 1983 to 2013 shows that there is no big difference between the average maximum and the average minimum temperatures. The average maximum temperature is found to be between 28.20 ‒ 31.80 Celsius and the average minimum between 15.80 ‒ 20.40Celsius. But, there is significant difference between the extreme maximum and extreme minimum temperatures. The extreme maximum temperature of up to 44.50 Celsius has been measured during summer (April-July) and the extreme minimum temperature of up to 00Celsius has been measured during winter (January-February). The details on the temperatures in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape are presented in Annex 4.

In the Western Tarai Madhesh region, the average temperature has increased by 0.010 ‒ 0.040 Celsius annually. Days have started to be very cold in winter and very hot in summer due to the disparity in the extreme minimum and extreme maximum temperatures (NAPA, 2005). 24

Similarly, the average temperatures in the Eastern Tarai Madhesh and the Mid-Tarai Madhesh regions have increased by 0.030 ‒ 0.050 Celsius and 0.020 ‒ 0.030 Celsius, respectively. Although the effects that are likely to be caused by climate change seem to be the issue of research, there is an indication of adverse effect upon the maize crop with the increase in the frostiness of soil caused by the rapidity in the upper-vaporization due to the increase in temperature in April, May and the beginning of June.

2.1.5.3 Cold-wave In winter season when temperature decreases to the freezing-point, the water-vapor in the atmosphere changes into water-particles and takes the form of fog. In the morning, the temperature cannot increase as the sun-rays cannot reach up to the earth due to the presence of fog, but during night time, the earth's warmness decreases through the continuous emission process causing the morning-time pretty cold. When this process continues, not only both the minimum and maximum temperatures decrease, but the difference between the minimum and the maximum temperatures also decreases, causing cold-wave in the Tarai Madhesh region. Thus, the local farmers have the experience that there is adverse effect on the winter-crops especially mustard and vegetables (tomato, potato, cauliflower etc.) due to decrease in temperature and the lack of time for the sun-rays to fall the crops. During the last 5‒10 year period, cold-wave is found to have started some days earlier than the normal and remained longer than the normal days. However, there is an opportunity for the farmers of this region to earn a lot through the cultivation of tomato and potato as there is no such situation in the Chure region, especially in the gullies and deep-valley gorges.

2.1.6 Environmental services We are receiving consumable products such as foodstuff, livestock products (milk, meat, skin and bone), wood and timber, grass, fodder, cloth-making-fiber, herbs and water directly from the Chure region. On the other hand, the Chure environment, particularly the natural environment of the region is supporting in improving the quality of the atmosphere and adaptation to climate change, water-flow and its quality improvement, landslide mitigation and mitigation of water- induced disasters and so on. Apart from this, its cultural importance is also remarkable. Quite a number of places in this region are worthy for sight-seeing. Similarly, there are many places having religious and spiritualistic importance. The management of the Chure region is important for the continuity of environmental services because of the presence of eco-touristic spots too.

The natural balance of the Chure region has fluctuated due to the excessive pressure on its natural resources, leading to the scarcity of the easily available products such as wild-fruits, root- vegetables, wildlife, fish, herbs, timber of special tree species, which in turn has created difficulty in the livelihood of the chepang, raute, rajee, danuwar and majhi people who are traditionally dependant on such products.

The self-reliance of the Chure region on the forest-products has been lost because of the decline in the productivity of the forest as compared to its potentiality owing to the deterioration of the forest condition, and the region is now in the situation of importing the forest products from elsewhere. The local people have the experience of the disappearance of water due to the degradation of the Chure region. Because of the increase in the soil-erosion, the people living in the Chure hills are affected by the problems of landslide-related disasters while those living in the Duns and the Tarai Madhesh regions are affected by flood and inundation. Considering all these scenarios, it is quite clear that there is an indication of the barrier being occurred against the continuity of the environmental services provided by the Chure region.

2.1.7 Forest, vegetation and biodiversity Forest, vegetation and biodiversity have specialized roles in environment conservation, so their roles are interpreted below:

2.1.7.1 Forest and vegetation As per the statistics of the forest resource assessment (FRA) of the Chure region conducted during 2011‒2013, 73.56% of the total land area of this region is covered by forest (72.37%) and other wooded land (1.19%). During the last fifteen-year period (2052‒2067 BS), the forest area is found to be decreased by 0.18% per annum (FRA/DFRS, 2014b). Altogether, 9 types of forest including Khair-Sissoo Forest, Sal Forest, Tarai Mixed Hardwood Forest, Lower Mixed Broadleaf Forest and Pine Forest are found in this region, and the vegetation and wild animals of different species are found here. Out of the total area covered by forest, 24% is under "protected area" with 18% core area and 6% buffer zone. The rest 76% have been managed as the community forest (CF), leasehold forest and government-managed forests. Although the community-managed forests and the leasehold forests are managed by the local communities, the human-pressure is found to be higher in these forests as compared to the one in the government- managed forests as both these forests are situated near the settlements (FRA/DFRS, 2014b).

The statistics of the FRA of the Tarai Madhesh region (including Bhavar) conducted during 2010‒2012 indicate that 20.88% of the total land of this region is under the possession of forest (20.41%) and other wooded land (0.47%).During the last 19-year period (2048‒2067 BS), the forest area is found to be decreased by 0.4% per annum (FRA/DFRS, 2014a). Likewise, the forest area of this region is found to be converted to non-forest annually at the rate of 0.44% during the last 9 year-period (2058‒2067). During this period, the rate of forest depletion is found to be higher in the Kailali, Bardiya and Kapalvastu districts while there is a slight increase in the forest cover of Banke, Nawalparasi and Siraha districts. Of the depleted forest area, a big chunk- 62% is found to be converted into agriculture, 15% into river and river beds, 4% into other wooded land, 4% into grassland and 15% into others (bare land).Altogether, 4 types of forest, viz. i) Sal Forest, ii) Khair-Sissoo Forest, iii) Sal-Tarai Mixed Hardwood Forest, and iv)

Tarai Mixed Hardwood Forest exist in this region, and the vegetation in accordance with these forest types are found here. Of the total forest area, 23.55% is under "protected area" with 16.97% core area and 6.58% buffer zone, and the rest 76.45% have been managed as the collaborative forest, leasehold forest and government-managed forest.

The forests of the Tarai Madhesh region are threatened by unmanaged felling of trees (including saplings and of whippy-stage), grazing and forest fire. The available records indicate that altogether, 87,201 ha forest area is found to be encroached in the 26 districts of this region within the period of 2062/063‒2066/067 BS (see Annex 5).

When the forests of the Tarai Madhesh region are classified on the basis of the sloppiness of the terrain, the highest portion is found to be situated within the range of 0‒8.50 slope followed by 8.50‒190 slope and the least with the range of 310 slope. The physiographic region-wise forest cover areas on the basis of the sloppiness of the terrain are presented in Table 7.

Table 7: Physiographic Region-wise Forest Areas versus Sloppiness of the Terrain Forest cover area (ha) Sloppiness (0) Chure Dun Bhavar Tarai Madhesh Total ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % <8.5 230,313 19.15 103,091 94.21 334,271 97.93 197,808 99.95 865,482 46.75 8.5 ‒ <19 369,506 30.73 5,627 5.15 6,244 1.83 95 0.05 381,482 20.61 19 ‒ <31 410,091 34.11 667 0.61 737 0.22 1 0.00 411,496 22.23 31 192,552 16.01 34 0.03 78 0.02 0 0.00 192,664 10.41 Total 1,202,462 100.00 109,429 100.00 341,330 100.00 197,904 100.00 1,851,124 100.00 Source: Based on the interpretation and analysis of the 2014 Google Earth and 2014 Landsat Images.

As almost all the forests of the Dun, Bhavar and Tarai Madhesh and almost half of the forests of the Chure hills are situated at the terrain with less than 190 slope, the possibility of increasing their productivities is high if those are managed in accordance with the favorable forest improvement methods.

2.1.7.2 Biodiversity The Chure-Tarai Madhesh is an important region in terms of biodiversity. Altogether, 14 of the Nepal's total 188 ecosystems lie in the Chure hills and 12 lie in the Tarai Madhesh region. Of these 26 ecosystems, 23 lie in the forest and 3 in the agriculture (NBSAP-Table 3). The Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape is considered to be important for biodiversity as it is the habitat of the flagship mammals such as tiger, elephant, rhino and wild-buffalo and as there is the presence of abundant floral species. So far, 281 tree species, 186 shrub species and 322 species of herbaceous plant have been recorded from this region. For the purpose of biodiversity

27 conservation, protected areas such as national parks and wildlife reserves have been established (FRA/DFRS, 2014b). In the forests of the Bhavar and Tarai Madhesh region, 164 tree species, 72 shrub species, 109 herbaceous plant species, 30 climber species and 5 epiphyte species have been recorded. Of the 65 species of mammal species recorded from this region, 8 are recorded as the "endangered" in the IUCN Red List and the 15 are incorporated in the Protected List under the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 BS (FRA/DFRS, 2014a). In terms of biodiversity, 1,308 species out of the total 1,988 species of flora and fauna found in Nepal exist in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape alone (see Table 8). This region is also important in the conservation point of view as 321 species out of the total 493 endangered species of flora and fauna found in Nepal inhabit in this region alone.

Table 8: Details on Nepal's Biodiversity versus Biodiversity of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape

No. of spp. No. of spp. found in No. of No. of endangered spp. found in the Chure-Tarai endangered spp. found in the Chure- Tarai Madhesh Group Nepal Madhesh landscape found in Nepal landscape Spp. Spp. % Spp. Spp. % Butterfly 635 325 51.2 142 37 26.1 Fish 185 154 83.2 35 25 71.4 Amphibian 43 22 51.2 - - - Reptile 100 68 68.0 34 25 73.5 Avi-fauna 844 648 76.8 226 183 81.0 Mammal 181 91 50.3 56 49 87.5 Total 1,988 1,308 65.8 493 319 64.71 Source: Biodiversity Profile of the Tarai and Siwalik Physiographic Regions, BPP (1995).

Keeping the importance of biodiversity into consideration, the Government of Nepal (GoN) has declared 7 regions of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape as the protected areas on the basis of the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 BS. The details on these protected areas are presented in Table 9.

Table 9: Details on the Protected Areas of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape Area (sq km) S. N. Protected Area Remarks Core Area Buffer zone Total 1. Chitwan National Park 932.00 750.00 1,682.00 2. Bardiya National Park 968.00 507.00 1,475.00 3. Banke National Park 550.00 343.00 893.00 4. Shulaphanta Wildlife Reserve 305.00 243.50 548.50 5. Parsa Wildlife Reserve 637.37 285.30 922.67 6. Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve 175.00 173.00 348.00 7. Blackbuck Conservation Area 16.95 2,301.80 16.95 Total 3,584.32 2,301.80 5,886.12 4% (approx.) Source: Protected Areas of Nepal, 2070 BS, DNPWC.

Apart from this, attempt has been made by the (Government) by declaring some forests in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape as the protected forests in accordance with the Forest Act, 2049 BS with the objective of making the movement of the wild animals easier. The details on the protected forests are highlighted in Table 10.

Table 10: Details on the Protected Forests in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape S. N. Name of the Protected Forest Area (ha) Location 1. Kankre Bihar 1,755 Surkhet district 2. Barandabhar 10,466 Chitwan district 3. Laljhadi-Mohana 29,642 Kailali and Kanchanpur districts 4. Bashanta 69,001 Kailali district 5. Khata 4,503 Bardiya district 6. Dhanushadham 430 Dhanusha district 7. Surai Naka 5,152 Kapilvastu district 8. Goumukhi 26,204 Pyuthan district 9. Ramdhuni 2,050 Sunsari district 10. Shiwalik 31,108 Dadeldhura district Total 180,311 Source: Table 15 of the NBSAP and the Five-year Management Plans.

Nevertheless, 11 ecosystems are outside the protected areas (see Table 11), and so their protection is quite essential. 29

Table 11: Ecosystems outside the Protected Areas

S. Ecosystem Type of ecosystem Region N. Symbol No. Chure Ecosystems 1. 6206 Uttis (Alnus nitida) River-bank Forest West 2. 7102 Tropical River-bank Forest (Albizia lebbek and Toona ciliata) West 3. 7102 Mesophytic Tropical Forest of Chure (southern-slopes) West 4. 7106 Tropical Deciduous Forest of Chure West 5. 7120 Tropical Hill-Sal (Shorea robusta) Forest East 6. 7122 Sal-Asare (Lagerstroemia parviflora) Thick Forest East 7. 7123 Asna (Terminalia tomentosa)-Barro (T. bellirica) Thick Forest East 8. 7204 Madhesh Valley Sal Forest West Tarai Madhesh Ecosystems 9. 7124 Sal Forest East 10. 7203 Simal (Bombax ceiba)-Gutel (Trewia nudiflora) River-bank Forest West 11. 7221 Tropical Mixed Frosty Forest East Source: Biodiversity Profile Project (1996). An Assessment of the Representation of the Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Protected Area System of Nepal.

2.1.8 Agriculture and animal husbandry The biggest part of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape is under agriculture, and livestock has been the integral part of agricultural system. Among the various aspects of agricultural sector, the agricultural system and animal husbandry are relevant in terms of the natural environmental balance of the Chure region, and so these are sequentially presented here.

2.1.8.1 Agricultural system Although a big chunk of the populace is engaged in agriculture sector, the nation has not been self-reliant in food-grain. The presence of the organic matter, one of the main indicators for the measurement of soil fertility, is only 1% out of the requirement of 4% (ADS, 2014). Although the dominance of the traditional method in the agricultural system is intact, the agriculture system in the Tarai Madhesh region is oriented towards mechanization.

The traditional way of selecting and storing the seeds by the farmers themselves is being disappeared, and the private agro-vets established at the local-level use to provide services in this regard. At times, the farmers do face the problems regarding the qualitative seeds, fertilizers and technical advice due to the absence of a reliable mechanism to ensure the quality of the services provided by such service-providers. However, the farmers who are commercially engaged have 30 started giving attention even towards the market-demand while selecting the agricultural system and crop. For instance, the farmers seem to be excited towards the cultivation of maize as there is a demand of huge quantity of maize for cattle-feeding; the GoN is also implementing the maize- mission programs in many districts so as to increase its production. Similarly, the farmers' attraction towards fisheries is increasing as there is enough demand of fish in the market. The productivity of fisheries can be increased drastically through improvements in technology and management. According to the report produced by the District Agriculture Office of Jhapa (district), the production of fisheries that used to be 3.5 tons per ha through the traditional method adopted by the local farmers increased up to 12 tons per ha in the campaign-oriented fisheries. Similarly, the Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS, 2014) has also pointed out the possibility of increasing the existing production of fisheries from 3.6 tons per ha to 10 tons per ha. But, the attraction towards cultivation is limited due to the lack of manpower as the majority of the youths have gone outside the nation for foreign-employment. Consequently, the work-load of the women has increased both inside and outside the houses. In addition, the limitation of technical skill in the women and the lack of irrigation have led to decline in the production. Because of the lack of proper use of technical skill and fertilizers and the limitation of irrigation, the production of paddy is limited to 2.72 tons per ha which is less than one third of its potential production (10 ‒ 12 tons per ha) and that of vegetables is limited to 12.8 tons per ha which is nearly two third of its potential production (17.0 tons per ha).As the land use policy could not be implemented, the arable land has been left barren as ghaderi (land for construction of houses).

The practice of carrying out cultivation on the sloped lands of the Chure hills by ploughing is going on. Among the total 189,593 ha such cultivated land in the Chure hills, 29,890 ha (15.8%) is found to be on the sloped terrain with less than 10 slope; 28,797 ha (15.2%) on the sloped terrain with 10‒50 slope; 26,963 ha (14.2%) on the sloped terrain with 50‒ 100 slope; 53,000 ha (28.0%) on the sloped terrain with 100‒ 190 slope; 40,934 ha (21.6%)on the sloped terrain with 190‒ 310slope and 10,005 ha (5.3%) on the sloped terrain with more than 310 slope. The Land Capability Report published by the Survey Department has suggested for the obligatory construction of terraces in the case of cultivation on the sloped terrain with 50‒ 300 and no cultivation on the sloped terrain with more than 300 slope. When the above-mentioned data and the land capabilities are compared, it becomes clear that the system of cultivation practiced in the Chure region is unsuitable, indicating for immediate improvement. The physiographic region- wise cultivated sloped land areas in the Chure region are highlighted in Table 12.

Table 12: Physiographic-region-wise Sloppiness of the Terrain in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape

Sloppiness Tarai Chure hills Dun Bhavar Total (degrees) Madhesh <1 29,890 136,618 157,744 1,293,147 1,617,399 1‒5 28,797 43,213 40,219 14,315 126,544 5‒10 26,962 6,598 5,034 292 38,886 10‒19 53,005 2,517 2,124 15 57,661 19‒31 40,934 407 0 0 41,341 31 10,005 0 0 0 10,005 Total 189,593 189,353 205,121 1,307,769 1,891,836 Source: 2015 Google Earth Image, 2010 Landsat Image and 2010 Rapid Eye Image.

2.1.8.2 Animal husbandry Mainly, 4 types of livestock, viz. cow-bull, buffalo-bull, sheep-ram including pig are found in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape. The households in the Chure region including the Duns use to keep mostly sheep-ram (2.5/household), followed by cow-bull (1.3/household), buffalo- bull (0.5/household) and pig (0.2/household, see Annex 6). As the style of animal husbandry has been, moreover, traditional and subsistence-oriented, its productivity is minimal. For instance, the Agriculture Development Strategy (2014) has pointed out that a buffalo gives only 900 litres of milk instead of normally yielding 2,000 litres per lactation (305 days). Similarly, a Jersey Cow can provide 4,000 litres and a hybrid between a Jersey cow and a local cow can produce 1,600 ‒ 2,000 litres of milk per lactation, but a local cow is found to be providing only 450 litres of milk per lactation (Poudel, 2071/072).The farmers use to invest minimum for the management of the local cow as its milk productivity is less, and because of the minimum investment, they are trapped in the position where the productivity does not increase. The cows and buffaloes having less milk-productivity are either taken to the public forest or the river banks for open grazing. The reasons for the less milk-productivity of the domestic cattle are found to be the inferior breed, inbreeding, lack of animal nutrition and identification of weak animal health. The local farmers are found to be attracted towards the animal husbandry of the locally available cheap cattle, especially sheep and cow as they see the opportunity of free-grazing for the cattle in the forests, without bothering about the animal nutrition. In this regard, the open grazing lands (e.g. the Budhitola region of Kailali district) and the combined grazing lands (e.g. Chetnagar of Rautahat district, Dhurkouli of Sarlahi district and the upper bank of the Pathariya Stream of Kailali district) were noticed in course of the field-observation. Nevertheless, some farmers have been reported to have initiated commercial animal husbandry through the district-level

32 consultation. Those practicing commercial animal husbandry do not take their cattle for open grazing.

2.1.9 Wetlands, religious and cultural heritages and the sites with paleo-historical and archaeological importance

The Ramsar listed- wetlands with international importance, in sequence, Koshitappu (Sunsari, Saptari and Udayapur districts), the Bishazari Lake (Chitwan district), Jagadishpur Lake (Kapilvastu district) and Ghodaghodi Lake (Kailali district) including a large number of lakes and ponds are situated in the districts within the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape. Similarly, a number of religious and cultural heritages that attract both the national as well as the international tourists are found in these districts. Altogether, 438 wetlands and 820 religious and cultural heritages are found to be recorded in the profiles of the concerned districts and the reports of the other government offices, particularly the agricultural offices. The numerical details on the wetlands together with the religious and the cultural heritages situated in each district are presented in Table 13. Among the mentioned 438 wetlands, the names and the physiographic locations of the 101 wetlands that are more important in terms of environmental services are presented in Annex 7. In-spite-of having importance in terms of spirituality and psychology, the biodiversities of the public wetlands and the religious and cultural heritages are unmanaged, and are also found to be in the grip of encroachment.

Table 13: District-wise Data on the Wetlands together with the Religious and Cultural Heritages

S. No. of Religious and S. No. of Religious and District District N. wetland cultural N. wetland cultural heritage (no.) heritage (no.) 1. Ilam 30 14 19. Makwanpur 1 26 2. Jhapa 20 14 20. Chitwan 17 22 3. Morang 4 9 21. Tanahun 1 66 4. Sunsari 2 6 22. Nawalparasi 48 45 5. Dhankuta 2 13 23. Palpa 5 28 6. Bhojpur 7 8 24. Rupandehi 33 38 7. Udayapur 4 10 25. Kapilvastu 11 46 8. Saptari 10 19 26. Arghakhanchi 7 14 9. Siraha 35 19 27. Dang 17 52 10. Dhanusha 27 28 28. Salyan 2 12 11. Sindhuli 2 16 29. Pyuthan 5 22

12. Kabhrepalanchok 6 32 30. Bardiya 7 14 13. Lalitpur 10 59 31. Banke 15 8 14. Mahottari 13 42 32. Surkhet 10 13 15. Sarlahi 23 23 33. Kailali 15 19 16. Rautahat 12 9 34. Dadeldhura - 13 17. Bara 8 15 35. Doti 3 5 18. Parsa 6 30 36. Kanchanpur 20 11 Total 438 820 Source: Profiles of the concerned districts and the reports of the other offices.

Similarly, 7 sites with paleo-historical importance and 8 sites with archaeological importance have also been found in this region. Their locations are indicated in Figure 11, and the details are presented in Table 14.

Figure 11: Map showing the Locations of the Sites with Paleo-historical and Archaeological Importance

Table 14: Sites having Paleo-historical and Archaeological Importance S. N. Site District Location Features I. Sites having Paleo-historical importance 1. Chabeni- Nawalparasi Extending from the west of Tribenighat to the Relics of four-footed animals and other organisms Satpati region base of Chure on the north belonging to mid-Pleistocene period found 2. Ratu Khola Mahottari Chure and Bhavar of Patu region on the north of Various stone-made weapons used by the humans of region Bardibas Paleao and medieval periods, and relics of some mammals found 3. Babai Khola- Dang Around the Babai and Balim Rivers in Rampur Relics of horses and four-footed animals together Balig Khola VDC with some mammals and reptiles found region 4. Surai Khola Dang, Chure hills of the Surai Khola, Dobata and Dhan Relics of giraffe, pig and other four-footed animals, region Kapilvastu Khola regions crocodile and other mammals found 5. Tui Khola- Dang Sites including Gadari and Ginidhiya around Tui Stone-made weapons used by the humans of the Shitalpur Khola on the south of Babai Khola near Shitalpur beginning of Pleistocene period to Holocene period region found 6. Tinau Khola Rupandehi, The region covering the Siddhanath Baba Teeth of humans and relics of other mammals of region Palpa Temple of Palpa to the junction of Jumsa Khola Ramapithecus period, nearly ten million years ago, on the north found 7. Barahachhetra Sunsari Along the bank of Sapta Koshi River and the Stone-made weapons used by Paleo-humans found land area of Chure around Kokaha Khola 8. Lumbini Rupandehi Lumbini Birth place of Buddha 9. Janakpur Dhanusha Birth place of Sita II. Sites having archaeological importance 10. Kichhakbadh Jhapa Prithvinagar VDC - 11. Bhediari Moring Buddhanagar VDC - 12. Simroungadh Bara Golganj VDC - 13. Murtiya Sarlahi Murtiya VDC - 14. Ramgram Nawalparasi Ramgram Municipality - 35

Stupa 15. Gotihawa Kapilvasu Gotihawa VDC - 16. Sukourakot Dang Urhari VDC - 17. Kakrebihar Surkhet Latikoili VDC - Source: Website of Dept. of Archaeology/Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation(www.doa.gov.np) accessed on Dec 27, 2015.

2.1.10 Groundwater Groundwater remains to be one of the important resources in the Tarai Madhesh region, right from the east to the west. Its contribution in household consumption and irrigation is noteworthy. Generally, the water stored or charged below 50m below the ground surface is called "shallow aquifer", and the water-layer below that is termed as "deep aquifer". Nevertheless, the local-level physiographic situation constantly affects upon the deepness of groundwater. The source of water accumulated in both types of aquifers remains to be the same water infiltrated inside the ground. The groundwater available in the Tarai Madhesh region, moreover, depends upon the process and tendency of the infiltration of the rainwater in the Chure and Bhavar regions. The change in the level of the groundwater in the Tarai Madhesh region is, moreover, found to be dependent upon the amount of rainfall in the Chure and Bhavar regions, the tendency and absorption power of the ground and the quality of the aquifer storing groundwater together with the amount of groundwater extracted in the Bhavar and Tarai regions and its process. Being soft, the soil in the forest areas of the Bhavar region contributes a lot in the recharging of groundwater by absorbing the rainwater, but because of the structures being constructed there, the open land area has decreased which causes for the decrease in the amount of infiltrated water, and eventually, it adversely affects upon the recharging of groundwater.

However, there is nothing to worry about the present situation since only 12% of the annually refilled groundwater is consumed at present; however, it is reasonable to be alert at some places. The amount of annual recharge of groundwater from the rainwater and its consumption in the Tarai Madhesh region is presented in Table 15.

Table 15: Amount of Annual Recharge of Groundwater and its Consumption in the Tarai Madhesh Region Groundwater Amount (million cu m) Groundwater accumulated through recharge process 8,800 Groundwater extracted for irrigation and industrial use 756 Groundwater extracted for drinking 297 Surplus groundwater 7,747 Source: http://www.gwrdb.gov.np/hydrlogical_studies.php accessed on Sept 22, 2015.

In Nepal, constant rainfall does not occur from the east to the west, and the properties of the soil also vary from place to place, because of which groundwater is not recharged uniformly, and so it is natural that the availability of the groundwater and its level vary from place to place. On the basis of the analysis of the data measured by the Groundwater Development Board during the dry season (May) and the rainy season (September) in the last 4‒5 years, it is found that there is no significant decline in the groundwater level except a normal fluctuation due to the change in

37 the weather in Jhapa and Morang districts while the groundwater level in the northern part of Sunsari district is found to be decreasing normally. In the middle and the southern parts of Sunsari district, there is only a normal seasonal variation in the groundwater level. In the northern parts of Saptari, Siraha, Dhanusha, Mahottari, Sarlahi and Rautahat districts, the groundwater level is found to be slightly decreasing, but there is no significant fluctuation in the groundwater level in the southern parts of these districts. In the case of Bara and Parsa districts, there is no variation in the groundwater level except the seasonal variation. In Chitwan and Rupandehi districts, the groundwater level is found to be decreasing normally while it is found to be decreasing drastically in the Dang Valley of Dang district. In the case of other districts- Nawalparasi, Kapilvastu, Deukhari Valley of Deukhuri, Banke, Bardiya, Kailali and Kanchanpur, there is no problematic variation in the groundwater level except the seasonal variation. Hence, the groundwater level in the northern and some of the middle parts of the middle and the eastern Tarai Madhesh region might be decreasing as these areas lie in the Bhavar region. The information regarding the decreasing trend of the groundwater level in the wells and tube-wells of the northern parts of these districts and the drying up of several wells as reported by the locals during our interactions also suggest us to say that there is decreasing trend of groundwater level in the areas from the Bhavar to the mid-Tarai Madhesh regions. Thus, the scarcity of water in dry season causes the local women to go further to collect water, because of which they will have less time to take care of other household activities, and the shortage of water is found to have also affected upon the health of the family members. The reason behind the decrease in the groundwater level is not only because of the lack of groundwater recharging but also could be due to the excess consumption of water by the increasing populace in the regions. However in the absence of adequate scientific study, we cannot guess the exact reason behind the decreasing trend of the groundwater level and conclude how much the deterioration of the Chure region has contributed for the same only on the basis of the limited available data. The results of the analysis performed on the status of the groundwater are attached in Appendix of the MP.

2.1.11 River-bed materials The river-bed materials, especially stones, boulders and sand have become the important source of income in the Chure hills, Dun, Bhavar and Tarai Madhesh Landscape, and the local governments use to take these as the durable source of revenue. Being the public properties, these materials are extremely attracting the private sector as well as many other types of stakeholders. Keeping into consideration the availability and the status of the use of the river-bed materials, the analysis on the existing excavation sites, the potentiality for excavation and the practice of excavation has been performed.

2.1.11.1 Existing excavation sites of the river-bed materials For the commercial use, the private companies, generally, use to extract and sell the river-bed materials with the permission of the then District Development Committees. So far, the excavation of the river-bed materials has been exercised in the 242 sites of the 27 districts within the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape. The locations of the excavation sites are shown in Figure 12, and their district-wise details are presented in Table 16.

2.1.11.2 Potential excavation sites for the extraction of the river-bed materials The sediments carried by the rivers from the upstream regions and deposited on the river-beds at the downstream regions, can be extracted out and used as construction materials on the one hand, and the expansion of the river-beds can be controlled on the other hand. However, the quantities of such extracted sediments should not exceed the annual deposition rate of the sediments. Therefore, it is reasonable to extract such materials as per the directives given in the reports of their Initial Environmental Assessment (IEA) or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to be conducted after estimating their quantities. The locations of such potential excavation sites are also indicated in Figure 12, and their-district-wise details are presented in Table 16.

Figure 12: Map showing the Existing as well as the Potential Excavation Sites for the Extraction of the River-bed Materials in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape

Table 16: Details on the Existing as well as the Potential Excavation Sites for the Extraction River-bed Materials in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape No. of No. of No. of No. of S. S. District existing potential District existing potential N. excavation excavation N. excavation excavation sites* sites** sites* sites** 1. Ilam 0 3 19. Makwanpur 6 9 2. Jhapa 6 11 20. Chitwan 5 - 3. Morang 31 5 21. Tanahun - - 4. Sunsari 15 4 22. Nawalparasi 20 4 5. Dhankuta - - 23. Palpa 1 3 6. Bhojpur - - 24. Rupandehi 2 1 7. Udayapur 6 3 25. Kapilvastu - 6 8. Saptari 9 3 26. Arghakhanchi - -

9. Siraha 18 16 27. Dang 9 8 10. Dhanusha 16 3 28. Salyan - - 11. Sindhuli 15 11 29. Pyuthan - - 12. Kabhrepalanchok - - 30. Bardiya 5 - 13. Lalitpur - - 31. Banke 5 - 14. Mahottari 2 7 32. Surkhet 1 4 15. Sarlahi 20 7 33. Kailali 25 2 16. Rautahat 7 5 34. Dadeldhura 4 1 17. Bara 5 11 35. Doti - - 18. Parsa 8 4 36. Kanchanpur 1 5 Total 242 136 Sources: * Based on the IEA Reports of the concerned districts and the district-level interactions with the stakeholders. ** Based on the district- and local-level discussions with the stakeholders together with Image Interpretation.

2.1.11.3 Exercise of excavations These days, the excavation of the river-based materials is, generally, practiced through the private sector on contractual basis. Before the contractual work, the then concerned District Development Committees (DDCs) use to prepare the IEA report of the site for the purpose. In the report, the excavation site along with the quantity of the river-bed materials to be excavated on the basis of its length, average depth and average breadth along the centre of the river is clearly mentioned. If there is a bridge on the river, the excavation site is fixed leaving 500m distances on both sides of the bridge. With a few exceptions, these reports are rarely read following the contract. Generally, the contractors do not follow the criteria written in the IEA report, and also the monitoring and regulating mechanism is are not effective. A lot more quantity of materials than the fixed is assumed to be excavated by the contractors after having the contract. While determining the royalty and allocating the royalty received, the physical and environmental damages during the excavation period are not taken into consideration. Due to the excess of excavation in the easily accessible sites and having easy markets for the river-bed materials, e.g. Tinau River (Rupandehi district), the subordinate rivers (Bijoure and Chure) of Dudhoura River (Bara district) and Ratu River (boundary of Mahottari and Dhanusha districts), the threat of the disasters such as soil erosion, landslide and river-bank-cutting is found to be increased on the one hand while the disasters such as flood and inundation are found to be increased in a number of rivers (e.g. Rangoon river of Dadeldhura district) that do not have easy access to the road and market as the excavation of the river-bed materials deposited on the river- bed could not be done on the other hand.

2.2 Socio-economic status The socio-economic status includes the settlements and population, their occupation, the use of energy, the existing and the developing-stage important physical structures and public facilities, and the existing organizations and structures.

2.2.1 Settlements and population Based on the population census conducted by the Statistics Bureau in 2068 BS, the total population of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape living in 28,43,504 households is 147,48,672of which 52% are female and 48% male. Of the total households, approximately 49.90% (khas arya- 27.00%, indigenous nationalities- 17.38% and dalit- 5.52%) are from the hills, 43.00% (Madheshi- 22.81%, indigenous nationalities- 14.06% and dalit- 6.13%) from the Tarai Madhesh, 6.26% Muslim, 0.41% from various cultural groups and the rest 0.43% unspecified. The data indicate that thirty four persons per100 households of this Landscape are in the foreign nations.

Although the Landscape is dominated by the village settlements, some land areas also fall in the municipalities. The majority of the existing VDCs, municipalities and their wards fall completely within the geographical boundaries of the Chure Physiographic region while the remaining fall partially. The number of the already existing VDCs and their wards, falling, either completely or partially, within the Chure region are 352 and 2,023, respectively while the number of the existing municipalities and their wards falling outside the Chure region are 23 and 301, respectively (based on the division up to Baishakh, 2074 BS).

Out of the total 3,576,755 populace of the 769,000 households of the Chure Conservation Area, the proportion of the female is 52.66% and that of the male is 47.34% (see Annex 8). Of the total households of this region, 83.17% (khas arya- 37.85%, indigenous nationalities- 34.79% and dalit 10.53%) are from the hills, 15.15% (Madheshi- 3.53%, indigenous nationalities- 10.66% and dalit- 0.96%) from the Tarai Madhesh, 1.08% Muslims, 0.17% from the various cultural groups and the rest 0.42 unspecified. The data indicate that 41persons per100 households of this region are in the foreign nations.

Similarly among the 11,171,917 populace of the total 2,074,505 households of the Tarai Madhesh including the Bhavar, the proportion of the female is 50.82% and that of the male is 49.18%. Of the total households of this region, 37.65% (khas arya- 23.04%, indigenous nationalities- 10.93% and dalit- 3.68%) are from the hills, 53.48% (Madheshi- 30.1%, indigenous nationalities- 15.4% and dalit- 8.05%) from the Tarai Madhesh, 8.22% Muslims, 0.55% from the various cultural groups and the rest 0.11% unspecified. The data show that 32 persons per100 households of this region are in the foreign nations.

The above mentioned data indicate that the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape is inhabited by the people belonging to the mixed communities. The district-wise details on the households, population and caste are presented in Annex 8.

In 1993, there were 80,181 houses in the Chure hills, which increased to 134,700 with 68% increase in 2014. This data reflects the increasing trend of the people settling in the Chure region by constructing their houses. Among the houses so constructed, 29,979 (21.7%) are in the highly susceptible areas, 89,350 (60.4%) in the fairly susceptible areas and 24,171 (97.9 %) in the low susceptible areas in the landslide point of view. Similarly, there are houses even along the river- banks of the Dun, Bhavar and Tarai Madhesh regions. In terms of flood and inundation, 14,244 houses are in the highly susceptible areas and 66,523 in the fairly susceptible areas. The above data indicate that the pressure of settlements in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape is in the increasing trend, and there is possibility of huge loss of life and property due to the presence of many houses in the landslide-susceptible areas. Likewise, there is possibility of loss of life and property in the Bhavar and Tarai Madhesh regions because of flood and inundation.

The locations of the houses in the areas highly susceptible to landslide and floods are shown in Figure 13 and Figure 14, respectively.

Figure 13: Map showing the Locations of the Houses in the Areas Highly Susceptible to Landslide in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape

Figure 14: Map showing the Locations of the Houses in the Areas Highly Susceptible to Flood in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape

2.2.2 Occupational status Based on the population census conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics, 48.42% of the economically active populace (age-group above 10 years) living in the Chure Conservation region are women and 51.58% male (see Table 17). The highest portion (60.17%) of the populace is engaged in cultivation (both skilled and semi-skilled labor in agriculture, forestry and fisheries), of which 56.51% are female. The second highest portion (9.63%) work as unskilled labor. The proportions of the populace engaged in other occupations of livelihood are (in sequence from higher to lower)- crafts and the related business, service and business assistant, machine operator and mechanic, professional expert, technician and professional technician, manager, office assistant and armed police. The proportion of female is higher in the works that need skilful and semi-skilful workers (56.51% in agriculture, forestry and fisheries) as well as the ordinary and unskillful workers (50.76%) while there is dominancy of the male in all the others (Table 17). Forty one individuals per 100 households are found to be supporting in the increase in their family income through foreign employment.

Table 17: Details on the Populace engaged in Various Occupations in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape Populace (more than 10 years) % of female % of male % out of S. among those among those Occupation the total N. engaged in engaged in populace concerned concerned engaged occupation occupation 1. Armed Force 0.19 13.42 86.58 2. Manager 1.43 39.12 60.88 3. Professional Expert 3.33 36.97 63.03 4. Technical and Professional Assistant 1.73 23.79 76.21 5. Office Assistant 0.93 31.32 68.68 6. Service and Business Assistant 8.05 36.68 63.32 7. Skillful and semi-skillful worker (in 60.17 56.51 43.49 agriculture forestry and fisheries) 8. Workers in crafts and the related business 8.12 23.91 76.09 9. Machine Operator and Mechanic 2.66 4.87 95.13 10. Ordinary and Unskillful Workers 9.63 50.76 49.24 11. Unspecified 3.76 53.06 46.94 Total 100.00 48.42 51.58 Total populace engaged in various occupations 1,481,409 Manpower engaged in foreign employment 314,227 (41 per 100 households) Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (based on the analysis of the population census, 2068 BS).

As 60% of the economically active populace of the Landscape depend on agriculture, and as the proportion of female is quite higher than that of the male in this sector, the agricultural productivity needs to be increased through technology improvement in agriculture giving emphasis to female participation.

2.2.3 Use of energy More than three-fourth of the total household energy consumption in the Chure and Dun is occupied by fuel-wood, and the rest is occupied by LP Gas, dung gas and, to some extent, guintha (cow-dung). In the case of the Tarai Madhesh region, the majority of the households use guintha as the source of energy. These households are followed by the users of the LP Gas, fuel- wood, dhod (maize-cob), straw, and to some extent, dung gas.

There is a great possibility of dung gas in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape as there is abundant number of domestic animals and as the temperature is also suitable there. Besides,

46 there are permanent streams, in the several places of the Chure hills, from which mini-hydro- electricity can be generated. Based on the available information as well as the field-observation, the list of the potential places (identified preliminarily) for generating mini-hydro-electricity is presented in Table 22.

There is also a great feasibility of household in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape; however, solar lights have been installed in a limited number of houses in some places. Besides, there is also a technical opportunity as well as the availability of the technology of bio-briquette which is prepared using the thrown-away organic matters, but the interest of the communities is not alike; the technology is popular in some communities while it is not so attractive in other communities.

2.3 Existing and developing-stage important physical structures and public facilities The physical infrastructures that have direct stake with the natural environment of the Chure region- irrigation, roads and railways, drinking-water and hydro-electricity are incorporated in this section. At some stage, these structures do affect upon the natural environment in course of their construction or operation while the justification of such structures are in trap because of the diminution in the natural environment at some stage. There are a number of examples concerned with the irrigation-intake being useless or the break-down of bridges.

2.3.1 Irrigation In Nepal, large, medium and small irrigation projects are providing irrigation-facilities. The major irrigation projects are in operation in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape. So far, 300 large and medium surface irrigation projects are providing irrigation facility in a total of 462,754 ha land area. Due to the lack of data, the small irrigation projects have not been included although there is an availability of irrigation from these projects. In the case of the groundwater irrigation, a total of 414,355 ha land is irrigated with the help of 124,062 shallow tube-wells and 977 deep tube-wells. The details on the irrigation status in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape are highlighted in Annex 9.

2.3.2 Roads and railways (including bridges and mini-bridges) More or less roads have been constructed in the Chure physiographic region of all the districts. Based on the available government record, the total length of the road is found to be 6,576.62 km in the 363 parts of the Chure region. The summary of the rural road is presented in Table 18. Apart from this, there are numerous roads constructed by the VDCs and the CF user groups at local-level. Some roads of national importance, particularly the 320 km long Dharan-Chatara- Ghaighat-Katari-Sindhuli-Hetauda and the Nijgadh-Kathmandu Fast-track are under construction. Similarly, a few portions of the proposed East-west Railroad lie in the Chure region. On the one hand, there is a continuous need of the Chure resources, especially stone, pebbles and sand for construction and upgrading/maintenance of these roads while such

47 structures are attracting for human settlements or other activities. The fragile geological structure of the Chure has to bear the burden of all these activities. Therefore, the problem may worsen if special mitigation measures are not taken while developing or operating such structures.

Table 18: Distract-wise Details on the Rural Roads

S. District No. of road Length of S. District No. of road Length of N. sectors road (km) N. sectors road (km) 1. Ilam 9 174.50 19. Makwanpur 27 436.02 2. Jhapa 4 67.20 20. Chitwan 51 348.00 3. Morang 8 194.51 21. Tanahun 1 46.29 4. Sunsari 8 166.80 22. Nawalparasi 14 294.50 5. Dhankuta 2 32.00 23. Palpa 16 311.0 6. Bhojpur 1 18.51 34. Rupandehi 11 102.05 7. Udayapur 14 262.90 25. Kapilvastu 5 55.00 8. Saptari 2 21.62 26. Arghakhanchi 5 147.50 9. Siraha 5 56.00 27. Dang 46 884.67 10. Dhanusha 1 17.00 28. Salyan 3 103.19 11. Sindhuli 14 459.35 29. Pyuthan - - 12. Kabhre 1 50.00 30. Bardiya 4 112.00 13. Lalitpur 1 38.00 31. Banke 20 203.68 14. Mahottari 1 11.00 32. Surkhet 46 1,113.10 15. Sarlahi 3 52.50 33. Kailali 21 478.00 16. Rautahat 2 32.00 34. Dadeldhura 3 83.00 17. Bara 2 19.20 35. Doti 1 68.00 18. Parsa 2 27.00 36. Kanchanpur 9 90.53 Total 363 6,576.62 Sources: S. N. 1‒ 26, 28, 29, 31 and 32: Rural Transportation Information Management System (RuTIMS), DoLIDAR; S. N. 27: DTMP, Dang; S. N. 30: DTMP, Bardiya; S. N. 33 ‒ 36: Rural Road Record, DoLIDAR.

2.3.3 Drinking water More than 70% of the households and the populace of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape use the water distributed through the pipeline or the water pumped out using hand-pump for their household consumption. Slightly more than one-fifth of the households use the well-water while some households use the spring-water and river/stream-water. The local people have the experience of burying the pipe of the hand-pump deeper than usual, drying-up of the wells and springs and the river/stream-water being polluted, especially affecting upon the health of the women and children. The data regarding the types of the availability of the drinking water and

48 the users are highlighted in Table 19, and the district-wise use of the drinking water is presented in Annex 10.

Table 19: Data on the Types of the Availability of Drinking Water and the Users No. of households Type of the availability of drinking water and populace Pipe-line and Water- River/Strea Well Total using drinking water Hand-pump spring m No. of households 570,365 167,715 26,151 17,018 81,249 % (out of the total 73.01 21.47 3.35 2.18 100.00 no. of households) Populace 2,586,709 779,733 126,259 84,054 3,576,755 % (out of the total 72.32 21.80 3.53 2.35 100.00 populace) Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (based on the analysis of the population census, 2068 BS.

There is a need for the management of the sources of water at the local-level so as to tackle the problem such as drying up of the springs and (the springs) getting polluted.

2.3.4 Hydro-electricity and Electric Power Transmission Based on the available information and data, the hydro-electricity power stations and the electric power transmission are described below:

2.3.4.1 Hydro-electricity power stations According to the Study Report (2014) of the Nepal Electricity Authority, there are 4 hydro- electricity power stations with the total capacity of 41.22 megawatt production, and one with the capacity of 7 megawatt is under construction (see Table 20).

Table 20: Details on the Hydro-electricity Power Stations S.N. Hydro-electricity power station Location Capacity 1. Chatara Hydro-electricity Power Station Chatara, Sunsari 3.2 megawatt 2. Gandak Hydro-electricity Power Station Surajpura-5, Nawalparasi 1.5 megawatt 3. Tinau Hydro-electricity Power Station Dovan-7, Palpa 1.024 megawatt 4. Mai Hydro-electricity Power Station Mai Khola, Ilam 22 megawatt 5. Mai Casked Hydro-electricity Power Station Danabari-8, Ilam 7 megawatt (under construction)

2.3.4.2 Hydro-electricity power transmission Four types (66 KV, 132 KV, 220 KV and 400 KV) of 24 hydro-electricity power transmission lines are constructed/under construction on the basis of their capacities. Five transmission lines having the capacity of 66 KV are in operation. Similarly out of the nine 132 KV capacity lines, five are in operation and four under construction. Likewise, six transmission lines with the capacity 200 KV and four transmission lines with the capacity of 400 KV are under construction. The sustainability of these transmission lines remains to be of high importance in the national economy. The conservation of the Chure contributes in the sustainability of these transmission lines as these pass across the ecologically susceptible region. In other words if the environmental aspect is not taken into consideration while constructing or operating such transmission lines, there will be imbalance in the environment first, eventually causing damage to the structure. The locations of the transmission lines are shown in Figure 15, and their details are presented in Table 21.

Figure 15: Map showing the Locations of the Hydro-electricity Power Transmission Lines

Table 21: Details on the Hydro-Electricity Power Transmission Lines Type of Existing First and Last Points Remarks Transmission line Status Bardghat - Connected up to Tanakpur of India In operation Mahendranagar from Mahendranagar Connected up to Ramnagar from Bardghat - Gandak In operation 66 KV Transmission Gandak line Hetauda - Parwanipur - In operation Birgunj Connected up to Kathmandu from Hetauda - Kulekhani-I In operation Kulekhani-I Anarmani, Jhapa - In operation Hetauda Duhabi - Bardghat In operation

Under Also includes 66 KV Transmission Butwal - Mahendranagar construction line

132 KV Lamahi - Jhimruk In operation Transmission line Connected up to Pokhara from Butwal - Kaligandaki In operation Butwal Bharatpur - Marsyangdi In operation Damak - Ilam - Kabeli In operation Mirchaiya - Under Okhaldhunga construction Attariya - Budar - Under Baitadi construction Under Inaruwa - Basantpur construction Under Dhalkewar - Tamagadhi construction 220 KV Under Extension up to Manang Transmission line Bharatpur -Marsyangdit construction Butwal – Modi Under Rahughat construction Under Bharatpur - Bardghat construction Under Bharatpur - Hetauda construction 400 KV Dhalkewar - Under For the purpose of Nepal - India Transmission line Majaffarpur, India construction electricity trade Under Dhalkewar - Duhabi construction Under Dhalkewar - Hetauda construction Under Butwal - Bardghat construction

2.3.4.3 Preliminarily identified sites for hydro-electricity production Although the Chure region is susceptible in geological point of view, some sites have been identified preliminarily so as to meet the local demand through the establishment of small hydro- electricity power stations in the region, and their details are presented in Table 22. These details can be finalized only after the completion of their technical studies as these have been prepared on the basis of the preliminary estimation.

Table 22: Small hydro-electricity generating power stations on the basis of their preliminary identification S. S. River District VDC River District VDC N. N. Danabari, Ilam Nunsari Ilam Sakpara Mahamai 1. Kankai Mai 2. Domukha Jhapa Morang Madhumalla Gaide Chisang 3. Morang Letang 4. Pasaha Bara Ratanpuri Khola 5. Tinau Palpa Dhovan 6. Tawa khola Udayapur Panchawati 7. Bangari Bara Amalekhgunj 8. Lal Bakaiya Makawanpur Chhativan 9. Jhumsa Palpa Gothadi 10. Vanganga Arghakhanchi Simalpani Bheri-Babai 11. Gwar Khola Dang Bijouri 12. Bheri Surkhet Diversion Doti Laxminagar 14. Kandra Kailali Mahanyal 13. Thuligad Kailali Sahajpur Pandoun

2.4 Existing organizations and structures The GOs, NGOs and community-based organizations (CBOs) having direct stake with the Chure and their role are described in the sub-sections below:

2.4.1 Governmental organizations The details on the local-level governmental organizations having very close relationship with the Chure Conservation are presented in Table 23.

Table 23: Details on the Local-level GOs having Very Close Relationship with the Chure Conservation S. N. Organizations Main role - Carry out Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and contract out the excavation of river-bed materials, and conduct regulation of the District Development 1. same; Committee (36) - Carry out developmental works in the Chure region; - Provide wire-mesh for the protection of river-banks - Forest administration and management; - Contract out the excavation of river-bed materials as per the IEE report, and conduct regulation and monitoring of the same; District Forest Office - Registration of CF User committees, support in the preparation and 2. (DFO- 36) renewal of the CF management plans, registration and regulation of collaborative forests and religious forests; - Support in the capacity building of the forest user groups; - Management of the supply of wood and timber. - Preparation of sub-watershed management plans; - Soil conservation; District Soil - Conservation-oriented land management; 3. Conservation Office - Conservation of springs; (DSCO- 36) - Collection and use of rain/root-water; - Formation of soil conservation committees and their capacity building - Development and extension of conservation-oriented agricultural technologies; District Agriculture - Support in the income of agricultural income; 4. Development Offices - Formation of farmer groups, their documentation and capacity (DADO-36) building; - Provision of agriculture grant and its monitoring - Cattle-breed improvement; - Cattle health services; District Livestock - Cattle feed management; 5. Services Office - Technical support in grazing management; and (DLSO-36) - Formation of farmer groups, their documentation, capacity building and cattle improvement Water Induced - River-control 6. Disaster Prevention Division Office District Office of the - Training and consultation regarding cottage industries; Department of - Registration of cottage industries and their regulation; 7. Cottage and Small Industries (36) - Construction, operation and maintenance of large and medium Irrigation Division 8. irrigation canals; Offices - Conservation of canal-banks and afforestation; - Registration of irrigation water users' groups, support in management

of irrigation canals and capacity building; - Services related to women, children and elder citizens; District Women and 9. - Provision of training for income generation of women and financial Children Office (36) support - Mapping of lands, determination of the land-boundaries and their 10. District Survey Office certification - Ownership of public lands and their management; - Development of settlements, regulation and management of house construction; - Development of physical structures and their management; Village Development 11. - Conservation of environment; Committee (VDC) - Soil conservation and distribution of wire-mesh for river-control; - Conservation and management of the heritages having cultural importance ; - Conservation and management of wetlands - Ownership of public lands and their management; - Development of settlements, regulation and management of house construction; - Development of physical structures and their management; 12. Municipality Office - Conservation of environment; - Soil conservation and distribution of wire-mesh for river-control; - Conservation and management of the heritages having cultural importance ; - Conservation and management of wetlands District Plant - Development of herbs; 13. Resources Office (6) - Documentation and protection of herbs National Parks and - Management of protected areas and conservation of biodiversity; 14. Wildlife Conservation - Mobilization of local communities in the management of buffer Office (5) zones and their regulation

2.4.2 Non-governmental organizations There are a number of NGOs concerned with the conservation of the Chure region. Almost all the NGOs are found to be engaged in enhancing the awareness-level of the communities and supporting in their capacity building while some are found to have initiated the programs in conservation work, The details on some of such NGOs are highlighted in Table 24.

Table 24: Details on the NGOs concerned with Chure Conservation S. N. Organizations Main role 1. Federation of - Carry out awareness and advocacy for securing rights of the users by Community Forestry organizing the CF User Groups (CFUGs); Users, Nepal - Capacity building of the CFUGs (FECOFUN) 2. Forest Resource Users' - Carry out awareness and advocacy for securing rights of the users by National Federation organizing the Forest User Groups (FUGs); - Capacity building of the FUGs 3. Collaborative Forest - Carry out awareness and advocacy for securing rights of the users by Users' Federation organizing the Collaborative Forest User Groups (ColFUGs); - Capacity building of the ColFUGs 4. National Federation of - Carry out awareness and advocacy for securing rights of the users by Irrigation Water User organizing the Irrigation Water User Groups (IWUGs); Groups, Nepal - Capacity building of the IWUGs 5. Nepal Federation of - Carry out awareness and advocacy for securing the rights and Indigenous approach of the dalit over the natural resources Nationalities (NEFIN)

2.4.3 Community-based organizations The details on the CBOs having very close relationship with the Chure Conservation are presented in Table 25.

Table 25: Details on the CBOs engaged in the Conservation of Chure S. N. Organizations Main role 1. CFUG - Organize the members of the community, and get them affiliated in the group (social mobilization); - Preparation, registration and renewal of forest operational plan; - Management of forest as per the operational plan, collection of forest products and their distribution; - Control forest encroachment, restore the encroached areas and forest development 2. Collaborative Forest - Organize the members of the collaborative forest group (social User Group mobilization); - Preparation of collaborative forest management plan; - Management of forest, collection of forest products and their distribution; - Control forest encroachment, restore the encroached areas and forest development 3. Leasehold Forest User - Active involvement in management plan preparation; Group - Implementation of the management plan 4. Soil Conservation - Active involvement in soil conservation plan preparation; User Group - Implementation of the plan; - Operation and maintenance after implementation of the plan

5. Irrigation Water User - Operation of irrigation canal, its maintenance and distribution of Group irrigation water 6. Farmer group - Organize farmers, prepare joint/collective plan, and operation of agriculture and cattle improvement programs 7. Agriculture - Organize farmers, collection and investment of saving (money), Cooperative Group preparation of joint/collective plan, and operation of agriculture and cattle improvement programs

2.4.4 Existing policy and legal format In Nepal, laws, policies and strategies have been formulated for environment conservation or mitigation of damage. Among such laws, policies and strategies, some are totally targeted towards conservation of environment, nature, forest and biodiversity while there are a few (two- three) such provisions in the others. For instance, the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, Forest Act and Environment Conservation Act are fully targeted towards conservation of nature and prevention and control of pollution. In the Water Resources Act, Mines and Minerals Act, Local Self Governance Act and Tourism Act, there are a few (two-three) provisions concerning the conservation of biodiversity, nature, forest and environment.

This MP is basically targeted towards the conservation of environment, and the acts mainly concerned with it are: i) Constitution of Nepal, ii) Forest Act, 2049 BS, iii) National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 BS, iv) Environment Conservation Act, 2053 BS, v) Watershed Conservation Act, 2039 BS, vi) Aquatic Animal Protection Act, 2017 BS, vii) Land Act, 2021 BS, viii) Local Self Governance Act, 2055 BS, ix) Water Resources Act, 2049 BS, x) Mines and Mineral Act, 2042 BS, xi) Land Taxation Act, 2014 BS, xii) Land Acquisition Act, 2034 BS and Industrial Enterprises Act, 2038 BS. Regarding the environmental policies, i) Forest Act, 2071 BS, ii) Nepal National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2014‒2020), iii)National Land Use Policy, 2069 BS, iv) National Wetland Policy, 2069 BS, and v) Agriculture Development Strategy, 2072 are the main ones.

The endeavor for environment conservation is not at the state of being fruitful in a number of cases because of the controversy or dispute amongst the concerned authorities. For instance, the Self Governance Act, 2055 BS has provided the authority of the ownership of the river-bed materials to the District Development Committees (DDCs) and Village Development Committees (VDCs) while the Mines and Minerals Act, 2042 BS has provided the ownership- right of such materials to the GoN and its execution-right to the Department of Mines and Geology. Similarly, the Act has provided the authority of the ownership of the forest resources to the GoN, with its execution to be carried out by the concerned District Forest Offices (DFOs). In addition, the Industrial Enterprises Act 2038 BS has made the provision in such a way that the district cottage offices may give permission for the establishment of crusher industries for the use of such materials in the form of raw materials.

At a time when there is difficulty in the management of the river-bed materials because of the differences in the provisions under the various acts, the above mentioned issues will be addressed through the formulation of the Chure Act and Rules. The analysis of the various laws and policies is presented in the Annex.

3. Outline of the Master Plan This MP has been prepared on the basis of the data-based facts and the consultations done at the central, district and community levels together with the field observation. A strategic roadmap, an action plan and the provision of an organizational set-up for the implementation of the program are incorporated in this MP.

3.1 Strategic roadmap As strategic roadmap is the central portion of the MP, the vision, goal, objectives, expected outputs and programs are included in this section. In addition, a Logical Framework comprising the goal, objectives, expected outputs and programs is presented in Annex 11.

3.1.1 Vision To achieve the economic prosperity along with the protected as well as the naturally balanced Chure-Tarai Madhesh and Dun Landscape, and the continuous flow of the environmental goods and services.

3.1.2 Goal To support in the poverty reduction and the national goal of “Prosperous Nepal” through conservation and sustainable management of the resources in the Chure region and improvement of the ecosystem services.

3.1.3 Objectives The three objectives adopted for achieving the goal fixed by the MP are as follows: Objective 1: To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the climate change and natural disasters through ensuring the sustainable management of the natural resources (land, water, vegetation and biodiversity) of the Chure hills (including gullies) and Bhavar region, favorable to their geological, physiographical status and ecosystems.

Expected outputs: i) Mitigation in the damage/decline of the natural resources; ii) Stabilization of the environment and increase in the productivity; and iii) Mitigation in the effects of risk

Objective 2: To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the water-induced disasters in the Chure hills, Dun and Tarai Madhesh Landscape, and to continue the flow of the environmental services.

Expected outputs: i) Integrated river system resource management infrastructure; ii) Stabilization of the landslide-susceptible areas in the upper watershed region; and iii) Mitigation in the damage caused by river-cutting and inundation

Objective 3:Maintain accessibility in the household use of energy, and to increase the accessibility of the residents (especially from the Tarai Madhesh region) living far from the national forests, in the use of timber, wood and other energy resources.

Expected outputs: i) Development of trees outside forests; ii) Extension of the technologies related to renewable energy; and iii) Support in the management and commercialization of private forests

The output indicators and the means of verification are clarified in the logical framework in Annex 11.

3.1.4 Guiding principles This MP has adopted the following basic principles in order to direct the momentum of implementation:  Ensure the system of sustainable production and use of the resources;

 Give emphasis to the programs that mitigate climate change and its effects

 Intensify the conservation, rehabilitation and sustainable use of the land-environment, manage the forests sustainably, cease desertification and soil-erosion, and conserve biodiversity;

 Fulfill the objectives and programs as targeted by the sectoral plans and strategies, in environmental point of view;

 Streamline the inclusion of women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized communities while planning and implementing the programs related to climate-adaptation and poverty reduction;

 Involve the governmental, non-governmental and community-based organizations in the program implementation and give them responsibilities on the basis of their expertise, capability and fields (thematic as well as physiographic), and prepare integrated plan considering the upstream and downstream regions of the river system as a single unit;

 Modify the policy, programs, implementation process and technology continuously on the basis of the achievement, experience and evidence;

 Ensure the participation of the local communities in each step (planning, implementation, maintenance, monitoring and benefit distribution) of the programs.

3.1.5 Programs Altogether, 42 programs including 31 having direct link with the 8 expected outputs as per the three objectives adopted (by the MP) and 11 interdisciplinary sectors as well as sector-wise development are fixed in the MP. The expected links amongst the expected outputs are highlighted in the Logical Framework in Annex 11.

3.1.6 Implementation level The programs have been so fixed that their implementation will be carried out at the central, river-system, state and local levels.

 In the case of the programs to be implemented at the central-level, the policy reform, high- level directives, central-level coordination, technical and procedural policy, work-plan, guidelines preparation, communication strategy development, production of extension materials, research, monitoring system development together with the programs to be implemented within the PAS(which are not part of the district/river system levels) are included.

 At the river-system-level, the programs such as the treatment of the landslide areas at the upper watershed regions, community-based soil and water conservation (water-spring), strengthening of the river-banks at the downstream regions and construction of green-belts (on the river-banks) are included with high-priority. The programs that are included at local-level will be implemented under the river-system with priority.

 The state- and local-level programs include the control of forest encroachment, rehabilitation of the degraded public lands, control of grazing and management, management of (using) the river-bed materials, management and transformation of the

settlements within the susceptible areas, extension of multi-year crop on the sloped lands, management of wetlands, control of forest fire, collection and storage of rainwater, recharge of groundwater and the use of groundwater.

 All the programs incorporated at the state and local levels will be included in the integrated river-system resource development action plan on the basis of reasonability, and will be implemented accordingly. These programs will be selected and implemented in coordination and cooperation with the local-level VDCs, municipalities and metropolitans under their ownership.

3.1.7 Program implementation, common strategy The following strategies will be adopted for the implementation of all the programs to be implemented outside the PAS:

 The active involvement of all the benefited communities will be done while fixing and designing the program-site, implementing the program and establishing access in the benefit to be achieved after its implementation. The communities affected and benefitted will be involved in the implementation of the MP through the community-based organization (existing and newly formed). While involving the communities, the representatives of women, dalit, indigenous and ethnic nationalities will be ensured and their concerns will be addressed.

 Based on the detailed-design and cost-estimate prepared on the basis of the prioritized river systems and the integrated resource management action plan, the local-level programs will be incorporated in the annual plan, and will be implemented accordingly. As all the programs will be of multi-year in nature and as these will have to be looked after and repaired/maintained in the first few years, multi-year programs will be fixed and implemented accordingly.

 Although the MP will be implemented through the authorities of the GoN and the local governments, the NGOs will be involved in social mobilization, advocacy, information- flow, etc. works.

 Private sector will be involved in the activities intensively yielding the outputs of certain quality and requiring specialized skills that are not available in the government authorities and the NGOs.

 Research activities will not be carried out only for the purpose of maintaining the research-results limited to theoretical knowledge. The research-results will be exercised in practice, and will be updated in the years to come.

 While identifying and implementing the programs at local-level, the ownership of the local governments will be ensured.

3.1.8 Financial mechanism

 For the implementation of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation and Management Plan, the Government’s own financial resource together with those received from the other sources including the donor authorities through the GoN will be mobilized.

 The approved plans and programs prepared from the federal, state and local levels will be implemented in accordance with the decision of the PCTMCDB as per the directives given in the MP.

 The budget approved by the PCTMCDB and allocated for the program implementation will be spent as per the financial work-procedure of the GoN or the Committee.

 Similarly, the financial sources that can be obtained at the local-level will be optimally used. In this regard, the funds of the community or collaborative forest user groups, metropolitan cities, sub-metropolitan cities, municipalities and rural-municipalities and the projects of the donor-bodies working in certain field may also be used. Incentive will be provided for the preparation and implementation of the programs by managing the financial sources received at the local-level together with the local-level financial source coming from the GoN.

The sources of the PCTMCDB’s annual budget and its release procedure are highlighted in Figure 16.

Support from Donors and GoN Grant PCTMCDB development partners

Federal Government’s Local Universities Social Individuals bodies Thematic governments bodies of (Metropolitan and their organiza- and private the federal cities/Municip departments/ tions and organiza- Forest, environment, structures -alities/Local faculties NGOs tions soil conservation, municipalities agriculture and animal development, natural disaster management and concerned implementing bodies

Nepal Army, National Development and Security Directorate General

Figure 16: Financial Mechanism

3.2 Master Plan The goal, objectives, expected outputs and the corresponding programs have been already mentioned in the previous sections- 3.1.3 to 3.1.5. The periodical goals of the same programs and the summary and implementation strategies of each program are incorporated in this Section.

3.2.1 Programs and periodical goals The main programs identified by the MP and the corresponding goals of the first five-year period, up to 10-year period, up to 15-year period and up to 20-year period are presented in Table 26. The river-system-wise detailed programs and the district-wise detailed programs are presented, respectively, in the first and the second complementary sections of the MP.

Table 26: Details on the Main Programs and Periodical Goals Objectives, expected outputs and programs Unit Periodical goal Objective 1. To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the climate change and natural disasters through ensuring the sustainable management of the natural resources (land, water, vegetation and biodiversity) of the Chure hills (including gullies) and Bhavar region, favorable to their geological, physiographical status and ecosystems.

Expected outputs: 1.1 Mitigation in the damage/decline of the natural resources; 1.2 Stabilization of the environment, and increase in the productivity; and 1.3 Mitigation in the impacts of risk.

Main programs/Activities: 1.1.1 Determination of the government forests or public lands on the basis No. of of their mapping (using the Land Use Zone Map) district 36 36 36 36 1.1.2 Mapping of forests showing the management units (using the No. of Topographical Map of the Survey Department) district 36 36 36 36 1.1.3 Control of forest encroachment ha 14,150 60,000 80,000 100,000 1.1.4 Rehabilitation of degraded lands No. of existing 1,297 2,324 2,324 2,324 VDCs/Mun -icipality 1.1.5 Control or management of grazing in the forests and river-beds No. of farmer 4,800 9,800 11,000 11,000 groups 1.1.6 Commercial animal husbandry No. of farm 68 139 157 157 1.1.7 Multi-year crop extension on the sloped agriculture lands ha 7,265 16,000 25,000 30,600

1.2.1 Forest management ha 165,675 300,000 400,000 500,000 1.2.2 Development and management of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) No. of As per As per As per As per systems requirement requirement requirement requirement 1.2.3 Conservation of biodiversity (11 ecosystems and 7 protected areas) No. 18 18 18 18 1.2.4 Wetland management No. 89 160 250 340 1.2.5 Collection and storage of rainwater, recharge of groundwater and its No. 980 2,000 3,000 4,000 use 1.2.6 Incentive for environment-friendly physical infrastructures No. of 36 36 36 36 district 1.2.7 Control of invasive species No. of 4 4 4 4 species 1.3.1 Use/management of river-bed materials No. of river 180 180 180 180 1.3.2 Management of settlements within the susceptible areas No. of HH 20,505 36,000 40,000 43,423 1.3.3 Mitigation and control of forest fire No. of VDC/Muni 1,498 2,324 2,324 2,324 -cipalty Objective 2: To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the water- induced disasters in the Chure hills, Dun and Tarai Madhesh Landscape, and to continue the flow of the environmental services.

Expected outputs: 2.1 Integrated river system resource management infrastructure; 2.2 Stabilization of the landslide-susceptible areas in the upper watershed region; and 2.3 Mitigation in the damage caused by river-cutting and inundation

Main programs/Activities: 2.1.1 Development of river management mechanism at river system-level No. of river 64 104 134 164

system 2.1.2 Preparation of action plan for integrated river system resource No. of river 64 104 134 164 development system 2.2.1 Treatment of the landslide areas No. of river 64 104 134 164 system 2.2.2 Conservation of the springs and community-based soil conservation No. of river 64 104 134 164 system 2.3.1 Stabilization of river-banks No. of river 64 104 134 164 system 2.3.2 Development of green-belts on the river-banks No. of river 64 104 134 164 system Objective 3: Maintain accessibility in the household use of energy, and to increase the accessibility of the residents (especially from the Tarai Madhesh region)living far from the national forests, in the use of timber, wood and other energy resources.

Expected outputs: 3.1 Development of trees outside forest; 3.2 Extension of renewable energy-related technologies; and 3.3 Support in the management and commercialization of private forests

Main programs/Activities: 3.1.1 Management of qualitative seeds and seedlings No. of 13,071,000 22,223,000 33,334,000 44,445,000 seedling 3.1.2 Promotion and commercialization of private forest through No. of grown-up production, plantation and management of seedlings on private/social 8,914,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 40,000,000 lands seedling 3.2.1 Extension of cow-dung gas No. of HH 81,137 121,700 121,700 121,700

3.2.2 Extension of household solar energy No. of HH 38,584 57,900 57,900 57,900 3.2.3 Development of mini-hydro-electricity power and its use Kilowatt 261 500 500 500 3.2.4 Extension of access to national electricity power transmission Year 5 10 15 20 4.1 Emergency disaster management Year 5 10 15 20 4.2 Promotion and development of tourism Year 5 10 15 20 4.3 Participation of women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized No. of 36 36 36 36 communities district 4.4 Climate adaptation Year 5 10 15 20 4.5 Scientific and action-oriented research and technology development No. of 18 As per As per As per issues requirement requirement requirement 4.6 Public communication Year 5 10 15 20 4.7 Capacity building (4 categories) Year 5 10 15 20 4.8 Planning and coordination amongst inter-authorities (at central, state Year 5 10 15 20 and local levels) 4.9 M&E Year 5 10 15 20 4.10 Formulation of acts, rules, work-procedure and guidelines No. As per As per As per As per requirement requirement requirement requirement 5. Inception of Master Plan No. of 36 36 36 36 district 6. Social mobilization Year 5 10 15 20

3.2.2 Summary and implementation strategies of the programs The three objectives and the corresponding output of each objective and its programs have been already mentioned in the above 3.1.3 to 3.1.5 Sections. The summary and the implementation strategies of the programs corresponding to each expected output and the multidisciplinary programs are described, in sequence, below:

3.2.2.1 Mitigation of natural resource degradation/decline

In order to achieve the first output of the first objective, i.e. mitigation of natural resource degradation/decline, 7 programs, viz. i) determination of the government forests or public lands on the basis of their mapping, ii) mapping of the forests showing the management units, iii) control of forest encroachment, iv) rehabilitation of the degraded public lands, v) management or control of grazing in the forests and river-beds, vi) commercial animal husbandry and vii) extension of multi-year crop on the sloped agriculture lands have been fixed. The summary and implementation strategies of each program are described below.

Determination of the government forests or public lands on the basis of their mapping The government-owned forests and the public lands, especially the river-banks, public road, wetlands, vicinities of the water-spouts outside the forests are found to be encroached, and it is not possible to distinguish the private and public lands topographically. So many public lands are at the stage of degradation, leading to decline in the water absorption capacity. The purpose of this program is to identify, map out such forests and create or update their database. After completion of this program, the district-wise database of the forest land as well as the public lands will be available. The implementation strategy of this program has been fixed as follows:

 The government-owned forests or the public lands will be determined on the basis of the land Use Zone Map prepared by the Ministry of Land Reform and Management (MoLRM), keeping into consideration, the Chure Conservation region and the forests and the river-banks of the Bhavar and Tarai regions. For this work, there will be the technical support of the MoLRM and the concerned survey office.

Mapping of the forests showing the management units The forest of the Chure, Bhavar and Tarai Madhesh regions have been managed as the government-managed forest, collaborative forest, protected forest, public forest, community forest, leasehold forest and religious forest. Due to the lack of information regarding the location and configuration of the ground of such forests, there is difficulty in the overall management of the forests of the districts. Mapping of the forests will be done showing all the types of forest as well as the forest management units so that the management of the forests will be more object-

68 oriented. The mapping procedure and the implementation strategy of such mapping are as follows:

 The forests will be mapped out showing all the types of forest management units (government-managed forest, PAS, community forest, collaborative forest, leasehold forest, religious forest, private forest and so on), forest types and their condition together with the sloppiness of the terrain using the GIS, and the data will be updated accordingly. Physiographic regions will also be incorporated in such maps.

Control of forest encroachment Although there is availability of the preliminary data on forest encroachment, those have not been updated, and also the authentic mapping of such encroached forests is not available in all the districts. Such encroachments, generally, happen when the supervision and management of such forests are weak; this problem has become severe because of the absence of instant concrete efforts after receiving the information about the same. It will be rational to stop the extension of encroachment, restore the encroached areas, and to bring those under proper utilization immediately. The forest encroachment is found to have happened in personal, collective and institutional manners. Those carrying out encroachment personally include four types of people- i) the landless families and the families not having alternatives of livelihood, ii) the families seeing the opportunities of animal husbandry with open grazing, iii) the families settling inside the forests and collecting and sending the forest products elsewhere, and iv) the families occupying the forest lands for increasing their asset. Those encroaching forests collectively include the households affected by wildlife reserves, victims of natural disasters, freed bonded- laborer (mukta kamaiya or mukta haliya) and other groups. Those encroaching forest lands institutionally include the profit/non-profit making NGOs, religious/cultural organizations, and welfare and service-oriented organizations. Therefore, the case of forest encroachment is complex, and is even linked with the political as well as the socio-economic sectors. This issue extremely needs to be addressed; bilateral cooperation and teamwork have become also indispensable for the purpose. The Forest Encroachment Strategy, 2068 BS has helped to gain some success while taking action through creating instrument/team consisting of the representatives of multi-ministries at the centre and multi-offices in the districts. In order to manage this work rapidly, the following procedures and implementation strategies will be adopted:

 The encroached forests in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape will be mapped out keeping into consideration the Chure Conservation region. The socio-economic aspect of each encroached area will be studied, and the management options will be identified. Based on the very study, an action plan will be prepared by prioritizing the actions for management.

 Action plan will be prepared and implemented instantly so as to re-acquire the encroached areas, to stop encroachments from extending further, and to carry out the forest development programs simultaneously. This work will be executed as per the provision made in the Forest Encroachment Strategy, 2068 BS.

 If urban development has already taken place or if there is existence of already completed commercial institution/s within the encroached forest areas and if such encroached areas are difficult to be restored, such problems will be solved through judicial and policy reform as per requirement.

Rehabilitation of degraded public lands The lands that are outside the forests and are not under the possession of the individuals are likely to be either encroached or are found to be degraded due to unmanaged utilization. Such lands are mostly found at the road/river-banks, around the natural water-taps, public ponds, religious and cultural spots, banks of irrigation-canals and grazing lands. The following procedures and strategies will be adopted for the rehabilitation of such lands:

 The ward-wise details on the demarcated public lands that fall within the Chure Conservation region and the public lands outside the forests will be prepared. The usability, status of damage, study on the socio-economic aspect together with the management options that will recover the damage will be identified. Based on the very study, an action plan will be prepared by prioritizing the actions for management, and will be implemented in sequence.

Management or control of grazing in forest and river-beds The practice of taking the domestic four-footed animal for free grazing in the forests and river- beds exists in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape. Because of the excessive grazing beyond the capacity of the grazing-land, plants will be unable to reproduce causing the land-surface to be exposed, leading to substantial soil-erosion from the forest. As cattle-asset is the important basis for livelihood of the local communities and even their traditional business, this practice cannot be changed at once on the one hand, and letting such practice continuously will cause for the deterioration of the Chure region, leading to a great loss for the individuals, communities and the nation on the other hand. As this program is targeted towards changing the behavior of the local communities, the MP has proposed for carrying out such practice in such a way that will increase the cattle-productivity as well as control the cattle population, and establish the practice of not letting the cattle for open grazing. The following procedures and strategies will be adopted to carry out this program:

 A program with the purpose of the management and control of grazing in the forests and on the river-beds in the local-level wards falling within the Chure Conservation region will be carried out.

 The households and communities who let their domestic cattle (cow-bull, sheep-ram and buffalo-bull) graze on the open areas and who cultivate on the sloped lands without adopting conservation measures will be identified either by the concerned office or the joint-team. As such households, usually, happen to be affiliated to the community-based organizations (e.g., CFUGs, cooperatives, farmer groups, irrigation-water users’ groups and so on), their identification and approach-mechanism will be done through the same organizations.

 Groups of 25 households, on an average, will be formed following their identification. If the households included in these groups are found to be the members of any other big group, such households will be developed as the sub-groups of the same group. For instance, the households that are the members of any CF will be developed as the sub- group of the same CF. Such sub-groups will carry out the management of domestic cattle without open-grazing and the activities related to the development of agricultural system.

 In order to control or manage grazing, priority will be given to grazing-control in the forest management plan/action plan on the one hand while the programs concerning the breed-improvement for increase in cattle-productivity, cattle development service, animal nutrition management, and improvement of the animal-sheds will be carried out intensively in the form of group commercial plan. Programs related to grazing management/control and increase in cattle-productivity will be carried out simultaneously in the commercial plan. In the same plan, the aspect regarding the sloped agriculture lands to be turned into the multi-year cultivation system for the lands to be minimally ploughed will also be incorporated.

 Participatory evaluation will be done on the basis of the achievement (made) following the implementation of the plan. The thematic office at the local-level or the joint-team (district livestock services office, district agriculture development office, district forest office, representatives of the concerned communities, district coordination committee, and representatives from the local-level including the free elite individuals) will be involved as per requirement in this activity. Extra support will be provided to the best communities on the basis of such evaluation.

 In some places, “VDCs free from open grazing” declaration campaign has been initiated in the form of grazing control campaign. In order to effectively implement such campaign, and also to encourage other local-levels, the above-mentioned programs will be carried out intensively, and the provision of felicitation will be made for the

individuals, communities and institutions making leadership role in this declaration and implementation.

Commercial animal husbandry Commercialization is necessary for prosperity. Commercial animal husbandry is in the process of commercialization in the Tarai Madhesh and Dun regions. This MP has proposed for providing support in the development of some commercial animal husbandries so as to gradually orient the small farmers towards commercialization, and the following procedures and strategies will be adopted for the purpose:

 Technical and financial support will be provided to the local farmers so as to develop at least one commercial animal husbandry farm as per the requirement in the Chure Conservation region at the local-level. Such farm will be chosen from amongst the groups formed for the management and control of grazing program in the forests and river-beds. Such farm will be eventually developed for the production of seed and cattle, and for providing fundamental technical information to the local farmers.

Extension of multi-year crop on the sloped agriculture land The main foundation for land-use determination is the capability of the land. Due to the fragile structure of the Chure hills, it is not reasonable to plough the sloped land as it will facilitate in land-slide. The Land Capability Report prepared by the Survey Department has recommended that incessant cultivation is feasible on the land with 0−10 slope, cultivation with the adoption of ordinary conservation measures is feasible on the land with 1−50 slope, cultivation with the adoption of adequate conservation measures is feasible on the land with 5−300 slope, and cultivation is not feasible on the land with more than 300 slope. On the basis of these recommendations and the field observation, it is recommended that productivity can be increased with the adoption of improved technology on the lands with 1−50 slope. Similarly, it is recommended that cultivation of any type (done by ploughing the land) cannot be done on the land with above 310 slope, and cultivation needs to be gradually decreased on the land with 5−310 slope by dividing it into three groups. The details on the agricultural systems recommended on the basis of sloppiness (of the land) are presented in Table 27.

Table 27: Details on the Agricultural Systems recommended on the basis of Sloppiness

Sloppiness(0) Recommended agricultural system <1 Optimum production with the adoption of collection, storage and utilization of water together with improved technology ≥1 − 5 Optimum production with the adoption of collection, storage and utilization of water together with some conservation technology, e.g. terrace improvement and gully control, and improved technology ≥5 − 10 Terrace-improvement for reducing slope; minimum ploughing; cultivation of drought- resistant crops (millet, quinoa); stall-feeding (for domestic cattle); plantation of grass and fodder (trees) ≥10 − 19 Terrace-improvement for reducing slope; minimum ploughing; cultivation of drought- resistant crops (millet, quinoa); stall-feeding; plantation of grass, fodder and fruit trees; adoption of agro-forestry system ≥19 − 31 Stall-feeding; plantation of grass, tree species, fodder and fruit trees; adoption of agro- forestry system; cultivation of kandmool (root-vegetables) and mushroom; bee-keeping, etc. ≥31 Plantation of tree species (lemon, mulberry and other fruit-trees and herbs); cultivation of kandmool and mushroom; bee-keeping, etc.

For the implementation of the above mentioned programs, the following procedures and strategies will be adopted:

 For the management and control of grazing, the sloped agriculture land will be gradually turned into the one with multi-year agriculture system by integrating agriculture and animal husbandry through organized group.

 In the first phase, priority will be given to the lands with 190slopeand above, and will be gradually extended to the land with less than 190slope.

 As an incentive, seedlings and seeds of the species included in the commercial plan will be provided to the multi-year crop-extending-farmers as per their choice, and on the basis of the grown-up plants, incentive support will be provided to them after preparing the guidelines within the next two years following the plantation.

3.2.2.2 Stabilization of environment and increase in productivity In order to achieve the second expected output of “stabilization of environment and increase in productivity”, seven types of programs, viz. i) forest management, ii) development and management of NTFPs, iii) biodiversity conservation, iv) wetland management, v) collection and storage of rainwater, recharge of groundwater and use of groundwater, vi) incentive for environment-friendly physical infrastructures, and vii) control of invasive plant species have

73 been incorporated. The summary along with the implementation procedure of each program are described, in sequence, below.

Forest management This MP aims to bring the forests outside the PAS (national parks and wildlife reserves) of the Chure, Bhavar, Tarai Madhesh and Dun Landscape under the active management system. The management of forest helps to improve the condition of forest, leading to increase in its productivity on the one hand, and also assists in the continuation of environmental services of the forest on the other hand. In the case of environmental services, the issues such as mitigation in landslide, re-charge of groundwater and management of water-flow will be taken into consideration, and the biodiversity conservation and the management of NTFPs will be streamlined with the forest management activities.

The Chure hills, Bhavar and Dun lie in the highly susceptible region in terms of landslide. As sloppiness of terrain is extremely important among the several elements of susceptibility, the amount of sloppiness (degrees) will be considered as the criteria for the selection of forest management system. Keeping into consideration the sloppiness of the entire forest-land and the possibility of landslide, this MP has proposed the silviculture systems favorable to the three different objectives, viz. i) production-oriented forest management, ii) conservation-oriented forest management, and iii) protection forest management. The following procedures and implementation strategies will be adopted for the management of the forests as per the forest improvement system:

All the forests outside the PAS will be managed by adopting appropriate forest improvement system on the basis of the sloppiness of the terrain. Priority will be given to the forests within the river systems selected for management. The trees and plants except the fallen, dead and dry will not be cut within the distance of 30m from the river-banks.

 All the forests situated on the terrain with less than 8.50slopewill be managed by preparing an action plan on the basis of the appropriate silviculture system so as to increase the forest productivity.

 The forests situated on the terrain with slope more than 8.50 but less than 190will be managed by preparing an action plan on the basis of the appropriate silviculture system with the objective of increasing the forest productivity, and mitigating the possible landslide.

 The forests situated on the terrain with slope more than 190 but less than 310will be managed by preparing an action plan on the basis of the appropriate silviculture system giving emphasis to their protection.

 All the forests situated on the terrain with more than 310slope will be protected. As far as possible, fallen, dry and dead trees will be removed. Grass, fodder and NTFPs can be collected from these forests in systematic manner.

 All the types of forest (government-managed, collaborative forest, community forest, etc.) will be managed in accordance with the management plan prepared on the basis of the appropriate silviculture system. Currently, such forest management system has been carried out in the collaborative forests, and it will be expedited.

 High priority will be given to the forests situated on the upper watershed areas selected for the management of the integrated river system while managing the forests in accordance with the management plan prepared on the basis of the appropriate silviculture system. The forests in these areas have been managed by the CFUGs. Therefore, the management plans of such forests within each river system will be updated and implemented with the leadership of the CFUGs, and will be gradually extended to other forests.

 The provision of technical and financial expenditure will be made for the preparation of the community forest management plan and its implementation for the first year. It will be encouraged to spend the income received from the forest products through the implementation of the plan for its implementation for the second and the subsequent years. In the case of the forests, that cannot receive income to bear the expenditure for the implementation of the plan, will be provided with extra financial support for the coming year.

 Regarding the collaborative forest, both technical and financial support will be provided for the preparation of the forest management plan and its implementation for the first year. However, the income received from the forest products through the implementation of the plan will have to be spent for its implementation from the second year onwards.

 The forest management plan based on the silviculture system will be implemented in all the types of forest within the coming five years, and all the forest action plans will be modified accordingly. Unless the forest management plans prepared on the basis of the silviculture systems are implemented, the fallen, dry and dead trees will be removed from the forests managed under all the management systems with the required modifications in the existing guidelines and work-procedures keeping into consideration, the easy supply of timber and wood, revenue generation, mitigation of the threat of forest fire, forest regeneration, and national requirement of timber for reconstruction following the great- earthquake.

 The forest management plan will give attention to the treatment of land-slide areas, improvement of the important NTFPs and conservation of the endangered and rare plant species. 75

 Provision will be made for the distribution of the forest-products, acquired through the forest management, to the concerned communities, neighboring communities, the local- level communities within the concerned river system and the others in priority order.

Development and management of the non-timber forest products Non-timber forest products are the important part of forest management. Many species of NTFPs are found in the forests of the Chure and Tarai Madhesh. The conservation of all such species is important in biodiversity point of view. Due to the availability of market, this MP aims to extend a total of 22 species (consisting of eight species in the first priority and seven species each in the second and third priorities) that are economically attractive, that can be extended to almost all the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape and that can contribute in soil-conservation work through forest management and cultivation. The details on the selected 22 species are presented in Table 28.

Table 28: Details on the Non-timber Forest Products to be extended

Name of the NTFPs according to priority First priority Second priority Third priority Khair (Acacia catechu) Bel (Aegle marmelos) Rudrakshya (Eleocarpus ganitrus) Bans (Bamboo spp.) Babiyo (Eulaliopsis binata) Babul (Acacia nilotica) Amriso (Broom-grass) Rajbrikshya (Cassia fistula) Harro (T. chebula) Amala (Emblica officionalis) Badahar (Artocarpus lakoocha) Gurjo (Tinospora sinensis) Tejpat (Cinnamomun tanmala) Bojho (Acorus calamus) Chiuri (Bassia butyracea) Nigalo (Himalayan bamboo) Pipla (Piper longum) Malgiri (Cinamum glauscens) Bet (Rattan) Mouwa (Madhuka longifolia) Barro (T. bellirica) Kaulo (Machilus odoratissima)

In order to increase the production of the above plant species through their extension, the following procedures and strategies will be adopted:

 While carrying out forest inventory for the preparation of the forest management plan, these species will be compulsorily included, and the development of these species will be streamlined with the forest management plan and its implementation.

 Technical support along with the seedlings of these species will be provided to the farmers who desire to cultivate these species for ex-situ conservation and management, and financial support will also be provided to them up to the coming two years on the basis of their performance for encouragement. Incentive will be provided for the extension of the plant cultivation for multi-year crop on the sloped land.

Biodiversity conservation As the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape is an important region in terms of biodiversity, an attempt has been done to protect it since a long time ago. Altogether, four national parks, two wildlife reserves and one protected area are engaged in the conservation of biodiversity in this region. Preparation and modification of management plans have been done for the sake of the management of these national parks, wildlife reserves and the protected area. As the management of these areas is the only alternative for the conservation of biodiversity, a support will be made for its implementation. Similarly, the programs aimed for biodiversity conservation are in operation so as to ease the movement of the wild-animals by declaring 11 corridors (with the total area of 180,311 ha) outside the protected areas as the protected forest. Also, the conservation-oriented activities are in operation in these sites through the Tarai Landscape Program of the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSP). This MP is aimed toward the conservation- of the ecosystems lying outside the protected areas and the endangered species of plants, keeping all the mentioned programs into consideration. Out of the 13 ecosystems falling within the forests of the Chure region and the 12 within the forests of the Tarai Madhesh region, a very few information is available only on the 8 ecosystems within the forests of the Chure region and 3 within the forests of the Tarai Madhesh region. Although the list of the species enlisted in the Red List at national-level and that of the prohibited ones is available, it is experienced that there is a lack of information on the habitat, status and the thematic activities to be improved regarding the species outside the PAS in the Chure and Tarai Madhesh regions. As there is an immediate need for the implementation of some important programs targeted in the concerned management plan but unable to be implemented because of various reasons even within the national parks and wildlife reserves, such programs will be implemented adopting the following procedures and implementation strategies:

 Support will be provided in the conservation of springs, construction/improvement of ponds, protection of river-beds and so on in accordance with the management plans of the national parks, wildlife reserves and the protected area.

 The mapping and the study on the condition of the 11 ecosystems (8 in the Chure hills and 3 in the Tarai Madhesh region) will be carried out, and their conservation measures will be identified, and the measures so identified will be streamlined in the concerned forest action plan. If there is a need of special provision for any eco-system, provision will be made accordingly.

 A study on the habitat and status of the plant species enlisted in the Protection List but lying outside the PAS will be carried out, and the programs for their improvement will be fixed, and these (programs) along with the recommendations provided by the study team will be streamlined in the concerned forest management plan.

Wetland management The Wetland Policy, 2069 BS is the foundation of wetland management. This Policy has classified the wetland of the nation into 4 categories, viz. i) the wetlands within the PAS, ii) the wetlands within the forests, iii) the wetlands under the possession of the government or the local authorities or the self-governing institutions, and iv) the wetlands under private possession on the basis of their possession. The conservation of the wetlands within the PAS is already incorporated in the concerned management plans, and so their situation is not so serious. In the case of the private wetlands, the concerned owner of the lands have been managing and utilizing the same. The concerned authorities of the wetlands within the forests as well as those under the possession of the government, local bodies or the self-governing institutions have been struggling for the existence of their wetlands. Due to various reasons such as encroachment, collapsing or filling-up and pollution, there is an adverse effect on the biodiversity of the wetlands, and the livelihood of the wetland-dependent indigenous nationalities is found to be in critical position. These wetlands are not only the source of surface-water, but are also the medium of groundwater re-charge. This MP has proposed for the management of the 101 wetlands included in the analysis of the objects and selected preliminarily for management and the ones categorized on the basis of the possibilities of biodiversity, cultural importance and touristic values among those leftover because of the lack of information. The following procedures and implementation strategies will be adopted for the management of such wetlands on the basis of their prioritization:

 The wetlands falling within the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape will be mapped out and recorded, and their renovation, conservation and management will be done on the basis of priority.

 Support will be made in the mapping, conservation and rehabilitation of the wetlands outside the PAS, except the private ones, having the possibilities of biodiversity, cultural importance and touristic values for their management.

 No certain authority possesses the evidence of the responsibility for the conservation of the wetlands outside the PAS, and even they possess evidence, they are unable to conserve (the wetlands) because of the lack of capability, so the authority of the government or the local-government, trust (guthi), the local communities and so on may propose for their conservation, and the support will be made for conservation management on the basis of the justification of the proposal.

 If there are possibilities of fisheries in the wetlands managed in this way, facilitation will be done so as to help the concerned users or the management committees of the wetlands contact with the concerned fishery development authorities.

Collection and storage of rainwater, groundwater re-charge and use of groundwater Altogether, 286 sites have been preliminarily identified for the construction of structures for the collection and storage of rainwater, groundwater re-charge, and use of groundwater (see Annex 12). Considering the preliminarily identified sites as the starting-points, the following procedures and strategies will be adopted for the purpose of their conservation:

 Following the field observation of these preliminarily identified sites, this MP has proposed for the preparation of the detailed-survey design and the cost-estimate by estimating even the technical and social status (of the sites) with the active participation as well as support of the local communities. The details on the main structure, security of the proposed site, use of water and maintenance after construction will also be included in the detailed-survey design and the cost-estimate so prepared.

 The provision of budget-allocation will be made on the basis of the detailed-survey design and cost-estimate.

 Ponds will be built by constructing dam on the streams at the site surrounded by hills on the three sides. Such sites are found at the base of the Chure hills. Such ponds will be used for fisheries, irrigation and other household use. If root-water is found nearby, it will be also mixed in the pond.

 While constructing physical structures for the protection of river-banks, the portions saved from the river-cutting will be suitable for groundwater recharge. The surface-water will be controlled by growing grasses, bamboos and trees, and building small structures at such places so as to assist in groundwater recharge.

 At most of the places, especially in the Bhavar region, water-surface has gone down due to deposition of excess of sediments on the river-beds. At such places, wells and irrigation canals will be built by constructing structures right from underground.

 As the above activities will not be completed within a year, a multi-year action plan (for 3 years, on an average) will be prepared and those will be completed accordingly.

 If there are possibilities of fisheries in the structures built in this way, facilitation will be done so as to help the concerned users or the management committees of the wetlands contact with the concerned fishery development authorities.

 The technical aspect to be considered while carrying out this program is presented in the Appendix of the MP.

Incentive for environmental-friendly physical structures There exist a plenty of policy and legal provision for making the physical structures environment-friendly, and even there are sector-wise manuals for their implementation. There is an obligatory provision for conducting IEE/EIA in the Environment Conservation Act and Rules before implementing the developmental construction programs, and for adopting the improvement measures as recommended by these studies. In order to institutionalize this provision, the IEE/EIA manuals are available as per the nature of the works of all the ministries. In addition to this, the technical manual (e.g. Nepal Road Standard) has also mentioned about the construction of environment-friendly physical structures. Nevertheless, all the physical structures are not environment-friendly. Instead of imposing intervention by one authority of the government in the work done by another one, the following actions and implementing strategies will be adopted for encouraging the concerned authority and increasing its accountability in constructing and operating/using the environment-friendly structures:

 The concerned authorities will be encouraged to follow the existing laws and sector-wise policies, manuals and standards for making the development and operation of physical infrastructures environment-friendly. For this, case-studies will be carried out on the condition of the existing acts, rules, manuals, obeyance of the standards, impacts (both positive and negative) on the environment and so on.

 In order to make similar opinion regarding the results of the case studies and the activities (that can done or cannot be done) to be carried out, the public will be notified through media, and will be even uploaded on the website.

 Field observations of the sites with both the environment-friendly and non-environment- friendly physical structures will be organized for the policy-level personnel (political and administrative) so as to make them aware of the development and operation of the environment-friendly physical structures. In the case of the political personnel, the target will be towards the honorable members of the Environment Committee under the Legislature Parliament.

 The MP has proposed field observation of the sites with both the environment-friendly and non-environment-friendly physical structures for the honorable members of the Environment Committee under the Legislature Parliament.

Management of invasive plant species The four main invasive plant species profusely found throughout the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape are Mikenia micrantha, Lantena camera, Chromolanea odorata and Parthenium hysterophorus. These species have appeared mainly in the forest lands and some in the agriculture lands too. Both the knowledge and technology regarding the data-based information and preventive measures on the effects of these species on the forest, agriculture and

80 environmental service flow are inadequate. Taking this truth into consideration, the following procedures and strategies are suggested for the management of the invasive plant species:

 The extending tendency of the above four invasive plant species and their effects on the continuation of the ecosystem service together with the preventive measures will be determined on the basis of action research, and a format will be developed and streamlined in the concerned forest management plans for their control. Based on the findings of the study/action research, the activities for controlling these invasive plant species will be incorporated in the concerned forest management plans.

 The recommendations made by the study/action research conducted on the agriculture land will be publicized through the agriculture extension materials; the control measures to be adopted in course of the extension of the multi-year crops on the sloped agriculture lands will also be included in such materials.

3.2.2.3 Mitigation in the impacts of risk In order to achieve the third expected output of the first objective i.e. mitigation in the impacts of risk, three types of program- the use/management of the river-bed materials, management of the settlements in the risk zones, and mitigation and control of forest fire have been fixed. The summary and implementation strategies of each program are described below.

Use/management of river-bed materials Being the economic substance, river-bed material is over extracted from the easily-accessible areas while it has remained to be wastage at some places where some investment is needed (for its proper use). This MP has adopted the vision to meet the market-demand through its proper management and to mitigate the adverse effects upon the environment. The following procedures and implementation strategies are proposed for the use/management of the river-bed materials:

 While using the river-bed materials, the annual excavation amount will be determined on the basis of the annual deposition amount.

 Keeping into consideration the condition of the river and even the tendency of the deposition of sediments, a multi-year (3−5 years) manual will be prepared on the basis of “one river one plan” concept including all the branches of the river, and the excavation plan will be prepared accordingly. Based on the same excavation plan, IEE or EIA will be conducted. In such examination or assessment, excavation site, transportation-route, processing centre together with the effects caused while transporting the materials from the processing centre up to the market will be incorporated. All these costs will be taken as the criteria while determining the revenue of the river-bed materials.

 The provision of multi-year contract will be made for the excavation, processing and sale/ distribution of the river-bed materials; it will control the contractors from excavating more (river-bed materials) rapidly.

 Control points will be established for monitoring (the excavation works), and continuous monitoring will be carried out on the basis of the regular monitoring.

 In the case of the rivers that cannot be contracted out due to the reasons such as the remoteness of the sites and low-quality river-bed materials, but that need to be excavated so as to mitigate the disasters like flood and inundation, a special provision will be made so as to encourage the private sector for the purpose.

 Certain portion of the revenue generated from the excavation and sale of the river-bed materials will be spent for the protection and management of the river-banks and watershed areas.

Management of the settlements in the susceptible region The houses in the Chure hills and the susceptible areas of the river-banks have been identified preliminary. If those houses are left standing, there is a risk of damage to the human-life and property. Therefore, this MP has the vision to either manage such settlements or relocate to other places.

The Fundamental Guidelines for the Development of Settlements, Urban Planning and Building Construction, 2072 BS has made provision for the local authority to implement the prohibition of the recommendation of the district disaster rescue committee for stopping the construction of houses in the areas susceptible to flood and landslide/land-fall. In course of the preparation of this MP, a preliminary map of the areas susceptible to landslide in the Chure hills and the areas susceptible to flood and inundation in the Bhavar, Dun, Tarai Madhesh regions has been prepared. On the basis of this map, the MP has proposed for the modification and approval of the map after completing even field-verification in collaboration with the Natural Disaster Rescue Committee (NDRC) and the concerned VDC/municipality. In order to prohibit the construction of houses within the area covered by the map so approved, this MP has proposed for the recommendation of the NDRC to the concerned VDC or municipality. The following procedures and implementation strategies will be adopted for the management and shifting of the settlements:

 The details of all the individual houses (within the susceptible areas) will be prepared after completing Guidelines of the susceptible areas on the basis of the preliminary inventory. In such details, name of the house-owner, number of the family members and their age and academic qualification, main source of livelihood, whether any family- member has earned income from elsewhere or not, possession of land to build house

elsewhere or not, desire to shift or not and if desirable, what kind of support will be needed will also be incorporated.

 On the basis of the above mentioned details, priority will be determined for the management of the houses and settlements or their shifting in the landslide-susceptible areas in the Chure Conservation region and the flood-susceptible areas in the Bhavar and Tarai Madhesh regions.

 Based on the details collected concerning the house management, the community-based management action plan with the alternatives of resilient house (e.g. building house on the water-logged area by erecting poles to allow the flood-water to flow) or relocation will be prepared. Both these alternatives are extremely difficult in the socio-economic point of view. Only a few house-owners will be ready to change the design of house- building. There are a number of instances concerning the returning back of the settlements, shifted by the government with compensation in the past, again to the same old places. So, those who want volunteer relocation will be encouraged to do so. As per the local situation, the place where the local families/settlements want to shift in the leadership of the local-level authorities are likely to possess the alternatives of physical reform/development, scholarship for the family-members, skill-oriented training, employment for certain period, easy-loan, etc. In order to discourage settlements in the risk-areas, prohibition will be made in the physical development in such areas through the coordination between the concerned authorities.

 The afore-mentioned plan-preparation and implementation will be accomplished by the concerned local-level authorities with the support of the district natural disaster rescue committee.

Mitigation and control of forest fire As most of the forest fires occur due to the human-negligence or are set deliberately, this MP has proposed for its control through the change in human-behavior. It has also proposed for the control of forest fire in the future through awareness and mobilization of volunteers. The following procedure and implementation strategies will be adopted for the mitigation and control of forest fire:

 The wards within the forest fire-affected areas will be identified, and a volunteer group will be formed in each ward; and through the same group, the awareness on forest fire control will be intensified. For increasing awareness, the local communities will be warned through the local F.M. Radio and SMS.

 Fire control training will be provided to 20 individuals of each volunteer group, and fire- fighting equipment together with fire-fighting safety-gears will be provided to them.

 Technical and financial support will be provided for the construction of the fire-lines on the basis of requirement.

 Controlled-fire will be set in the certain parts of the potential fire-risk areas and the fire- occurring areas prior to the fire-occurring dry-season.

 Similarly if forest fire occurs at any place, support will be made to control it by setting counter-fire/back-fire from the opposite direction.

 In order to mitigate the risk of forest fire in the Chure region, water-recharge ponds will be built at the potential fire-risk areas.

3.2.2.4 Integrated river system resource management infrastructure In order to achieve the first expected output of the second objective, i.e. integrated river system resource management infrastructures, two programs- development of river management mechanism at river system-level, and preparation of management plan for the integrated river system resources have been fixed. The summary and the implementation strategies of each program are described below.

Development of river management mechanism at river system-level Due to the lack of authorized authorities for the management river system throughout the nation, there is no authority to take its management. There is a need for this provision, which is expected to develop gradually. Unless such provision is made, the river system-level guidelines will be prepared, and the river management mechanism will be developed by adopting the following procedures and the implementation strategies:

 For the management of the integrated river system, the river management groups, of the different blocks, representing the local communities affected by the rivers of the selected river system right from the upper watershed region up to the Dun and the Tarai Madhesh regions, and those from the local-level will be first formed, and then a river management network representing all those groups at the river system-level will be created.

 Such groups and the network will take the responsibility of management continuously following the completion of awareness-raising, coordination amongst the local communities, their mobilization and program implementation for planning and implementation of the programs at the local-level.

 In order to make the river-management groups and the network active and efficient, the awareness and training programs with the nature of achieving necessary knowledge and

skill regarding the role of the groups and the network and to play the roles will be provided to the involved representatives.

 Provision will be made so that such groups and the network will be registered as per the Social Organizations Registration Act, 2034 BS at the beginning, and as per the appropriate act in the long run.

Integrated river system resource management plan The river system management plan will be prepared as per the integrated natural resource management. The following procedures and implementation strategies will be adopted for the preparation of such plans:

 The landslide/landfall areas of the upper watershed region and the river-cut areas at the down-stream region together with the treatment procedures are proposed for the selected river systems. Taking it as the starting point, a holistic resource management plan will be prepared, and the annual programs will be implemented accordingly. While preparing such action plans, separate design and cost-estimate will be prepared for each site. The programs will be of multi-year in nature, and as continuous supervision and maintenance are required for some years, this aspect will also be incorporated in the management plan.

 In the resource management plan, the programs of the upper watershed areas and the down-stream areas will be incorporated. Stabilization of the river-banks and construction of green-belts will be included as the principal parts.

 Besides, the programs regarding the forest management, grazing management, forest fire control, extension of multi-year crop on the sloped agriculture land, and management of the settlements in the risk-zones will also be incorporated in the integrated resource management plan.

 Furthermore, the use of the river-bed materials will also be included in this management plan.

 If environment-unfriendly physical infrastructures are found to be built or are being built, the authorities carrying out such programs will be motivated to make those environment- friendly.

3.2.2.5 Stabilization of upper watershed region In order to achieve the second expected output of the second objective, i.e. treatment of the upper watershed region, tow programs- treatment of the soil-eroded areas and conservation of springs, and community-based soil conservation have been fixed. The summary and the implementation strategies of each program are presented below:

Treatment of the soil-eroded areas  Mainly, landslides and gullies are included in the soil-eroded areas. The following procedures and implementation strategies will be adopted for the treatment of such soil- eroded areas:

 The programs as fixed by the river system management plan will be carried out in the places fixed by the same plan within the selected river systems.

 Prior to the preparation of annual plan, a detailed plan of the program-area will be prepared with the involvement of the local users too, and the cost-estimate will be prepared accordingly. Based on this cost-estimate, provision of budget allocation will be made for the program along with the fixed places.

 As the treatment of the soil-eroded areas will be of multi-yearly in nature, their treatment will be done accordingly.

 While selecting the technology for the programs, priority will be given to bio-engineering and the one that is simple, sustainable and that can be easily looked after and maintained by the users.

Conservation of springs and community-based soil-conservation program The activities such as the conservation of springs and small ponds from which the communities feel as quick relief fall under this program, and the following procedures and strategies will be adopted to implement the community-based soil-conservation programs:

 In collaboration with the local communities, the soil and water conservation programs (that are small in nature) identified by them together with the conservation of springs will be prepared and implemented.

 While implementing such programs, priority will be given to women, dalit and the marginalized communities.

3.2.2.6 Mitigation in damage caused by river-cutting and inundation In order to achieve the third expected output of the second objective, i.e. mitigation in damage caused by river-cutting and inundation, two programs- stabilization of river banks, and development of green-belts on the river-banks have been fixed, and their summaries and implementation strategies are described below:

Stabilization of river-banks The stabilization of river-banks is vulnerable in the economic, social and even political points of view. At the local-level, either the local stakeholders do not show big interest during the

86 preparation of the plan or they do not acquire information because of which debate occurs during implementation phase causing obstacle in the work performance. Therefore, the active involvement of the local communities is indispensable right from planning to implementation of the programs. The procedures and the strategies to be adopted while implementing the river-bank stabilization program are as follows-

 In the selected river system, the activities fixed in the river system management plan will be implemented in the places fixed in the same plan.

 For stabilization of the river-banks, the flow-area, i.e. the width of the river that is necessary for its flow will not be reduced because of any reason while designing the structures to be constructed along the river-banks.

 Prior to the preparation of the annual plan, a detailed plan regarding the structure to be built at the fixed portion of the river will be prepared with the involvement of the local communities too, and the cost-estimate will be prepared in accordance with this plan. Based on the cost-estimate, provision of budget allocation will be made for the program along with the fixed places.

 As the river-bank conservation program is of multi-yearly in nature, the programs will be prepared accordingly.

 While selecting the technology for the programs, priority will be given to the bio- engineering and the one that is simple, sustainable and that can be easily looked after and maintained by the users.

Development of green-belt along the river-banks The construction of green-belts along the river-banks will be considered to be the principal component of the river management plan. For this, the following procedures and strategies will be adopted:

 On the both sides of the rivers, 30m-wide green-belts of grass, bamboo and tree species will be developed.

 As the green-belt conservation program is of multi-yearly in nature, the cost-estimate and budget allocation will be done accordingly.

 If the land falling under the green-belt is under private ownership, it will be managed by the land-owner himself/herself, and if it is public, it will be managed by the concerned communities.

 If the private sector desires to develop green-belt, facilitation will be done to acquire the land on lease.

3.2.2.7 Development of trees outside forest In order to achieve the first expected output of the third objective, i.e. development of trees outside the forest, two programs-management of qualitative seeds and seedlings; and promotion and commercialization of private forest through production of seedlings and their plantation on the available private/social lands, and their management have been fixed. The summary and the implementation strategies of these programs are presented below-

Management of qualitative seeds and seedlings Although the seedling distribution program for private forest development is in operation since many years, only a few seedlings out of the distributed number of seedlings are found to have grown up. The lack of the qualitative seedlings has been pointed out as one of the main reasons for the very poor performance in the plant-growth. The plant production has to be done as per the desire of the local inhabitants, but it could not happen so even after detecting the farmers desiring to plant the seedlings in their lands. Therefore, the following procedures and implementation strategies will be adopted for the management of qualitative seeds and seedlings:

1. In order to develop trees in the private, fallow and public lands, the identification of such areas, individuals and communities will be done. Based on the discussion with the individuals and communities, the required number of seedlings will be estimated, and the availability-plan of the seedlings will be prepared.

2. Investment will be done in the private sector too so as to produce the species suitable for adaptation in the Chure region using the modern technology. In accordance with the availability-plan of the seedlings, the production of the qualitative seedlings (with standard height and girth) as demanded will be done. The private sector will be encouraged in such production work. The production of the seedlings as per the fixed standard will be done through the nurseries engaged in this sector by ensuring the procurement of seedlings (from them), and will be provided to the concerned farmers. Incentive will be provided for the bamboo-cuttings and the seedlings produced from tissue-culture. In addition to this, production of the seedlings of timber and wood, fruits and NTFP species will also be included. Provision of qualitative seeds will be made for growing the plants by directly sowing in the appropriate areas.

Promotion and commercialization of private forests Only a few seedlings use to grow due to the lack of supervision of the planted seedlings and acquiring information regarding the same. In order to address this scenario, the following procedures and implementation strategies will be adopted:

 Qualitative seedlings or seeds will be provided to the farmers, communities and social organizations through the concerned nurseries for the plantation of the same. The records of the individuals/communities/organizations receiving the seedlings or seeds will be maintained.

 In the following year, certain amount of cash will be provided to the concerned farmers as an incentive on the basis of the field-observation and enumeration of the seedlings that have survived, after preparing norms/guidelines for each of the survived seedling. Such cash incentive will be provided continuously for two years. It is expected that such incentive will not be required after four years as the plants are likely to produce yield to some extent.

 Training will be provided to those involved in the production, plantation and management of qualitative seedlings for optimum direct and indirect benefits so as to make them more efficient by developing a training-manual.

3.2.2.8 Extension of renewable energy-related technologies In order to achieve the second expected output of the third objective, i.e. extension of renewable energy-related technologies, four programs, viz. i) extension of dung-gas, ii) extension of household solar energy, iii) development and use of mini hydro-electricity power, and iv) extension of access to the national electricity power transmission have been fixed. The summary and the implementation strategies of these programs are presented below-

Extension of dung-gas The extension of dung-gas will increase self-reliance in household energy on the one hand while it will save the trees to be felled for wood on the other hand. The GoN has made provision of donation for the development of dung-energy, and the service-providing organizations of the private sector are providing service to the public. Taking advantage of this initiative, this MP aims to extend such programs through the extension of dung-gas by adopting the following procedures and implementation strategies:

 The program regarding the extension of dung-gas will be implemented in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape including Bhavar (region). For the implementation of this program, facilitation will be done to establish link between the service provider enlisted in the Alternative Energy Promotion Centre and the concerned local communities.

 The service-providing organization will install the dung-gas plants using the donation received from the GoN. In order to further encourage the users/farmers, they will be provided with the certain portion of the cost to be borne by themselves on the basis of the total cost for installing the plant as an extra incentive while installing the dung-gas plant. 89

Extension of household solar energy As the use of solar energy makes ease in human-life, this MP has finalized to encourage the household solar energy program. The procedures and strategies to be adopted for this program are as follows:

 Focusing on the groups engaged in the animal husbandry with stall-feeding, facilitation will be done to establish link between the service provider and the concerned local communities.

 The service-providing organization will install the solar system using the donation received from the GoN. Incentive support will be provided for monitoring of the programs implemented.

Development and use of micro hydro-electricity It is expected that there is even the feasibility of micro-hydro-electricity and pico-hydro- electricity from some rivers of the Chure region. The GoN has made provision of donation for mini-electricity development, and the private-sector service-providing organizations are providing the technical services related to the construction and operation of the same. Taking advantage of the program, this MP will adopt the following procedures and implementation strategies so as to extend such programs:

 Some financial support will be provided for the feasibility study.

 Certain incentive will be provided using the donation received from the GoN for extra encouragement.

Extension of access to national electricity power transmission The tendency, of the families inhabiting in the remote areas, moving to the comfortable places is increasing, and the new settlements are being developed. If the scattered settlements can be integrated, it will be favorable for the management of grazing and extension of multi-year cultivation on the sloped lands; so, the following procedures and strategies will be adopted so as to assist in the extension of the national electricity power transmission.

 Support will be provided to establish access to the national electricity power transmission in the well-managed settlements and in the settlements with well-managed grazing lands or the settlements oriented towards the same.

 By declaring the grazing-free zones/areas, priority will be given to the demands of the inhabitants of the areas where this initiative has been implemented effectively.

3.2.2.9 Development of technologies concerned with renewable energy, bio- briquette and improved stove

The success of the bio-briquette and improved stove amongst others is found to be mixed. The technology that is found to be extremely successful in one place or community is not found to be acceptable in another place or community. Therefore, these programs will be gradually extended on the basis of the results obtained after testing these programs at community-level. The procedures and strategies for this are as follows:

 The women from some communities will be provided with the training regarding bio- briquette and improved stove so as to meet the demand of their family members, and they will be provided with the hand-operated equipment for making briquette after completion of training.  Based on the performance of the technology adopted by the participants, this program will be gradually extended to other places.

3.2.2.10 Inter-thematic sectors Those programs that cannot be limited to a certain objective, but that make important contribution in the fulfillment of the objective have been incorporated in the inter-thematic sectors. The programs have been fixed under the seven inter-thematic sectors, viz. i) emergency disaster management, ii) eco-tourism, iii) women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized communities’ involvement, iv) climate adaptation, v) scientific and action research, and technology development, vi) public communication, and vii) capacity building. The summary and the implementation strategies of these programs are presented below-

Emergency disaster management

 Some budget will be allocated for the immediate solution of emergency water-induced disasters.

 In order to solve the situation of further damage likely to be caused due to the absence of immediate treatment of the damage occurred in the structures constructed for the conservation of the Chure hills; and in the case of the rivers that are not in priority, priority will be given to use the budget at the situation when ample of life and property are likely to be damaged if not managed immediately.

Promotion of eco-tourism

 A feasibility study will be carried out at the special places that are in the process for eco- tourism development at local-level.

 Support will be made in the activities recommended in the feasibility study report and pioneered by the locals.

The summary and the implementation strategies of these programs are presented below-

Participation of women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized communities

 In order to increase the participation of women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized communities and their access to profit, the awareness-materials favorable to the local communities will be produced and transmitted. In addition, skill-oriented capacity building programs will also be executed.

 In the community-based organizations, the representation and participation of such communities will be ensured.

 Priority will be given to the local communities in the employment created in course of the implementation of this MP.

 As far as possible, the local-level women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized community- friendly natural resource conservation ideal sites will be developed.

Climate adaptation The Chure region is extremely susceptible in the climate change point of view. Therefore, in cooperation and collaboration with the other authorities, the following activities will be carried out so as to address it appropriately:

 Identification, mapping and prioritization of the susceptible areas;

 Preparation of the community-based climate adaptation plans for the places in priority;

 Implement the action plans prepared by the supporting authorities or the ones prepared using own source or facilitate in implementing the plans;

 Support will be provided for executing the programs as mentioned in the Local Adaptation Plan for Action (LAPA) or Climate Adaption Plan of Action (CAPA) that are likely to assist in the conservation of the Chure region.

Scientific and action-oriented research and technology development

 Action-oriented research will be carried out on the issues directly related to the conservation of the Chure region, and the required technology will be developed.

 The academic institutions, research organizations together with the private researchers will be involved in action-oriented research and technology development.

Public communication

 Public communication strategy will be prepared for positive thinking in the conservation of the Chure region and change in practice through public communication.

 The programs will be prepared on the basis of the public communication strategy.

Capacity development For the implementation of this MP, the human capacity will be developed by providing necessary knowledge and skill through trainings. The staff of the authorities directly involved in the implementation of this MP, the authorities of the community-based organizations, farmers and the laborers will be benefitted from the capacity building program. While selecting the participants in such program, priority will be given to the individuals from the women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized communities.

3.2.3 Employment and Specialized skill In course of the implementation of the programs, the personnel with the following specialized skills are expected to get the opportunity and receive further skill:

1. GIS and Remote Sensing Practitioner; 2. Geologist; 3. Engineer; 4. Planner; 5. Forestry Technician; 6. Agricultural Technician; 7. Veterinary Technician; 8. Nursery Controller and Technician; 9. Renewable Energy Technician; 10. Small Enterprise Development Planner; 11. Training Controller and Trainer; 12. Researcher; 13. Facilitator; 14. Skilled and semi-skilled laborer concerning river management; and 15. Skilled and semi-skilled laborer in forest management.

Besides, this program is expected to create the following extra employment: 1. Forest management; 2. Animal husbandry; 3. Nursery worker; 4. River management; 5. Enterprise development; 6. Renewable energy development; and 7. Human resource development.

In course of the implementation of this MP, the employment equivalent to a total of 52,830,000 man-days is expected to be created in the first 5 year-period. Of the total employment

93 opportunity, 7,315,000 man-days will be for skilled laborers and 45,515,000 man-days will be for semi-skilled laborers. The year-wise requirement of laborers (man-days) for the first 5 year- period is presented in Table 29.

Table 29: Year-wise Employment Opportunity for the First 5-year-Period Type of Employment opportunity (man-days) laborer 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year Total Skilled 875,000 1,707,000 1,975,000 1,670,000 1,088,000 73,15,000 Semi-skilled 5,441,000 10,616,000 12,291,000 10,394,000 6,773,000 45,515,000 Total 6,316,000 12,323,000 14,266,000 12,064,000 7,861,000 52,830,000

3.3 River System and local-level programs 3.3.1 River system Due to the limitation of the existing financial resource, material and human capacity, it is extremely difficult to execute all the programs simultaneously in the 164 river systems from Mechi (in the east) to Mahakali (in the west) in the first five-year period; so for executing the programs in the mentioned period, only 64 river systems have been selected on the basis of the priority set under the following criteria and process:

 Categorization of all the rivers flowing through the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape into 164 river systems based on their relief features (susceptible areas/unstable relief and land use) and pattern/stability (change of river course, flood and sediments), record of the past disasters and human pressure);

 Division of each river system into high, medium and low categories on the basis of its impacts upon the down-stream areas and the estimate of the affected populace in the down-stream areas.

 Selection of 64 river systems (see Table 30) among the 164 river systems.

 The current programs executed by the PCTMCDB in the 30 river systems need to be continued intact, otherwise the output of the investment made to-date will be, for sure, low or negligible.

Table 30: List of the Selected River Systems S. N. District Name of the River System 1. Ilam/Jhapa Mechi River System 2. Ilam/Jhapa Biring River System 3. Ilam Kankai River System (Lodiya Khola) 4. Ilam/Jhapa/Morang Ratuwa River System 5. Ilam/Morang Bakraha River System 6. Morang Lohandra River System 7. Morang Chisang River System 8. Morang/Sunsari Budhi River System 9. Saptari Sunsari River System (Sardu, Seuti Khola) 10. Sunsari Mahuli-Sundari River System 11. Saptari Khando River System 12. Saptari/Udayapur Khadak River System 13. Saptari Vihul River System 14. Udayapur Triyuga-2 River System (Kang Irrigation, Hadiya) 15. Saptari/Siraha/Udayapur Balan River System 16. Siraha Balaha River System 17. Siraha Badhar River System 18. Siraha/Udayapur Ghurmi River System 19. Sindhuli/Siraha/Udayapur Kamala-9 River System (Belsot Khola) 20. Dhanusha Jalad River System 21. Dhanusha/Mahottari Bigahi-Aourahi River System 22. Dhanusha/Mahottari Ratu River System 23. Mahottari Mahara River System 24. Sindhuli Banke-Hardi River System 25. Sarlahi Bagmati-4 River System (Ghangar Khola) 26. Rautahat/Makwanpur Jhim River System 27. Rautahat Lakhandehi River System 28. Rautahat/Makwanpur Bagmati-Chandi Khola R.System (Hardiya) 29. Rautahat Lamaha Jhanj River System 30. Makwanpur Bagmati-10 River System (Chouda Khola) 31. Makwanpur/Bara/Rautahat Bakaiya River System (Hiramuni, Lal) 32. Bara/Makwanpur Pasaha River System (Shakti, Bangara) 33. Bara DudhouraRiver System 34. Parsa/Bara Tilabe River System (Bhedaha) 35. Chitwan/Makwanpur Purba-Rapati-4 River System (Lothar Khola)

36. Chitwan East Rapati-6 River System (Upper Kayar) 37. Chitwan RiuRiver System (Bagai) 38. Nawalparasi Narayani-3 River System (Deusat Marahi) 39. Palpa/Nawalparasi Arun River System 40. Nawalparasi Jharahi-Bhaluhi River System 41. Rupandehi/Nawalparasi Sakhoura Rohani River System (Ghodaha) 42. Arghakhanchi/Kapilvastu Banganga River System 43. Pyuthan/Arghakhanchi West Rapti-1 River System 44. Arghakhanchi/Kapilvastu West Rapti-4 River System (Ransing) 45. Dang/Arghakhanchi West Rapti-6 River System 46. Dang West Rapti-5 River System (Gurang) 47. Dang West Rapti-8 River System (Arjun-Masot) 48. Dang West Rapti-9 River System (Mahatini) 49. Salyan Babai-9 River System (Sharada) 50. Banke West Rapti-10 River System (Rapti) 51. Bardiya Babai-11 River System 52. Surkhet Bheri-1 River System (Goche) 53. Surkhet Nikas River System (Phalante) 54. Kailali Kandra River System 55. Kailali Surma-Kateni River System (Likama, Kateni) 56. Kailali Khutiya River System 57. Kailali/Kanchnpur Mohana River System 58. Doti Karnali-6 River System (Thuligad) 59. Kanchanpur/Kailali/Dadeldhura Machheli-Doda River System 60. Kanchanpur/Kailali/Dadeldhura Syali-Banhara River System 61. Dadeldhura Rangun River System 62. Dadeldhura Puntura River System 63. Kanchanpur Choudhar River System (Routela, Khaniya) 64. Kanchanpur Mahakali River System (Kamikate, Jogbudha)

The action plan, of these all river systems, along with the main programs of semi-detail-level and cost-estimate are presented in the first complementary part of the MP. Among these 64 river systems, 38 are limited within a single district while 26 are extended over two or more districts. Therefore, the river system-level programs in the first complementary part are included in the concerned district programs too so that their district-wise categorization may be easy during the implementation period as those (the programs) fall in the different districts.

3.3.2 Local-level The action plans, of the total 36 districts falling in the Chure region, prepared by incorporating the programs that are directly related to the objectives (1, 2 and 3) included in the Section 3.2.1 are presented in the second complementary part of this MP.

3.4 Investment plan A total investment of Rs. 249,700,196,000 (Rupees two hundred forty nine billion, seven hundred million and one hundred ninety six thousand) as of the cost of 2072 BS is expected to be required to accomplish the aforementioned programs in the 20-year period of the MP. Of this total investment, Rs. 80,856,253,000 (Rupees eighty billion, eight hundred fifty six million and two hundred fifty three thousand) is expected to be spent in the first five-year period, Rs. 67,013,539,000 (Rupees sixty seven billion, thirteen million and five hundred thirty nine thousand) in the second five-year period, Rs. 51,956,329,000 (Rupees fifty one billion, nine hundred fifty six million and three hundred twenty nine thousand) in the third five-year period, and Rs. 49,874,075,000 (Rupees forty nine billion, eight hundred seventy four million and seventy five thousand) in the fourth five-year period. The cost-estimates required to accomplish the main programs including the administrative cost for the four five-year periods are highlighted in Table 31. These cost-estimates do not include the yearly cost of the employees working in the different authorities of the GoN and the physical comforts they use. For the first five-year period, the year-wise cost for the main programs and the administrative cost are also highlighted. As per the estimate, Rs. 9,870,512,000 (Rupees nine billion, eight hundred seventy million and five hundred twelve thousand) will be required for the first year, Rs. 18,240,234,000 (Rupees eighteen billion, two hundred forty million and two hundred thirty four thousand) in the second year, Rs. 21,204,389,000 (Rupees twenty one billion, two hundred four million and three hundred eighty nine hundred thousand) in the third year, Rs. 18,487,501,000 (Rupees eighteen billion, four hundred eighty seven million and five hundred one thousand) in the fourth year, and and Rs. 13,053,616,000 (Rupees thirteen billion, fifty three million and six hundred sixteen thousand) in the fifth year. The year-wise cost-estimates for the main programs and the administrative cost are highlighted in Table 32. The cost-estimates for the first five-year period have been prepared on the basis of the rate analysis norms of the Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transportation; the rate analysis norms for the developmental construction activities concerned with forest, vegetation, wildlife and soil conservation, 2070 BS; the budget allocated by the PCTMDC for the F.Y. 2072/073 BS; the experiences of the concerned offices in the different districts; and the consultations with the concerned experts, and based on the same, the cost-estimates for the second, third and fourth five-year periods have been projected. As the cost-estimates for several programs have been projected on the basis of limited experience, these need to be modified on the basis of the implementation-experience and action-oriented research. An example of cost-estimate analysis is included in Annex 13.

Table 31: Period-wise Cost-estimates for 20 years

Objective1: To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the climate change and natural disasters through ensuring the sustainable management of the natural resources (land, water, vegetation and biodiversity) of the Chure hills (including gorges) and Bhavar region, favorable to their geological, physiographical status and ecosystems.

Expected outputs: 1.1 Mitigation in the damage/decline of the natural resources; 1.2 Stabilization of the environment and increase in the productivity; and 1.3 Mitigation in the impacts of risk

Cost-estimate (in thousand Rupees) Program Program st nd rd th Topic No. 1 5-year 2 5-year 3 5-year 4 5-year 20-year period period period period period 1.1.1 Determination of the government forests or public lands on the 54,000 - - - 54,000 basis of their mapping (using the Land Use Zone Map) Mapping of forests showing the management units (using the 1.1.2 64,800 32,400 32,400 32,400 162,000 Topographical Map of the Survey Department) 1.1.3 Control of forest encroachment 1,266,340 4,103,300 1,789,880 1,789,880 8,949,400 1.1.4 Rehabilitation of degraded lands 1,379,350 1,092,207 - - 2,471,557 1.1.5 Control or management of grazing in the forest and river-beds 3,373,751 3,514,324 1,405,730 - 8,293,805 1.1.6 Commercial animal husbandry 25,815 26,954 6,833 - 59,602 1.1.7 Multi-year crop extension on the sloped agriculture land 429,020 517,600 531,477 330,397 1,808,494 1.2.1 Forest management 835,935 677,750 504,563 504,563 2,522,811 1.2.2 Development and management of NTFP's The required budget has been allocated in the forest management program. Conservation of biodiversity (11 ecosystems and 7 protected 1.2.3 355,000 325,000 325,000 325,000 1,330,000 areas) 1.2.4 Wetland management 4,498,100 3,588,372 4,548,641 4,548,641 17,183,754 1.2.5 Collection and storage of rainwater, recharge of groundwater 1,405,000 1,462,347 1,433,674 1,433,674 5,734,695

and its use 1.2.6 Incentive for environment-friendly physical infrastructures 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 60,000 1.2.7 Control of invasive species 36,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 54,000 1.3.1 Use/management of river-bed materials 199,300 199,300 199,300 199,300 797,200 1.3.2 Management of settlements within the susceptible areas 4,596,720 3,473,600 1,120,878 767,353 9,958,551 1.3.3 Mitigation and control of forest fire 703,410 2,222,709 2,222,709 2,222,709 7,371,537 Objective 2: To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the water-induced disasters in the Chure hills, Dun and Tarai Madhesh regions, and to continue the flow of the environmental services.

Development of river management mechanism at river 2.1.1 392,200 245,125 183,844 183,844 1,005,013 system-level Preparation of action plan for integrated river system 2.1.2 107,500 671,875 183,844 183,844 1,147,063 resource development 2.2.1 Treatment of the landslide areas Conservation of the springs and community-based soil 2.2.2 conservation 50,950,886 35,844,291 29,750,761 29,750,761 146,296,699 2.3.1 Stabilization of river-banks; and 2.3.2 Development of green-belts on the river-banks Objective 3: Maintain accessibility in the household use of energy, and to increase the accessibility of the residents living far from the national forests, especially from the Tarai region, in the use of timber, wood and other energy resources.

Expected outputs: 3.1 Development of trees outside forest; 3.2 Extension of renewable energy-related technologies; and

3.3 Support in the management and commercialization of private forests 3.1.1 Management of qualitative seeds and seedlings 588,180 411,799 499,967 499,967 1,999,913 3.1.2 Promotion and commercialization of private forest through production, plantation and management of seedlings on 445,707 554,309 500,008 500,008 2,000,032 private/social lands 3.2.1 Extension of cow-dung gas 1,393,920 695,152 - - 2,089,072 3.2.2 Extension of household solar energy 81,037 40,569 - - 121,606 3.2.3 Development of mini-hydro-electricity power and its use 20,326 18,612 - - 38,938 3.2.4 Extension of access to national electricity power 284,000 284,000 284,000 284,000 1,136,000 transmission 4.1 Emergency disaster management 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 4,000,000 4.2 Promotion and development of tourism 310,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 1,810,000 4.3 Participation of women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized 195,000 195,000 195,000 195,000 780,000 communities 4.4 Adaptation to climate change 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 2,000,000 4.5 Scientific and action-oriented research and technology 563,000 563,000 563,000 563,000 2,252,000 development 4.6 Public communication 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 520,000 4.7 Capacity building (4 categories) 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 2,000,000 Planning and coordination amongst inter-authorities (at 4.8 81,500 81,500 81,500 81,500 326,000 central, state and local levels) 4.8.3 Development of five-year action plan 35,000 35,000 35,000 - 105,000 Development of result-oriented monitoring system and data 4.9.1 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 64,000 analysis 4.9.2 Monitoring an evaluation (centre, region and district-levels) 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 400,000 4.9.3 Output monitoring 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 28,000 4.10 Formulation of acts, rules, work-procedure and guidelines 36,000 36,000 36,000 36,000 144,000 5.0 Inception of Master Plan 21,600 - - - 21,600

100

6.0 Social mobilization 750,000 750,000 750,000 750,000 3,000,000 Total Program Cost 3,109,856 2,577,444 1,998,320 1,918,234 9,603,854 7.0 Administrative cost (4% of the program cost) 379,635 701,547 815,553 711,058 502,062 Grand Total 80,856,253 67,013,539 51,956,329 49,874,075 249,700,196

101

Table 32: Year-wise Budget-Estimate for the First 5-year Period st Target for Cost-estimate for the 1 5-year period (in thousand Rupees) Program st Program Unit the 1 5- Second S.N. First year Third year Fourth year Fifth year Total year period year Determination of the government forests or No. of 1.1.1 public lands on the basis of their mapping district 36 46,500 - - 7,500 - 54,000 (using the Land Use Zone Map)

Mapping of forests showing the No. of management units (using the 1.1.2 district 36 55,800 - - 9,000 - 64,800 Topographical Map of the Survey Department) 1.1.3 Control of forest encroachment Ha 14,150 31,850 247,130 295,090 329,940 362,330 1,266,340 No. of the existing 1.1.4 Rehabilitation of degraded lands 1,297 152,150 346,030 349,860 319,910 211,400 1,379,350 VDCs/Mun -icipality No. of the Control or management of grazing in the 1.1.5 farmer 4,800 442,050 686,386 832,517 763,757 649,041 3,373,751 forest and river-beds groups 1.1.6 Commercial animal husbandry No. of farm 68 15 600 13,550 7,775 3,875 25,815 Multi-year crop extension on the sloped 1.1.7 Ha 7,265 44,240 82,900 115,660 124,580 61,640 429,020 agriculture land 1.2.1 Forest management Ha 165,675 40,915 161,465 204,705 239,635 189,215 835,935 1.2.2 Development and management of NTFP's The required budget has been allocated in the forest management program. Biodiversity conservation (11 ecosystems No. of 1.2.3 18 80,000 80,000 65,000 65,000 65,000 355,000 and 7 protected areas) systems 1.2.4 Wetland management No. 89 22,100 1,135,000 1,272,000 1,119,000 950,000 4,498,100 Collection and storage of rainwater, 1.2.5 No. 980 10,500 265,000 376,500 420,000 333,000 1,405,000 recharge of groundwater and its use

102

Incentive for environment-friendly No. of 1.2.6 36 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 15,000 physical infrastructures district No. of 1.2.7 Control of invasive species 4 10,000 10,000 12,000 2,000 2,000 36,000 species 1.3.1 Use/management of river-bed materials No. of river 180 91,350 34,650 29,350 25,950 18,000 199,300 Management of settlements within the 1.3.2 No. of HH 20,505 46,710 853,910 1,254,350 1,261,870 1,179,880 4,596,720 susceptible areas No. of 1.3.3 Mitigation and control of forest fire VDC/Muni 1,498 358,800 115,630 122,800 71,410 34,770 703,410 cipality Development of river management No. of river 2.1.1 64 76,200 147,000 62,000 54,000 53,000 392,200 mechanism at river system-level system Preparation of action plan for integrated No. of river 2.1.2 64 78,750 27,500 1,250 - - 107,500 river system resource development system 2.2.1 Treatment of the landslide areas Conservation of the springs and 2.2.2 community-based soil conservation No. of river 64 6,808,030 12,038,443 13,844,256 11,390,335 6,869,822 50,950,886 2.3.1 Stabilization of river-banks system Development of green-belts on the river- 2.3.2 banks 3.1.1 Management of qualitative seeds and No. of river 13,071,400 - 147,045 147,045 147,045 147,045 588,180 seedlings system 3.1.2 Promotion and commercialization of private forest through production, No. of river 8,914,000 - - 89,141 178,283 178,283 445,707 plantation and management of seedlings on system private/social lands No. of river 3.2.1 Extension of cow-dung gas 81,137 284,912 271,180 273,186 280,944 283,698 1,393,920 system No. of 3.2.2 Extension of household solar energy 38,484 19,490 26,379 15,853 12,343 6,972 81,037 seedling

103

No. of Development of mini-hydro-electricity 3.2.3 grown-up 261 4,615 4,639 3,923 4,866 2,283 20,326 power and its use seedling 3.2.4 Extension of access to national electricity No. of HH 5 4,000 40,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 284,000 power transmission 4.1 Emergency disaster management No. of HH 5 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 1,000,000 4.2 Promotion and development of tourism Kilowatt 5 3,000 7,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 310,000 4.3 Participation of women, dalit, indigenous Year 5 21,000 39,000 57,000 39,000 39,000 195,000 and marginalized communities No. of 4.4 Adaptation to climate change 5 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 500,000 topic 4.5 Scientific and action-oriented research and Year 18 98,000 144,000 138,000 106,500 76,500 563,000 technology development 4.6 Public communication Year 5 30,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 130,000 4.7 Capacity building (4 categories) Year 5 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 500,000 Planning and coordination amongst inter- 4.8 authorities (at central, state and local Year 5 16,300 16,300 16,300 16,300 16,300 81,500 levels) 4.8.3 Development of five-year action plan Year 1 - - - - 35,000 35,000 Development of result-oriented monitoring 4.9.1 Year 1 10,000 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 16,000 system and data analysis Monitoring an evaluation (centre, region 4.9.2 Year 5 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 100,000 and district-levels) 4.9.3 Output monitoring Times 2 - - 3,000 - 4,000 7,000 Formulation of acts, rules, work-procedure No. of 4.10 - 12,000 12,000 12,000 - - 36,000 and guidelines system 5.0 Inception of Master Plan Year 36 18,600 - 3,000 - - 21,600 6.0 Social mobilization Times 36 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 750,000 Total Program Cost 9,490,877 17,538,687 20,388,836 17,776,443 12,551,554 77,746,397

104

Administrative cost (4% of the program 7.0 No. 5 379,635 701,547 815,553 711,058 502,062 3,109,856 cost) Grand Total 9,870,512 18,240,234 21,204,389 18,487,501 13,053,616 80,856,253

105

3.4 Lack of information and need of recording or research A lot of necessary information identified in course of the MP preparation is felt to be lacking. As it is necessary to diminish the lack of such information in the days to come, their interpretation has been done in this section.

Mapping of the forests with management units In terms of responsibility, different management systems (government-managed, community, collaborative, leasehold and religious) have been adopted in the forests of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape, but their district-level map with boundaries are not available. In course of the implementation of the MP, such forests of the Landscape will be mapped out in the Topographical Map prepared by the Survey Department, and the forest types as well as their condition will also be incorporated in the map.

Forest productivity The forests of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape are in the process of being taken under forest management system, but there is absence of information on their growth productivities (mean annual increments) regarding the effects of different management systems to be adopted in the different geographical regions of the Landscape. This MP has proposed that such information will be acquired, after some years, through the continuous collection of data from the study/research plots established in the managed forests of the Landscape.

Soil-erosion rate versus forest management In order to acquire the information regarding the effects of different forest management systems upon the rate of soil-erosion, the annual soil-erosion rate will be determined through Pin Method by laying out the required study/research plots in the forests managed under different management systems. This information will provide the authentic information regarding the suitability of the management system to be adopted in the forest where there is possibility of soil- erosion.

River management, flow and deposition of sediments The effects (of river management) upon the flow and deposition of sediments on the river-beds following the management of the rivers are required for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the program. So, this MP has proposed for the regular collection of the data regarding the sediment- load by testing the samples of the water and the sediments deposited on the river-beds through the establishment of control points in the river systems.

106

Use of Kans and Siru Grasses The grasses such as kans (Saccharum spontaneum) and siru (Imperata cylindrica) that come automatically following the control of grazing are making a lot of contribution in the control of river-cutting. The involvement of the local communities will be augmented in the conservation of such plants, if the further information regarding the economic use of such bio-substances can be acquired. The possible uses of kans could be in the production of silage, bio-briquettes, paper- pulp for producing packing-boxes, and so on. Some indigenous communities have been also producing handicrafts using kans. If such technologies can be enhanced, there will be no more circumstance of grazing or cultivation along the river-banks by ploughing the lands. Hence, this MP has proposed for the development of technology for the use of these plants through their studies.

Multi-year cultivation system on sloped agriculture land It has been already experienced everywhere about the increase in the risk of landslide while carrying out the traditional cultivation system on the sloped lands. This system (of cultivation) is extending recklessly although most of the farmers believe that even the economic-profit from such cultivation remains to be negative. Thus, the MP has proposed that the local farmers will be supported in adopting the differed cultivation system in their agriculture lands selected for the purpose of developing the site-and community-specific cultivation system so as to transfer the existing system of cultivation by ploughing the land to the one with the multi-yearly cultivation system, and this along with the training will be gradually incorporated in the extension materials by recording the process, results and experiences gained.

Effectiveness of the conservation technology The effectiveness of the structures built for the purpose of soil conservation is found to be mixed. The technology found to be successful in one district has not been endorsed in the other district. Hence, the MP has proposed that the findings of the case studies conducted on the basis of such successful technologies will be uploaded on the website.

Dependency on the natural resources The lack of the data-based information regarding the extent of dependency of the communities on the natural resources is creating a problem in plan preparation. In order to address it, this MP has proposed to carry out study on the dependency of such communities on the forest resources, wetlands and river-bed materials.

Animal husbandry with stall-feeding The programs of this MP are targeted towards transforming the open grazing system that has been in practice in animal husbandry to the one with stall-feeding. While changing the system in

107 this way, a less land is expected for agricultural nutrition, and some information regarding the same is also available in the veterinary-related materials. Nevertheless, if the data-based information regarding how much land is required per livestock unit (LSU) in terms of open grazing and stall-feeding, and how much will be the profit accordingly is available, it will be useful in future-plan preparation, and also it will be easy to motivate the farmers; so, such action research is proposed in this MP.

Commercial animal husbandry This MP aims to transform the subsistence animal husbandry to commercial animal husbandry through the programs such as breed-improvement, animal nutrition, and animal health improvement. While transforming in this way, provision will be made to support some farmers to maintain the data/record regularly so as to quantify the change in the productivity (milk and meat), and the data-based information will be collected through the analysis of those data. Such information will be provided to the farmers, and will be also in future-plan preparation.

4. Implementation

4.1 Policy and legal reform Most of the provisions that have been made as per the existing policies and laws need to be used as the effective implementation of this MP is possible because of the same while some policies and laws seem to be amended for some provisions to be used.

4.1.1 Integrated Act for Chure conservation Although the Chure Conservation region has been declared in accordance with the Environment Conservation Act, 2053 BS, other acts and rules are also favorable to carry out most of the activities of this MP. Similarly as some acts and rules exist as barrier or making confusion, there is a need of an integrated act to incorporate all the aspects. Such act should incorporate the issues such as the conservation and improvement of the Chure ecosystem and its sustainable development, payment for environmental services, protection and management of the forests, biodiversity conservation, management of river systems and river-bed materials and the management of the settlements in the susceptible areas.

4.1.2 Ownership or responsibilities of rivers In accordance with the Section 3 of the Water Resources Act, 2049 BS, the ownership of the water resources in Nepal persists in this Act. As per this rule, the GoN preserves the right over the water resources either on the surface or underground. Different ministries and authorities are utilizing the water resources using this right, but no one has given attention for its conservation and improvement.

108

The Section 49 (Chha) of the Forest Act, 2049 BS has made the provision of the prohibition of extraction of the materials such as pebbles, stone and sand from the national forests except in the case as provisioned in the same Act and Rules. Almost all the rivers of the Chure region flow across the national forests, so the concerned forest offices are attracted towards the ownership of such rivers.

The Section 10 [Sub-section (1)] of the Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 2039 BS has prohibited carrying out of any activity that affects upon the flow of the river in the areas with natural disaster or susceptible to natural disaster without the pre-permission from the concerned officer. According to the Part (Kha) of the Sub-section (1) under the Section 68 of the Local Governance Act, 2055 BS, the public drainage, streams/streamlets, bridges, ponds, temples, houses, huts, water-spots, water-spouts, wells, grazing lands, ways and roads that are neither under the possession of the private individuals nor the possession of the GoN or the then District Development Committee (DDC) within any VDC, and according to the Part (Gha) of the same Sub-section and Section of the Act, the local-level (VDC) preserves the right over such natural materials, and will be responsible in their care-taking, maintenance and management. Rivers, streams, lakes and ponds also fall under the definition of natural materials.

The Section 68 [Part (Gha) of the Sub-section (1)] of the Local Self Governance Act, 2055 BS has the provision of the then VDC Trust. There is a provision of depositing the money received from the other uses except the public use of the water of the public streams/streamlets in that Trust. In accordance with the same act, the then DDC can sale the sand, pebbles, stone, slate, soil, trees/logs carried away by the rivers/streams etc. from its own region on the basis of the rate fixed. There is the obligatory provision [in Section 218] of providing 35−50% of the money received through the sale of such materials to the concerned local-level (VDC).

The Irrigation Ministry, Ministry of Energy and the different authorities under these ministries are making use of the river and river-bed resources. In this way, different authorities are using right over the rivers, but give less attention in their protection. It will not be relevant to think about the protection of the rivers up till this situation persists.

Although there seems to be clash in the ownership-right of the rivers, it is expected to ensure the ownership-right of the rivers by the Constitution of Nepal, 2072 BS and the act to be formulated under it.

4.1.3 Management of unmanaged settlements in susceptible areas In order to maintain the balance between the development and the environment, the National Land Use Policy, 2069 BS has adopted the policies of identification and conservation of the susceptible areas in the environmental point of view, carrying out the developmental activities based on the principles of sustainable development keeping the impacts of climate change into

109 consideration, and discouraging the tendency of residing in the areas susceptible to natural disaster. In order to maintain the physiographical and ecological diversities, the same Act has adopted the strategies and working-policies of stressing emphasis in controlling the impacts of adverse effects on the land due to the increasing soil-erosion and soil-fall together with the high population growth and migration, and encouraging for the development of private forest in the case of private-owned lands and conservation-oriented community forest in the case of the government or public lands for the protection of the highly susceptible areas in terms of soil erosion.

In order to gradually transfer the scattered human-settlements affecting upon the conservation of the Chure and Bhavar regions existing as the watershed areas of the Tarai Madhesh region as the land in these areas are susceptible (in terms of soil erosion and landslide), the same Act has adopted the strategies and working-policies of bringing the programs for integrated settlement development, and implementing the policies adopted for maintaining balance between development and environment. Despite such positive provisions, the National Land Use Policy has not come into implementation.

The Forest Policy, 2071 BS states that the forests will be categorized for their management on the basis of the sloppiness and vulnerability of soil-erosion under the policy of increasing the productivity of the forests and the production of forest products through sustainable forest management, but it has not also come into implementation.

According to the Section 51 of the Lands Act, 2021 BS, any one is prohibited from changing his/her land from one land use to another land use in the areas where the land use program is implemented without having permission from the fixed committee, but the positive provision of this Act has not come into implementation in the situation when the land use program has not been initiated.

Based on the above discussion, it can be said that there is no lack of policies and legal provisions (in the nation), but their effective implementation is getting delayed. For the implementation of this MP which has been prepared for the conservation of the Chure and the Tarai Madhesh regions, the effective implementation of the working-policies is essential so as to gradually manage the scattered settlements in the susceptible areas.

4.1.4 Green-belt for river-belt protection The National Land Use Policy, 2069 BS has adopted the policy of encouraging (the concerned local communities) for the construction of green-belts on both sides of the roads and rivers, and around the ponds.

110

The same Policy has mentioned that a provision will be made so as to prohibit the use of land affecting upon the natural flow of the rivers, their boundaries and standards. It has been mentioned in the same Policy that forests will be developed through afforestation on both sides of the rivers.

Besides, the same Policy has incorporated the provision of encouraging for the development of private forest in the case of private lands and for the development of conservation-oriented community forest in the case of the government or public lands in the highly susceptible areas in terms of soil erosion.

The National Land Use Policy has made provision for the GoN to take the responsibility of protecting the susceptible areas and has also identified the necessary right to protect the areas. With determination, the GoN should take necessary action to manage the legal provision favorable to the policy implementation and to accomplish such responsibilities.

4.1.5 Extension of multi-year crops on sloped agriculture land This MP has proposed for the extension of multi-year crops on the sloped agriculture land. The strategy, of encouraging (the farmers) for cultivation of multi-year crops by categorizing the agriculture land on the basis of its land capability, of the National Land Use Policy, 2069 BS is favorable to the implementation of this MP. The extension of multi-year crops on the sloped agriculture land will be easier if this Policy is implemented. So, this MP has proposed for collaboration for the implementation of this Policy.

4.1.6 Public wetland conservation The provision, made by the National Land Use Policy, 2069 BS, for developing no-go zone (prohibited area) in terms of biodiversity and touristic points of view after preparing the details of the rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and wetlands is favorable for the conservation of the public wetlands. In addition to this, although there is ease in policy because of the prohibition in the use of the wetlands such as lakes, government and public ponds for other purposes except for natural-use and promotion of eco-tourism in such a way that their boundaries will not be encroached and the quality will not be deteriorated, its implementation needs to be done.

4.1.7 Multi-year contract for collection of river-bed materials As per the existing provision, the extraction of the river-bed materials is done through contract and IEE is conducted annually. As this process takes a lot of time in administrative and IEE matters, their management can be done effectively by means of carrying out IEE/EIA through multi-year contract. It can be also done as per the existing provision, but the monitoring of this provision need to be relevant as well as effective. Besides, the provisions of the mitigation measures as per the EIA/IEE need to be fully followed and monitored. For this, the contracting

111 authority itself needs to be responsible. Such provision seems to be appropriate for the conservation of the rivers as well as other natural resources and because of the administrative reason.

4.1.8 Export of river-bed materials outside the nation The study report has pointed out that while letting the export of the river-bed materials outside the nation, there will be excess excavation of such materials affecting upon the environment and the cost required for repairing the physical structures will be many times more than the revenue acquired by the Government. Besides, there are ample of experiences of the problems faced while regularizing it. Hence, this MP has recommended for the prohibition of the river-bed materials outside the nation.

4.1.9 Modification of the map of the Chure Conservation region In accordance with the Nepal Government’s decision dated 2nd Asar, 2071, the Chure region has been declared as the biodiversity conservation region. As per the decision, approximately 12.8% of the land area of the nation is covered by the Chure hills, gullies and Dun. The densely- populated areas of Dun (Inner Tarai), particularly the Rapti Valley (Chitwan and Hetauda), Dang, Deukhuri and Surkhet Valleys also fall within this region. As it is not practicable to retain such areas within the biodiversity conservation region, it is recommended to remove such areas from the region by updating the map. Due to some variation in the different maps separating the Chure and Bhavar regions, the area of the Chure seems to be slightly different, so the boundary between the Chure and Bhavar also needs to be updated while updating the map of the environment conservation region.

4.1.10 Inclusion of Mahabharat region in river system management Due to the landslide in the Mahabharat region near to the Chure, significant amount of sediments are deposited on the river-beds of so many river systems of the Chure region. As the management of the rivers will not be effective if the programs are implemented only in the Chure region ignoring such areas, this MP has recommended for the policy-provision for the implementation of such programs in such landslide-susceptible areas also in the Mahabharat region where the conservation programs need to be implemented in the technical point of view, without any hindrance.

4.2 Institutional structure Institutional structures are proposed for the implementation of this MP, wherein the central-level, river system-level and state-level authorities as well as the local communities will be actively involved. It is proposed that these structures will accomplish three types of task- policy and legal simplicity, implementation, and M&E of the programs.

112

The active role of the ECC under the Legislature Parliament, the High-level Direction Committee (HLDC) under the chairmanship of the Hon. Minister of Forests and Soil Conservation, the concerned ministries and the PCTMCDB is imperative in policy and legal simplicity.

For the implementation and monitoring of programs at the central-level, there will be one Program Coordination Committee comprising the representatives of the concerned ministries and the corresponding departments, and the high officials from the technical authorities under the coordination of the Chairperson of the PCTMCDB. Its secretariat will be in the PCTMCDB Office.

At the state-level, a state coordination committee consisting of the local-level-elected representatives nominated by the concerned state-ministries and the officials of the concerned departments under the federal governments under the coordination of the Member of the PCTMCDB will be in action. The present cluster office of the PCTMCDB Office will serve as the state-level secretariat.

In the case of the local-level, a coordination committee, comprising the representatives from the concerned local-level offices (forest, agriculture, soil conservation, security authority, NGO Federation of Nepal, Association of Private Forest Owners, FECOFUN and the collaborative forest users) under the chairmanship of the elected chief, that will support in the planning, implementation and monitoring of the programs, has been proposed. Similarly at the community- level, it has been proposed for the active involvement of the river system-level network, user groups (UGs), farmers, individuals or private authorities too. For monitoring task, the provision of the ECC under the Legislature Parliament, the Internal Monitoring Team and the External Monitoring Team has been made. The design of the institutional structure is presented in Figure 17, and the high-level directive committee, central coordination committee, federal coordination committee, local-level coordination committee, district technical committee and the formation of the river system-level network and their job description are incorporated in Annex 14.

113

Job description Program at organizational - Policy and implementation and level legislative simplicity monitoring Output

 Central Coordination  Legislature  Legislature Committee Parliament (ECC) Parliament (ECC)  Concerned ministries and the  HLDC  Internal Central-level corresponding departments  Concerned ministries Monitoring Team  Expert authorities (security  PCTMCDC  External authorities, Universities and Monitoring Team research organizations)

 PCTMCDC

 State Coordination Committee  Concerned offices under the State -level ministries and departments

 State offices of the PCTMCDC  Local-level participant

 Chure network  Local-level representative  Use Groups Local -level  Program implementation  Farmers/ind Concerned GOs, local GOs, ividuals/ NGOs and Private authorities private authorities

 Local-level  River system-level network Local-level Local -level  User groups  Farmers/individuals/private authorities

Figure 17: Institutional Structure

The PCTMCDB will be the main body responsible to implement this MP. It will be responsible for yearly planning and monitoring of the programs in coordination with the different implementation authorities on the basis of this MP. Therefore in order to bring certainty in achieving the goal of the MP, a provision of a minimum number of staff along with a Committee Member is recommended to establish the offices as per the number of federal states to be created

114 and to strengthen the federal offices through the modification of the existing structure of the Committee.

4.3 Human resource For the implementation of this MP, the PCTMCDB will have to provide technical support in different fields. Although there is a provision of the technicians of almost all the fields, there is no provision of any technician concerning veterinary service in the existing structure of the Committee. In-spite-of the provision of the posts, some posts, especially the post of Senior Divisional Engineer has not been filled up so far. Since a huge amount of engineering work is included in the river management program, this post is recommended to be filled up right away. Likewise concerning the veterinary service, it is recommended for the creation of an extra post of Gazetted Class II Officer that can provide expert service, and it is also recommended to fill up the post instantly. If it is found to be getting late in filling up the posts from the existing posts of the GoN, it is recommended to fill up such posts through contract.

4.4 Roles and responsibilities The leadership, support and involvement of many authorities are essential in program implementation. The sector-wise expertise required for each program, and the main responsibilities along with the subordinating authorities as per the working-areas are proposed in Table 33.

115

Table 33: Details on the Responsible Implementing Authorities

Program Programs Main responsibility Subordinating institutions S. N. 1.1.1 Determination of the government forests or National Land Use Project/Survey Office DFO, Local-level public lands on the basis of their mapping (using the Land Use Zone Map) 1.1.2 Mapping of forests showing the management DFO PCTMCDB units (using the Topographical Map of the Survey Department) 1.1.3 Control of forest encroachment DFO District Administration Office (DAO), Security Authority 1.1.4 Rehabilitation of degraded lands Local-level Technical support of DSCO 1.1.5 Control or management of grazing in the forest District Livestock Service Office District Agriculture and river-beds (DLSO) Development Office (DADO), FUG 1.1.6 Commercial animal husbandry DLSO DFO 1.1.7 Multi-year crop extension on the sloped DLSO DLSO agriculture land 1.2.1 Forest management DFO/ FUG FUG/ DFO 1.2.2 Development and management of NTFPs DFO/ FUG FUG/ DFO 1.2.3 Biodiversity conservation (11 ecosystems and 7 DFO/ FUG FUG/ DFO protected areas) 1.2.4 Wetland management VDC/ Municipality/National Park and FUG/ DFO, PCTMCDB Wildlife Conservation Office (NPWCO) 1.2.5 Collection and storage of rainwater, recharge of DSCO DFO, Local-level groundwater and its use 1.2.6 Incentive for environment-friendly physical PCTMCDB Legislature Parliament (ECC), infrastructures HLDC, concerned ministries 1.2.7 Control of invasive species PCTMCDB/ Researcher DFO, NPWCO

116

(organization/individual) 1.3.1 Use/management of river-bed materials Local-level/ PCTMCDB DAO, Security Authority, DFO, 1.3.2 Management of settlements within the Local-level District Disaster Rescue susceptible areas Committee (DDRC) 1.3.3 Mitigation and control of forest fire Local-level DFO,DDRC 2.1.1 Development of river management mechanism NGOs Concerned technical offices, at river system-level UGs 2.1.2 Preparation of action plan for integrated river PCTMCDB Concerned technical offices, system resource development UGs 2.2.1 Treatment of the landslide areas DSCO Concerned technical offices 2.2.2 Conservation of springs and community-based DSCO Concerned technical offices soil conservation 2.3.1 Stabilization of river-banks Water-induced Disaster Control Office River Management Network, (WIDCO) Local-level 2.3.2 Development of green-belts on the river-banks WIDCO Local-level, NGO, DFO 3.1.1 Management of qualitative seeds and seedlings DFO, DADO Private Sector, District Technical Committee (DTC) 3.1.2 Plantation and management of seedlings on DFO, DADO Private Sector, DTC private/social lands 3.2.1 Extension of dung-gas DLSO, Local-level Private Service Provider (PSP) 3.2.2 Extension of household solar energy Local-level PSP 3.2.3 Development of mini-hydro-electricity power PCTMCDB PSP and its use 3.2.4 Extension of access to national electricity power PCTMCDB PSP transmission 4.1 Emergency disaster management Concerned authorities PCTMCDB 4.2 Development of tourism Concerned organizations, Local-level PCTMCDB 4.3 Participation of women, dalit, indigenous and Concerned authorities PCTMCDB marginalized communities

117

4.4 Adaptation to climate change Local-level PCTMCDB 4.5 Scientific and action-oriented research and Universities/Research organizations (e.g. PCTMCDB technology development Nepal Agriculture Research Council, National Academy of Science and Technology/ PCTMCDB 4.6 Public communication PCTMCDB PSP 4.7 Capacity building (4 categories) Concerned training authorities PCTMCDB 4.8 Planning and coordination amongst inter- Concerned authorities/ District, State and PCTMCDB authorities (at central, state and local levels) Central Committees 4.9. M&E (central, state and district-levels) Concerned authorities/ District, State and PCTMCDB Central Committees 4.10 Formulation of acts, rules, work-procedure and Concerned ministries and departments PCTMCDB guidelines 5.0 Inception of Master Plan PCTMCDB District Coordination Committee 6.0 Social mobilization Selected NGO PCTMCDB/ DTC

118

4.5 Capacity building and Information and communication 4.5.1 Capacity building For the successful implementation of the MP, the organizations and the individuals involved in it need certain level of capacity. The capacity refers to: i) the knowledge and skill of the human resource involved, ii) physical materials and equipment, and iii) the required number of human resource. The organizations and human resource requiring certain level of capacity for the implementation of the MP are of four categories- i) the MP implementing organizations (both government as well as local government) and the staff working there, ii) the community-based organizations and the officials, iii) farmers, and iv) laborers. Thus, it is proposed to enhance the capacity of all these four categories of organizations and human resource. Although the requirement and level of capacity enhancement for these four categories of human resource will have to be determined after comprehensive need assessment, some issues have been identified. Thus, it is proposed to enhance the capacity of all these four categories of organizations and human resource. Although the requirement and level of capacity enhancement will have to be determined after comprehensive need assessment, some issues have been identified. The issues so identified include:

For government authorities 1) Use of Geographical Positioning System (GPS) equipment; 2) Forest inventory; 3) Small structure design and supervision; 4) Bio-engineering; and 5) Integrated resource management plan preparation. Training Field Sites will be identified and developed at least in five regions for the purpose. Fundamental equipment such as GPS and others will be provided (to the participants) for easy application of the skill gained from training. In the case of the lack of the resource persons (trainers) for conducting the training programs, it is proposed to do so through the service providers on contract-basis.

For the local government authorities 1) Database management; 2) Integrated resource management plan preparation; and 3) Environment-friendly physical infrastructure development.

For the officials of the community-based organizations 1) Forest management based on silviculture systems; 2) Seedling production; 3) the issues to be considered while carrying out construction works for soil conservation in the upper watershed areas or for the protection of the river-banks in the down-stream areas.

For the farmers 1) Conservation-oriented cultivation system; 2) Seedling production; 3) Animal health; and 4) Animal feed management. Some farmers are receiving adequate income by running business in

119 these fields on experimental mode, and so there is possibility of development in this aspect through normal improvement. It is proposed to identify such farmers and develop their fields, homestead, etc. as the Training Field Sites, and to develop themselves as the practical teachers. Further, it is proposed for the provision of the farmers who desire to learn by doing in the fields of the farmers who have already become the practical teachers. The technicians from the government authorities will support the practical teachers.

For the laborers 1) Felling of trees, and debarking and transportation of logs; 2) Silviculture operation; Construction of embankment, and their repair and improvement; and 3) Construction of various structures for soil conservation, and their repair and improvement. Such trainings will be conducted at the construction-site so that it will improve the skill of the laborers on the one hand and increase the performance of the work on the other hand.

4.5.2 Information and Communication The Chure conservation programs are targeted towards changing the behavior of the communities residing in the Chure region. The attitude of the overall communities will have key role in changing their behavior. Tough communication strategy is proposed for changing the attitude of the communities towards conservation-oriented mode, and the production and transmission of the communication materials will be done on the basis of the topic and procedure identified by this policy. The conservation program of the Chure region will be driven forward keeping into priority, the issue of reducing the gap between the communities’ understanding and the data-based information in course of the preparation of the MP. For instance, there is no similarity in the understanding regarding what is Chure and how far is its extension. Therefore, field observation program for the stakeholders along with the map showing the boundaries of the Chure region in each district (falling in the Chure region) is proposed. All the authorities involved in the implementation of the MP, representatives of the political parties, representatives of the VDCs and municipalities, journalists and local teachers will be included in this program.

In the same way, the information regarding the features of the Chure, the status of its resources, effects caused because of its resource extraction and possible treatments, targeted to the overall farmers, will be transmitted. The use of the F.M. Radio, S.M.S. and Mobile Apps will be given priority to transmit the information. The MP has proposed for the provision of training regarding the information that will be helpful in Chure conservation to the local journalists. Further, the MP has proposed for the transmission of the information through such trained journalists by sending them to the rural areas for collecting information through field observation and direct interviews with the farmers.

Coordination will be done with the National Weather Forecasting Division under the Department of Meteorology, Disaster Management Division under the Ministry of Home Affairs and the

120 various governmental and non-governmental organizations for developing early warning system regarding the natural disasters that are likely to occur in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape. The necessary information will be transmitted through the local community Radio, Mobile Aps etc. In addition, the provision of siren will be managed in the disastrous areas.

5. Monitoring and evaluation For the purpose of M&E of the programs, result-oriented monitoring and national information system for the Chure-Tarai Madhesh region, milestones and monitoring plan have been included in this section.

5.1 Result-oriented monitoring plan Since M&E is indispensable for the effective and successful implementation of this MP, a simple as well as result-oriented M&E Action Plan is adopted in this MP. A result-oriented monitoring plan has been prepared as a principal tool to update the data-based information regarding whether the results are obtained as per the fixed time period and expected quantity as well as quality or not. It will provide the necessary data and information to make the policy formulation process based on the proof, and also will contribute a lot in improving good-governance through improvement in transparency and social accountability.

The monitoring process of the program implementation will be made regular. The Implementing unit and the different-level coordination committees (central, state and local-level coordination committees, see Figure 18) will review the implementation and achievement of the program at each level in the meeting held after every two months. Similarly, the Coordinating Committee to be formed at the state and local-levels will discuss on the implementation and achievement of the program, and provide necessary suggestions.

The monitoring process of the internal level (output, process and input) and the work performance-level under the M&E process currently adopted by the GoN will remain intact. In addition to this, a participatory monitoring will also be carried out with the participation of all the stakeholders (especially the service providers and the clients) for the monitoring of the program in course of its implementation.

This Monitoring Plan is especially based on result-chain, and is centered towards the monitoring of the end-level (mainly impacts and effects). Nevertheless, this Action Plan will also monitor the indicators of the impacts, effects and outputs. Participatory monitoring will also be carried out in the end-level monitoring.

The Monitoring Plan prepared for this MP is presented in Annex 15.

121

5.2 Information system for the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape It is quite necessary to collect and update the information regarding the programs implemented at the district and national levels. The MP has proposed for the collection of the information regarding the programs and achievements by each district at the district-level and the collection of the information regarding the overall programs and achievements of all the districts right from the beginning at the central-level together with the mapping of such information using the GIS as such information need to be updated every year. It is proposed for the identification of the information as per the programs highlighted in Section 3.2.1 and the result-oriented monitoring plan mentioned in Section 5.1, and development of the information system accordingly.

5.3 Milestones Altogether, nine main destinations of the successful implementation of the MP have been determined, and these along with the fixed quantitative measurement points for the first five-year period are presented in Table 34.

Table 34: Milestones

S. Main destinations (first 5-year period) Quantitative N. measurement points 1. Encroached forest area relieved from encroachment, and the forest 14,0000 ha rejuvenated again 2. Households (HHs),with animal husbandry, habituated of open- 120,000 HHs grazing now adopting stall-feeding for their domestic cattle 3. Extension of multi-year crop by ploughing on the sloped agricultural 7,265 ha land with 190 or more slope 4. Forest management adopting suitable silviculture system 165,675 ha 5. Collection and storage of rainwater, groundwater recharge, structure 1,069 ha developed for use of groundwater and wetland management 6. Management of river-bed materials 180 rivers 7. Management of houses in the landslide or flood susceptible areas 20,505 houses 8. Integrated river system development- upper watershed management, construction of embankments along the river-banks, and development 64 river systems of green-belts on both sides of rivers 9. Trees and bamboo grown up outside forest 8,914,000

5.4 Evaluation Plan As this MP has been prepared for 20-year period and divided into four 5-year periods, it will be evaluated after every 5 years. Two types of evaluation: mid-term evaluation and end-of-program evaluation are proposed. The mid-term evaluation will focus on critical analysis of the present

122 status of the programs that have been implemented, and will give direction for modification of the programs for the remaining period. Similarly, the evaluation performed immediately after the end of every 5-year period will help to execute the next 5-year-period programs more efficiently and effectively in realistic manner. Evaluation will be done on the basis of the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impacts and sustainability of the programs. The Action Plan for evaluation is presented in Table 35.

Table 35: Action Plan for Evaluation Type of Criteria for Responsible for Responsible for evaluation evaluation Time evaluation mobilization Relevance, 3rd Year; PCTMCDB in Effectiveness, th collaboration with a Mid-term 8 Year; Efficiency, th group of officials PCTMCDB evaluation 13 Year; and Impacts, and th responsible for 18 Year Sustainability carrying out M&E Relevance, 5th Year; National-level group Effectiveness, th of Evaluation Experts Evaluation after 10 Year; Efficiency, th having sector-wise PCTMCDB end of program 15 Year; and Impacts, and th knowledge 20 Year Sustainability

123

References cited

21st District Development Plan, FY 2070/071.District Development Committee, Kapilvastu. Acharya, K.P., Tripathi, D.M., Joshi, J. and Gurung, U.M. (eds.) 2011. Leveraging the Landscapes: Biodiversity Conservation beyond the Boundaries in Nepal (Edited) 2011. Nepal Foresters’ Association (NFA), Kathmandu. Achievements of the Biodiversity Conservation Programs for the Tarai and Shiwalik Regions, 2057–2067. Regional Coordination Unit, Hetauda, Makawanpur. Active Profile of District Soil Conservation Program, FY 2070−2071 ,District Soil Conservation Office, Tulsipur, Dang. Activities, Existing Status, Constraints Faced in Course of Implementation, Measures for Solution and Other Issues regarding Collaborative Forest. District Forest Office, Sarlahi. Activity Profile of Rastrapati Chure Conservation Program for DSCO, FY 2070–2071,tcirtsiD Soil Conservation Office, Dang. Activity Profile, 2070/2071, Rastrapati Chure Programme, District Soil Conservation Office, Lahan, Siraha. Agriculture Development Strategy, .2014Ministry of Agriculture Development, Kathmandu. Agriculture Development Strategy, 2015–2015. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture Development, 2015. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Achievement Booklet, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Dhangadhi, Kailali. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Data at a Glance, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Siraha. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Data, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Jhapa. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Progress at a Glance, F.Y. 2068/069. District Agriculture Development Office, Dang, 2069. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Progress at a Glance, F.Y. 2069/070. District Agriculture Development Office, Dang, 2070. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Progress at a Glance, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Makwanpur. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Progress at a Glance, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Kapilvastu. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet (F.Y. 2071/072). District Agriculture Development Office, Rupandehi. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Saptari. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Rautahat.

124

Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Udayapur. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Sunsari. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Janakpurdham, Dhanusha. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2069/070. District Agriculture Development Office, Sarlahi. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2071/072. District Agriculture Development Office, Sindhuli. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Bardiya. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet, Annual Progress Report F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Bara. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2071/072. District Agriculture Development Office, Palpa. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2071/072. District Mid- western Regional Agriculture Development Directorate, District Agriculture Development Office, Banke. Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2071/072. District Agriculture Development Office, Nawalparasi, 2071. Annual Agricultural Development Program, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Chitwan. Annual Booklet along with the District Profile, F.Y. 2069/070. District Livestock Services Office, Saptari. Annual Booklet of Community Forest User Group, F.Y. 2070/071. District Forest Office, Dang. Annual Booklet, F.Y. 2070/071. District Livestock Services Office, Surkhet. Annual Developmental Program, F.Y. 2070/071. Department of Livestock Services. Annual Disaster Review, 2008, Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention, Kathmandu. Annual Disaster Review, 2010, Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention, Kathmandu. Annual Disaster Review, 2013, Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention, Kathmandu. Annual Disaster Review, 2014, Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention, Kathmandu. Annual District Development Plan, F.Y. 2071/072. District Development Committee Office, Salyan, 2070. Annual Progress and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2069/070. District Livestock Services Office, Nawalparasi.

125

Annual Progress and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Kanchanpur. Annual Progress and Statistical Booklet, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Surkhet. Annual Progress Booklet (including District Profile), F.Y. 2070/071. District Livestock Services Office, Rautahat. Annual Progress Booklet (including District Profile), F.Y. 2070/071. District Livestock Services Office, Sunsari. Annual Progress Report (F.Y. 2069/070). Department of Livestock Services, Hariharbhavan. Annual Progress Report and Financial Report, 2071.Nepal Red Cross Society, District Branch, Siraha. Annual Progress Report and Financial Report, F.Y. 2071.Nepal Red Cross Society, District Branch, Siraha. Annual Progress Report Booklet (including District Profile), F.Y. 2070/071. District Livestock Services Office, Morang. Annual Progress Report Booklet (including District Profile), F.Y. 2070/071. District Livestock Services Office, Dhanusha. Annual Progress Report Booklet (including District Profile), F.Y. 2070/071. District Livestock Services Office, Bara. Annual Progress Report Booklet, F.Y. 2070/071 and Annual Agricultural Development Program, F.Y. 2070/071, District Livestock Services Office, Morang. Annual Progress Report Booklet, F.Y. 2070/071. District Women and Children Office, Sunsari. Annual Progress Report on Community Forest Development Program, F.Y. 2070/071.District Forest Office, Bara. Annual Progress Report on Community Forest Development Program, F.Y. 2068/069.District Forest Office, Sarlahi. Annual Progress Report, F.Y. 2068/069. District Women and Children Office, Surkhet. Annual Progress Report, F.Y. 2070/071. District Forest Office, Kanchanpur. Annual Progress Report, F.Y. 2070/071. District Forest Office, Morang, Biratnagar. Annual Progress Report, F.Y. 2070/071. District Livestock Services Office, Arghakhanchi. Annual Progress Report, F.Y. 2070/071. District Plant Resources Office, Kailali. Annual Progress Report, F.Y. 2070/071. District Women and Children Office, Sarlahi. Annual Progress Report, F.Y. 2070/071. District Women and Children Office, Bara. Annual Progress Report, F.Y. 2070/071. Goat Development Farm, Department of Livestock Services, Budhitola, Kailali. Annual Progress Report, F.Y. 2071/072. President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board, 2072.

126

Annual Progress Review, F.Y. 2070/071. District Forest Office, Rupandehi. Annual Publication, 2071. Nepal Red Cross Society, Morang District Branch, Biratnagar. Annual Report of the Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve Office, F.Y. 2070/071. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Kanchanpur. Annual Report, F.Y. 2061/062. Department Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, District Soil Conservation Office, Surkhet. Annual Report, F.Y. 2069/070. District Livestock Services Office, Tanahu. Annual Report, F.Y. 2069/070. District Livestock Services Office, Bardiya. Annual Report, F.Y. 2069/070. District Livestock Services Office, Rupandehi. Annual Report, F.Y. 2069/070. Kailali Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Annual Report, F.Y. 2070/071. District Forest Office, Palpa. Annual Report, F.Y. 2070/071. District Livestock Services Office, Banke. Annual Road Maintenance Plan, Strengthening the National Rural Transport Program, Arghkhanchi, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development, Office of District Development Committee, District Technical Office, October 2014. Annual Technical Report (F.Y. 2068/069). Department of Livestock Services, Directorate of Livestock Services, Hariharbhavan. Annual Technical Report, F.Y. 2069/070. District Livestock Services Office, Kanchanpur. Approved Yearly Programs of Various Departments and the Corresponding District-level Offices under the Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Ministry of Irrigation and Ministry of Agriculture, F.Y. 2072/073. President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board, 2072. Assessment of Implemented Status of Forestry Sector Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Strategy-2065, Nov 2014, Multi Stakeholder Forestry Programme, Kathmandu. Banke National Park and Buffer Zone Management Plan July -2013June ,2018Banke National Park and Buffer Zone Baral, N.R. 2001. A Conservation Plan for the Biological Corridor in Kailali District, Nepal, Resources Himalaya Barandavar Protected Forest Management Plan, Department of Forests, Kathmandu, 2068. Bardiya- Disaster Activities, 2071. District Disaster Rescue Office, Bardiya. Bardiya District Profile, 2070. District Development Committee, Bardiya. Basanta Protected Forest Management Plan, Department of Forests, 2068. Benndorf, A.M. and Goldammer, J.G. 2006. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005- Report on Fires in the South Asian Region, Fire Management Working Papers, FAO, Rome Italy.

127

Bhatta, D.D. and Lamsal, R.P. 2000. Impacts and Implications and National Forests by Community Forest User Groups: A Case Study of Banke and Bardiya Districts, EFEA/CARE Nepal, Tulsipur, Dang. Bhuju, D.R., Rijal, A. and Yonzon, P.B. 2001. Strategic Planning to Maintain the Ecology of the Western Tarai-Churiya Forests, Nepal, Resources Himalaya. Block Forest Management Plan, District Forest Office, Dang, Ashadh, 2069. Blood Circulation Service: Yearly Souvenir Bulletin, 2071. Nepal Red Cross Society, Morang District Branch, Biratnagar. Booklet Concerning the Human Resource and Cooperatives of Dhangadhi, Dadeldhura. Booklet of the Yearly Programs executed under the District Forest Office, Sunsari, F.Y. 2070/071, District Forest Office, Sunsari. Brief Information on Forest, 2070/071, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, District Forest Office, Kanchanpur. Brochure of Cottage & Small Industry Development Board, 2006, Cottage & Small Industry Development Board, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu. Brochure of Laljhadi-Mohana Conserved Forest, 2071 ,District Forest Office, Kanchanpur. Building on Success: the National Conservation Strategy for Nepal, 1988. His Majesty’s Government of Nepal and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Campaign against Women Violence and Discrimination (2011−2012). Dalit Women’s Right Forum, Dhangadhi, Kailali. Chalise, S. R. and N. R. Khanal. "Rainfall and Related Natural Disasters in Nepal". Landslide Hazards, Mitigation to the Hindukush-Himalayas. ICIMOD, Kathmandu (2001): 63-70. Changing Face of the Churia Range of Nepal, Land and Forest Cover in 1992 and 2014, Helvetas Swiss Cooperation Nepal, January 2015. Chapagain, D. and Yonzon, P.B. 2001. Legal Framework for the Conservation of the Western Tarai-Churiya Region, Nepal, Resources Himalaya. Chitwan Industries General Acquintance Directory, Chiwan Industries Association. Choudhary, C.L. and Poudel, S.K. 2065. Conservation, Management and Measures for Development of Rattan in Nepal. Chure Conservation Area (Atlas of 36 Districts), President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board, 2015. Chure Conservation: Successful Story, President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board. Churia Area Program Strategy, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, June 2008. Churia Forests of Nepal, Forest Resource Assessment Nepal, Department of Forest Research and Survey, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal, July 2014.

128

Climate Change Local Adaptation Plan for Action- LAPA of Binauna Village Development Committee (F.Y. 2071/072–2075/076). Binauna VDC, Banke, Chaitra, 2071. Climate Change Local Adaptation Plan for Action- LAPA of Phulbari Village Development Committee (F.Y. 2071/072–2075/076). Phulbari VDC, Dang, Chaitra, 2071. Climate Change Local Adaptation Plan for Action- LAPA of Satbariya Village Development Committee (F.Y. 2072/073 –2076/077). Satbariya VDC, Dang, Chaitra, 2071. Climate Change Local Adaptation Plan for Action- LAPA of Thakurdwara Village Development Committee (F.Y. 2071/072–2075/076). Thakurdwara VDC, Bardiya, 2071. Climate Change Local Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA, 2071. Kamdi Village Development Committee, Banke. Climate Change Local Adaptation Plan, 2070. Dahakhani Village Development Committee, Chitwan. Climate Smart Agriculture. LIBIRD, 2015. Collaborative Forest Management of Barha Forest Area. Stakeholders of the Barha Forest and District Forest Office, Kailali, 2066. Collaborative Forest Management Plan of Bharatal Forest Area. Stakeholders of Bharatal Forest and District Forest Office, Kailali, 2071. Collaborative Management of Tilourakot Forest. District Forest Office, Kapilvastu, F.Y. 2065/066. Colleborative Forest Management Guidelines, 2068. Department of Forests, Kathmandu. Collection and Sale-Distribution of Timber/Wood from Community Forest Guidelines, 2071, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation. Collection of Disaster Review Regarding to the Project Period of DPTC/DMSP 1992-2007, Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention, Kathmandu. Collection of Sources Concerning Environmental Rights and Good Governance. Forum for Justice. Commercial Cow and Buffalo Farming Method, F.Y. 2071/072. Central Cow and Buffalo Promotion Office, Lalitpur. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action– CAPA of Madanapur Community, Manikapur-3, Lower Madanapur, Banke, F.Y. 2069/070–2073/074, Manikapur-3, Lower Madanapur, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action– CAPA of Ladiyaghat Village under the Babukuwa Community Forest User Group, Kamdi VDC, Ward No. 9, Banke (F.Y. 2069/070–2074/075), Babukuwa Community Forest User Group, Kamdi VDC, Ward No. 9, Ladiyaghat Village, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action– CAPA of Pharam Tole under the Babukuwa Community Forest User Group, Basudevpur-1, Banke District (F.Y. 2069/070 – 2074/075), Babukuwa Community Forest User Group, Pharam Tole, Basudevpur-1, Banke.

129

Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action– CAPA of the Rajpuruwa Community under the Rajpuruwa Community Forest User Group, Ward No. 7, Rajapur VDC, Bardiya District (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075), Rajpuruwa Community Forest User Group, Rajapur-7, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action– CAPA of Belasa Community under the Birsana Women Buffer Zone Community Forest User Group, Ward No. 7, Patabhar VDC, Bardiya (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075), Patabhar VDC, Ward No. 4, Rajipur Community and Birsana Women Buffer Zone Community Forest User Group, Patabhar-4, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action– CAPA of Belasa Community under the Bhaluphanta Community Forest User Group, Ward No.7, Bhimmapur VDC, Bardiya (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075), Belasa Community, Bhimmapur VDC, Ward No. 7, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action– CAPA of Bhimmapur Community under the Bhaluphanta Commuity Forest User Group, Ward No.7, Bhimmapur VDC, Bardiya (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075), Bhimapur Community, Bhimmapur VDC, Ward No. 7, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action– CAPA of Dhobinpur Community under the Bheri-Karnali Community Forest User Group, Ward No. 2, Rajapur VDC, Bardiya (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075), Dhobinpur Community, Rajapur VDC, Ward No. 2, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action– CAPA of Thulopuruwa Tole, Juraiya under the Sadabahar Commuity Forest User Group, Phattepur-8, Banke (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075), Sadabahar Community Forest User Group, Phattepur VDC, Ward No. 8, Juraiya, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action– CAPA of Sankatti Buffer Zone Commodity under the Sankatti Buffer Zone Community Forest User Group, Ward No. 9, Patabhar VDC, Banke District (F.Y. 2069/070–2074/075), Sankatti Community and Sankatti Buffer Zone Community Forest User Group, Patabhar-9, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action– CAPA of Hempur Community under the Samayabhawani Community Forest User Group, Binouna VDC, Ward No. 9, Banke District (F.Y. 2070/071–2075/076), Samayabhawani Community Forest User Group, Binouna VDC, Ward No. 9, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA Banjariya Community under the Kanyeswori Community Forest User Group, Banjariya Tole, Vinouna-7, Banke (F.Y. 2069/070–2074/075). Kanyeswori Community Forest User Group, Banjariya Tole, Vinouna-7, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Bisambhvapur Community under the Kusumbhya Commuity Forest User Group, Phattepur VDC, Ward No. 7, Bisambhvapur Village, Banke (F.Y. 2069/070–2071/072). Kushumbhya Community Forest User Group, PhattepurVDC, Ward No. 7, Bisambhvapur Village, Banke.

130

Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Vinouna VDC, Ward No. 8, Rihar Danda, Banke under the Karneraja Community Forest User Group, (F.Y. 2070/071–2075/076). Karneraja Community Forest User Group, Vinouna VDC, Ward No. 8, Rihar Danda, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Kuniya Tole under the Chouridanda Community Forest User Group, Manikapur VDC, Ward No. 3, Banke (F.Y. 2069/070–2074/075). Chouridanda Community Forest User Group, Manikapur VDC, Ward No. 3, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Vich Tole, Thapuwa under the Jai Saraswoti Community Forest User Group, Manikapur-4, Banke (F.Y. 2069/070–2074/075). Jai Saraswoti Community Forest User Group, Manikapur-4, Thapuwa, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Sindura Community under the Krishna Community Forest User Group, Daulatpur VDC, Ward No. 4, Daulatpur VDC, Bardiya (F.Y. 2069/070–2071/072). Sindura Community and Krishna Community Forest User Group, Daulatpur VDC, Ward No. 4, Daulatpur, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Laxmipur Community under the Khaireni Community Forest User Group, Daulatpur VDC, Ward No. 3, Daulatpur VDC, Bardiya (F.Y. 2069/070–2071/072). Laxmipur Community and Khaireni Women Community Forest User Group, Daulatpur VDC, Ward No. 3, Daulatpur, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Premnagar Community under the Kalika Women Community Forest User Group, Doulatpur VDC, Ward Nos. 7 and 9, Bardiya (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075). Kalika Women Community Forest User Group, Doulatpur VDC, Ward Nos. 7 and 9, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Khatkenpur Village under the Chhagrahawa Community Forest User Group, Kamdi VDC, Ward No. 9, Banke (F.Y. 2069/070–2074/075). Chhagrahawa Community Forest User Group, Kamdi VDC, Ward No. 9, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Shantipur Community under the Nava Durga Bhagawati Community Forest User Group, Rajapur VDC, Ward No. 4,Banke (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075). Rajapur VDC, Ward No. 4, Banke. Shantipur Community and Nava Durga Bhagawati Community Forest User Group, Rajapur-4, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Murgahawa Community under the Murgahawa Community Forest User Group, Doulatpur VDC, Ward No. 2, Bardiya (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075). Doulatpur VDC, Murgahawa Community and Panchaki Community Forest User Group, Daulatpur-2, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Chanoura and Bhadrali Tole under the Panchaki Community Forest User Group, Doulatpur VDC, Ward No. 9, Bardiya (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075). Doulatpur VDC, Chanoura and Bhadrali Tole and Panchaki Community Forest User Group, Daulatpur-9, Bardiya.

131

Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Chotki Bhimmapur Community under the Munal Women Community Forest User Group, Chotki Bhimmapur VDC, Ward No. 2, Bardiya District (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075). Chotki Bhimmapur Community and Munal Women Community Forest User Group, Chotki Bhimmapur VDC, Bhimmapur-2, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Khalla Tapari Liwangi Tole under the Rapti-victimized Community Forest User Group, Phattepur-9, Banke District (F.Y. 2069/070–2074/075). Rapti-victimized Community Forest User Group, Ward No. 9, Phattepur VDC, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Laljeepur (Tighra) Community under the Laljeepur (Tighra) Community Forest User Group, Rajapur VDC, Ward Nos. 8 and 9, Bardiya District (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075). Laljeepur (Tighra) Community Forest User Group, Rajapur VDC, Ward Nos. 8 and 9, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Action, CAPA of Tediya Community under the Laligurans Community Forest User Group, Rajapur VDC, Rajapur VDC, Ward No. 5, Bardiya District (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075). Tediya Community, Ward No. 5 and Community Forest User Group, Tediya Community and Laligurans Community Forest User Group, Rajapur-5, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Adaption Plan of Action, CAPA of Anantpur Community under theAnantpur Community Forest User Group,Rajapur-6, Bardiya (F.Y. 2070/071 – 2074/075). Rajapur VDC, Ward No. 6, Anantpur Community and Anantpur Community Forest User Group, Rajapur-6, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Integrated Adaptation Plan of Action- CAPA of Durga Women Community under the Durga Community Forest User Group, Bhimmapur VDC, Ward No.4, Bardiya (F.Y. 2070/071 – 2074/075), Bhimmapur VDC, Ward No. 4 and Durganagar and Durga Community Forest User Group, Bhimmapur-4, Bardiya. Community-level Climate Change Integrated Adaptation Plan of Action- CAPA of Tadawa Village, Binouna VDC, Ward No. 5, Banke (F.Y. 2069/070 – 2074/075), Siddheswori Community Forest User Group, Tadwa Village, Ward No. 5, Binouna-5, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Integrated Adaptation Plan of Action- CAPA of Laxmirajpur, PhattepurVDC, Ward No. 8, Banke(F.Y. 2069/070 – 2074/075), Siddhababa Community Forest User Group, Laxmirajpur, Ward No. 8,PhattepurVDC, Banke. Community-level Climate Change Integrated Adaptation Plan of Action- CAPA of Lalahi, Ward No, 3 Vinouna VDC, Banke under the Sunakholi Community Forest User Group (F.Y. 2070/071–2075/076).Sunakholi Community Forest User Group, Vinouna VDC, Ward Nos. 1, 2, 3Banke. Community-level Climate Change Integrated Adaptation Plan of Action- CAPA of Banghusra Community under the Hariyali Buffer Zone Community Forest User Group, Patabhar VDC, Ward No. 4, Bardiya District(F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075).Banghusra Community and Hariyali Buffer Zone Community Forest User Group Patabhar-4, Ward No. 4, Bardiya District. Conservation Extension Booklet, 2068/069. District Soil Conservation Office, Siraha.

132

Cottage Enterprise Development Program for Poverty Alleviation (Concerning Internalization and Comparison), Cottage and Small Industry Office, Siraha. Cultivation of Principal Tropical Non-timber Forest products of Nepal and Sustainable Management of Non-timber Forest Products in the Tarai and Chure Regions. Technical Support Program, Kathmandu, Mangsir, 2071. Dahal R.K., 2010, Engineering Geology of Nepal, published in personal home page www.ranjan.net.np. Dahal, K. R., Sharma, S., Sharma C. M., .2012Review of Riverbed Extraction and its Effects on Aquatic Environment with Special Reference to Tinau River, Nepal. Hydro Nepal, Issue No .11 Database of Community Forests, District Forest Office, Ilam. Database of Leasehold Forest Division, Department of Forests, Kathmandu. Depiction and Analysis of the Resources of Mahottari District, 2071. District Development Committee, 2071. Details on the Data of Dhanusha District, 2068. District Development Committee, Dhanushadham. Details on the Materials of Bara District, Central Bureau of Statistics, Branch Statistical Office, Parsa, Birgunj, 2063. Details on the Materials of Dadeldhura District, F.Y. 2061/062. Statistics Bureau, District Statistical Office, Dadeldhura. Details on the Materials of Dang District. District Statistical Office, Dang, 2062. Details on the Materials of Dhankuta District, 2062. Details on the Materials of Kailali District, 2063. District Development Committee Office, Kailali. Details on the Materials of Mahottari District. Statistical Branch Office, Mahottari, 2065. Details on the Materials of Parsa District, 2061. Central Bureau of Statistics, Branch Statistical Office, Parsa, Birgunj, 2062. Details on the Materials of Rautahat District. Branch Statistical Office, Parsa, 2064. Details on the Materials of Sindhuli District. Branch Statistical Office, Sindhuli Ramechhap. 2050. Details on the Materials of Surkhet District, F.Y. 2064/065. District Statistical Office, Surkhet. Details on the Materialsof Udayapur District, 2070. District Development Committee Office, Udayapur. Devariya Botanical Garden, 2071. District Plant Resources Office, Kailali. Development Voice, Dhanusha, 2071. District Development Committee Office, Dhanusha. Dhanusha District Sub-watershed Prioritization, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Dhanusha.

133

Dhital, M.R., 1998. Mountain Risk Engineering in Nepalese Perspective: A Glimpse of Activities by Mountain Risk Engineering Unit, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan, 2069. District Disaster Rescue Committee, Kanchanpur. Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan, 2069. District Disaster Rescue Committee, Kailali. Disaster Preparedness Plan, 2068. District Disaster Management Committee, Sindhuli. Disaster Preparedness Response Plan, 2068. District Disaster Rescue Committee, Palpa. Disaster Preparedness Response Plan, 2070. Makwanpur. Disaster Risk Management Plan of the Lekhpharsa Village Development Committee, 2071. Local Disaster Risk Management Committee, Lekhpharsa VDC, Surkhet. Disaster Transport Master Plan. Nawalparasi District Development Committee, Nawalparasi. District Agricultural Development Program and Statistical Booklet at a Glance, F.Y. 2071/072. District Agriculture Development Office, Parsa. District Climate and Energy Plan, Kailali, Alternative Energy Promotion Center/National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme, District Development Committee, Kailali, December 2014. District Climate and Energy Plan, Mahottari district, District Development Committee, Mahottari, 2014. District Climate and Energy Plan, Makwanpur District, District Development Committee, April 2011. District Development Committee Office, Enterprise Development Unit, F.Y. 2071/072. District Development Plan of Sindhuli, F.Y. 2070/071. District Development Committee Office, Sindhuli, 2069. District Development Plan of Sindhuli, F.Y. 2071/072. District Development Committee Office, Sindhuli, 2070. District Development Plan, F.Y. 2071/072. District Development Committee Office, Dang. District Disaster Emergency Plan, Dang, 2068. District Disaster Management Plan of Dhanusha District, 2071-2075. District Development Committee, Dhanusha, Asar, 2071. District Disaster Preparedness and Action Plan of Kailali District, 2071. District Disaster Rescue Committee, District Administration Office, Kailali. District Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan 2010 (2067), District Disaster Relief Committee (DDRC), Dadeldhura District, Nepal Red Cross Society. District Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan, 2070. District Disaster Rescue Committee, Jhapa, Nepal Red Cross Society, Jhapa District Branch. District Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan. District Disaster Rescue Committee, Jhapa, 2068.

134

District Disaster Preparedness Plan, 2069. District Disaster Rescue Committee, Bardiya. District Disaster Preparedness Plan, Surkhet District. District Disaster Rescue Committee, Surkhet, 2070. District Emergency Plan, 2065 (Status of Flood). District Disaster Rescue Committee, Mahottari, 2067. District Enterprise Development Strategic Plan, F.Y. 2071/072–2075/076. District Development Committee Office, Enterprise Development Unit, Kailali, 2071. District Forest Area Plan (2012–2068 AD). District Forest Coordination Committee, Dadeldhura. District Forest Area Plan of Pyuthan District. Stakeholders of Pyuthan District, 2066. District Forestry Sector Plan (2011–2016), District Forest Coordination Committee, Dadeldhura, October 2011. District Forestry Sector Plan for Kailali District (From 2008 to 2027), Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Western Tarai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP), 2008. District Forestry Sector Plan for Kanchanpur District (from 2008/09 to 2015/16), District Forest Coordination Committee, Kanchanpur, 2008. District Population Profile of Lalitpur, F.Y. 2070/071. District Population Profile of Sindhuli, 2071, Sindhuli. District Profile, Sarlahi, United Nations Field Coordination Office, Eastern Region, Biratnagar, Nepal, 2012. District Risk Management Plan, Udayapur District, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, April 2011. District Transport Master Plan (DTMP), District Development Committee, July 2013. District Transport Master Plan, Dang, District Development Committee, Dang, April 2014. District Transportation Master Plan, Bara, District Development Committee, Bara. District Transportation Master Plan, Kailali, District Development Committee, Kailali. District Transportation Master Plan, Kapilvastu District, District Development Committee, Kapilvastu, Dec 2012. District Transportation Master Plan, Makwanpur District, District Development Committee, Makwanpur, Dec 2012. District Transportation Master Plan, Rupandehi District, District Development Committee, Rupandehi, 2014. District Transportation Master Plan, Saptari District, District Development Committee, Saptari, November 2014. District Transportation Master Plan, Sarlahi District, District Development Committee, Sarlhai, 2014. District Transportation Master Plan, Siraha District, District Development Committee, Siraha, December 2012.

135

District Transportation Master Plan, Surkhet District, District Development Committee, Surkhet, 2014. District Transportation Master Plan, Udayapur District, District Development Committee, Udayapur, 2014. Doda Khola Sub-watershed Management Plan, District Soil Conservation Office, Kailali. DoR, 2070. Nepal Road Standard, Department of Roads, Kathmandu. Draft Implementation and Strategic Plan for the Conservation and Management of the Conservation and Management of the Forests of the Chure range of Banke District, F.Y. 2068–2077. Stakeholders of the District Forest Office, Banke. Draft Report on EIA of Sustainable Collection/Extraction of Boulders, Gravel, Stone and Sand from Lakhandehi River in Sarlahi District, DDC, Sarlahi. Draft Report on EIA of sustainable collection-extraction of boulders, gravel, stone and sand from Bagmati River in Sarlahi District, June 2013 ,DDC, Sarlahi. Dunne, Thomas, and Luna B. Leopold. Water in environmental planning. Macmillan, 1978. Environment Protection Act, 2053 (1997 A.D.). Ministry of Environment, Government of Nepal. Environmental Impact Assessment Report, Jhora Community Forest, Banke. Equal Access to Dalit Women to Health Services (EADWHS), FEDO, Kupondole, Lalitpur Erosion and Sedimentation in the Nepal Himalayas, Government of Nepal, Water and Energy Commission Secretariat. Extension Leaflet on the Afforestation in the Private Lands of the Southern Part of the Tarai Region to reduce Pressure on the Chure region, 2068. FAO, 2011. Assessing forest Degradation Towards the Development of Globally Applicable Guidelines, Forest Resource Assessment Working Paper 177, Rome. Feasibility Study on Expanding Groundwater Development for Irrigation in the Birgunj Area of Tarai, Nov 1993, Annexes, GoN, Ministry of Water Resources, Department of Irrigation. Final Draft of Poverty Reduction through Sustainable Management of Protected Areas and Wetlands in Nepal: Processes, Modalities, Impacts and Identification of Areas for Future Support, Main Report, NARMA Consultancy Private Limited, 2004. Final Report on Preliminary Study Survey of Bachhela Khola River Training Project in Kanchanpur District, Water Induced Disaster Prevention Division No. 7, Dhangadhi, Kailali, F/Y: 2070/71. Final Report on Preliminary Study Survey of Bagun Khola River Training Project in Kanchanpur District, Water Induced Disaster Prevention Division No. 7, Dhangadhi, Kailali, F/Y: 2070/71. Final Report on Preliminary Study Survey of Dharapani Gad River Training Project in Kanchanpur District, Water Induced Disaster Prevention Division No. 7, Dhangadhi, Kailali, F/Y: 2070/71.

136

Final Report on Preliminary Study Survey of Khar Khola River Training Project in Kanchanpur District, Water Induced Disaster Prevention Division No. 7, Dhangadhi, Kailali, F/Y: 2070/71. Final Report on Preliminary Study Survey of Odhal Khola River Training Project in Kanchanpur District, Water Induced Disaster Prevention Division No. 7, Dhangadhi, Kailali, F/Y: 2070/71. Fire Management Today, 2008. Volume 68, No. 3. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. First Periodic District Development Plan (F.Y. 272/073 – 2076/077). District Development Committee, Bardiya. Fishery Profile, District Agriculture Development program, Parsa. Five-year Action Plan (2069/070–073/074), 2069. District Forest Office, Parsa. Five-year Action Plan (2069/070–073/074), 2069. District Forest Office, Bara. Five-year Action Plan (2069/070–073/074), 2069. District Forest Office, Nawalparasi, 2070. Five-year Forest Management Action Plan of Rupandehi District (F.Y. 2070/071 – 2074/075). District Forest Office, Bashantpur, Rupandehi, 2070. Five-year Forest Management Plan of Dhanusha District (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075). District Forest Office, Dhanusha, 2070. Five-year Forest Management Plan of District Forest Office, Bhojpur, 2067/068 – 2071/072. Five-year Forest Management Plan of District Forest Office, Dadeldhura, F.Y. 2069/070– 2073/074. Five-year Forest Management Plan of District Forest Office, Dadeldhura, F.Y. 2069/070– 2073/074, Mangshir, 2069. Five-year Forest Management Plan of District Forest Office, Dang, F.Y. 2069/070– 2073/074, Mangsir, 2069. Five-year Forest Management Plan of District Forest Office, Jhapa, F.Y. 2069/070– 2073/074. Five-year Forest Management Plan of District Forest Office, Kailali, F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075. Five-year Forest Management Plan of District Forest Office, Kanchanpur, F.Y. 2069/070– 2073/074. Five-year Forest Management Plan of District Forest Office, Mahottari, F.Y. 2070/071– 2074/075. Five-year Forest Management Plan of District Forest Office, Morang, F.Y. 2069/070– 2073/074. Five-year Forest Management Plan of District Forest Office, Saptari, 2064/065–2068/069. Five-year Forest Management Plan of District Forest Office, Surkhet, F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075. Five-year Forest Management Plan of District Forest Office, Surkhet, F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075. Five-year Management Plan of Jagadishpur Reservoir (2070 – 2074). Jagadishpur Reservoir Multi-stakeholder Forum, Niglihawa-1, Kapilvastu.

137

Forest Act 2049 (1993). Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Forestry Development Project, HMGN/USAID. Forest Action Plan, F.Y. 2063/064, Jhapa. Forest Activities in Udayapur District: Summary in Glimpse, F.Y. 2070/071, District Forest Office, Udayapur. Forest Conservation and Management Plan of the Chure of Dadeldhura. District Forest Office, Dadeldhura, 2068. Forest Conservation and Management Plan of the Chure Region, District Forest Coordination Committee, Jhapa, 2068. Forest Department Database (Community Forest, Private Forest), 2072. Forest Encroachment Control and Participatory Forest Management Plan (F.Y. 2070/071). District Forest Office, Kailali. Forest Encroachment Data, 2071. District Forest Office, Nawalparasi. Forest Fire Management Strategy 2010. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal. Forest fire, District Forest Office, Dadeldhura, Magh, 2070. Forest Management Action Plan of Sunsari District, F.Y. 2071/72–2975/076. District Forest Office, Sunsari. Forest Management Action Plan, F.Y. 2064/065–2068/069, District Forest Office, Banke Forest Management Action Plan. District Forest Office, Saptari, 2071. Forest Management Plan of Latijhoda Collaborative Forest, F.Y. 2071/072. District Forest Office, Morang, Latijhoda Collaborative Forest User Group and Committee. Forest Regulation 2051 (1995). Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Forestry Development Project, HMGN/USAID. Forest, Land and Right of Indigenous Nationalities concerning Climate Change and REDD. Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities, Climate Change and REDD Collaborative Program, 2067. FRA /DFRS, 2014b. Churia Forests of Nepal (2011-2013). Forests Resource Assessment Nepal Project/ Department of Forest Research and Survey, Babarmahal, Kathmandu. FRA/DFRS, 2014a. Tarai Forests of Nepal (2010-2012). Babarmahal Kathmandu: Forests Resource Assessment Nepal Project/ Department of Forest Research and Survey. Fundamental Guidelines concerning Settlement Development, Urban Planning and Building Construction. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development, Singhdurbar, Kathmandu. Funding for Leadership and Opportunities for Women (FLOW) Presentation, FEDO, Kailali. Gahate Khola Sub-watershed Management Plan, District Soil Conservation Office, 2068/69

138

Gender and Social Inclusion Strategy of Forestry Sector, 2065. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation. Ghatal Religious Forest, District Forest Office, Dadeldhura. Ghimire, M.L., Pathak, M., Bhatta, B. and Bogati, R. 2008. Situation and Trend Analysis of Churia Area Using Geographic Information and Remote Sensing, Churia Area Programme Strategy, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, CARE-Nepal, IUCN-Nepal, WWF- Nepal. Goche Khola Sub-watershed Management Plan, District Soil Conservation Office, Surkhet. 2068/69. GPSE Conceptual Framework and Operational Checklist: Tool for GPSE Mainstreaming in MSFP, Multi Stakeholder Forestry Programme. November 2012. Guidelines for Even-aged Natural Forest Management, Year?. Guidelines for Formation and Operation of District Forest Coordination Committee, 2068, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation. Guidelines for Inventory and Management of Community Forest, 2066. Guidelines for Regulation of Animal Feed Development National Campaign Program, 2070. Department for Livestock Services, National Pasture and Animal Feed Center, Hariharbhavan. Guidelines for the District Disaster Management Planning, 2069. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development. Hand Book on the Resource Details Concerning the Production of Grass-related Crop Seeds, Department of Livestock Services, National Grazing and Animal Feed Centre, Hariharbhavan. Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis of Nepal’s Chure Area, 2014, Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur. http:--www.illamonline.com-category-about-ilam-district-lakes-ponds-in-ilam I.M.O. Technique Hand Book: a trustful technology for agriculture and animal husbandry. Rajghat People’s Welfare Forum, Morang. Ilam District Profile, 2063. District Statistical Office, Panchthar. Improved Seed Program for the Farmers. First Trimester Progress Report of the F.Y. 2071/072. DLSO, Arghakhanchi. Increasing Political Participation of Dalit Women for Sustainable Peace in Nepal (2012-2015), Funding for Leadership and Opportunities for Women (FLOW), Kailali. Information on Kurilo-Satawari and Cultivation Procedure, 2070. District Plant Resources Office, Kailali. Information on Technical and Production Cost of Root Vegetable Cultivation, 2071/072. Root Vegetable Development Centre, Sindhuli.

139

Informative Booklet on Commercial Precious Gems and Rocks, 2070. Cottage and Small Industries Development Committee, Main Branch, Surkhet. Initial Environmental Assessment for Sustainable Collection/Excavation of Stones, Pebbles and Sand from the Rivers, from the East-West Highway up to Pawara Village in the North. Office of the District Development Committee, Taulihawa, Kapilvastu, Initial Environmental Examination for Sustainable Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from the River-bed of Tinau River at Marchwar Ghat, Betkuiya VDC, Rupandehi District. District Development Committee Office, Rupandehi, 2071. Initial Environmental Examination of the Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from Banke Khola of Sarlahi District. District Development Committee, Sarlahi. Initial Environmental Examination on the Five-year Action Plan (2069/070–073/074), 2069. District Forest Office, Morang. Initial Environmental Examination Report for Sustainable Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from Dudhoura and Dhansar Rivers, Asoj, 2070, VDC, Bara. Initial Environmental Examination Report for Sustainable Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from Lalbakaiya River, Asoj, 2070, VDC, Bara. Initial Environmental Examination Report for Sustainable Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from Different Streams (Kalinjor-Phuljor and Jhim) of Sarlahi District. Initial Environmental Examination Report of District Forest Office, Dadeldhura, 2069. Initial Environmental Examination Report of the Phuljor Collaborative Forest Management Plan (F.Y. 2066/067 – 2070/071). Collaborative Forest User Group of the Phuljor Collaborative Forest and District Forest Office, Sarlahi, Lalbandi, Shrawan, 2066. Initial Environmental Examination Report on Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from the Kamala Khola of Sarlahi District. District Development Committee Office, Siraha, Mangsir, 2071. Initial Environmental Examination Report on Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from the Khutti Khola of Siraha District. District Development Committee Office, Siraha, Mangsir, 2071. Initial Environmental Examination Report on Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from the Gagan Khola of Siraha District. District Development Committee Office, Siraha, Mangsir, 2071. Initial Environmental Examination Report on Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from the Ghurmi Khola of Siraha District. District Development Committee Office, Siraha, Mangsir, 2071. Initial Environmental Examination Report on Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from the Balan Khola of Siraha District. District Development Committee Office, Siraha, Mangsir, 2071. Initial Environmental Examination Report on Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from the Mainawatti Khola of Siraha District. District Development Committee Office, Siraha, Mangsir, 2071.

140

Initial Environmental Examination Report on Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from the Sarre Khola of Siraha District. District Development Committee Office, Siraha, Mangsir, 2071. Initial Environmental Examination Report on Sustainable Excavation and Collection of Stone, Pebbles and Sand from Balganga and Pasaha Rivers, Asoj, 2070, Village Development Committee, Bara. Initial Environmental Examination Report on the Collection of Stone, Pebbles, Sand etc. from the Biring Khola (Budhabari region). District Development Committee Office, Jhapa, Bhadra, 2071. Initial Environmental Examination Report on the Collection of Stone, Pebbles, Sand etc. from the Kankai Khola (Budhabari Region). District Development Committee Office, Jhapa, Bhadra, 2071. Initial Environmental Examination Report on the Five-year Action Plan (2065/066–069/070), 2065. District Forest Office, Saptari. Initial Environmental Examination Report on the Five-year Forest Management Plan of Surkhet District, Surkhet, 2071. Initial Environmental Examination Report Prepared by Janmukhi Community Forest User Group for the Handover of Forest. Janmukhi Community Forest User Group, Kachnapur-2, Banke, Baishakh, 2068. Initial Environmental Examination Report prepared by Jaya Durga Bhavani Community Forest User Group for the Handover of Forest. Jaya Durga Community Forest User Group, Kachnapur-3, Banke, Baishakh, 2068. Initial Environmental Examination Report Prepared for the Approval of the Five-year Forest management Plan of District Forest Office, Dadeldhura. Mangshir, 2069. Initial Environmental Examination Report, Bardiya, District Development Committee Office, Bardiya. Initial Environmental Examination Report, Gyampe Khola, Sindhuli. Initial Environmental Examination Report, Kamala and Gwang Khola, Sindhuli. Initial Environmental Examination Report, Nawalparasi, District Development Committee, Nawalparasi. Initial Environmental Examination Report, Summary of 2066. Janyekata Women Community Forest, Banke. Integrated Climate Change Adaptation Plan (F.Y. 2069/070 – 2073/074). Gobardiha Village Development Committee, Ward No. 1, Jan Sewa Community Forest User Group, Juraune, Dang. Integrated Management Plan for Lakhandehi River System, Sarlahi, August 2012 ,GoN, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Babarmahal. Integrated Management Plan for Pasaha River Sub-watershed, Bara ,DSCO, Bara.

141

Integrated Watershed Conservation and Management Plan: Sardu Watershed, Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal. IUCN Nepal Country Office, 2011. Introduction to Lahan in Brief and the Progress Report on Forest Development Program, F.Y. 2070/071. District Forest Office, Siraha. Introduction to Mentha and its Cultivation Method, 2070. District Plant Resources Office, Kailali. Introduction to Plants and Their Cultivation Techniques, 2070, District Plant Resources Office, Kailali. Introduction to Tejpat (Cinamomum tamala): District Forest Office, Udatyapur. Introduction to the Cottage and Small Industry Office, Kanchanpur, 2071. Introduction to the District and a Glance of the Program executed by the District Agriculture Office, Dang. Jalaidh Khola Watershed Management Plan 068-2067, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Dhanusha. Jhapa District Profile, 2058. District Development Committee Office, Jhapa. Joint Technical Review of Community Forestry, Report of the Joint Technical Review Committee, February 2011. Joshi, Dr. J., Tripathi, D. M. and Shrestha, K. 2068. Tarai Forest Management: Constraints, Queries, Opportunities and Alternatives. Nepal Foresters’ Association. Kanchanpur District Profile, District Development Committee Office, Kanchanpur. Kateni Nadi Sub-watershed Management Plan, 70-2069, DSCO, Kailali. Khanal, R., Paudel, D., 2012. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) Schemes for Conserving Sardu Watershed Nepal: Existing Practices and Future Prospects. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Khaniya and Rautela River Training Works, Kanchanpur, Water Induced Disaster Prevention, 2014. Khata Protected Forest Management Plan, 2068, Department of Forests. Koirala, P., Pyakurel, D. and Oli, V. Inventory of Bijayasal in the Community Forest of Kanchanpur District. District Forest Office, Kanchanpur. Kumar, Dr. S. Destruction of Chure and its Impacts in the Tarai Madhesh. Hamro Kalpa Briksha, Department of Forests, Extension Division, Kathmandu, Bhadra, 2071, Year 26, No. 279. Kunwar, R.M., 2004. Forest Fire and Livelihood Linkage in Tarai Arc Landscape (TAL), Nepal, World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) Nepal Programme, Kathmandu. Kunwar, R.U., Forest Fire in the Tarai, Nepal, Causes and Community Management Interventions, International Forest Fire News (IFFN) No. 34 (January-June 2006, 46-54). Laljhadi-Mohana Protected Forest Action Plan, 2068. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Department of Forests, Babarmahal.

142

Land Capability Report, Land Resource Mapping Project, Kenting Earth Sciences Limited. Landslide and its Prevention, Tribhuvan University. Livelihoods Forestry Programme, Midwest Coordination Office, Dang. Local Adaptation Plan for Action- LAPA, 2070. Suryapatuwa Village Development Committee, Bardiya. Lower Chingad Khola Watershed Management Plan, 2069-70 ,DSCO, Surkhet Mahabharat Protected Forest, District Forest Office, Dadeldhura, Baishakh, 2071. Mahat, P.S., 2002. The Economic Root Causes and Policy Issues Affecting Livelihood and Conservation in TAL Districts, WWF-Nepal, Kathmandu. Makwanpur District Disaster Management Action Plan, Undated. Mahottari District Periodical District Development Plan (2072/073–2076/077). District Development Committee, Mahottari, Magh, 2071. Management Plan for the Bagdwar and Chanjo Sub-Watershed of Chulachuli Village Development Committee, Ilam, 2002-2006, Conservation of Critical Ecosystem in Siwalik Hills through Collaborative Management. IUCN-The World Conservation Union. Margrath, W.B., Grandalski, R. L., Stuckey, G.L., Vikanes, G.B. and Wilkinson, G.R. 2007. Timber Theft Prevention: Introduction to Security for Forest Managers, East Asia and Pacific Region Sustainable Development Discussion Paper. East Asia and Pacific Region Sustainable Development Department, World Bank, Washington, DC. Master Plan of Chaudhar River Training Works (Including Tributaries), Kanchanpur District, Water Induced Disaster Prevention Division Office No. 7, Dhangadhi, Kailali, March 2015. Master Plan of Jogbudha River in Kanchanpur District, Water Induced Disaster Prevention Division Office No. 7, Dhangadhi, Kailali, January 2015. Master Plan of Rangun River Training Works, Dadeldhura District, Water Induced Disaster Prevention Division Office No. 7, Dhangadhi, Kailali, 2015. Mayadevi Collaborative Forest Management Plan, District Forest Office, Kapilvastu. Meyer, E., River Survey 1998-2000, Final Report, Food for Work/Integrated Food Security Project, Churia Forest Development Project, District Soil Conservation Offices Siraha, Saptari and Udayapur, German Development Services, Flood Control Monitoring Program, February 2002. Monitoring and Evaluation Analysis Report on Leasehold Forest and Animal Development Program (2070/071). District Forest Office, Sindhuli. Monitoring and Evaluation Report on Community Forest (F.Y. 2070/071), District Forest Office, Sindhuli. Monitoring and Evaluation Report on Community Forest User Group, F.Y. 2070/071, District Forest Office, Rupandehi. Monitoring and Evaluation Report on Community Forest User Groups, F.Y. 2071/072, District Forest Office, Surkhet.

143

Morang District Profile, 2069. District Development Committee Office, Morang. Morang District Profile, 2070. District Development Committee Office, Morang. National Adaptation Program of Actions to Climate Change, 2010. Ministry of Environment, 2010. National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change, Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Nepal, 2010, Ministry of Environment, Government of Nepal. National Forest Records, F.Y. 2070/071. District Forest Office, Sunsari. National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report), Central Bureau of Statistics, November 2012. National Population and Housing Census 2011 (Village Development Committee/Municipality), Central Bureau of Statistics, November 2012. National Seminar on “Churia Region Environmental Study” Proceedings, July 2010, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Kathmandu. National Wetland Policy 2003, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal. Natural Agriculture and Vegetational Insecticide, Rajghat Public Welfare Forum, Morang. Nepal Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review, 2011. Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environmental Programme, Capacity Development for Development Effectiveness Facility for Asia Pacific, Kathmandu, December 2011. Nepal Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, March 2009. Number-wise Details (sector: production) on the Industries in Existence up to Ashadh, 2071. Cottage and Small Enterprise Development Office, Kailali. Number-wise Details (sector: service) on the Industries in Existence up to Ashadh, 2071. Cottage and Small Enterprise Development Office, Kailali. Organizational Structure and Human Resource Plan of the President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Board, Secretariat of the President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Board. Overall Progress Report Booklet, 2068. District Soil Conservation Office, Routahat. Pande, G. Constraints and Opportunities of Community Forest. Federation of Community Forest Users, Nepal, Chaitra, 2068. Parsa District Disaster Management Plan, 2071-2075, District Development Committee, Parsa. Parsa District Profile, 2070. District Development Office, Parsa. Periodical Development Planning of Sarlahi District (F.Y. 2071/072 – 2076/077). Poush, 2071, District Development Committee, Sarlahi. Periodical Development Planning of Sarlahi District, F.Y. 2071/072 – 2076/077.

144

Periodical District Development Plan (F.Y. 2058/059–2063/064). District Development Committee, Bara, Chaitra, 2062. Periodical District Development Plan (F.Y. 2059/060–2063/064). District Development Committee, Makawanpur, Hetauda, 2059. Periodical District Development Plan (F.Y. 2069/070–2073/074). District Development Committee, Rautahat. Periodical District Development Plan (F.Y. 2070/071–2074/075). District Development Committee, Parsa. Periodical District Development Plan (F.Y. 2072/073–2076/077). District Development Committee, Saptari, 2071. Periodical District Development Plan (F.Y. 2072/073–2076/077). District Development Committee, Surkhet, Chaitra, 2071. Periodical District Development Plan (F.Y. 2072/073–2076/077). District Development Committee, Kailali, Magh, 2071. Periodical District Development Plan (F.Y. 2072/073–2076/077). District Development Committee, Banke, Chaitra, 2071. Phuljor Collaborative Forest Management Plan (F.Y. 2066/067– 2070/071). Collaborative Forest User Group of Phuljor Collaborative Forest and District Forest Office, Sarlahi, Lalbandi, Shrawan, 2066. Pineapple Crop Production (2071–2072), Kandamul and Vegetable Development Center, Sindhuli. Pokharel, B., Byrne, S, 2009. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies in Nepal’s Forest Sector: How Can Rural Communities Benefit? Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project, Kathmandu. Policy, Programs and Budget Proposed by the 21st District Council, Fiscal Year 2072/073. District Development Committee, Janakpurdham. Poudel, R.P. 2071/072. Commercial Cow and Buffalo Farming Method. Department of Livestock Services, Central Cattle and Buffalo Promotion Office, Lalitpur. Practical Action Nepal Office, 2009; Temporal and Spatial Variability of Climate Change over Nepal (1976-2005). Pre-feasibility Study Report of Different River Training Projects in Kailali District (Master Plan), May 2011, Water Induced Disaster Prevention Division No. 7, Dhangadhi, Kailali Preliminary Report on Recent Flood Damage to Sikta Irrigation Project, 22 August 2014, Department of Irrigation, Sikta Irrigation Project, Banke, Nepalgunj. President Chure Conservation Program Implementation Guidelines, 2068. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, President Chure Conservation Program Coordination Unit, Kathmandu. Prioritization of Sub-watershed in Arghakhanchi, District Soil Conservation Office, Arghakhanchi, 2070.

145

Profile of the President Chure Conservation Program. F.Y. 2070/071, Udayapur. Program Execution Manual and Supporting Booklet on Leasehold Forest User Group’s Livelihood Improvement Plan Preparation and Implementation. Leasehold Forest and animal Development Program Technical Support Project, 2071. Program Implementation Work-procedure for the Programs Implemented under the Department of Forests, 2071. Department of Forests, 2071. Program of Budget of the District Domestic Service Office, F.Y. 2070/71. District Domestic Service Office, Sarlahi. Programs and Budget of the District Development Plan, F.Y. 2071/072. District Development Committee Office, Information, Data and Archive Section, Surkhet. Progress Booklet, F.Y. 2069/070. District Agriculture Development Office, Nawalparasi. Progress Details on the President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Program, F.Y. 2068/069. District Forest Office, Sarlahi. Progress Report of BISEP-ST Program, 2068/069, District Forest Office, Sarlahi. Progress Report on Basanta Protected Forest, F.Y. 2070/071. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Basanta Protected Forest Program, Pahalmanpur, Bardiya. Progress Report on Herbs Development, F.Y. 2068/069, District Forest Office, Sarlahi. Progress Report on National Forest Development and Management Program, F.Y. 2068/069. District Forest Office, Sarlahi. Proposed Budget and Program of the President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Program for the F.Y. 2072/073. Soil and Watershed Conservation Office, Dang. Proposed Yearly Programs of District Forest Office, Dadeldhura, F.Y. 2070/071. Pyakurel, D., Oli, B.R. and Thapa Magar, M. Feasibility Study of Commercially Valuable Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Far western Development Region, Nepal, Biodiversity Associate for Research, Development and Action-Nepal, June 2014. Rate Analysis Norms for the Developmental/Constructional Programs related to Forest, Vegetation and Wildlife, 2070. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, 2070. Raumer, I.F., Shaxon, T.F. 1997. Churia Forest Development Project, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu and Krenditanstalt für Wiederauflau, Frankfurt, Germany. Regional Workshop on Pro-poor Leasehold Forestry, Workshop Proceedings, 2014. Report of the Department of Cottage and Small Industry, District Office, Morang, 2069. Report on Identification of Private Forest in Dhanusha, Status of Forest and Database. District Forest Office, Janakpur, 2071. Report on the Forest Encroachment in Kapilvastu District, 2071, presented by the Kapilvastu District Forest Office. Commission for Investigation of Abuse of Authority, Regional Office, Pokhara. Report on the Identification of Private Forest, Condition of Forest and Database in Mahottari District, 2071. District Forest office, Mahottari.

146

Report on the Periodical Development Planning of Sarlahi District, F.Y. 2071/072 – 2076/077. Review of Disaster Preparedness Response Plan, 2071/072. District Disaster Rescue Committee, Rupandehi. Review of the District Forest Five-year Action Plan (F.Y. 2064/065–2068/069). District Forest Office, Dadeldhura. River System Management Plan for Balan River, Siraha, 2012,Government of Nepal. Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Babarmahal. Rizal, K.P. 2070. Commercial Sheep Farming. Central Sheep and Goat Promotion Office, Lalitpur. Role of Indigenous Nationalities in Conservation and Sustainable Management of Forest. Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities, Climate Change and REDD Implementation Program, 2069. Saptari District Profile, 2071. District Development Committee, 2071. Sarlahi District Profile, F.Y. 2070/071. Scientific Forest Management Work-procedure, 2071. Department of Forests, 2071. Scientific Forest Management, F.Y. 2070/071- 2079/080. Trishakti Community Forest User Group, Motipur VDC, Ward Nos. 5, 8 & 9. Kapilvastu, 2070. Second Four-year Strategic Development Plan (F.Y. 2072/073 – 2075/076). Nepal Red Cross Society, Morang District Branch, Biratnagar. Sharma, S. 2008. Wildest Fires: Part IV Regional Focus, Crisis-Response, Volume 4-3, Pg. 54- 55. Sharma, S., Participatory Forest Fire Management: An Approach, International Forest Fire News (IFFN) No. 34 (January-June 2006, 35-45). Shivagadhi Surainaka Protected Forest Management Plan (F.Y. 2071/072- 2080/081), District Forest Office, Kapilvastu. Shrestha, S.S. (Year?). Prioritization of Sub-watersheds of Sindhuli District. District Soil Conservation Office, Sindhuli. Simplification-Naturalization and Information of Service Flow, 2071. Cottage and Small Industry Office, Kailali. Soil Conservation Master Plan of Makawanpur District, F.Y. 2070/071. District Development Committee Office, Makwanpur, Hetauda. Souvenir of Sati Karnali Community Forest User Group, 2059. Sati Karnali Community Forest User Group, Kailali. Statistical Information on Agriculture of Sindhuli District (F.Y. 2069/070), District Agriculture Development Office, Sindhuli. Statz, J., 2004. ChFDP’s Best Practices on Offer for Community Forestry in the Tarai and the Churia Hills, Churia Forest Development Project Nepal, GOPA Consultants in Association with AGEG.

147

Strategy for Promoting Sustainable Forest Management, Working Document, Livelihood and Forestry Programme, December 2008. Study Proposal of Preparation of Fisheries Perspective Plan (FPP) Jan 1999, Agricultural Projects Services Center, Kathmandu. Study Report on Evaluation of Socio-economic Impacts of Destruction of the Chure Region. Nepal Foresters’ Association, Kathmandu, 2070. Subject-wise Plan of Agriculture and Food Security of Sindhuli District, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Sindhuli. Sub-watershed Management Plan of Bhedaha Khola Sub-watershed ,District Soil Conservation Office, Bara. Sub-watershed Management Plan of Lower Sot Khola Sub-watershed, FY 2064-65 ,DSCO, Surkhet. Sub-watershed Management Plan of Northern Sub-watershed of Surkhet Valley (Amdali, Khorke and Itram Khola) FY 2058-059, DSCO, Surkhet. Sub-watershed Management Plan of Upper Basai Khola Sub-watershed ,Upper Aurahi Khola Sub-watershed ,Lower Aurahi Khola Sub-watershed, District Soil Conservation Office, Janakpurdham, Dhanusa, 055-056, July, 1999. Sub-watershed Prioritization Hand Book (Watershed Planning Manual), Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Kathmandu. Sub-watershed Prioritization of Sindhuli District (2069-70) ,District Soil Conservation Office, Sindhuli. Sustainable Forest Management in Kapilvastu, Constraints and Opportunities including the Programs and Progress Review of the F.Y. 2066/067. District Forest Office, Kapilvastu, 2067. Synthesized Forestry Sector Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) Policy Brief, Nov 2014, Multi Stakeholder Forestry Programme, Kathmandu. Tarai Forests of Nepal, Forest Resource Assessment Nepal, Department of Forest Research and Survey, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal, April 2014. Task Completion Report on Extension of Herb Cultivation and Management Training, F.Y. 2067/068, District Forest Office, Dadeldhura. Ten-year Report, LFP Mid West, Nov 2002 to Dec 2010, Livelihood and Forestry Programme. Terms of Reference for Initial Environmental Examination for Forestry Sector and General Acquintance of the Report, 2061. Environment Division, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation. Terms of Reference for the Initial Environmental Examination of the Collaborative Forest Management Action Plan of the Phuljor Baba Forest of Sarlahi District. Phuljor Collaborative Forest User Group and District Forest Office, Sarlahi, Lalbandi, 2066.

148

Thapa, H.B. and Aryal, R., 2012. Growth Performance and Culms Production of Some Bamboo Species in the Mid- and Far-Western Tarai of Nepal, Department of Forest Research and Survey, Kathmandu. Thapa, K., Neupane, S., Udas, R. and Lamsal, K. Climate Change and Agriculture: a booklet useful for farmers. LI-BIRD, Pokhara, 2068. The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063. Legal Books Management Board. The Master Plan Study on the Tarai Groundwater Resources Evaluation and Development Project for Irrigation, March 1995, Final Report, JICA, Department of Irrigation, Ministry of Water Resources. Third National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, 2006. Third Trimester and Yearly Progress Report (F.Y. 2070/071). Agriculture Development Office, Ilam. Tiwari, B.N., Pricing of Water and Sanitation: The Nepalese Experience, 2008. Central Department of Economics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. Udayapur District Profile, 2070/071. District Development Committee, Udayapur. Udayapur District Profile, F.Y. 2070/071. UNFPA’s Briefing Note on the Results of Nepal’s Population and Housing Census 2011. Upadhyaya, S.K. and Yonzon, P.B., 2001. Integrated Development Plan for the Western Tarai- Churiya Conservation Program, Nepal, Resources Himalaya. Upper Tarai-Chure Integrated Watershed Management Program (proposal), Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Kathmandu, 2002. Useful Booklet on Production and Management of Rittha and Tejpat. District Forest Office, Dadeldhura, 2068. Useful Booklet on the Production and Management of the Commercially Important Herb Species found in Banke District, 2069. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Banke. Watershed Management Plan for Churia Region Parsa District ,Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Babarmahal. Watershed Management Plan for Churia Region, Mahottari, July 2011 ,GoN, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Babarmahal. Watershed Management Plan for Churia Region, Rautahat ,GoN, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Babarmahal Watershed Management Plan for Churia Region, Rupandehi, July 2011 ,GoN, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Babarmahal. Watershed Management Plan for Churia Region, Saptari, July 2011 ,GoN, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Babarmahal. Watershed Management Plan for Churia Region, Sarlahi, July 2011 ,GoN, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Babarmahal.

149

Watershed Management Plan for Churia Region, Siraha. GoN, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Babarmahal. Watershed Management Plan for Churia Region, Sunsari, July 2011.GoN, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Babarmahal. Watershed Management Plan for Rangun River Basin in Dadheldhura and Doti Districts. Planning Section, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, 2009. Web-site of the Department of Cottage and Small Industries. Women Development Program: Short Introduction. District Women and Children Office, Rupandehi. Work Completion Progress Report, 2071. Tarai Landscape Program, District Forest Office, Kanchanpur. Work-procedure for the Program Implementation of the Forestry Decade Program Executed under Tree Improvement, Afforestation and Private Forest, 2071. Department of Forests, Kathmandu, 2071. www.dhm.gov.np-climate, Monsoon Onset and Withdrawal Date www.dhm.gov.np-climate-. Extreme Rainfall of Each Year of Selected Stations Yadav, Dr. N. Income Generation from Sustainable Forest Management and Source of Employment, Experience and Need, Rupantaran, Nepal. Yadav, Dr. N. Inventory and Management of Non-timber Forest Products. Yadav, Dr. N. Sustainable Forest Management and Carbon Sequestration and Pool. Yadav, K.P., A Brief Report on CFUGs Technical Report. Yadav, N.P. Sustainable Forest Management: A Means of Promoting Active Forest Management within IFP Period. Yearly Booklet along with the Profile, 2070/071, DLSO, Sindhuli. Yearly Booklet on Ramdhuni Conservation Forest Program, F.Y. 2070/071, District Forest Office, Sunsari. Yearly Program and Budget of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation for the F.Y. 2072/073. President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board, 2072. Yearly Progress Booklet along with the Profile, F.Y. 2070/071. District Livestock Services Office, Parsa. Yearly Progress Booklet along with the Profile, F.Y. 2070/071. District Livestock Services Office, Siraha. Yearly Progress Booklet on Crop Development Program (2069-070). Department of Agriculture, Crop Development Directorate, Hariharbhavan. Yearly Progress Profile on the President Chure Conservation Program, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Bara.

150

Yearly Progress Report along with the District Profile, F.Y. 2070/071, District Livestock Office, Jhapa. Yearly Progress Report along with the Profile, 2068/069, DLSO, Dang. Yearly Progress Report of District Forest Office, Dhankuta, 2070/071. Yearly Progress Report of District Forest Office, Dhanusha, F.Y. 2070/071. Yearly Progress Report of District Forest Office, Ilam, 2070/071. Yearly Progress Report of District Forest Office, Sarlahi, F.Y. 2070/071. Yearly Progress Report of District Forest Office, Sindhuli (2070/071), District Forest Office, Sindhuli. Yearly Progress Report of District Forest Office, Siraha, 2071/072. Yearly Progress Report of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation for the F.Y. 2071/072. President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board, 2072. Yearly Progress Report of the District Forest Office, Kailali, 2070/071. Yearly Progress Report of the District Forest Office, Rautahat, 2070/071. Yearly Progress Report on the President Chure Conservation Program, F.Y. 2070/071. District Livestock Services Office, Sindhuli. Yearly Progress Report on the President Chure Conservation Program, F.Y. 2070/071. District Agriculture Development Office, Sindhuli. Yearly Progress Report on Women and Children, F.Y. 2070/071. District Women and Children Office, Udayapur. Yearly Progress Report on Women Development Program, F.Y. 2070/071. District Women and Children Office, Kapilvastu. Yearly Progress Report on Women Development Program, F.Y. 2070/071. District Women and Children Office, Kailali.

151

Glossary Word/Sentence Meaning/Definition Valley A flat-land surrounded by mountains or a wide level-land created by the rivers between the mountains. Leasehold Forest A national forest provided/handed over by the GoN to any organization or community for a fixed period of time as per the Forest Act, 2049 BS. Gorge (narrow river Narrow flat-lands created, on the both sides, by the rivers flowing across the Chure valley) hills Gully A deep and narrow structure or natural canal created by the water/river flowing between two mountains or on sloped terrain. Non-timber Forest All types of materials and services except timber received from forest Products Chure-Tarai Refers to the landscape of the Chure hills, gorges, Dun, Bhavar and Tarai Madhesh Madhesh Landscape extending from Mechi in the east to Mahakali in the west. Chure Hill The southernmost mountainous range, extending from east to west, between the main frontal thrust and the boundary thrust of the Hilmalayan Range Chure Conservation The land, extending from Ilam in the east and Kanchanpur in the west and touching Area (Chure some parts of 36 districts, declared by the GoN (on 2nd Asar, 2071BS) as the Environment environment conservation area; the Chure hills, gorges and Dun or Inner Tarai fall Conservation Area) within this region which covers approximately 12.78% land area of Nepal. Climate adaptation Activities that mitigate the effects (risks) of climate change (increase in temperature, extremely high rainfall, extremely low rainfall, etc.) Biodiversity Refers to diversity of ecosystem, species diversity and genetic diversity River terraces Flat terraces (previously flood-plains),situated on slightly higher areas, created earlier by a stream or river and now abandoned in the hills and mountains Tarai Madhesh The flat land created due the deposition of fine sand and soil carried along by the rivers and streams on the south of the Chure hills. Sediments Stone, pebbles, sand, soil materials carried along by the rivers and streams Deposits A heap of stone, pebbles, sand, soil etc. carried along by the rivers or streams, formed on the river-beds Dun (Inner Tarai) The valleys surrounded by the Chure hills (e.g. Chitwan, Dang and Surkhet) River channel The process of changing the course of a river or stream in course of its cutting and shifting descending River-bed materials Stone, pebbles, sand, soil etc. carried along by a river or stream from upstream region, and deposited on the river-bed River system Refers to the watershed area of a main river along with its tributaries flowing from the starting point to the exit point Renewable energy Refers to the energy that is naturally renewable Landslide The sliding down or falling of stones and soil normally from the sloped terrain because of its fragile geological formation or extreme rainfall Eco-tourism Refers to tourism service targeted towards the tourists who enjoy the natural environment

152

Ecosystem A natural interaction occurring constantly between the community of living organisms (that include vegetation, animals and micro-organisms) and the non- living environment Initial Refers to a report on the analytical study and evaluation concerning whether there Environmental will be adverse impacts upon the environment or not, and whether such impacts can Examination (IEE) be mitigated or not while implementing any proposal as provisioned in the Environment Protection Act, 2053 BS. Active floodplain Refers to a place with the deposition of stone, pebbles, sand, soil etc. attached with the current of a stream or river Flood plain Refers to an adjacent area that is inundated by flood in certain river or stream almost in every rainy season, and is left behind during winter season Sandstone A rock made of sand Bhavar Refers to the remnant formed due to wearing away of the Chure hills or almost flatland created due to deposition of sediments on the south of the Chure hills Geomorphology Inter-relation between the topography of the earth and the geological processes Geology The science which deals with the physical structure and substance of the earth Land cover Physical substance covering the earth’s surface Soil erosion The process of the wearing away of the earth’s surface causing the soil to flow down because of flood, landslide or heavy rainfall Thrust The geological structure created due to shifting of a block of rock upward (from its original position) due to slipping caused by the breaking down of the rock into smaller blocks owing to the internal activation process of the earth Weathering Refers to the weakening of the rocks normally caused by the chemical reaction on their surface because of sun-light and rainwater Mudstone A rock made of mud-soil Main frontal thrust The southernmost thrust of the Himalayan range, stretching from east to west, where the Shiwalik or the rocks of the Chure hills shift due to slipperiness. Main boundary The thrust created due to the slipping of the rocks of the Mahabharat or the Lower thrust Himalayan region upon those (the rocks) of the Shiwalik or the Chure hills Forest encroachment The act of clearing certain area within a forest illegally, and use it for other purpose Forest fire The fire that occurs in a forest Forest products All the materials related to plants and wild animals together with rocks, stone, sand, soil etc. Ecosystem services All the products and benefits received to human-being directly or indirectly from the ecosystem Environmental Refers to a report on the analytical study and evaluation concerning whether there Impact Assessment will be adverse impacts upon the environment or not, and whether such impacts can (EIA) be mitigated or not while implementing any proposal as provisioned in the Environment Protection Act, 2053 BS. Disaster Refers to the catastrophe affecting upon the normal situation of existence, and its effects exceed the capacity of the affected communities to come back to their original situation Shiwalik The southernmost and the youngest mountainous range of the Himalayan range

153

Cold wave The process of the air-temperature of a certain region being drastically reduced within 24 hours Hazard A situation (e.g. flood, landslide, fire) that threatens life, health, properties and environment Conglomerate Sedimentary rock formed due to mixing of the marshy sediments, carried along by rivers and streams in the past, with the fine soil and lime, and later on solidified due to heat and pressure Protected Area Refers to all the national parks and their buffer zones, wildlife reserves and System (PAS) protected areas declared by the GoN as the protected areas as per the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2049 BS. Protected Forest A national forest declared by the GoN as the protected forest on the basis of its environmental, scientific or cultural importance as per the Forest Act, 2049 BS Collaborative Forest Certain forest area managed by the Government in collaboration with the local authorities or users Community Forest Certain forest area handed over to the local user groups for its protection, development and proper use for the purpose of the communal welfare as per the Forest Act, 2049 BS Himalayan range Refers to the mountainous range extending from the Sindhu River in the west to the Bramhaputra River in the east, and rising from the flat plains of Ganges in the south to the Tibetan Plateau in the north Green-belt A vegetative belt developed with grass, bamboo, shrub and tree species as per requirement on either one side or both sides of a certain river or stream so as to divert and control its flow along the centre Degradation The decline in the quality of a certain land due to natural disasters (e.g. flood, landslide, wild fire etc.) or artificial causes (e.g. illicit felling of trees, fire etc.) Climate change Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of weather around longer-term average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events).

154

Annex 1: District-wise Area of the Chure Region Percentage S.N. District Area (ha) Chure Dun (Inner Bhavar Mid-hills hills Tarai) and Tarai I. Districts with 25% area covered by Chure hills 1. Dang 300,341 48.5 32.3 - 19.2 2. Sindhuli 248,349 46.3 11.4 - 42.3 3. Makwanpur 244,967 45.8 11.6 - 42.6 4. Surkhet 248,852 44.6 2.0 - 53.4 5. Kailali 329,300 40.2 - 59.2 0.6 6. Banke 188,226 37.8 - 62.2 - 7. Arghakhanchi 123,907 37.1 0.4 0.1 62.4 8. Udayapur 258,079 34.9 21.7 6.6 36.8 9. Bardiya 200,353 31.2 - 68.8 - 10. Nawalparasi 215,193 30.8 22.5 27.4 19.3 11. Chitwan 223,972 29.4 54.8 - 15.8 12. Dadeldhura 150,610 28.2 - - 71.8 13. Dhanusha 118,965 25.5 - 74.5 - II. Districts with 10−25% area covered by Chure hills 14. Ilam 169,919 24.3 - 2.6 73.1 15. Parsa 140,648 20.5 - 79.5 - 16. Salyan 193,747 19.8 - - 80.2 17. Palpa 146,190 17.1 - - 82.9 18. Siraha 114,057 16.3 - 83.7 - 19. Sarlahi 126,463 15.0 - 85.0 - 20. Mahottari 100,136 14.7 - 85.3 - 21. Saptari 128,649 13.4 - 86.6 - 22. Rupandehi 130,447 12.5 - 87.5 - 23. Bara 127,261 12.3 - 87.7 - 24. Kanchanpur 162,182 11.7 - 88.3 - 25. Kapilvastu 165,116 11.4 - 88.6 - III. Districts with <10% area covered by Chure hills 26. Morang 182,734 9.0 - 82.1 8.9 27. Sunsari 119,457 7.7 - 90.9 1.4 28. Rautahat 103,655 7.6 - 92.4 - 29. Pyuthan 132,090 2.3 - - 97.7 30. Jhapa 160,950 2.2 - 97.8 -

155

31. Doti 205,448 1.9 - - 98.1 32. Lalitpur 39,576 1.5 - - 98.5 33. Dhankuta 90,095 0.6 - - 99.4 34. Kabhrepalanchok 139,188 0.5 - - 99.5 35. Tanahu 157,184 0.1 0.3 - 99.6 36. Bhojpur 152,674 - - - 100.0 Grand Total 6,038,980 - - - -

156

Annex 2: Details on the River Systems Area (ha) S. River system Origin Tarai Tributaries N. Chure Dun Bhavar Total Madhesh 1. Mechi River M 7,852.3 - 14,808.7 39,925.8 62,586.8 Mechi River, Nindra Khola, Hardiya Khola, Deuniya Khola 2. Aduwa-bhrain T - - 985.6 14,923.9 15,909.5 Bhuteni Khola, Adhuwa-Baharan Khola Khola 3. Biring Khola M 8,752.2 - 8,536.9 13,499.3 30,788.4 Biring Khola, Tanding Khola 4. Kankai River M 30,098.4 - 5,049.0 27,728.7 62,876.1 Kankaimai River, Lodiya Khola, Rikhuwa Khola, Satashi Khola, Baniyani Khola 5. Kisani Khola T - - 342.9 11,132.0 11,474.9 Kisani Khola, Badhuwa Khola, Dhodarmari Khola 6. Gouriya Khola T - - - 4,862.8 4,862.8 Gouriya Khola 7. Ratuwa River M 10,694.8 - 5,545.9 21,137.2 37,377.9 Ratuwa River, Mawa Khola, Chaju Khola 8. Bakraha River M 5,266.1 - 10,502.8 23,794.4 39,563.3 Bakraha River, Kajala River, Sunjhoda Khola, Teli Khola, Soltee Khola, Mikluk Khola, Nunsari Khola 9. Chisan Khola M 4,114.9 - 8,409.5 36,240.3 48,764.7 Chisan Khola, Dasbakraha River, Cheka Khola 10. Lohandra River C 3,510.8 - 7,253.6 25,388.8 36,153.2 Lohandra River, Hachuwa Khola, Bhaluwa Khola 11. Singhiya River T - - 907.9 15,205.0 16,112.9 Singhiya River, Khadam Khola, Dangraha Khola 12. Budhi Khola C 7,316.6 - 10,105.7 45,687.8 63,110.1 Budhi Khola, Khadam-Gachhiya Khola, Mugu Khola 13. Sunsari River M 4,149.2 - 10,588.1 27,877.5 42,614.8 Sunsari River, Seuti Khola, Khar Khola, Sardu Khola 14. Koshi-2 C 4,368.8 - - - 4,368.8 Kokaha Khola, Khalte Khola 15. Koshi-3 C 3,047.7 - 1,894.4 244.2 5,186.3 Patnali Khola, Bagh Khola, Baguwa Khola

157

16. Koshi-4 H 2,568.0 - 3,832.0 49,494.2 55,894.2 Sapta Koshi River 17. Koshi-1 H 6,935.1 - - - 6,935.1 Sapta Koshi River, Sun Koshi River, Kosepa Khola 18. Koshi-5 C 7,392.4 - 4,304.1 256.0 11,952.5 Gideri Khola, Kanchira Khola, Murti khola 19. Triyuga-1 M 26,238.8 11,960.7 1,125.6 1,154.9 40,480.0 20. Triyuga-2 M 11,300.4 13,463.1 659.8 2,151.9 27,575.2 Triyuga River, Dawar Khola, Kali Khola, Bhalmanti Khola, Bagaha Khola, Lete-lama Khola, Baruwa Khola 21. Pouda Khola C 1,433.7 - 3,741.7 3,022.8 8,198.2 Pouda Khola, Gangajali Khola, Malek Khola 22. Mahuli Khola C 6,234.9 - 4,761.6 687.6 11,684.1 Mahuli Khola, Sundari Khola 23. Tiljuga Khola T - - 4,253.9 9,456.6 13,710.5 Tiljuga Khola, Jita Khola, Mahuli Khola 24. Khando Khola C 4,542.6 - 6,352.7 6,499.0 17,394.3 Khando Khola, Dudhoula Khola, Amsot Khola 25. Ghordaha River T - - 3,854.3 9,901.5 13,755.8 Ghordaha River, Mutani Khola 26. Khadak River C 3,122.1 - 8,634.8 8,219.1 19,976.0 Khadak River, Julidhar Khola 27. Bihul River C 1,161.7 - 5,924.8 7,578.2 14,664.7 Bihul River, Chapindhar Khola, Suranga Khola 28. Balan River C 26,914.9 - 9,099.6 16,301.0 52,315.5 Balan River, Khutti Khola, Sarre Khola, Chaka Khola, Koriya Khola, Sisbari Khola, Sukjahi Khola, Mutani Khola 29. Trisula-Kataniya T 110.2 - 1,607.1 18,318.0 20,035.3 Trisula Khola, Kataniya Khola, Kalyandai Khola Khola, Munhara Khola 30. Badhar-Gogan C 2,446.4 - 5,017.1 25,973.1 33,436.6 Gogan Khola, Badhar Khola, Sahaja Khola Khola 31. Ghurmi Khola C 2,042.9 - 1,048.0 9,928.0 13,018.9 Ghurmi khola, Sirise Khola, Khichkine Khola 32. Bataha Khola C 2,019.5 - 3,325.8 6,984.1 12,329.4 Bataha Khola, Moraha Khola, Bhlu Khola 33. Kamala River-6 M 9,121.5 - - - 9,121.5 Tawa Khola, Sanghuri Khola, Sukhajor Khola, Ratu Khola, Duble Khola 34. Kamala River-4 M 20,290.1 - - - 20,290.1 Tawa Khola, Baidhyanath Khola, Kukur Khola, Dufhouli Khola 35. Kamala River-5 M 17,467.2 - - - 17,467.2 Kamala River, Kartha Khola, Thakur Khola, Gogan Khola, Madana Khola, Chadaha Khola, 158

Talakha Khola 36. Kamala River-3 M 2,948.4 - - - 2,948.4 Thakur Khola, Jumlin Khola, Jinakhu Khola 37. Kamala River-2 M 18,603.5 - - - 18,603.5 Chadaha Khola, Handi Khola, Bhalu Khola, Jirga Khola 38. Kamala River-1 M 7,917.5 - - - 7,917.5 Gwaha Khola, Labdaha Khola, Gadyouli Khola 39. Kamala River-8 M 4,433.1 - - - 4,433.1 Kamalamai Khola, Patiparan Khola 40. Kamala River-7 M 14,857.5 - - - 14,857.5 Kamalamai Khola, Khirkhire Khola, Sunkhani Khola 41. Kamala River- C 5,178.3 - 1,680.0 1,628.5 8,486.8 Charnath Khola, Chamwati Khola Charnath Khola 42. Baluwa-Bilawati C 1,390.0 - 1,674.4 7,621.8 10,686.2 Baluwa River, Bilawati River River 43. Jalad River C 3,627.0 - 3,428.7 23,476.3 30,532.0 Jalad River, Jamuni Khola, Jagdar Khola, Chameniya Khola 44. Bigahi Khola C 2,937.1 - 6,136.6 31,094.1 40,167.8 Bigahi Khola, Aourahi Khola, Sukhjor Khola, Basai Khola 45. Ratu Khola C 12,085.9 - 14,394.5 32,488.2 58,968.6 Ratu Khola, Badahari Khola, Jagaha Khola, Akusi Khola, Sunjhari Khola 46. Maraha Khola C 5,642.3 - 8,668.8 4,786.7 19,097.8 Maraha Khola, Barbe River, Sonee Khola, Khayarmara Khola 47. Banke-Hardi Khola C 3,176.6 - 6,289.2 7,628.4 17,094.2 Banke-Hardi Khola, Bhurahi River, Chhokre Khola, Batuwa Khola, Dulen River 48. Sapaha-Singyahi- T - - 4,839.2 15,192.5 20,031.7 Sapaha khola, Singyahi Khola, Banari Khola Banari Khola 49. Jhim River C 5,334.0 - 7,331.0 8,852.6 21,517.6 Jhim River, Phuljor Khola, Kalinjor Khola 50. Lakhandehi Khola C 11,558.1 - 11,503.7 24,571.5 47,633.3 Lakhandehi Khola, Chapani Khola, Attarouli Khola, Bahune Khola, Narayan Khola, Dayani Khola, Madar Khola 51. Bagmati River-6 M 6,760.7 - 4,956.3 46,729.2 58,446.2 Bagmati River, Mansumara River, Pourai Khola, Bagahi Khola

159

52. Bagmati River-5 C 16,066.9 - - - 16,066.9 Kyan Khola, Dhad Khola, Barun Khola 53. Bagmati River-4 M 21,768.1 - - - 21,768.1 Marin Khola, Dadi Khahare, Gafhar Khola, Thunuwa Khola, Machhini Khola, Khanjani Khola, Phulbari Khola, Maruwa Khola 54. Bagmati River-3 M 22,849.8 - - - 22,849.8 Marin Khola, Maheswota Khola, Sakhairi Khola, Dawar Khola, Basan Khola 55. Bagmati River-2 M 12,211.6 - - - 12,211.6 Kokhajor Khola, Chau Khola 56. Bagmati River-9 M 10,424.6 - - - 10,424.6 Bagmati River, Liti Khola 57. Bagmati River-8 C 13,648.7 - - - 13,648.7 Chouda Khola, Dhansai Khola, Bakhre Khola, Mansai Khola, Chandi Khola, Lamkane Khola, Lakhan Khola 58. Bagmati River-7 C 6,828.2 - - - 6,828.2 Chiruwa Khola, Lakhan Khola, Bhaise Khola, Sukh Khola 59. Bagmati River- C 6,728.6 - 6,918.7 2,337.0 15,984.3 Chadi Khola, Hardiya Khola, Kali Khola Chadi Khola 60. Lamaha-Jhanjh C 1,495.4 - 7,003.6 23,338.7 31,837.7 Aljor Khola, Bujara Khola, Lamaha-Jhanjh Khola Khola, Lohaniya Khola 61. Bagmati River-1 M 11,674.1 - - - 11,674.1 Bagmati River 62. Bagmati River-10 C 5,457.4 - - - 5,457.4 Chouda Khola, Deujor Khola, Thadi Khola 63. Bakaiya River-4 M 10,508.7 - 10,422.6 30,440.3 51,371.6 Lalbakaiya River, Lal Khola, bakaiya Khola, Bhamar Khola, Jyamire Khola, Bhalu Khola 64. Kamala River-9 M 20,831.9 - 3,305.6 29,054.0 53,191.5 Kamala River, Belsot River, Jogiya Khola, Selar Khola 65. Bakaiya River-5 C 5,257.1 - - - 5,257.1 Juina Khola, Sukoura Khola, Thati Khahare 66. Bakaiya River-2 M 15,465.6 - - - 15,465.6 Bakaiya River, Simat Khola, Karra Khola, Loharjor Khola, Bakiya Khola 67. Bakaiya River-1 M 6,148.7 - - - 6,148.7 Bakaiya River, Hiramuni Khola, Harda Khola, Champa Khahare 68. Bakaiya River-3 C 5,180.6 - 4,623.1 412.2 10,215.9 Dhansar Khola, Kalapani Khola, Thorpa Khahare

160

69. Tiyar-Adhuwa T - - 4,957.3 37,155.2 42,112.5 Tiyar Khola, Adhuwa Khola Khola 70. Pasaha Khola C 4,564.9 - 11,686.4 16,076.8 32,328.1 Pasaha Khola, Bangri Khola, Shakyi Khola 71. Dudhoura Khola C 4,413.1 - 6,550.7 15,694.0 26,657.8 Dudhoura Khola, Chure Khola, Bijoura Khola, Bhedi Khola 72. Sarisawa Khola T - - 3,949.4 12,345.2 16,294.6 Sarisawa Khola, Singaha Khola 73. Tilabe River C 7,075.1 - 26,557.6 13,287.9 46,920.6 Bhedaha Khola, Tilabe River, Jamuniya Khola, Singahi River, Bhalu-Mega Khola, Phanti Khola, Mahadev Khola, Mahabodhi Khola 74. Dhongahi River T - - - 19,000.7 19,000.7 Dhongahi River, Nourangiya Khola, Dhutaha River 75. Bhalubai-Bakhariya C 10,201.5 - 16,470.7 15,911.7 42,583.9 Bhalubai-Bhata-Sikta River, Uriya Khola, River Bakhariya River 76. Thute-Shikharbas C 12,392.6 - 14,797.1 - 27,189.7 Thute Khola, Shikharbas Khola, Chitaha Khola, Khola Amuwa Khola, Odar Khola 77. East Rapti River-1 M 10,817.4 873.8 - - 11,691.2 East Rapti River, Samari River, Jyamire Khola, Kisedi Khola 78. East Rapti River-3 M 10,323.1 - - - 10,323.1 Manhari Khola, Churlin Khola 79. East Rapti River-4 M 5,318.1 399.1 - - 5,717.2 Lothar Khola, Panthali Khola 80. East Rapti River-6 C 11,732.9 23,317.0 - - 35,049.9 Khageri Khola, Budhi Rapti River, Kayar Khola 81. East Rapti River-2 M 8,991.7 6,409.5 - - 15,401.2 East Rapti River, Karra Khola 82. East Rapti River-5 M 3,431.3 9,451.4 - - 12,882.7 East Rapti River, Dhundre Khola 83. East Rapti River-7 M 31,199.0 48,776.4 - - 79,975.4 East Rapti River, Kukhureni Khola, Pantale Khola, Thado Khola, Masine Khola, Harda Khola 84. Riu Khola C 25,863.7 18,825.9 - - 44,689.6 Riu Khola, Magui Khola 85. Narayani River-2 H 39,038.0 - - - 39,038.0 Narayani River, Kerunga Khola 86. Narayani River-1 H 13,040.2 686.6 - - 13,726.8 Trishuli River, kaligandaki River 87. Narayani River-3 H 10,650.3 9,029.6 - - 19,679.9 Narayani River, Deusat Khola, Marahi Khola, Jay Shree Khola 161

88. Narayani River-4 H 10,536.3 25,932.3 - - 36,468.6 Narayani River, Gadar khola, Loukaha Khola, Gindri-Kerunga Khola 89. Arun Khola M 18,433.2 3,877.0 - - 22,310.2 Arun Khola, Ramu Khola 90. Binaya Khola M 25,659.1 8,202.8 - - 33,861.9 Binaya Khola, Sunai River, Khorandi Khola, Bagh Khola 91. Jharahi-Bhaluhi T 6,596.6 - 5,581.1 23,521.3 35,699.0 Jharahi Khola, Bhaluhi Khola, Dhanewa Khola Khola 92. Narayani River-5 H 21,515.9 5,178.3 1,928.0 17,493.7 46,115.9 Narayani River, Kanaha Khola, kalpuruwa River, Satburahi Drain 93. Turiya-Khare Khola C 3,548.8 - 2,358.6 16,134.6 22,042.0 Turiya-Khare Khola 94. Sakhoura-Rohani C 5,939.8 - 8,671.0 14,007.7 28,618.5 Rohani Khola, Sakhoura Khola, Saran Khola Khola 95. Tinau River-3 M 4,108.1 - 8,575.9 38,545.0 51,229.0 Tinau River, Dano River 96. Tinau River-2 M 11,174.5 - - - 11,174.5 Tinau River, Jhumsa Khola 97. Tinau River-1 C 11,237.4 - - - 11,237.4 Dobhan Khola, Jamune Khola 98. Kanchan-Pahili- C 9,657.2 - 5,188.5 8,314.0 23,159.7 Kanchan River, pahili Khola, Inguriya Khola Inguriya Khola 99. Tilar-Kothi-Marthi T 770.4 - 4,338.9 64,696.7 69,806.0 Tilar Khola, Kothi Khola, Marthi Khola, Simari Khola, Musal Khola 100. Banganga River-1 M 11,549.4 - - - 11,549.4 Banganga River, Dhungre Khola, Chhahare Khola 101. Banganga River-2 M 9,109.5 - 16,380.3 8,923.5 34,413.3 Banganga River, Gai Khola, Kandre Khola, Koila Khola 102. Banganga River-3 M 10,955.2 - 20,513.5 23,557.5 55,026.2 Banganga River, belwagurudawa Khola, Agi Khola, Kachaniya Khola 103. Surahi Khola C 3,571.4 - 2,917.1 15,087.7 21,576.2 Surahi Khola, Bakram Khola 104. Chhagrihawa Khola C 4,882.7 - 6,522.9 6,223.5 17,629.1 Chhagrihawa Khola, Surai Khola, Arra River 105. West Rapti River-4 C 14,336.6 657.2 - - 14,993.8 Ransing Khola, Sisne Khola, Madhur Khola, Dhan Khola, Bhalu Khola 106. West Rapti River-2 M 7,826.0 - - 7,826.0 Sit Khola, Bhabin Khola, Bunchi Khola 162

107. West Rapti River-3 C 5,572.8 - - 5,572.8 Silin-Ranle Khola, Dhau Khola 108. West Rapti River-1 M 8,394.8 - - 8,394.8 West Rapti River, Chhahare Khola-Simle Khola 109. West Rapti River-5 M 7,295.0 - - 7,295.0 Ganaha Khola, Ghans Khola 110. West Rapti River-6 M 10,469.4 10,048.1 - - 20,517.5 West Rapti River, Syano Khola, Anarhawa- Bagahi Khola, Dolai Khola 111. Bhaurisal- C 32,782.6 - - - 32,782.6 Bhaurisal Khola, Ghangrawal Khola, Koilabas Ghangrawal Khola Khola, Bhaisahi Khola, Khabri Khola, Guran Khola, Sukli Khola, Siriya Khola, patouli Khola, Barhawa Khola, Phohari Khola, Khangra Khola, Gouriya Khola, Dagmara Khola, Sunapathari Khola, Bhouwa Khola 112. West Rapti River-7 M 16,157.7 10,759.5 - - 26,917.2 West Rapti River, Bahuharuwa Khola, Sokraha Khola, Gidarhawa Khola,Gangre Khola, Mandriniya Khola, Khairhawa Khola, Ulti Khola, Supoula Khola, Sikrahawa Khola, Chainpur Khola, Khabri-Kakraha Khola, Guran Khola 113. West Rapti River-8 C 16,316.9 1,430.0 - - 17,746.9 Arjun Khola, Masot Khola 114. West Rapti River-10 M 52,112.6 - 24,987.7 6,660.7 83,761.0 West Rapti River, Sukhar Khola, Khairi Khola, Muguwa Khola, Lumba Khola, Sauri-Khoche Khola, Tilkanya Khola, Bauda Khola, Moranga Khola 115. West Rapti River-9 M 39,386.6 12,186.5 - 51,573.1 West Rapti River, Lomarari Khola, Khairahawa Khola, Karanga Khola, Mungretha Khola, Mahatiniya Khola, Haraicha Khola, Reu Khola, Sikta Khola 116. Singahiya- C 8,189.4 - 10,196.7 2,446.6 20,832.7 Singahiya Khola, Kerbaniya Khola, Chunhawa Kerbaniya Khola Khola, Jhumarhawa Khola 117. Babai River-1 M 4,034.2 6,543.3 - - 10,577.5 Babai River, Balim Khola, Sisme-Katuwa Khola 118. Babai River-2 C 3,879.0 3,399.7 - - 7,278.7 Tui Khola, Sano Khola, Dundre Khola 119. Babai River-4 M 8,967.7 27,804.5 - - 36,772.2 Babai River, Hapur Khola, Gwar Khola, 163

Jangawa Khola, Chahuwa Khola 120. Babai River-5 M 6,024.9 20,985.8 - - 27,010.7 Babai River, Patu Khola, Baula Khola, Chiregad, Chyati Khola 121. Babai River-3 M 4,929.9 1,774.7 - - 6,704.6 Babai River, Sikari Khola, Kalan Khola 122. Babai River-6 M 6,325.2 1,979.2 - - 8,304.4 Babai River, Twan Khola, Bhalu Khola 123. Babai River-7 C 7,204.6 - - - 7,204.6 Malai Khola, Thulobuk Khola, Chor Khola, Gogan-Khari Khola 124. Babai River-8 M 13,763.4 - - - 13,763.4 Babai River, Kalleri Khola 125. Babai River-9 M 20,523.8 - - - 20,523.8 Sharada River, Jum Khola 126. Babai River-10 M 50,015.7 - - - 50,015.7 Babai River, Ratmati Khola, Kali Khola 127. West Rapti River-11 C 6,539.2 - 14,162.5 - 20,701.7 Jhijhari Khola, Paruwa Khola 128. Dundawa-Beha- C 3,064.4 - 12,119.1 33,096.5 48,280.0 Dundawa Khola, Beha Khola, Dondra Khola, Dondra-Amila- Amila Khola, Kiran Khola Kiran Khola 129. Man Khola C 7,477.7 - 12,944.2 30,081.9 50,503.8 Man Khola, Achhiriya Khola, Dundawa Khola 130. Babai River-11 M 5,440.3 - 11,502.6 38,474.3 55,417.2 Babai River, Bhadra Khola, Gyan Drain 131. Bheri River-1 H 33,012.1 - - - 33,012.1 Bheri River, Bhada Khola, Gyan Drain 132. Orahi Khola C 9,607.3 - 9,977.3 16,257.0 35,841.6 Orahi Khola, Ambasa Khola 133. Bheri River-2 C 11,798.1 - - - 11,798.1 Chhinchu Khola, Ambasa Khola 134. Bheri River-4 H 13,428.7 - - - 13,428.7 Bheri River, Jhupra Khola, Chingad Khola 135. Bheri River-5 M 5,407.9 4,964.0 - - 10,371.9 Nikas-Khokre Khola, Tuni Khola 136. Bheri River-3 H 7,390.2 - - - 7,390.2 Dhulepaile Khola, Kalpani Khola 137. Bheri River-6 H 23,243.0 - - - 23,243.0 Bheri River, Mangraha Khola, Battise Khola 138. Bheri River-7 H 11,799.3 - - - 11,799.3 Bheri River, Sot Khola, 139. Bheri River-9 H 9,944.2 - - - 9,944.2 Bheri River, Biurani Khola 140. Bheri River-8 H 20,313.7 - - - 20,313.7 Bheri River, Mahagad Khola, Dama Khola, Bagad Khola 141. Karnali River-2 H 32,779.3 - - - 32,779.3 Karnali River, Koltadi Khola, Kara Khola, Bota

164

Khola, Badegoula Khola, Tiule Khola 142. Karnali River-1 H 14,174.4 - - - 14,174.4 Karnali River, Limbu Khola, Koseda Khola, Tamdar Khola 143. Karnali River-3 M 7,531.2 - - - 7,531.2 Thuligad, katunje Khola 144. Karnali River-4 M 10,707.5 - - - 10,707.5 Thuligad, Goda Khola, Sayar Khola 145. Karnali River-5 M 9,780.0 - - - 9,780.0 Thuligad, Baishyan Khola, Digada Khola 146. Karnali River-6 M 1,909.7 - - - 1,909.7 Thuligad, Kamala Khola 147. Thuligad-Khairala- C 6,317.2 - - - 6,317.2 Khairala Khola, Salle Khola Salle Khola 148. Lower Karnali River H 15,849.9 - 6,244.6 41,175.0 63,269.5 Karnali River, Sughure Khola, Budgad, Gumna Khola 149. Pathari-Karha Khola C 9,388.5 - 11,098.5 36,934.8 57,421.8 Pathari Khola, Karha Khola, Jamara Khola, Roda Khola, Chori Khola, Charaila Khola, Kada Khola 150. Kandra River C 13,581.4 - 7,761.6 34,070.0 55,413.0 Kandra River, Doda River, Tegna Khola, Shivaganga Khola 151. Surma-Kataini C 1,700.3 - 2,448.4 23,367.4 27,516.1 Surma-Kataini Khola, Seti Khola Khola 152. Choumala-Ghuraha C 6,175.6 - 3,459.5 19,345.9 28,981.0 Choumala Khola, Ghuraha Khola, Baluwa Khola River, Tinphale Khola 153. Khutiya Khola C 17,236.2 - 6,294.2 20,887.5 44,417.9 Khutiya Khola, Sukuti Khola, Shivaganga Khola 154. Mohana River C 6,955.9 - 5,632.7 16,939.8 29,528.4 Mohana River, Manhara Khola, Godawari River, Ratapani Khola 155. Machheli-Donda C 18,797.8 - 2,881.9 36,365.4 58,045.1 Machheli-Donda Khola, Gangde Khola Khola 156. Syali-Banhara Khola C 9,445.1 - 8,442.7 16,014.1 33,901.9 Syali Khola, Banhara Khola, Sunabora Khola, Banda Khola 157. Choundhar Khola C 7,762.8 - 7,007.9 34,581.5 49,352.2 Choundhar Khola, Champa Khola, Bhasi Khola 158. Bahuni Khola T - - 456.6 10,149.5 10,606.1 Bahuni Khola, Bangaun Khola

165

159. Mahakali River H 2,804.9 - 3,299.9 15,268.2 21,373.0 Mahakali River, Jogbudha River, kamikate Khola, Bhingrigad, gatedi Khola 160. Sadani Khola C 8,889.4 - - - 8,889.4 Sadani Khola, Chhuttepahiro Khola, Gailo Khola, Ghumti Khola 161. Puntara Khola C 12,477.0 - - - 12,477.0 Puntara Khola, Jamareni Khola 162. Rangun Khola-2 M 12,674.3 - - - 12,674.3 Rangun Khola, Kuna Khola, Sun Khola, Bhadreni Khola 163. Rangun Khola-1 M 10,656.3 - - - 10,656.3 Rangun Khola, Kuna Khola, Kalena Khola 164. Sirsegad M 2,820.5 - - - 2,820.5 Sirsegad Grand Total 1,671,198.7 288,916.1 584,513.9 1,571,318.4 4,115,947.1 Note: C = Chure hills; M = Middle Hills and H = High Himal and Himal

166

Annex 3: Tendency of the Arrival of Monsoon

167

Annex 4: Details on Temperature and Rainfall I. Average Maximum and Minimum Temperatures and Extreme Maximum and Minimum Temperatures during the Period of 1983−2013 Max. Temp. (degree Celsius) Min. Temp. (degrees Celsius) Station Average Extreme Date Average Extreme Date Mahendranagar 30.4 44.5 June 18, 1995 17.3 1.8 January 17, 2000 Tikapur 30.5 45.0 June 14, 2012 17.4 0.0 January 10, 2013 Godawari (west) 30.5 44.5 June 8, 1998 19.8 2.5 January 13, 2011 Pusa Camp (Surkhet) 25.9 39.0 June 4, 1994 17.0 3.4 February 1, 2008 Chisapani (west) 29.3 43.4 June 15, 2012 19.6 2.8 January 9, 2013 Birendranagar 28.3 42.8 June 15, 2012 15.5 −0.7 January 9, 2013 Ghorahi 28.2 41.0 June 15, 2012 15.8 0.0 January 9, 2001 Butwal 30.4 45.0 May 6, 1989 20.4 2.0 January 13, 2011 Parasi 32.5 44.0 July 18, 2012 18.0 1.8 January 10, 2013 Toulihawa 31.1 45.0 June 8, 1998 18.8 1.5 January 22, 1993 Rampur, Chitwan 30.6 43.2 May 7, 1989 17.7 0.2 December 28, 2012 Hetauda 29.6 40.8 May 12, 2014 16.8 0.2 December 27, 2003 Parwanipur 30.8 42.7 June 11, 1998 18.9 2.0 January 1, 1995 Gour 30.1 43.5 May 4, 1995 18.8 4.0 January 3, 2003 Hardinath 30.4 44.3 June 6, 2014 20.2 7.0 February 12, 2014 Karmaiya 30.9 42.5 May 4, 1995 20.6 2.0 January 5, 2013 Jaleshwor 30.9 42.0 May 19, 1995 20.0 4.0 January 1, 1995 Lahan 30.2 41.5 May 2, 1995 20.1 2.2 January 9, 2013 Siraha 31.6 41.5 May 16, 2012 17.6 2.0 January 6, 2013 Rajbiraj 31.1 45.0 May 8, 1995 19.1 4.0 January 5, 2001 Dharan 29.7 38.8 April 13, 2013 19.2 3.5 January 7, 2006 Soktim 28.2 37.9 April 19, 1996 18.6 5.0 January 14, 1975 Chandragadhi, Jhapa 31.8 39.0 April 13, 2013 19.2 6.0 January 13, 2013 Gainde, Jhapa 30.7 42.5 April 14, 1992 17.8 1.0 January 25, 1987 Kechana, Jhapa 30.5 39.9 April 13, 2013 19.4 3.0 January 8, 2013 Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.

168

II. Average Maximum and Minimum Rainfall and Extreme Maximum and Minimum Rainfall during the Period of 1983−2013

Average Annual rainfall (mm) vs. season Extreme rainfall (mm) Station Average Spring Monsoon Autumn Winter Rainfall Date Mahendranagar 1,702.1 70.7 1,502.6 49.5 79.9 309.5 6 October, 2009 Bellouri 1,681.3 76.7 1,474.5 49.5 79.9 352.9 19 August, 2009 Tikapur 1,662.2 103.8 1,423.2 48.4 86.2 296.0 2 August, 1988 Sandepani 1,952.3 97.6 1,725.0 48.0 78.9 305.2 21 Sept, 2008 Godawari 2,372.6 109.8 2,108.4 63.6 85.2 324.0 20 July, 2013 Tikuwa Kuna 1,026.3 91.5 824.2 28.3 74.1 201.3 19 June, 2013 Chisapani (west) 2,203.9 117.7 1,941.0 67.4 74.1 267.0 4 July, 2008 Barg Daha 1,702.9 103.7 1,476.4 48.3 69.9 272.5 28 August, 2006 Birendranagar 1,621.5 140.4 1,338.0 46.5 92.6 281.2 22 July, 1986 Kusum 1,306.2 130.3 1,076.5 45.3 55.7 308.5 27 August, 2006 Ghorahi 1,853.3 135.5 1,560.7 93.9 62.9 197.3 14 June, 1999 Koilabas 1,649.1 111.4 1,443.2 51.4 35.1 236.2 9 June, 2000 Pathharkot 2,224.6 131.1 1,958.3 81.7 53.0 296.0 23 July, 1987 Sitapur (Nepani) 1,938.3 202.9 1,595.8 103.7 36.6 256.3 15 August, 2003 Butwal 2,292.3 161.1 1,981.4 101.9 44.9 354.0 15 July, 1996 Rampur 2,023.6 255.4 1,634.0 88.2 44.0 296.3 1 August, 2003 Manhari 1,915.6 206.1 1,579.7 88.3 42.7 304.3 11 Sept, 1994 Amlekhgunj 1,935.3 178.4 1,631.5 84.0 41.8 399.3 22 July, 1993 Makwanpurgadhi 2,312.6 218.2 1,940.2 107.4 39.1 392.4 11 July, 2004 Karmaiya 1,754.3 164.7 1,476.6 87.4 25.0 432.0 11 July, 2004 Hariharpurgadhi 2,447.9 260.9 2,041.6 103.3 42.6 482.2 21 July, 1993 Tulsi 1,723.9 208.8 1,402.0 80.6 35.5 275.5 11 July, 2004 Chisapani 1,564.5 157.0 1,302.8 87.0 16.5 275.5 11 July, 2004 Udayapurgadhi 1,677.5 220.6 1,335.6 89.5 32.3 204.7 5 Sept, 1985 Lahan 1,266.5 154.7 1,010.7 73.4 27.7 228.0 12 August, 1987 Gaighat 1,048.2 148.7 819.2 56.9 25.7 168.0 25 July, 2002 Phattepur 1,695.7 203.0 1,371.3 91.1 28.5 270.0 11 August, 1987 Dharan 2,242.8 279.3 1,760.0 165.2 37.9 352.0 29 July, 1985 Letang 2,407.0 299.8 1,915.5 160.8 33.5 249.2 31 July, 2001 Gainde, Kankai 2,696.9 310.9 2,194.1 158.9 34.1 437.0 17 Sept, 1984 Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.

169

Annex 5: Encroached Forest Area (ha) Up to F.Y. 2066/067 Enroached Forest S. N. District Area (ha) 1. Ilam 1,824 2. Jhapa 1,990 3. Morang 550 4. Sunsari 1,754 5. Udayapur 7,197 6. Saptari 160 7. Siraha 879 8. Dhanusha 778 9. Mahottari 706 10. Sindhuli 1,230 11. Sarlahi 637 12. Rautahat 1,487 13. Bara 1,009 14. Parsa 1,475 15. Makwanpur 1,561 16. Chitwan 1,448 17. Nawalparasi 7,922 18. Rupandehi 7,763 19. Kapilvastu 10,948 20. Dang 2,102 21. Bardiya 562 22. Banke 1,780 23. Surkhet 712 24. Kailali 20,077 25. Kanchanpur 10,353 26. Dadeldhura 297 Source: Department of Forests.

170

Annex 6: District-wise Data on the Domestic Cattle in the Chure Conservation Region S. N. District Cow-Bull Buffalo-Bull Sheep-Ram Pig 1. Ilam 32,710 5,839 44,876 11,157 2. Jhapa 17,675 4,482 21,671 5,467 3. Morang 22,119 2,514 43,928 12,488 4. Sunsari 12,021 2,328 27,862 10,378 5. Dhankuta 1,065 45 1,889 415 6. Bhojpur 1,476 385 1,735 405 7. Udayapur 82,266 21,446 159,607 20,549 8. Saptari 19,460 4,457 32,776 1,198 9. Siraha 10,115 5,278 23,505 400 10. Dhanusha 9,594 4,489 17,885 692 11. Sindhuli 87,781 28,288 155,272 11,725 12. Kabhrepalanchok 2,608 1,219 5,329 261 13. Lalitpur 1,318 995 4,350 49 14. Sarlahi 14,382 9,196 41,183 1,236 15. Mahottari 7,442 3,362 18,646 554 16. Rautahat 6,724 3,920 17,189 659 17. Bara 8,910 4,342 19,784 746 18. Parsa 4,352 2,000 8,705 171 19. Makwanpur 82,095 25,066 194,634 6,598 20. Chitwan 53,445 72,490 203,131 6,064 21. Tanahun 2,225 679 5,850 579 22. Nawalparasi 51,609 51,177 174,808 17,699 23. Palpa 15,922 5,062 31,200 3,165 24. Rupandehi 7,485 8,716 29,897 3,082 25. Kapilvastu 5,476 3,393 11,612 556 26. Arghakhanchi 16,437 7,287 31,635 1,025 27. Dang 165,927 52,838 262,864 28,711 28. Salyan 10,634 880 16,054 766 29. Pyuthan 2,550 714 5,249 394 30. Bardiya 2,042 849 5,665 184 31. Banke 22,369 9,603 40,093 4,526 32. Surkhet 74,921 10,420 117,945 6,946 33. Kailali 67,000 11,115 100,782 4,467 34. Doti 6,705 465 9,897 140 35. Dadeldhura 30,057 5,764 35,837 582

171

36. Kanchanpur 34,846 9,660 17,159 1,186 Total 993,763 380,763 1,940,504 165,220 Source: Central Statistics Bureau, 2068.

172

Annex 7: Important Wetlands in Environmental Point of View The locations of the 101 wetlands that are important in the environmental point of view are indicated in the map below, and their names and addresses are presented in the Table below:

Symbol No. Ward VDC/Municipality Name Region No. Kanchanpur District 1 Mahendranagar 9 Jhilmila Lake Chure Hill 2 Daiji 5 Betkot Lake Chure Hill 3 Suda 7 Brinda Lake Chure Hill 4 Jhalari 4 Sundeu Lake Chure Hill 5 Laxmipur 9 Banda Lake Tarai Madhesh 6 Pipaladi 1 Tara Lake Tarai Madhesh Kailali District 7 Dhangadhi 7 Jakhour Lake Tarai Madhesh 8 Dhangadhi 12 Durga Lake Tarai Madhesh

173

9 Urma 4 Mahadev Lake Tarai Madhesh 10 Urma 4 Shahadev Lake Tarai Madhesh 11 Choumala 1 Badka Lake Tarai Madhesh 12 Darakh 7 Ghodaghodi Lake Tarai Madhesh 13 Darakh 5 Baisawa Lake Tarai Madhesh 14 Sandhepani 8 Nokrar Lake Tarai Madhesh 15 Sandhepani 8 Budihya Nokrar Lake Tarai Madhesh 16 Sandhepani 8 Gaichkatuwa Lake Tarai Madhesh 17 Sandhepani 4 Chiraiya Lake Tarai Madhesh Surkhet District 18 Taranga 6 Baraha Lake Chure Hill 19 Latikoili 8 Bulbule Lake Dun Valley Bardiya District 20 Sorhawa 2 Badaiya Lake Tarai Madhesh 21 Tara Lake 1 Tara Lake Tarai Madhesh Banke District 22 Puraini 2 Puraini lake Tarai Madhesh 23 Nepalgunj 7 Fultekra Pokhari (Pond) Tarai Madhesh 24 Nepalgunj 1 Karkadau Tarai Madhesh Kapilvastu District 25 Gugouli 5 Wetland Area Tarai Madhesh 26 Manpur 7 Sakhubir Lake Tarai Madhesh 27 Niglihawa 4 Jagadishpur Lake Tarai Madhesh 32 Budhi 8 Budhi Lake Tarai Madhesh Dang District 28 Satbariya 8 Taptakund (Rihar) Dun Valley 29 Sonapur 5 Jakhera Lake Dun Valley 30 Rampur 7 Bhot Daha Dun Valley 31 Rampur 7 Charinge Daha Dun Valley Rupandehi District 33 Bishnupura 1 Gaidaharba Lake Tarai Madhesh 34 Suryapura 1 Lakhnautiya Lake Tarai Madhesh 35 Gajedi 3 Gajedi lake Tarai Madhesh 36 Lumbini - Lumbini Tarai Madhesh Developmental Area 38 Chihiva 2 Nandbhauju Lake Tarai Madhesh Nawalparasi District 39 Sunwal 4 Mahal Pokhari Tarai Madhesh

174

40 Tilakpur 8 Susihawa Lake Tarai Madhesh 41 Tilakpur 4 Salbas Lake Tarai Madhesh 42 Narayani 2 Pokhari Dun Valley 43 Kumarwati 9 Amaltari Pokhari Dun Valley Palpa District 37 Koldanda 1 Satyabati Lake Chure Hill Chitwan District 44 Chitwan National Park - Tamor lake Dun Valley 45 Bharatpur 8 Bishajari Lake Dun Valley Parsa District 46 Birgunj 13 Ghadiharwa Pokhari Tarai Madhesh Bara District 47 Parsouni 9 Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 48 Bahurai 6 Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 49 Golgunj 9 Simourangadh Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 50 Bariyarpur 2 Gadimai Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 51 Ratnapuri 2 Halkhoriya Pokhari Tarai Madhesh Sarlahi District 52 Murtiya 3 Murtiya Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 53 Bhaktipur 2 Sagarnath Pokhari Bhavar 54 Chandranagar 3 Nadhi Lake Tarai Madhesh 55 Musaili 3 Pokhari Tarai Madhesh Rautahat District 60 Ramgopalpur 2 Laxmipur Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 61 Jaleswor 2 Jaleswor Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 62 Goushala 5 Bramhapuri Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 63 Ramnagar 9 Ramnagar Pokhari Tarai Madhesh Dhanusha District 64 Dhalkewar 1 Chure Pokhari Chure Hill 65 Janakpur - Janakpur Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 66 Bagedabela 9 Bairiya Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 67 Devdaha 2 Dabadaha Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 68 Chakkar - Chakkar Pokhari Tarai Madhesh Siraha District 69 Malhaniyakhori 2 Mahadewa Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 70 Badharamal 2 Baba Lake Chure Hill 71 Kalyanpurjabdi - Kalyanpur Pokhari Tarai Madhesh

175

72 Fulbariya 1 Kamaldaha Bhavar 73 Chandralalpur 4 Kumbhikaridaha Bhavar 74 Siraha - Siraha Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 75 Dhabouli - Dhabouli Pokhari Tarai Madhesh Saptari District 76 Lohjara 3 Lohajara Lake Bhavar 77 Kamalpur 9 Banganidaha Bhavar 78 Sitapur 1 Dumarjor Pokhari Bhavar 79 Manraja - Manraj Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 80 Bakdhuwa 8 Khaniya-damardaha Bhavar 81 Theliya 1 Chure Pokhari Chure Hill 82 Dharampur 7 Lalbhedi Pokhari Bhavar 83 Koshitappu - Koshitappu Tarai Madhesh Sunsari District 84 Mahendranagar 6 Devighat Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 85 Bharol 4 Simarbana Pokhari Bhavar 86 Chandbela 4 Avadhimdhesha Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 87 Itahari 3 Sehat-TolePokhari Tarai Madhesh 88 Itahari 1 Itahari-bazar Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 89 Itahari 8 Durans-chok Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 101 Chimdi - Chimadi Lake Tarai Madhesh Morang District 90 Sundarpur 6 Hasina Wetland Tarai Madhesh 91 Bhogateni 8 Rajarani Lake Chure Hill 92 Jante 9 Dume Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 93 Madhumalla 5 Miklubetani Pokhari Bhavar 94 Govindpur 2 Sunbarsi Pokhari Tarai Madhesh Jhapa District 95 Anarmani 7 Birtapokhari Lake Tarai Madhesh 96 Goura-daha 9 Gouradaha Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 97 Satashidham 7 Chilanggadhi Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 98 Kechana 3 Kechana Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 99 Jalthal 8 Dhanusha Pokhari Tarai Madhesh 100 Surunga 3 Jamunabari Pokhari Bhavar

176

Annex 8: VDCs and Municipalities falling entirely or partially in the Chure Region, and the Households residing over There No. of households (HHs) based on caste Mountainous-origin Madheshi-origin S. HHs Female Populace Indigen District Populace outside brahman, Cultural N. (No.) % khas- -ous Madhes Muslim Others nation dalit rajput, Indigenous dalit Group arya national -hi kayastha -ities 1. Ilam 14,648 67,741 52.29 6,351 2,658 10,614 1,245 0 16 39 5 10 0 63 2. Jhapa 13,714 59,735 53.55 6,958 5,996 5,969 1,235 26 74 350 37 0 0 26 3. Morang 11,949 52,993 54.58 7,233 2,522 8,031 1,246 2 19 43 5 42 0 31 4. Sunsari 21,929 92,363 53.40 9,132 4,711 13,226 2,193 112 617 548 153 47 210 113 5. Dhankuta 333 1,511 53.34 15 17 295 17 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 6. Bhojpur 350 1,829 52.65 159 68 263 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7. Udayapur 49,435 226,766 53.45 35,125 15,516 20,573 4,798 86 1,238 5,597 911 617 25 75 8. Saptari 12,767 63,309 52.37 7,927 1,715 1,143 395 30 2,861 3,145 2,295 1,149 24 11 9. Siraha 7,814 40,373 51.21 2,304 1,000 1,960 341 71 2,766 311 1,077 212 8 68 10. Dhanusha 8,159 41,739 50.57 3,237 1,356 2,705 655 76 2,727 22 379 211 0 29 11. Mahottari 6,246 28,591 52.07 1,559 2,392 2,639 740 22 339 6 63 31 6 9 12. Sarlahi 10,922 55,218 51.50 3,071 3,064 5,500 657 34 1,387 0 83 174 2 21 13. Sindhuli 38,822 194,474 52.52 11,959 9,625 24,409 3,752 96 516 51 331 8 0 33 14. Kabhre 900 5,531 49.86 31 199 690 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15. Lalitpur 589 2,965 50.59 61 256 309 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16. Makwanpur 61,950 295,380 51.29 13,349 18,660 38,626 2,772 169 997 181 29 308 107 102 17. Routahat 6,648 34,888 50.81 764 1,599 3,437 332 66 305 331 194 348 0 36 18. Bara 6,298 31,124 51.47 1,166 1,847 4,022 201 0 159 24 0 7 7 32 19. Parsa 2,423 11,864 51.83 909 1,039 1,004 200 0 24 134 7 15 0 0 20. Chitwan 124,803 529,455 55.42 48,669 55,001 40,319 10,388 177 4,580 12,212 237 1,396 231 263 21. Tanahun 1,713 6,729 53.90 362 466 1,163 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 177

22. Palpa 5,280 27,369 53.36 2,687 874 3,779 615 0 1 0 0 3 0 8 23. Nawalparasi 74,267 337,408 53.55 42,515 28,836 25,760 7,044 40 1,396 9,625 729 444 49 344 24. Rupandehi 44,484 183,287 51.73 18,445 20,693 14,667 3,982 133 1,266 2,137 176 856 138 436 25. Kapilvastu 4,133 20,834 53.27 1,755 1,325 702 257 90 233 1,254 170 49 0 53 26. Arghakhanchi 6,768 32,254 53.66 3,980 3,137 2,225 1,353 14 21 9 5 0 2 0 27. Salyan 2,583 13,489 51.77 648 1,117 1,034 430 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 28. Pyuthan 1,320 6,607 55.21 1,191 442 366 324 0 0 117 0 70 0 0 29. Dang 109,255 513,292 52.99 39,206 43,490 15,354 12,319 58 2,534 33,776 280 726 416 305 30. Banke 14,214 75,734 52.08 1,464 4,756 1,381 1,027 84 1,064 4,753 200 872 44 33 31. Bardiya 1,888 8,265 52.46 669 674 187 282 0 0 744 0 2 0 0 32. Surkhet 47,629 219,489 52.67 15,042 23,013 10,171 13,170 38 103 388 11 555 85 97 33. Doti 1,575 9,148 50.30 465 735 470 331 0 0 6 0 0 0 33 34. Kailali 31,790 167,659 52.34 17,758 16,732 3,692 5,825 31 253 4,597 16 94 14 536 35. Kanchanpur 13,618 72,509 52.24 5,523 9,616 253 1,502 3 110 1,598 8 23 0 506 36. Dadeldhura 7,784 44,833 52.29 3,002 5,947 591 1,189 0 50 1 0 0 6 0 Total 769,000 3,576,755 52.46 314,691 291,094 267,529 80,954 1,458 25,660 81,999 7,401 8,270 1,374 3,263 % - - - 41/100 HHs 37.85 34.79 10.53 0.19 3.34 10.66 0.96 1.08 0.18 0.42

178

Annex 9: Details on Irrigation Plan I. Main Irrigation Plans in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape (except Small Irrigation Plans)

Area to be S. N. District Name of the Irrigation Plan irrigated Place (ha) 1. Jhapa Kankai Irrigation Plan, 8,000 Gainde 2. Jhapa Aduwa Khola 600 Chakchaki-7 3. Jhapa Bhuteni, Goldhap-2 400 Goldhap-2 4. Jhapa Hadiya, Chandragadhi 495 Chandragadhi 5. Jhapa Bhuteni Sainik, Garamani 350 Garamani 6. Jhapa Surunga Khola 600 Surunga-7 and Saranamati-3, 5, 7 7. Jhapa Sanumai 600 Kumarkhod 8. Jhapa Timai, Jyamirgadhi 300 Jyamirgadhi 9. Jhapa Siddhi Khola, Bahundangi 1,600 Bahundangi 10. Jhapa Bahundangi (Ninda Khola) 388 Bahundangi 11. Jhapa Lower Kisne, Juropani, Gourigunj-2 1,500 Gourigunj-2 12. Jhapa Gouriya Khola 400 Lakhanpur-3, 4 13. Jhapa Topgachhi Dhyang 300 Topgachhi 14. Jhapa Sadhutar Nete Sisne 355 Khudunabari-1, 2 15. Jhapa Janjagriti 410 Shantinagar-1, 2, 3 16. Ilam Nunsari 55 Sakphara-1, 2 17. Ilam Chanjo Khola 110 Chula-chuli-5, 6 18. Ilam Thyaure Khola Phyauri 868 Mahamai 19. Ilam Kamal Khola 295 Chula-chuli-1 20. Morang Sunsari-Morang Irrigation Plan 68,000 Morang and Sunsari 21. Morang Aadarsha 500 - 22. Morang Belbari 682 Kaseni-3,5, 6 23. Morang Bihibare 500 Bihibare-8, 9 24. Morang Dans,Morang 500 Sanishschare-1 to 7 and Bayarban 1 to 6 25. Morang Garame Jhoda 320 - 26. Morang Madhumalla 490 Madhumalla 27. Morang Musarghatta 600 - 28. Morang Sita Dans, Kerkha 500 Sanishchare-3, 4, 5, 7 29. Morang Darlokh Diversion 440 Belbari 30. Morang Mariya 400 -

179

31. Morang Bhuwa Chisang Janata Paini 300 Letang 32. Morang Letang-1, 2, 3 411 Letang 33. Morang Kisti Khola 318 Indrapur 34. Morang Janata Bandh 300 - 35. Morang Kochini Khola 300 - 36. Morang Hasina 300 - 37. Morang Jansahayog Paini 407 - 38. Morang K.V.L.N. (Kerabari, Bhogateni, 780 Letang Letang, Naksal) 39. Morang Nunsari Rachana, Kalidaha 300 Tandi 40. Morang Seshouli 310 Tandi 41. Morang Panch Paini 322 - 42. Saptari Koshi West Canal 24,000 Dabansa 43. Saptari Chandra Canal 10,500 Rajbiraj 44. Saptari Kajara Thaha 320 Phattepur, Rajbiraj 45. Saptari Khadak 300 - 46. Saptari Khando 980 Kalyanpur 47. Saptari Mahuli 1,050 Rayapur 48. Saptari Sundari 1,200 Hanumannagar 49. Saptari Mutani 400 - 50. Saptari Panchi 320 Anoha, Banouli 51. Saptari Dudhouli 300 - 52. Udayapur Tapeshwori 214 Tapaeshwori 53. Udayapur Baruwa 150 Triyuga Municipality 54. Udayapur Lama Khola, Basaha-8 ,9 200 Basaha-8, 9 55. Udayapur Uttari Tawa 250 Katari-8, 9 56. Udayapur Tawa Khola 250 Katari-1 57. Udayapur Upper Baruwa 264 Risku-4 58. Udayapur Hokse 450 Triyuga Municipality 59. Udayapur Gideri 500 Tapeshwori 60. Siraha Kamala 12,500 Badharnmal, Goutari, etc. 61. Siraha Gagan Khola 300 Sukhipur, Kabilasi 62. Siraha Kamal Pani 300 - 63. Siraha Bano 444 Bhadaiya 64. Siraha Kamala Uttarayani 540 - 65. Siraha Maina Batti 450 Chandralalpur 66. Siraha Sarashwoti Dhumuhan 300 - 67. Siraha Baburam Khola 1,000 -

180

68. Siraha Gagan River 1,200 Durgapur 69. Siraha Lomaniya Bandh (Dam) 400 - 70. Siraha Sahaja 743 Itatar 71. Siraha Ghirhari 554 - 72. Siraha Mainawatti 304 Chandralalpur-1 73. Siraha Sailesh Phulbari 460 Lahan Municipality 74. Siraha Katanihaya Dhar 500 Wariyarpatti 75. Siraha Khuti 600 Lahan Municipality 76. Sunsari Sukumari 600 - 77. Sunsari Haripur 600 Haripur 78. Sunsari Dumraha Patughar 445 - 79. Sunsari Sera 400 Hansposa-8 80. Sunsari Tengra 305 Amahibela, Amduwa, Chimdi 81. Sunsari West Kusaha 475 West Kusaha 82. Sunsari Bajhgata Tunnel 480 - 83. Sunsari Sera Seuti 400 Panchkanya 84. Sunsari Sunsari Khola 350 - 85. Sunsari Budhi Paterwa 356 Sater Jhoda 86. Sunsari Bharul 400 Bharou 87. Sunsari Haripur 600 Haripur 88. Sunsari Chanda Mohana 1,800 Rajgunj, Sinwari, Dewangunj, Kaptangunj 89. Bara Sirsiya Dhudhoura 1,020 Jitpur 90. Bara Narayani Irrigation Plan, Second 12,700 Pheta, Majheriya, etc. Phase 91. Bara Narayani Tubewell 2,800 Different places of Bara 92. Bara Bariyarpur Canal 700 Bariyarpur 93. Bara Inarwa Drain Canal 600 Inarwa Mal 94. Bara Imiti 1,300 Baghwan 95. Bara Thalahi 796 Baguaain, Madhuri Habdhi 96. Bara Jamuni 800 Sinhasini, Pathera 97. Bara Pasaha 1,600 - 98. Bara Tiyar 519 Umjan 99. Bara Bagedi River 520 - 100. Bara Loutan 450 - 101. Bara Dhansar 365 Bharatgunj 102. Bara Aduwa Kachorwa 1,139 Kachourwa Bhagawanpur

181

103. Bara Gerkahi 500 Bishanpurwa 104. Bara Lal Bakaiya bagh Bhairav 1,550 Ratanpuri, Nijgadh 105. Chitwan Narayani Lift 4,700 Bharatpur 106. Chitwan Khageri 3,900 Gitanagar, Shivanagar, patihani 107. Chitwan Pithuwa 500 Pithuwa 108. Chitwan Parsa Patihani 400 Patihani 109. Chitwan East Rapti (100 FMIS) 8,155 Different VDCs including Piple 110. Chitwan Kathara 400 - 111. Chitwan Anjan Lake 550 - 112. Chitwan Kumroj (u/s and d/s) 450 Kumroj 113. Dhanusha Kamala 12,500 Portaha, Raghunathpur, etc. 114. Dhanusha Hardinath 2,000 Gopalpur, Baiga Shivapur 115. Dhanusha Bighi 500 Basbitti, Binhi 116. Dhanusha Jalad 250 Ramdaiya Bhawadi 117. Dhanusha Mithileshwor 250 Mitileshwor 118. Dhanusha Old Jalladh 250 Gopalpur, Digambpur 119. Dhanusha Charnath 400 Bharatpur 120. Dhanusha Balganga 400 Kajara Ramoul 121. Dhanusha Kaji Paini 520 Dhabouli 122. Dhanusha Muglaiya 540 Mahuwa 123. Dhanusha Bachha raja 368 Dabbarkot Hathletwa 124. Mahottari Kutumeshwori 400 Dharmapur 125. Mahottari Bighi 2,200 Pigouna, Simardahi 126. Mahottari Rupani 613 Khairbanni 127. Mahottari Madaha 400 Nigoul 128. Mahottari Geruka 400 Mahadaiya tapanpur 129. Mahottari Pasijawa 500 Ramgopalpur 130. Mahottari Pachain 500 Nigoul 131. Mahottari Kantawa 750 Ragunathpur 132. Mahottari Geruwa 380 - 133. Mahottari Akushi Khola, Sirinchiya Hatisarwa 1,686 Dhamoura, Banouta, Balawa 134. Mahottari Akushi 650 Gonarpura 135. Rautahat Bagmati 22,400 Pourai, Santpur, Dumariya, etc. 136. Rautahat Jhanjh 2,000 Mahamadpur, Jayanagar 137. Rautahat Lal Baikaiya 2,500 Laxminiya-9

182

138. Rautahat Lohimiya Dam 466 - 139. Rautahat Pathara Budharam 432 Pathara Budharam 140. Rautahat Simara Bhawanipur 402 Simara Bhawanipur 141. Rautahat Baluwa Jabdi 1,000 - 142. Rautahat Bhakuwa 400 Akolwa, Bairiya 143. Rautahat Bhakuwa Dumariya 400 Dumraiya 144. Rautahat Lalmatiya 305 - 145. Rautahat Aruwa Sonarmani 305 Maryadapur 146. Sarlahi Bagmayi 23,200 Karmaiya 147. Sarlahi Manusmara 5,200 Bhawanipur, Dhanakoul, etc. 148. Sarlahi Pharhadawa 300 Pharhadawa 149. Sarlahi Haripurwa 595 Haripurwa 150. Sarlahi Jingarawa 376 Jingarawa 151. Sarlahi Kisanpur 330 Kisanpur 152. Sarlahi Parwanipur 400 Parwanipur 153. Sarlahi Parsa 685 Parsa 154. Sarlahi Pathharkot 521 Pathharkot 155. Sarlahi Loukat Manusmara 375 Pathharkot 156. Sarlahi Parwanipur, Kalinjor 395 Parwanipur 157. Sarlahi Jhim, Ishworpur 607 Ishworpur 158. Sarlahi Parmanent Dam, Kagawa Geruka 526 Babargunj 159. Parsa Narayani Irrigation Plan, First Phase 16,000 Bahuari 160. Parsa Chami River 400 - 161. Parsa Charkhwa 350 162. Parsa Subarnapur, Bashantapur 495 Subarnapur 163. Parsa Ouriya 320 Pidari Guthi-1 164. Parsa Thouduwa 400 - 165. Parsa Nougachhi 500 - 166. Parsa Nirmal Basti 350 Nirmal Basti 167. Parsa Kiyasot Bagmuhi 496 Jaganathpur 168. Parsa Jaganaha Marnahiya 298 Ouraha 169. Parsa Thute Khola 304 Nirmal Basti 170. Makwanpur Karmachuli 90 Shreepur Chhativan 171. Makwanpur Jyanire 125 Manhari 172. Makwanpur Rapti Nawalpur 100 Hetauda Municipality 173. Makwanpur Masine Khola 50 Handi Khola-8 174. Makwanpur Sisneri 129 Sisneri, Mahadevsthan

183

175. Makwanpur Rapti Khola 125 Handi Khola 176. Makwanpur Pawas Valley 50 Shreepur, Chhativan 177. Makwanpur Padam Pokhari 200 Padam Pokhari 178. Makwanpur Lamitar 200 Handi Village 179. Makwanpur Kurle Damar 62 Hatiya 180. Makwanpur Kudule 50 Shikharpur 181. Makwanpur Ghatte Damar 66 Handi Khola 182. Makwanpur Gurubirta 85 Padam Pokhari 183. Makwanpur Chouraghol 129 Handi Village 184. Makwanpur Rai Village 220 Rai Village 185. Makwanpur Chyou Chyou 99 Shikharpur 186. Makwanpur Dardara 99 Handi Village 187. Makwanpur Phaparbari 100 Phaparbari 188. Makwanpur Dillipur 114 Phaparbari 189. Makwanpur Motipur 74 Phaparbari 190. Makwanpur Buddha Simal 100 Shreepur Chhativan 191. Sindhuli Kapila Kot 550 Kapilakot 192. Sindhuli Harsahi 300 Harsahi 193. Sindhuli Bhiman 300 Bhiman 194. Sindhuli Tandi 272 Tandi 195. Sindhuli Dudhouli 200 Dudhouli 196. Sindhuli Bhaluwai 270 Kapilakot 197. Kapilvastu Surahi 400 Shivapur 198. Kapilvastu Banganga 6,200 Bilaspur, Semari, Gobari 199. Kapilvastu Kamchaniya 300 Lalpur 200. Kapilvastu Dohani 300 Dohani 201. Kapilvastu Huderhawa 350 - 201. Kapilvastu Jawai Sakuni 700 Manpur 203. Kapilvastu Jahadi 500 Jahadi 204. Kapilvastu Phulika 1,000 Puulika 205. Kapilvastu Bhadehar 900 Gouri 206. Kapilvastu Jamuar Diversion 600 Niglihawa-7 207. Kapilvastu Marthi 800 Phulika-3, 4 208. Kapilvastu Shreengeghat 2,523 Banganga, Kopuwa, Motipur, Gajheda 209. Kapilvastu Ghaghawa 374 Maharajgunj 210. Kapilvastu Pathardaiya 700 Pathardaiya-6, 7 211. Kapilvastu Mahendrakot 430 Mahendrakot

184

212. Kapilvastu Sayar Dam 400 - 213. Nawalparasi Pusaha 600 - 214. Nawalparasi Julpe 360 - 215. Nawalparasi Aadarsha Canal 420 - 216. Nawalparasi Pragatinagar 330 Pragatinagar 217. Nawalparasi Gandak West Canal 10,300 - 218. Nawalparasi Pokharpalli 230 - 219. Rupandehi Siyari Kahariya 1,700 Amuwa-8 220. Rupandehi Marchwar lift 3,500 - 221. Rupandehi Pouraha 500 Pouraha 222. Rupandehi Tarkulawa 300 - 223. Rupandehi Tenuhawa 800 - 224. Rupandehi Gothwa Bhuhaka 400 - 225. Rupandehi Danda 850 Pharsatikar 226. Rupandehi Sohra Chhattis Canal 3,500 Butwal 227. Rupandehi Gaidhhawa Lake 312 - 228. Rupandehi Dhunge Dam 300 - 229. Rupandehi Lousi Khola 300 - 230. Rupandehi Ghaghra 2,000 - 231. Rupandehi Motipur Khadwa 1,500 - 232. Rupandehi Siyari 800 - 233. Rupandehi Gonhiya 800 - 234. Rupandehi Gajedi 419 - 235. Rupandehi Char Tapaha 3,300 - 236. Pyuthan Ganaha Jogidhunga 56 Bangesal 237. Banke Dunduwa 1,250 Nepalgunj 238. Banke Raj Kulo (Canal) 1,500 Baijapur, Binouna 239. Banke Chisapani Noubasta 300 Noubasta 240. Banke Dhumiya 220 - 241. Banke Phattepur Irrigation Plan 1,700 Phattepur 242. Bardiya Badaiya Lake 480 Sorahawa 243. Bardiya Chapala Lake 480 Mainapokhar 244. Bardiya Babai River 13,500 Baniyabhar, Magargadhi, Deudhakala 245. Bardiya Rajapur 13,000 Rajapur 246. Bardiya Surya Patuwa 1,300 Suryapatuwa 247. Bardiya Dhodhari Tara Lake 2,500 Dhodhari 248. Bardiya Bargadi Jamti, Neulapur-1, 2 1,440 Neulapur

185

249. Bardiya Kuthara Lagniya 400 - 250. Bardiya Bhaisahi Dam, Gagan 2,000 - 251. Bardiya Rehu Khola 400 Balawa 252. Salyan Ghuiyabari 200 Kabhrechour 253. Dang Gobardiha Badhkapath 455 Gobardiha 254. Dang Gwor Khola 800 Bijouri 255. Dang Arjun Khola 500 Lamahi 256. Dang Ghorahi Manpur 900 Ghorahi Municipality 257. Dang Kodiya Sota 500 - 258. Dang Katuwa Khola 332 - 259. Dang Chouwa Khola 450 - 260. Dang Chaime Khola 840 - 261. Dang Karjahi Satgaiya Canal 406 - 262. Dang Kachhare Canal 500 - 263. Dang Chiregad 336 Hekuli 264. Dang Satgaunle Sire Dam 525 Ghorahi 265. Dang Basti Khola 315 Shantinagar 266. Dang Dangali Chhap Canal 868 Gobardiha 267. Dang Malware Canal 1,200 - 268. Dang Prasanna Canal 5,800 Panchakule, Hekuli 269. Dang Manpure Canal 400 - 270. Surkhet Salkot 500 Salkot 271. Surkhet Sahare 260 Sahare 272. Surkhet Maintada 238 Maintada 273. Surkhet Sahare-Kebard 214 Malarani 274. Surkhet Mehelkuna 300 Mehelkuna 275. Kailali Khutiya, First Phase 1,500 Beladivipur 276. Kailali Mohana 2,000 Godawari 277. Kailali Phthariya 2,000 - 278. Kailali Rani Jamara (Rehabilitation) 2,500 Tikapur, Dhansingpur, Munuwa 279. Kailali Bhajani 700 Bhajani 280. Kailali Khurkhuriya 650 Choumala 281. Kailali Munuwa 450 Munuwa 282. Kailali Tedi 1,500 Basouti 283. Kailali Kailali Nala (Drainage) 560 - 284. Kailali Kateni Drainage 1,200 Choumala 285. Kailali Gurgi Dam 600 Basouti

186

286. Kailali Bhursha 485 - 287. Kailali Pratappur 650 Pratappur 288. Kailali Rajbadhuwa 368 Sadhepani 289. Kailali Jaijali 300 Dhangadhi 290. Kailali Jarahi 225 - 291. Kailali Gaidakhed 450 - 292. Dadeldhura Pari Village 200 Pari Village 293. Dadeldhura Sirse 300 Sirse 294. Dadeldhura Pantura 200 Jogbudha 295. Dadeldhura Seltunda 110 Rupal 296. Kanchanpur Mahakali First 4,800 Mahendranagar 297. Kanchanpur Mahakali Second 6,800 Beldandi 298. Kanchanpur Routela Khola 720 Tilakpur, Mahendranagar 299. Kanchanpur Kalapani 400 Jhallari 300. Kanchanpur Maleriya Drainage 600 Chandani Total 462,754 Source: 1. Irrigation Database, Department of Irrigation; 2. Irrigation Hand Book, 2071; 3. Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project; 4. Irrigation and Water Resource Management Project; and 5. Medium Irrigation Project.

II. Details on the Groundwater Irrigation Plans

Total S. Shallow Tubewell Deep Tubewell District Irrigated N. (up to F.Y. 2070/071) (up to F.Y. 2070/071) Area (ha) 1. Jhapa 8,870 29,247.0 17 620 29,867 2. Morang 8,678 29,144.5 11 541 29,686 3. Ilam 130 325.0 0 0 325 4. Sunsari 8,133 28,144.0 10 200 28,344 5. Saptari 5,240 17,040.5 13 360 17,401 6. Siraha 5,932 20,494.5 48 1,228 21,723 7. Udayapur 632 1,909.0 3 0 1,909 8. Dhanusha 6,293 17,575.5 88 3,049 20,625 9. Mahottari 4,602 13,222.0 78 1,613 14,835 10. Sarlahi 6,582 19,038.0 31 636 19,674 11. Sindhuli 164 411.5 0 0 412

187

12. Routahat 6,310 19,110.5 5 40 19,151 13. Bara 9,122 27,777.5 37 820 28,598 14. Parsa 3,520 10,146.0 8 48 10,194 15. Makwanpur 121 316.5 2 0 317 16. Lalitpur 0 0.0 1 0 0 17. Chitwan 3,273 8,819.5 45 1,111 9,931 18. Gorakha 62 155.0 1 0 155 19. Tanahun 19 49.0 0 0 49 20. Nuwakot 29 72.5 0 0 73 21. Dhading - - - - - 22. Bhojpur - - - - - 23. Kabhrepalanchok 0 0.0 1 0 0 24. Syangja 40 100.0 0 0 100 25. Nawalparasi 5,236 14,274.0 56 1,200 15,474 26. Rupandehi 7,683 23,386.5 218 20,949 44,336 27. Kapilvastu 1,919 5,644.0 71 1,650 7,294 28. Dang 3,207 9,025.0 60 1,675 10,700 29. Palpa 49 122.5 0 0 123 30. Arghakanchi 118 295.0 0 0 295 31. Pyuthan 83 207.5 0 0 208 32. Banke 4,758 13,252.5 66 2,415 15,668 33. Bardiya 7,212 19,522.5 21 600 20,123 34. Surkhet 107 267.5 0 0 268 35. Kailali 9,396 25,446.5 59 1,840 27,287 36. Kanchanpur 6,542 18,188.5 27 1,030 19,219 Total 124,062 372,730 977 41,625 414,355 Source: Irrigation Database, Department of Irrigation, Groundwater irrigation Project, Chitwan.

188

Annex 10: Details on the Households and Populace using Natural Water Resources for Drinking in the Chure Region No. of Households using drinking water from S. Total District Water River/ N. Well Others Spring Stream 1. Ilam 3,833 601 490 9,724 14,648 2. Jhapa 1,994 84 125 11,511 13,714 3. Morang 716 385 73 10,776 11,950 4. Sunsari 545 288 200 20,897 21,930 5. Dhankuta 15 62 0 256 333 6. Bhojpur 64 24 16 247 351 7. Udayapur 37,420 532 1,606 9,876 49,434 8. Saptari 323 0 25 12,419 12,767 9. Siraha 2,312 49 416 5,038 7,815 10. Dhanusha 5,332 25 100 2,702 8,159 11. Mahottari 13,117 923 1,330 23,452 38,822 12. Sarlahi 63 34 24 779 900 13. Sindhuli 0 0 0 589 589 14. Kabhrepalanchok 4,104 105 430 6,283 10,922 15. Lalitpur 400 154 406 5,287 6,247 16. Makwanpur 866 0 109 5,672 6,647 17. Routahat 556 105 140 5,497 6,298 18. Bara 419 121 50 1,833 2,423 19. Parsa 11,718 2,693 411 47,128 61,950 20. Chitwan 16,947 598 405 106,853 124,803 21. Tanahun 196 25 25 1,467 1,713 22. Palpa 11,960 1,437 197 60,673 74,267 23. Nawalparasi 1,609 440 428 2,804 5,281 24. Rupandehi 259 379 24 43,822 44,484 25. Kapilvastu 305 104 90 3,609 4,108 26. Arghakhanchi 1,622 678 469 3,996 6,765 27. Salyan 38,663 3,840 3,780 62,972 109,255 28. Pyuthan 385 318 652 1,228 2,583 29. Dang 370 105 193 652 1,320 30. Banke 32 239 64 1,553 1,888 31. Bardiya 877 40 51 13,246 14,214 32. Surkhet 6,481 8,172 2,572 30,404 47,629

189

33. Doti 1,557 2,090 1,381 26,761 31,789 34. Kailali 104 428 198 845 1,575 35. Kanchanpur 1,086 1,045 567 5,086 7,784 36. Dadeldhura 129 211 208 13,070 13,618 Total 166,379 26,334 17,255 559,007 768,975

190

Annex 11: Logical Framework Goal Impact Indicator Means of verification Assumption To support in the poverty reduction and the national  Contribution of the natural resource  Socio-economic survey of the goal of “Prosperous Nepal” through the conservation and management in the residents directly affected by conservation and sustainable management of the increase in the income/prosperity of the the programs. resources in the Chure region and amalgamation of residents of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh the ecosystem services. Landscape-  At the present situation, 25% of the residents will realize the positive impacts of conservation in the coming 10 years; and  At the present situation, 40% of the residents will realize the positive impacts of conservation in the coming 20 years. Objective Outcome Indicator Means of verification Assumption Objective 1. To mitigate the damage likely to be  Multi-year geo-coverage of the Chure  Analysis of the Satellite Image; caused by the climate change and natural disasters region;  Inventory of the biodiversity; through ensuring the sustainable management of the  Proportion of the deteriorated land;  Analysis of the data; and natural resources (land, water, vegetation and  Status of the bio-diversity; and concerning natural disaster biodiversity) of the Chure hills (including gorges)  Tendency of the damage caused by flood and landslide and Bhavar region, favorable to their geological, The Chure physiographical status and ecosystems. Conservation Objective 2: To mitigate the damage likely to be  Turbidity of the river-water in rainy-  River-water turbidity test; Program will be caused by the water-induced disasters in the Chure season;  Analysis of the Satellite Image; unchanged and hills, Dun and Tarai Madhesh regions, and to  Expansion of river-bed; and and given priority continue the flow of the environmental services.  Quantity of sediments in the river.  Annual monitoring using while restructuring control pints. the nation. Objective 3: Maintain accessibility in the household  Proportion of the renewable energy in  Socio-economic survey; and use of energy, and to increase the accessibility of the household use of energy; and  Analysis of the Satellite Image. residents living far from the national forests,  Area covered by the trees and bamboos especially from the Tarai region, in the use of outside forests in the Tarai Madhesh and timber, wood and other energy resources. Dun regions.

191

Objective 1. To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the climate change and natural disasters through ensuring the sustainable management of the natural resources (land, water, vegetation and biodiversity) of the Chure hills (including gorges) and Bhavar region, favorable to their geological, physiographical status and ecosystems. Expected Output Output Indicator Means of verification Assumption  The encroached forest in the Chure hills, Bhavar and Tarai Madhesh regions  Reports of the (found to be) restored- concerned offices;  Restoration of 14,000 ha within the first 5-year period;  Field observation;  Restoration of the 60% encroached forest within the first 10 years; and  Case study; and  Restoration of the 100% encroached forest within 20 years.  Analysis of the Satellite Image.  The public lands, that are degraded or in the process of degradation, outside the  Reports of the forests (found to be) managed- concerned offices;  Management of 1,297 wards of the existing VDC and municipalities in the  Field observation; Chure Conservation region within the first 5-year period; and  Case study; and  Management of all the wards (2,324) of the existing VDCs and  Analysis of the municipalities within the first 10 years. Satellite Image. Priority for the 1.1 Mitigation in integrated resource decline/degradation  The farmers raising their domestic cattle through open grazing (found to be)  Reports of the management of the natural habituated of stall-feeding, and the meat productivity (found to be) increased- concerned offices; system will not be resources.  4,800 farmer groups within the first 5-year period; and less than the one at  9,800 farmer groups within the first 10 years;  Surveying of the the present  11,000 farmer groups within the first15 years; and representative situation in the  All the 11,000 farmer groups within 20 years. farmers. years to come

 The agriculture lands with 19 degrees or more slope (found to be) transformed  Satellite Image into the lands for the production of multi-year grass, fruits, and the vegetation interpretation; producing NTFPs, fodder and so on without ploughing (the lands) annually;  Reports of the  7,265 ha within the first 5-year period; concerned offices;  16,000 ha within the first 10 years;  Field observation;  25,000 ha within the first 15 years; and and  30,600 ha within 20 years;  Surveying of the representative farmers. 1.2 Stabilization of the  The forests being managed under suitable silviculture systems-  Reports of the environment and  165,675 ha within the first 5-year period; concerned offices; 192 increase in the  300,000 ha within the first 10 years;  Field observation; productivity.  400,000 ha within the first 15years; and and  500,000 ha within 20 years.  Field measurement.

 The average annual increment rate (of the wood) of the forests, situated on the slope below 19 degrees and managed under suitable silviculture systems, found to be 5 cu m per ha.  Eleven ecosystems outside the Chure Conservation System (found to be)  Reports of the protected after being streamlined in the forest management plans; and concerned offices;  Field  The species (both plants and animals) that are outside the PAS, but falling under study/observation; the list of the protected species are found to be streamlined in the forest and management plans for their protection.  Study on biodiversity.  The wetlands that are outside the PAS, but are considered to be important in  Records of the biodiversity conservation point of view or conservation of cultural heritage PCTMCDB. point of view (found to be) managed –  85 in the first 5-year period;  160 in the first 10 years;  250 in the first 15 years; and  340 in 20 years.  The rainwater collected, protected and used, and the sub-surface water  Records of the harvesting structures(found to be) fully utilized- PCTMCDB;  980structures in the first 5-year period;  Reports of the  2,000 structures in the first 10 years; concerned offices;  3,000 structures in the first 15 years; and and  5,000 structures in 20 years.  Field observation.

193

1.3 Mitigation in the  Secured management of the settlements within the areas highly susceptible to  Records of the impacts of risk. landslide, flood and inundation- PCTMCDB;  20,651 houses in the first 5-year period;  Reports of the  36,000 houses in the first 10 years; concerned offices;  40,000 houses in the first 15 years; and and  All the 43,423 houses in 20 years.  Field study.

 The decreasing trend of forest fire in the forest fire-susceptible areas-  The existing 1,498 wards situated in the Chure Conservation region in the first 5-year period; and  All the existing 2,324wards situated in the Chure Conservation region in the first 10 years. Objective 2: To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the water-induced disasters in the Chure hills, Dun and Tarai Madhesh landscape, and to continue the flow of the environmental services. Expected Output Output Indicator Means of verification Assumption 2.1 Integrated river  Preparation of the integrated river system resource management action plans of-  Reports of the system resource  64 river systems in the first 5-year period; PCTMCDB/ Separate management  104river systems in the first 10 years; Action Plans; and infrastructure.  134river systems in the first 15 years; and  Checklist.  All the river systems(164) in 20 years.  The local mechanism i.e. network(found to be) engaged in the management of-  Progress report; and  64 river systems in the first 5-year period;  Field observation and Priority for the  104river systems in the first 10 years; discussion with the integrated resource  134river systems in the first 15 years; and locals. management  All the river systems(164) in 20 years. system will not be  The integrated river system resource management action plans implemented in-  Progress report; less than that at the  64 river systems in the first 5-year period;  Field observation and present situation in  104river systems in the first 10 years; discussion with the the years to come  134river systems in the first 15 years; and locals.  All the river systems(164) in 20 years. 2.2 Stabilization of the  The landslide-susceptible areas in the upper watershed region stabilized, and the  Interpretation of landslide- water from the protected water springs, run-off water and groundwater used Satellite Image; susceptible areas within-  Annual report; and in the upper  64 river systems in the first 5-year period;  Field observation, 194

watershed region  104river systems in the first 10 years;  134river systems in the first 15 years; and  All the river systems (164) in 20 years. 2.3 Mitigation in the  The rivers, green-belts and settlements (found to be) secured from river-cutting  Records of the damage caused by and inundation within- PCTMCDB; river-cutting and  64 river systems in the first 5-year period;  Reports of the inundation  104river systems in the first 10 years; concerned offices;  134river systems in the first 15 years; and and  All the river systems (164) in 20 years.  Field study. Objective 3: Maintain accessibility in the household use of energy, and to increase the accessibility of the residents living far from the national forests, especially from the Tarai region, in the use of timber, wood and other energy resources. 3.1 Development of  No. of grown up trees and bamboo-  Records of the trees outside forest.  8,914,400 (no.) within the first 5-year period; PCTMCDB;  20,000,000 (no.) within the first 10 years;  Reports of the  30,000,000 (no.) within the first 15 years; concerned offices;  40,000,000 (no.)in 20 years. and  Field study. 3.2 Extension of  No. of households covered by the extension of the renewable energy-related  Records of the renewable energy- technology- PCTMCDB; and related technologies I. Dung-gas plant:  Household survey  81,000 within the first 5-year period; and  121,000 within the first 10 years.

II. Solar system:  38,000within the first 5-year period; and  57,000 within the first 10 years.

195

Objective 1. To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the climate change and natural disasters through ensuring the sustainable management of the natural resources (land, water, vegetation and biodiversity) of the Chure hills (including gorges) and Bhavar region, favorable to their geological, physiographical status and ecosystems. Expected Output 1.1 Mitigation in decline/degradation of the natural 1.2 Stabilization of the environment and 1.3 Mitigation in the impacts of risk. resources. increase in the productivity. Interventions/Activities 1.1.1 Determination of the government forests or 1.2.1 Forest management 1.3.1 Use/management of river-bed materials public lands on the basis of their mapping (using the Land Use Zone Map) 1.1.2 Mapping of forests showing the management 1.2.2 Development and management of non- 1.3.2 Management of settlements within the units (using the Topographical Map of the timber forest products (NTFPs) susceptible areas Survey Department) 1.1.3 Control of forest encroachment 1.2.3 Conservation of biodiversity (11 1.3.3 Mitigation and control of forest fire ecosystems and 7 protected areas) 1.1.4 Rehabilitation of degraded lands 1.2.4 Wetland management 1.1.5 Control or management of grazing in the forest 1.2.5 Collection and storage of rainwater, and river-beds recharge of groundwater and its use 1.1.6 Commercial animal husbandry 1.2.6 Incentive for environment-friendly physical infrastructures 1.1.7 Multi-year crop extension on the sloped 1.2.7 Control of invasive species agriculture land

Objective 2: To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the water-induced disasters in the Chure hills, Dun and Tarai Madhesh landscape, and to continue the flow of the environmental services. Expected Output 2.1 Integrated river system resource management 2.2 Stabilization of the landslide-susceptible 2.3 Mitigation in the damage caused by river-cutting infrastructure areas in the upper watershed region 2.1.1 Development of river management mechanism 2.2.1 Treatment of the landslide areas 2.3.1 Stabilization of river-banks at river system-level 196

2.1.2 Preparation of action plan for integrated river 2.2.2 Conservation of the springs and 2.3.2 Development of green-belts on the river-banks system resource development community-based soil conservation

Objective 3: Maintain accessibility in the household use of energy, and to increase the accessibility of the residents living far from the national forests, especially from the Tarai region, in the use of timber, wood and other energy resources. Expected Output 3.1 Development of trees outside forest 3.2 Extension of renewable energy-related 3.3 Support in the management and technologies commercialization of private forests. 3.1.1 Management of qualitative seeds and seedlings 3.2.1 Extension of cow-dung gas 3.3.1 Management of qualitative seeds and seedlings 3.1.2 Promotion and commercialization of private 3.2.2 Extension of household solar energy 3.3.3 Promotion and commercialization of private forest through production, plantation and forest through production, plantation and management of seedlings on private/social lands management of seedlings on private/social lands 3.2.3 Development of mini-hydro-electricity power and its use 3.2.4 Extension of access to national electricity power transmission

4. Multi-disciplinary fields Activities in detail 4.1 Emergency disaster management 4.1.1 Collection of the information on damage 4.1.2 Support in disaster management 4.2 Promotion and development of tourism 4.2.1 feasibility study on eco-tourism 4.2.2 Support in eco-tourism 4.3 Participation of women, dalit, indigenous and 4.3.1 Production and dissemination of the women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized community- marginalized communities friendly awareness-raising materials 4.3.2 Skill-oriented capacity building 4.3.3 Participation in the community-based organizations

197

4.3.4 Prioritization for the employment created in course of the implementation of the MP 4.3.5 Exhibition of the women, dalit, indigenous and marginalized community-friendly natural resource conservation model 4.4 Climate adaptation 4.4.1 Assessment and prioritization of the risks of climate change 4.4.2 Support in the preparation and implementation of the Local Adaptation Plan for Action (LAPA) or Climate Adaption Plan of Action (CAPA). 4.5 Scientific and action-oriented research and 4.5.1 Increase likely to occur in the Mean Annual Increment (MAI) as per the forest management technology development system (in the forests of Chure, Bhavar, Dun and Tarai Madhesh) 4.5.2 Action-oriented research on forest management system vs. rate of soil erosion 4.5.3 Action-oriented research on the amount of sediment of the managed river system 4.5.4 Development of a manual on non-traditional river-bank conservation technology 4.5.5 Research and recording on the inter-relationship and dependency between natural resources and communities 4.5.6 Comparative study on the animal husbandry with open grazing vs. the one with stall-feeding (economic, social, and environmental aspects) 4.5.7 Comparative study on the cultivation on sloped agricultural land vs. multi-year cultivation system that requires less ploughing (economic, social, and environmental aspects) 4.5.8 Feasibility test on the increase in the value-addition of Kans ((Saccharum spontaneum) and technology development 4.5.9 Mapping and categorization of landslide areas, prioritization for their control and technology development (for their control) 4.5.10 Bamboo production, value-added tax and marketing 4.5.11 Status of the wildlife outside the Protected Area System (PAS) and conservation measures 4.5.12 Occurrence, extent of invasion, effects and control of invasive plant species 4.5.13 Economic evaluation regarding environmental services affected due to conservation measures 4.5.14 Status of the protected plants outside the Protected Area System (PAS) and conservation measures 4.5.15 Feasibility study on forest-based industries 4.5.16 Trial and development of new technologies (e.g., location-specific smart and climate- resilient 198

agriculture technology generation and development) 4.6 Public communication 4.5.1 Public communication strategy development 4.5.2 Production and transmission of information materials favorable to central, state and local levels 4.5.3 Web-site development, updating and information releasing 4.7 Capacity building (4 categories) 4.7.1 Human resource involved in MP implementing authorities 4.7.2 Officials from community-based organizations 4.7.3 Farmers 4.7.4 Laborers 4.8 Planning and coordination amongst inter- 4.8.1 Coordination among central, state and local levels authorities (at central, state and local levels) 4.8.2 Annual planning 4.8.3 Development of Second 5-year Action Plan 4.9 M&E 4.9.1 Development of result-oriented monitoring system 4.9.2 Collection, analysis, feedback and information dissemination 4.9.3 Performance evaluation 4.10 Formulation of acts, rules, work-procedure and 4.10.1 Development/Improvement of Acts and Rules guidelines 4.10.2 Acts, Rules, Policy, Work-policy and improvement of manual/guidelines 5. Inception of Master Plan 5.1 Master Plan Introductory workshop at central, river system and local levels 5.2 Introductory field observation on the basis of the mapping of Chure Conservation region

199

Annex 12: Potential Sites for the Collection and Storage of Rainwater and Recharge of Groundwater

200

Note: The names and the addresses of the points indicated in the map above are highlighted in the Table below:

Existing Existing District Village/Tole River/Stream Program VDC/Municipality Ward No. Banke Kohalpur 5 Nayanvasti Duduwa Khola Collection of rainwater Banke Kohalpur 5 Pipaltakura Gully Collection of rainwater Banke Mahadevpuri 4 Guruwa Village Gully Collection of rainwater Banke Kachanapur 8 Amuwa Village Gully Collection of rainwater Banke Binouna 9 Pahadipur Gully Collection of rainwater Banke Binouna 7 Banjariya Gully Collection of rainwater Banke Binouna 5 Pahiditola Gully Collection of rainwater Banke Baijapur 3 Rajapur Gully Collection of rainwater Banke Baijapur 5 Bhagawatipur Gully Collection of rainwater Banke Chisapani 9 Thakuri Tole Streamlet Collection of rainwater Banke Kohalpur 5 Jungle Rohini Khola Collection of rainwater Banke Khas Kushma 2 Ghartitola Bairiya Collection of groundwater Banke Baijapur 3 Kumbhar Moranga Khola Collection of groundwater Bara Ratanpuri 2 Nayanbasti Dhungri Khola Storage of groundwater Bara Amalekhgunj 3 Amalekhgunj, East Dudhoura Khola Storage of groundwater Bara Sapahi 2 Jungle Lalbakaiya Khola Storage of groundwater Bara Ratanpuri 8 Pari Tole Lal Khola Storage of groundwater Bara Haraiya 1 - Pasaha Khola Storage of groundwater Bara Haraiya 1 Kushmari, East Pasaha Khola Storage of groundwater Bara Ratanpuri 1 Dammarpur Shakti Khola Storage of groundwater Bara Pipara, Simara 8 Ramvantadi Gully Collection of rainwater Bara Haraiya 1 Satghara Gully Collection of rainwater Bara Ratanpuri 4 Ramthali Gully Collection of rainwater

201

Bara Ratanpuri 9 Lal Village Gully Collection of rainwater Bara Nijgadh 3 Bich Tole Gully Collection of rainwater Bara Haraiya 2 Haraiya, West Gully Collection of rainwater Bara Bharatgunj, Sinoul 3 Sin Village, North Gully Collection of rainwater Bardiya Deudakala 5 Belouli - Collection of rainwater Bardiya Neulapur 1 Ameni Gully Collection of rainwater Bardiya Neulapur 3 Karmala Gully Collection of rainwater Bardiya Deudakala 3 Pahadipur Gully Collection of rainwater Bardiya Belawa 7 Nurete Gully Collection of rainwater Chitwan Ratnanagar 9 Jayamangala - Collection of rainwater Chitwan Gardi 9 Panchpandav Deuta Khola Collection of rainwater Chitwan Piple 5 North of Highway Jungle Collection of rainwater Chitwan Piple 6 Mahadevtar Jungle Collection of rainwater Chitwan Chainpur 9 Gaide Ahale, North Gully Collection of rainwater Chitwan Birendranagar 9 Lalpur Gully Collection of rainwater Chitwan Bhandara 8 Dhaduwa, North Gully Collection of rainwater Chitwan Gardi 8 Laxmuniya Gully Collection of rainwater Chitwan Bharatpur 8 Down the Khageri Canal Gully Collection of rainwater Chitwan Piple 7 Jhurjhure, North Purwari Khola Collection of rainwater Dadeldhura Shirshe 9 Thakuri Tole, North Gully Collection of rainwater Dadeldhura Shirshe 7 Katal Gully Collection of rainwater Dadeldhura Aalital 2 Dhyadi Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Satbariya 8 Bharatkund Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Satbariya 6 Gojhena Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Rampur 3 Nimuriya, West Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Rampur 4 Kalimati Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Rampur 3 Kalimati, South Gully Collection of rainwater 202

Dang Rampur 7 Nayan Village, North Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Laxmipur 4 Syalpani Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Hapur 2 Gurje, West Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Hapur 7 Jeetpur Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Hapur 7 Majhkhuti Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Manpur 9 Beljhundi Stadium Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Manpur 6 Rawat Village Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Tulsipur 11 Ashwara Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Panchkule 4 Belghari Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Phulbari 7 Aamkholi Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Phulbari 4 Raniyapur Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Sishaniya 5 Kalapani Gully Collection of rainwater Dang Narayanpur 6 Parseni Pond Collection of rainwater Dang Sonpur 5 Jakhera Lake Pond Collection of rainwater Dang Shantinagar 7 Saunepani Baulaha Khola Collection of groundwater Dang Pawannagar 3 Bhamake Bhamake Khola Collection of groundwater Dang Hapur 5 Dokrena Hapur Khola Collection of groundwater Dang Manpur 8 Beljhundi Sangram Khola Collection of groundwater Dang Manpur 8 North Jamera Sangram Khola Collection of groundwater Dhanusha Hariharpur 8 North of Highway Ourahi Khola Storage of groundwater Dhanusha Bengadabar 4 Lalbhitti Badhari Khola Storage of groundwater Dhanusha Puspawalpur 9 Shikari Madhuwasha Chameniya Khola Storage of groundwater Dhanusha Bengadabar 8 South of Highway Ratu Khola Storage of groundwater Dhanusha Lower Godar 1 Upper Dhansari Dhansari Khola Collection of rainwater Dhanusha Pushpawalpur 9 Shikari Madhuwasha Gully Collection of rainwater Dhanusha Dhalkewar 1 Kemalipakha - Collection of rainwater Dhanusha Dhalkewar 1 Kemalipur - Collection of rainwater 203

Dhanusha Dhalkewar 4 Eklewar - Collection of rainwater Dhanusha Pushpawalpur 9 Chhaghariya Tole - Collection of rainwater Dhanusha Bharatpur 3 Tintale, South Charnath Khola Collection of groundwater Dhanusha Tulsichouda 3 Tulsi Ratu Khola Collection of groundwater Ilam Chulachuli 1 Chure Hill Gully Collection of rainwater Ilam Chulachuli 2 Chure Hill Gully Collection of rainwater Ilam Chulachuli 6 Sukuna, North Gully Collection of rainwater Ilam Chulachuli 8 Pokharidanda, East Gully Collection of rainwater Ilam Sakhphara 2 Ghatane Gully Collection of rainwater Ilam Mahamai 4 North of Tamakhe Gully Collection of rainwater Ilam Mahamai 8 North of Phulbari Gully Collection of rainwater Ilam Danabari 3 Sukhani Village Gully Collection of rainwater Ilam Mahamai 2 Kabiltar Rikhuwa Khola Collection of groundwater Jhapa Khudunabari 1 Sadhutar Gully Collection of rainwater Jhapa Bahundangi 5 Telpani Gully Collection of rainwater Jhapa Shantinagar 4 Chure Phedi (Base) Gully Collection of rainwater Kailali Baliya 8 Thakalipur Roda Khola Storage of groundwater Kailali Choumala 1 Khurkhuriya, North Amkhkhaiya Nala Collection of rainwater Kailali Sadepani 7 Lathuwa Donda River Collection of rainwater Kailali Geta 3 Attariya Godawari Khola Collection of rainwater Kailali Choumala 3 Maghi Jarahi Khola Collection of rainwater Kailali Choumala 5 Kharariya Lake Kharariya Khola Collection of rainwater Kailali Ramshikhar Jhula 9 Siukaliya Gully Collection of rainwater Kailali Ramshikhar Jhula 7 Down the Highway Gully Collection of rainwater Kailali Ramshikhar Jhula 1 Aamphata Gully Collection of rainwater Kailali Darakh 4 Badhaiya Gully Collection of rainwater Kailali Baliya 9 Lamki Gully Collection of rainwater 204

Kailali Ramshikhar Jhula 7 North of Highway Pond Collection of rainwater Kailali Ramshikhar Jhula 1 Pharam Pond Collection of rainwater Kailali Sadepani 6 Bashanta Taranagar Pond Collection of rainwater Kailali Choumala 3 Maghi Putalisen Khola Collection of rainwater Kailali Godawari 3 Damoura Jungle Tudela River Collection of rainwater Kailali Choumala 3 Amuna Bahar Jungle Dhouramati River Collection of groundwater Kailali Sadepani 6 Jungle Ged Khola Collection of groundwater Kailali Choumala 8 Jungle Khutiya Khola Collection of groundwater Kailali Godawari 8 Dhangadhi Jungle Manhari Khola Collection of groundwater Kailali Khairala 3 Duwadi Bhavar Jungle Shivaganga River Collection of groundwater Kanchanpur Laxmipur 6 Mataiya Bandha Lake Collection of rainwater Kanchanpur Jhalari 9 North of Highway Dodhra River Collection of rainwater Kanchanpur Pipaladi 3 Ganeshpur Gully Collection of rainwater Kanchanpur Jhalari 2 Jungle Gully Collection of rainwater Kanchanpur Suda 7 Chunpani Lake Gully Collection of rainwater Kanchanpur Mahendranagar 1 Barhakund Gully Collection of rainwater Kanchanpur Mahendranagar 3 Haldukhal Gully Collection of rainwater Kanchanpur Suda 7 Upper Gouji,North Routela Khola Collection of groundwater Kapilvastu Gugouli 1 Noudihawa Biso Kola Storage of groundwater Kapilvastu Mahendrakot 9 Chougath Gurmuwa Kola Storage of groundwater Kapilvastu Shivapur 2 Shivapur Surai Kola Storage of groundwater Kapilvastu Barkalpur 1 Barkalpur, North Jungle Collection of rainwater Kapilvastu Jayanagar 6 Sukhlalpur Jungle Collection of rainwater Kapilvastu Banganga 5 Lakhanpada, East Jungle Collection of rainwater Kapilvastu Dubiya 4 Dubiya Gurmuwa Kola Collection of rainwater Kapilvastu Hariharpur 1 Hariharpur Harihar Lake Collection of rainwater Kapilvastu Barkalpur 3 Aasara Gully Collection of rainwater 205

Kapilvastu Budhi 1 Budhi, North Gully Collection of rainwater Kapilvastu Gugouli 5 Madhuwannagar Pond Collection of rainwater Mahottari Maisthan 8 Tuteshwor Maraha Khoal Storage of groundwater Mahottari Bardibas 4 Krishnapur Ratu Khola Storage of groundwater Mahottari Kisannager 1 Jamindar Tole Ratu Khola Storage of groundwater Mahottari Gouribas 4 North of BP Highway Bagh Khola Collection of rainwater Mahottari Khairmara 9 Ekaghare Betal Khola Collection of rainwater Mahottari Khairmara 1 Gurungkhola Village Gully Collection of rainwater Mahottari Gouribas 8 Rajbas - Collection of rainwater Mahottari Khairmara 2 Khairmara, North Khairmara Khola Collection of groundwater Mahottari Khairmara 9 Bahulajhora Dobhan (Junction) Maraha Khola Collection of groundwater Mahottari Gouribas 8 Rajbas Ratu Khola Collection of groundwater Makwanpur Padampokhari 2 Thulo Thali Kamerepani Khola Storage of groundwater Makwanpur Handi Khola 1 - Makari Khola Storage of groundwater Makwanpur Handi Khola 4 - Thado Khola Storage of groundwater Makwanpur Churiyamai 2 Kalopani, South Uttarpani Khola Storage of groundwater Makwanpur Raksirang 8 Down the Kutsing Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Basamadhi 1 North of Highway Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Handi Khola 2 Makari, East Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Padampokhari 1 Padampokhari Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Churiyamai 3 Ratomate Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Hetaunda Municipality 9 Betkholsi Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Harnamadi 1 Phedi Belghari Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Hatiya 1 Shikharkateri, South Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Shreepur Chhatiwan 7 Tintale Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Shreepur Chhatiwan 4 Upper Bhirkot Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Shikharpur 2 Damdamar Gully Collection of rainwater 206

Makwanpur Phaparbari 1 Bank of Chandi Khola Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Phaparbari 1 Lamkana Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Dhiyal 2 Sukha Village Gully Collection of rainwater Makwanpur Churiyamai 2 Highway Churiya Khola Collection of groundwater Makwanpur Phaparbari 6 Thotarikhola Village Dhansai Khola Collection of groundwater Makwanpur Shreepur Chhatiwan 4 Hiramuni Hiramuni Khahare Collection of groundwater (Dry Stream) Makwanpur Phaparbari 5 Mansai Khola Gully Collection of groundwater Morang Yangshila 9 Jungle Budhi Khola Storage of groundwater Morang Sundarpur 6 Latijhoda Gully Collection of rainwater Morang Kerabari 7 Chure Phedi Gully Collection of rainwater Morang Letang 8 Dhobi, North Gully Collection of rainwater Morang Letang 9 Majuwa Gully Collection of rainwater Morang Tandi 9 Jalukeni, North Gully Collection of rainwater Morang Madhumalla 5 Beteni Gully Collection of rainwater Morang Bhogateni 1 Chure Phedi Bhaluwa Khola Collection of groundwater Morang Kerabari 7 Mugu Mugu Khola Collection of groundwater Nawalparasi Ramnagar 2 Bardgoriya Bamuhi Khola Storage of groundwater Nawalparasi Benimpur 6 Sihe Binai Khola Storage of groundwater Nawalparasi Sunwal 6 Bisasaya Gully Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Tilakpur 6 Nayatola Gully Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Daunnedevi 6 Bandevi Gully Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Dumkibas 3 Dandajhor Gully Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Benimpur 5 Bank of Binai Khola Gully Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Nayan Belhani 6 Dwaredaha Gully Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Prasoni 5 Dhokari Gully Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Tamasaraiya 8 Daunbari Gully Collection of rainwater

207

Nawalparasi Kolhuwa 2 Chisapani Gully Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Deurali 1 Dori Gully Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Argyouli 9 North of the Hill Gully Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Kawasoti 5 Shivabasti Gully Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Pithouli 4 Kharkatta Jungle Gully Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Benimpur 7 Khorandi Khorandi Khola Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Tilakpur 4 Salbas Pond Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Makar 3 Goudaha Pond Collection of rainwater Nawalparasi Shivmandir 8 Pokhari Lake Pond Collection of rainwater Parsa Sonvarsha 5 Gadiyani, North Bhaluwahi Khola Storage of groundwater Parsa Belawa 8 Jungle Bhedaha Khola Storage of groundwater Parsa Maduban Mathoul 3 Sakhubaniya Gully Collection of rainwater Parsa Bagwanna 8 Jayamangalpur, East Gully Collection of rainwater Parsa Biruwaguthi 6 Badnihar Gully Collection of rainwater Parsa Biruwaguthi 1 Jhabrha Gully Collection of rainwater Parsa Belawa 8 Bank of Bhedaha Khola Gully Collection of rainwater Parsa Maduban Mathoul 5 Yakuniya Jamuniya Khola Collection of groundwater Rautahat Laxminiya 6 Bhatti Tole Lalbaikaiya Khola Storage of groundwater Rautahat Judibela 9 North of Highway Chandi Khola Collection of rainwater Rautahat Judibela 1 Phulbari, North Gully Collection of rainwater Rautahat Judibela 1 Jungle Gully Collection of rainwater Rautahat Pourai 8 Gopalkotti Gully Collection of rainwater Rautahat Pourai 8 Chure Gully Collection of rainwater Rautahat Kanakpur 5 Bhavar Jungle Gully Collection of rainwater Rupandehi Butwal 9 Sukhanagar, North Jungle Collection of rainwater Rupandehi Rudrapur 3 Bhaisahi Gully Collection of rainwater Rupandehi Gajedi 6 Belbhariya Gully Collection of rainwater 208

Rupandehi Suryapura 1 Mainhawa Gully Collection of rainwater Rupandehi Rudhrakshya 4 Kumarigadh Gully Collection of rainwater Rupandehi Rudhrakshya 3 Pakarbhenda Gully Collection of rainwater Rupandehi Devdaha 2 Khairani, North Gully Collection of rainwater Saptari Kamalpur 9 Old Gangajali Khola Gully Collection of rainwater Saptari Phattepur 9 Gangajali, North Gully Collection of rainwater Saptari Ghoghanpur 1 Near Chandra Canal Gully Collection of rainwater Saptari Doulatpur 5 Doulatpur Gully Collection of rainwater Saptari Kushaha 3 Kushaha, North Gully Collection of rainwater Saptari Kalyanpur 4 Chakwa Khoriya Tole Gully Collection of rainwater Saptari Khoksar Prawaha 9 Near Chitahi Khola Gully Collection of rainwater Saptari Tehanta 5 Near Damara Khola Gully Collection of rainwater Saptari Bakduwa 8 Nayabasti (New Settlement) Gully Collection of rainwater Saptari Sitapur 2 Chouphal Gully Collection of rainwater Saptari Phathharkot 5 Syangtang Tole Baune Khola Storage of groundwater Sarlahi Phathharkot 4 Phathharkot Lakhanti Khola Storage of groundwater Sarlahi Kalinjor 4 Bank of Phuljor Khola Gully Collection of rainwater Sarlahi Parwanipur 9 Jharjhara Gully Collection of rainwater Sarlahi Parwanipur 1 Tapkebidi Gully Collection of rainwater Sarlahi Pathharkot 1 Khor Village Gully Collection of rainwater Sarlahi Attrouli 4 Beldanda Village Gully Collection of rainwater Sarlahi Attrouli 2 Samari Gully Collection of rainwater Sarlahi Harioun 3 Dumrighari Gully Collection of rainwater Sarlahi Dhungre Khola 2 Dabdanda Village Gully Collection of rainwater Sarlahi Dhungre Khola 1 Sakhuwani Tole Gully Collection of rainwater Sarlahi Parwanipur 1 Upper Chisapani Kalinjor Khola Collection of groundwater Sindhuli Tandi 5 Maini Aakhijor Khahare Collection of rainwater 209

Sindhuli Tandi 5 Magarhatti Gully Collection of rainwater Sindhuli Mahadevsthan 2 Chouki (Police Post) Ghaghar Khola Collection of rainwater Sindhuli Kalpabrikshya 3 Kahyarsal Phulbari Khola Collection of rainwater Siraha Taregana Govindpur 5 Khariya Tole Gully Collection of rainwater Siraha Badahara Mal 2 Baba Lake Gully Collection of rainwater Siraha Badahara Mal 5 North of Highway Gully Collection of rainwater Siraha Karjahan 8 Chure Phedi Gully Collection of rainwater Siraha Chandralalpur 7 - Gully Collection of rainwater Siraha Jamdaha 6 Jaruwa, South Gully Collection of rainwater Siraha Lalpur 2 Musarniya Gully Collection of rainwater Siraha Muksar 8 Muksarbirta Gully Collection of rainwater Siraha Vishnupurkatti 8 Aahale Gully Collection of rainwater Siraha Taregana Govindpur 7 Aamahi, North Gully Collection of rainwater Siraha Taregana Govindpur 6 Taregana Gully Collection of rainwater Siraha Ramnagar, Mirchaiya 3 Near the bank of Jiwa Khola Pond Collection of rainwater Siraha Phulbariya 1 Kamal Daha Pond Collection of rainwater Siraha Chandralalpur 4 Kumvikhari Daha Pond Collection of rainwater Siraha Chandralalpur 7 Kadima Tole Pond Collection of rainwater Siraha Vishnupurkatti 4 Bengadabar Pond Collection of rainwater Siraha Taregana Govindpur 9 Doulatpur, North Pond Collection of rainwater Siraha Chandra Udayapur 7 Balautichour Ghurmi Khola Collection of groundwater Siraha Vishnupurkatti 8 Kusmaha Khutti Khola Collection of groundwater Siraha Vishnupurkatti 4 Badri Tole Sarre Khola Collection of groundwater Sunsari Dharan 19 Bhaluwachouri Sardu Khola Storage of groundwater Sunsari Dharan 10 Old Quarter Seuti Khola Storage of groundwater Sunsari Vishnupaduka 4 Patnali, North Gully Collection of rainwater Sunsari Baklouri 8 Nayanjhora Gully Collection of rainwater 210

Sunsari Itahari 3 Sehara Tole Gully Collection of rainwater Sunsari Panchakanya 5 Kishanchok Seuti Khola Collection of rainwater Surkhet Uttarganga 3 Koldanda, West Gully Collection of rainwater Surkhet Latikoili 4 Banghusra Gully Collection of rainwater Surkhet Latikoili 1 Subbakuna Gully Collection of rainwater Surkhet Birendranagar 2 Aamdali Gully Collection of rainwater Surkhet Latikoili 8 Kankrebihar Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Katari 6 Gambuwa Kakur Khola Storage of groundwater Udayapur Katari 2 Sukhajor near the bank of Khahare Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Katari 6 Bhagawanpur Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Triyuga 12 Guntegairi Tole Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Triyuga 13 Jhora Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Triyuga 15 Ratmate Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Triyuga 16 Jhilke Tole Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Triyuga 1 Chapan Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Triyuga 7 Bhulke Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Sundarpur 2 Ajgada Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Beltar 7 Dhelachouri Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Phettepur 3 Bank of Triyuga River Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Tapeshwori 9 Kali Khola Gully Collection of rainwater Udayapur Basaha 7 Dahal Tole Gully Collection of rainwater

211

Annex 13: Example of Cost-estimate Analysis for the First 5-year Period Unit Rate, Rema Quantitative Target (First 5-year period) Cost-estimate (in ‘000 Rupees) Prog. '000 -rks Title Program Unit Rs. No. Five- Five- 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th year year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Total Total 1.1.1 Determination of No. 1 1 - - - - 1500 1500 1500 - - - - the government forests or public lands on the basis of their mapping (using the Land Use Zone Map) 1.1.2 Mapping of No. 1 1 - - - - 1800 1800 1800 - - - - forests showing the management units (using the Topographical Map of the Survey Department) 1.1.3 Control of forest encroachment Restoration of the No. of 1 1 - - - - 800 800 - 200 200 200 200 encroached forest district areas Development of ha 160 - 40 40 40 40 70 11200 - 2800 2800 2800 2800 forest (afforestation) Development of ha 160 - 40 40 40 40 10 1600 - 400 400 400 400 forest (protection and improvement 212

of the planted trees) – 2nd Year Development of ha 120 - - 40 40 40 10 1200 - - 400 400 400 forest (protection and improvement of the planted trees) – 3rd Year Development of ha 40 - - - 40 10 400 - - - - 400 forest (protection and improvement of the planted trees) – 4th Year 1.1.4 Rehabilitation of degraded lands Mapping of the No. 21 2 4 5 5 5 10 210 20 40 50 50 50 VDCs and municipalities (on the basis of Land Use Zones) Preparation of No. 21 2 4 5 5 5 90 1890 180 360 450 450 450 Land Improvement Plan (for the wards of the VDCs and municipalities) Implementation of No. 21 2 4 5 5 5 500 10500 - - - 5250 5250 the Plan (in the wards of the VDCs and municipalities) 1.1.5 Control or management of grazing in the forest and river-beds Identification of No. 21 - - - - - 22 462 462 - - - - the areas/ communities to be 213 controlled (in the wards of the VDCs and municipalities) Preparation of the No. 45 20 25 - - - 15 675 300 375 - - - 1 Business Plan for increasing the livestock productivity and controlling grazing (group- wise, each group with 25 households) Support and No. 45 20 25 - - - 400 18000 8000 10000 - - - incentive for the implementation of the Plan (preliminary) Support and No. 45 - 20 25 - - 400 18000 8000 10000 - - - incentive in the implementation of the Plan (follow- up for the 2ndyear group) Support and No. 45 - - 20 25 - 200 9000 - 4500 2000 2500 - incentive in the implementation of the Plan (follow- up for the 3rd year group) Participatory No. 135 20 45 45 25 - 2 270 40 90 90 50 - evaluation Animal breeding No. 5 1 1 1 1 1 200 1000 200 200 200 200 200 2

214 service (service centre-level) Animal health No. 5 1 1 1 1 1 100 500 100 100 100 100 100 service (at service centre-level) Development of No. 1 1 - - - - 75 75 - - - - - multi-year grass resource centre (per service centre), establishment year Development of No. 1 - 1 - - - 60 60 30 30 - - - multi-year grass resource centre (per service centre), follow up year Development of No. 5 1 1 1 1 1 150 750 150 150 150 150 150 multi-year grass resource centre (per service centre) Training for No. of 5 1 1 1 1 1 120 600 120 120 120 120 120 increasing the training technical capability of the farmers (at service centre-level, including the cost for the rural service activists and equipment) Social Month 81 12 27 27 15 - 12 972 144 324 324 180 - mobilization

215

service (12 months/group) 1.1.6 Commercial animal husbandry Identification of Times ------the households (HHs) and communities adopting animal husbandry as the main source of income (individual HHs and communities) Preparation of the No. 1 - - 1 - - 15 15 - - 15 - - 3 Business Plan for increasing the livestock productivity (for individual HHs and communities)- per service centre Support and Times 1 - - 1 - - 200 200 - - 200 - - incentive for the implementation of the Plan productivity (for individual HHs and communities)- preliminary Support and Times 1 - - - 1 - 100 100 - - - 100 - incentive for the implementation of the Plan (for the individual HHs and communities)- 216

follow-up Participatory Times 2 - - 1 1 - 25 50 - - 25 25 - evaluation, documentation and extension (per year) 1.1.7 Multi-year crop extension on the sloped agriculture land Detailed survey of No. of ------4 the sloped survey agriculture lands and the farmers (in the wards of the VDCs and municipalities) Participatory No. of 45 20 25 ------preparation of the Action Farmer Group Plan Action Plan Implementation of ha 78 10 17 17 17 17 40 3120 420 675 675 675 675 the Plan (the area covered by the conservation- oriented agriculture system: land with 19 degrees or more slope)- preliminary Implementation of ha 64 - 10 18 18 18 20 1280 - 200 360 360 360 the Plan (the area covered by the conservation- oriented agriculture

217

system: land with 19 degrees or more slope)- 2nd year Implementation of ha 46 - - 10 18 18 20 920 - - 200 360 360 the Plan (area covered by the conservation- oriented agriculture system: land with 19 degrees or more slope)- 3rd year 1.2.1 Forest management Preparation of No. 23 3 5 5 5 5 150 3450 450 750 750 750 750 5 forest management plan (Forest Management Unit) Expected area ha 7200 - 1200 2000 2000 2000 ------covered by the forest management plan Area covered by ha 90 - 15 25 25 25 190 17100 - 2850 4750 4750 4750 the forest management activities (with 80- year rotation)- 1st year Area covered by ha 65 - - 15 25 25 100 6500 - - 1500 2500 2500 the forest management activities (with 80-

218

year rotation)- 2nd year Area covered by ha 40 - - - 15 25 100 4000 - - - 1500 2500 the forest management activities (with 80- year rotation)- 3rd year Distribution of No. of ------forest products district Patrolling of the No. of 5 1 1 1 1 1 500 2500 500 500 500 500 500 forest district areas/Security 1.2.2 Development and management of NTFPs The NTFP species No. 23 3 5 5 5 5 ------6 to be compulsorily included while carrying out inventory for the preparation of the forest management action plan (Forest Management Unit) The management No. 23 3 5 5 5 5 ------of the NTFPs to be streamlined in the forest management action plan (Forest Management Unit) Implementation of No. 20 - 5 5 5 5 ------the action plan (Forest 219

Management Unit) 1.2.3 Biodiversity conservation (11 ecosystems and 7 protected areas) Mapping of the 11 No. of 1 0.5 0.5 - - - 30000 30000 15000 15000 - - - 7 ecosystems study outside the PAS together with their study and preparation of conservation action plan Study on- the 1 0.5 0.5 - - - 30000 30000 15000 15000 - - - habitats of the plants and wild animals falling outside the PAS but included in the Red List, and improvement programs (for the entire Landscape including districts along with the Guidelines) Biodiversity Per 5 1 1 1 1 1 65000 325000 65000 65000 65000 65000 65000 8 conservation (of year 11 ecosystems and 7 PAS) 1.2.4 Wetland management Mapping and field- No. 2 1 1 ------demarcation (at VDC/ municipality-level) Preparation of the No. 5 1 1 1 1 1 100 500 100 100 100 100 100 management plan

220

along with the study on the existing status of the wetlands (for each wetland) Implementation of No. 5 1 1 1 1 1 10000 50000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 the management plan 1.2.5 Collection and storage of rainwater, recharge of groundwater and its use Detailed survey, No. 25 5 5 5 5 5 50 1250 250 250 250 250 250 design and cost- estimate for the construction of the sub-surface water harvesting structures Program No. 25 5 5 5 5 5 1000 25000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 implementation i.e. construction of the structures Follow-up of the No. 20 - 5 5 5 5 200 4000 - 1000 1000 1000 1000 program implementation- 2nd year Follow-up of the No. 15 - - 5 5 5 200 3000 - - 1000 1000 1000 program implementation- 3rd year 1.2.6 Incentive for environment-friendly physical infrastructures Case study No. 10 2 2 2 2 2 500 5000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 9 Field observation Times 5 1 1 1 1 1 2000 10000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 for policy-level

221

1.2.7 Control of invasive species Study on the No. 3 1 1 1 - - 1000 30000 10000 10000 10000 - - 10 invasive species Control of the Year 3 - - 1 1 1 200 600 - - 200 200 200 invasive species 1.3.1 Use/management of river-bed materials Determination of No. of 1 1 - - - - 100 100 100 - - - - the excavation district sites Preparation of the No. of 8 8 - - - - 150 1200 1200 - - - - excavation plan of river the river-bed materials Monitoring of the cubic 8 8 - - - - 500 4000 4000 - - - - impacts likely to metre be caused due to excavation in the environment together with the mitigation measures Excavation and cubic ------transportation metre Processing cubic ------metre Distribution cubic ------metre Monitoring and No. of 40 8 8 8 8 8 100 4000 800 800 800 800 800 regulation river 1.3.2 Management of the settlements within the susceptible areas (the Chure hills and the river banks) Updating and No. 5 1 1 1 1 1 50 250 50 50 50 50 50 approval of the 222 maps of the susceptible areas (at river system, VDC and municipality levels) Preparation of the No. 115 15 25 25 25 25 100 11500 1500 2500 2500 2500 2500 details on the houses in the susceptible areas (at river system, VDC and municipality levels) Preparation of the No. 115 15 25 25 25 25 10 1150 150 250 250 250 250 management action plan for the settlements and the houses in the susceptible areas (at river system, VDC and municipality levels) Implementation of No. 115 15 25 25 25 25 200 23000 3000 5000 5000 5000 5000 the management action plan (for the houses in the areas highly susceptible to landslide) Implementation of No. 6 - 6 - - - 200 1200 - 1200 - - - the management action plan (for the houses in the areas highly susceptible 223

to flood) 1.3.3 Mitigation and control of forest fire Awareness No. 13 4 4 4 1 - 20 260 80 80 80 20 - 11 campaign in the wards of the VDCs and municipalities) Training on forest No. 13 4 4 4 1 - 860 11180 3440 3440 3440 860 - fire control (to the groups) and the related equipment Follow-up training No. 10 - 4 4 1 1 50 500 - 200 200 50 50 on forest fire control (to the groups) 2.1.1 Development of No. 15 3 3 3 3 3 600 9000 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 12 river management mechanism at river system-level 2.1.2 Preparation of No. 3 2 1 - - - 1250 3750 2500 1250 - - - action plan for integrated river system resource development 2.2.1 Treatment of the No. of As per the river system management plan 13 landslide areas river system 2.2.2 Conservation of No. of As per the river system management plan springs and river community-based system soil conservation 2.3.1 Stabilization of No. of As per the river system management plan river-banks river

224

system 2.3.2 Development of No. of As per the river system management plan green-belts on the river river-banks system 3.1.1 Management of qualitative seeds and seedlings ` Identification of No. 44 44 ------the communities and individuals in the potential sites (in the VDCs and municipalities of the Tarai Madhesh region) Management of No. 210000 - 525000 525000 525000 525000 0.045 94500 - 23625 23625 23625 23625 the qualitative 0 seedlings (of timber, bamboo, fodder and fruit species) 3.1.2 Plantation and management of seedlings on private/social lands Plantation (of No. 210000 - 525000 525000 525000 525000 ------timber, bamboo, 0 fodder and fruit species) Incentive support No. 143190 - - 477300 477300 477300 0.030 42957 - - 14319 14319 14319 on the basis of the 0 plants (of timber, bamboo, fodder and fruit species) raised- 2nd year Incentive support No. 954600 - - - 477300 477300 0.030 28638 - - 0 14319 14319 on the basis of the plants (of timber, bamboo, fodder 225

and fruit species) raised- 3rdyear 3.2.1 Extension of dung-gas Establishment of No. 50 10 10 10 10 10 2 100 20 20 20 20 20 contact between the service providers and clients (in the VDCs and municipalities) Incentive support No. 4625 925 925 925 925 925 15 69375 13875 13875 13875 13875 13875 14 Monitoring No. 4625 925 925 925 925 925 3 13875 2775 2775 2775 2775 2775 3.2.2 Extension of household solar energy ` Establishment of No. 20 - 20 - - - 2 40 - 40 - - - contact between the service providers and clients (in the VDCs and municipalities) Installation of No. 900 - 200 300 350 50 ------Solar system (for solar energy) Monitoring No. 900 - 200 300 350 50 1 900 - 200 300 350 50 3.2.3 Development of mini-hydro-electricity power and its use Detailed No. 2 1 1 - - - 150 300 150 150 - - - feasibility study Incentive support K.W. 20 - 10 10 - - 31.3 626 - 313 313 in construction and operation Monitoring K.W. 20 - 10 10 - - 9.0 180 - 90 90 - - 3.2.4 Extension of On the basis of feasibility 15 226 access to national electricity power transmission Note: The details on the indicators of the numbers given in the Remarks Column are presented on the next page.

227

Details on Remarks 1. The household number has been determined on the basis of the assumption that 60−70% farmers (in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape)adopt animal husbandry and 60−70% of them take their domestic cattle for open grazing, and one group assumed to be equivalent to 25 households;

2. On an average, 3 VDCs equivalent to 1 Service centre;

3. In each ward, on an average, there will be at least two Service Centres that can provide service to at least 3 persons;

4. The Service Centres are linked with grazing control;

5. In the case of the community forests (CFs) in the Chure region, the budget has been estimated while a different budget has been allocated for large forests;

6. Separate budget has not been allocated for the CFs as the management of these forests will be streamlined with the management of the forests of the entire Landscape;

7. The budget has been allocated for the entire Protected Area System (PAS);

8. Provision of study and field observation trips in the suitable sites representing the Chure Conservation region;

9. A lump-sum budget has been allocated for the study and control of 4 invasive plant species, and will be streamlined in the forest management plan;

10. The budget has been allocated for all the wards;

11. Budget has been allocated for the operation of one community centre along with one technician and for the meeting and coordination cost at the community-level;

12. The management plan for the 64 river systems is attached in the first complementary section of the MP, and a lump-sum budget has been allocated accordingly for the purpose;

13. The number of programs has been determined so as to include approximately 5% households; in the case of the districts with more households, the programs will be continued in the second year too.

14. A lump-sum budget will be allocated in the central budget system for the purpose.

228

Annex 14: Formation, Duties and Work-procedures of the Coordination Committees and Networks of Different Levels

1. Formation of the High-level Direction Committee S. Officials Designation/Responsibility N. 1. Hon. Minister, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC) Coordinator 2. Hon. State Minister, MoFSC Member 3. Hon. Chairperson, Environment Protection Committee Member 4. Vice-president, National Planning Commission Member 5. Chairperson, PCTMCDB Member 6. Members (4), PCTMCDB Member Maximum of 15 Members, of the Legislature Parliament, 7. representing from the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape, nominated Member by the GoN on the basis of inclusion 8. Secretary, Finance Ministry Member 9. Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture Member 10. Secretary, Ministry of Population and Environment Member 11. Secretary, Ministry of Land Reform and Management Member 12. Secretary, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development Member 13. Secretary, Ministry of Irrigation Member 14. Chief of Nepal Army and the chiefs of all the security authorities Member 15. Secretary, MoFSC Member Secretary Note: If the existing structures are changed in course of the administrative restructuring, the Central Coordination Committee will be formed and operated accordingly.

Main Duties and Work-procedure of the High-level Direction Committee The main duties and the work-procedure of the High-level Coordination Committee will be as follows:

 Provide facilitation in addressing the policy and legal difficulties;

 Provide guidance to the PCTMCDB;

 Carry out political coordination so as to control destruction and encroachment in the Chure region;

 Advocate for the conservation of the Chure region at the international-level as and when needed;

 The Committee’s meeting will be held at least once a year, and may be held as and when needed;

229

 The tenure of the Members of the Legislature Parliament who will be nominated as the member of the Direction Committee will be of one year, and the Hon. Members of the Parliament, representing from the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape will be nominated as the members of the Committee on rotational basis;

 The representatives of the various institutions and the central-level federations concerned with the Forestry Sector may be invited as the Invitee Members as and when needed;

 With regard to the encroachment control in the Chure region, this Committee can direct the PCTMCDB to execute the programs as per requirement through coordination with the National Forest Encroachment Control and Management Coordination Committee provisioned in the Forest Encroachment Control Strategy, 2068.

2. Formation of the Central Coordination Committee The provision of a Central Coordination Committee has been made for the planning of the programs and their trouble-free implementation, periodical reviewing and monitoring of the programs and developing mutual understanding and coordination amongst the inter-authorities. This Committee will consist of the following officials:

S. Officials Designation/Responsibility N. 1. Chairperson, PCTMCDB Coordinator 2. Members (4), PCTMCDB Member 3. Chief of all the security authorities along with the Nepal Army Member or the high officers appointed by them 4. Secretary, MoFSC Member 5. Director Generals of the 5 Departments under the MoFSC Member 6. Director General (DG), Department of Agriculture Member 7. DG, Department of Livestock Services Member 8. DG, Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention Member 9. DG, Department of Survey Member 10. Joint Secretary, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Member Development 11. Presidents- FECOFUN, Federation of the Collaborative Forest Member Users and the National Federation of the Forest Heritage Users 12. Member Secretary, CTMCDB Member Note: If the existing structures are changed in course of the administrative restructuring, the Central Coordination Committee will be formed and operated accordingly.

230

Main Duties and Work-procedure of the Central Coordination Committee The main duties and the work-procedure of the Central Coordination Committee will be as follows:

 Facilitate in the conservation of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape through inter- ministerial coordination;

 Encourage and develop integrated vision in the conservation-oriented programs and projects;

 Update the information on both the positive as well as the negative impacts caused by the programs carried out or to be carried out by the different departments and projects upon the environment;

 Monitor the effects of the programs carried out for the conservation of the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Landscape;

 Exchange information amongst the inter-authorities so as to avoid duplication in program implementation;

 Initiate for solution of the problems encountered in course of the program implementation; and

 Accomplish other necessary actions for the program implementation.

3. Formation of the State Coordination Committee A State Coordination Committee has been formed so as to plan the Chure-Tarai Madhesh conservation and developmental programs, facilitate for their implementation, review and evaluate the programs periodically, and to develop coordination and mutual understanding amongst the inter-authorities. In the Committee so formed under the chairmanship of the member of the PCTMCDB taking care of the concerned state, there will be representation from the chiefs of the district coordination committees together with the other state-level authorities.

Main Duties and Work-procedure of the State Coordination Committee

 Coordinate amongst the inter-authorities in the state;

 Plan the programs, facilitate in the program implementation, carry out result-oriented monitoring and review of the programs, and provide feed-back;

 Initiate for solution of any dispute or problem encountered in course of the program implementation; and

 Integrate the programs and the sources of different authorities, and facilitate in making (the programs) complementary to each other; and

231

 Arrange meeting of the Committee at least twice a year.

4. River System Coordination Committee The MP has recommended for the formation of a river system coordination committee or network for each river system so as to strengthen goodwill and cooperation between the communities of the upstream and downstream areas through establishment of coordination in the issues such as preparation of integrated river system resource management action plan, its implementation and regularization at the local-level. A provision will be made to include the chairpersons/mayors of the VDCs/municipalities/sub-metropolitan/metropolitan cities under each river system or the members appointed by them as the representatives together with the representatives of various organizations as per the requirement in such committee or network.

Main Duties and Work-procedure of the River System Coordination Committee

 Assist in planning and implementation of the programs by establishing contact and coordination between the communities of the upstream and downstream areas;

 Assist in maintaining social goodwill between the communities of the upstream and downstream areas;

 Coordinate with the concerned executive authorities at the local-level and the other partner organizations;

 Carry out social mobilization to increase awareness among the local communities as well as to implement the programs, and to ensure the continuous management following the program implementation;

 Facilitate in the provision of land for establishment of green-belt along the river-banks, and facilitate in the benefit-sharing of the resource;

 Participate in the monitoring of the collection of the river-bed materials from the fixed sites as per the existing rules and regulations; and

 Carry out the management of the river system offices.

Note: The provision of budget will be made for maintaining one Community Officer having at least Bachelor’s Degree in Forestry or Environmental Science for each river system in order to assist in the execution of the programs related with the river system management.

232

Annex 15: Result-oriented Monitoring Action Plan Necessary Existing Area of Impact Indicator Time Period Source Instrument Responsibility Goal Information Status Concern To support in Contribution of the natural People’s To be Residents of Second Survey Questionnaire PCTMCDB the poverty resource conservation and perception determined the Chure- Trimester of the st reduction and management in the increase in Tarai 1 Year the national goal the income/prosperity of the Madhesh (Baseline) of “Prosperous residents of the Chure-Tarai Landscape Nepal” through Madhesh Landscape- conservation and sustainable  At the present situation, 25% Third Trimester th management of of the residents will realize of the 13 Year the resources in the positive impacts of the Chure region conservation in the coming and 10 years; and improvement of ecosystem  At the present situation, 40% Third Trimester th services. of the residents will realize of the 20 Year the positive impacts of conservation in the coming 20 years.

233

Impact Necessary Existing Area of Time Period Source Instrument Responsibility Objective Indicator Information Status Concern 1. To mitigate the damage Multi-year Area covered 1, 472,284 ha The Chure  2nd Trimester of the 1st Satellite Geographical RCTMCDB likely to be caused by geo-cover of by trees, Conservation Year (Baseline); Image Information the climate change and the Chure shrub and region  2nd Trimester of the 5th System (GIS) natural disasters region multi-year outside the Year; through ensuring the grasses PAS  2nd Trimester of the 10th sustainable Year; management of the  2nd Trimester of the 15th natural resources (land, Year; and water, vegetation and  2nd Trimester of the 20th biodiversity) of the Year. Chure hills (including Proportion of Degraded Degraded land- Chure hills  2nd Trimester of the 1st Satellite Geo- RCTMCDB gorges) and Bhavar the degraded land and 1,352,433 ha Year (Baseline); Image information region, favorable to land Total land and Total land-  2nd Trimester of the 5th System their geological, 63,199 ha Year; physiographical status Ratio- 0.0467  2nd Trimester of the 10th and ecosystems. Year;  2nd Trimester of the 15th Year; and  2nd Trimester of the 20th Year. Status of  Species, To be Chure  2nd Trimester of the 1st Satellite Geo- RCTMCDB Biodiversity density, determined Conservation Year (Baseline); Image information increase in region  2nd Trimester of the 5th System number Year; within the  2nd Trimester of the 10th species; Year;  Tiger and  2nd Trimester of the 15th elephant Year; and noticed at  2nd Trimester of the 20th the springs Year. Tendency of Human-life, Chure-Tarai damage house, land Madhesh caused by and domestic Landscape 234

flood, cattle landslide, etc. st 2:To mitigate the damage Turbidity of Turbidity To be Managed Starting from the 1 year- Managed Water DSCWM/ likely to be caused by river-water determined river systems for 5 months every year, River Sample PCTMCDB the water-induced in rainy from Asar to Kartik on Systems Collection disasters in the Chure season monthly basis Equipment/ hills, Dun and Tarai Material Madhesh Landscape, Expansion of River-bed To be Managed 2nd Trimester of every Managed Laser Range Concerned and to continue the river-bed widths at determined river systems year, at the predetermined River Finder/ DSCO/ flow of the different river-section Systems Hypsometer/ Water Induced environmental sections Measuring Disaster services. Tape Prevention Division Office (WIDPDO)/ PCTMCDB Quantity of Surface of To be Managed At the predetermined Managed Theodolite Concerned sediments in the river as determined river systems river-section in the 2nd River DSCO/ the river compared to Trimester, every year Systems WIDPDO/ the control- PCTMCDB point (in Bhavar, Dun and Tarai Madhesh) 3:Maintain accessibility Proportion of HHs using To be Chure-Tarai  2nd Trimester of the 1st Survey Check-list RCTMCDB in the household use of renewable bio-gas, solar determined Madhesh Year (Baseline); energy, and to increase energy in energy and Landscape  2nd Trimester of the 5th the accessibility of the household hydro- Year; residents living far from (HH) energy electricity  2nd Trimester of the 10th the national forests, consumption Year; especially from the  2nd Trimester of the 15th Tarai region, in the use Year; and of timber, wood and  2nd Trimester of the 20th other energy resources. Year. Proportion of Area covered To be Tarai  2nd Trimester of the 1st Satellite GIS PCTMCDB the land by trees/ determined Madhesh Year (Baseline); Image covered by bamboo region  2nd Trimester of the 5th 235

trees/bamboo Year; outside the  2nd Trimester of the 10th national Year; forest  2nd Trimester of the 15th Year; and  2nd Trimester of the 20th Year.

Objective 1. To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the climate change and natural disasters through ensuring the sustainable management of the natural resources (land, water, vegetation and biodiversity) of the Chure hills (including gorges) and Bhavar region, favorable to their geological, physiographical status and ecosystems. Necessary Existing Area of Expected Output Indicator Time Period Source Instrument Responsibility Output Information Status Concern 1.1 Mitigation in  The encroached forest in Rehabilitated 87,000 ha Encroached  2nd Trimester of Records of the Check-list DoF/ decline/ the Chure hills, Bhavar encroached (based on forest of the the 5th Year; concerned PCTMCDB degradation of and Tarai Madhesh regions forest 2067 data), Chure-Tarai  2nd Trimester of District Forest the natural (found to be) restored- but Madhesh the 10th Year; Office (DFO) resources.  14,000 ha encroached estimated to Landscape  2nd Trimester of forest restored within be 100,000 the 15th Year; and the first 5-year period; ha at  2nd Trimester of  60% of the encroached present; the 20th Year. forest restored within needs to be the first 10 years; and updated  All the encroached forest (100%) restored within 20 years.  The public lands that are Rehabilitated To be The public  2nd Trimester of Records at the Check-list PCTMCDB degraded or in the process degraded or in determined lands that are the 5th Year; and local-level of degradation, outside the the process of (on the basis degraded or  2nd Trimester of forests (found to be) degradation of the Land in the process the 10th Year. managed in- public land Use Zone of  1,297 wards of the Map of degradation existing VDCs/ MoLRM) in the Chure municipalities in the Conservation region 236

Chure Conservation region within the first 5-year period; and  All the 2,324wards of the existing VDCs and municipalities within the first 10 years.  The no. of farmers raising The farmer To be The farmers  2nd Trimester of Dept. of Check-list Dept. of their domestic cattle group determined raising their the 5th Year; Livestock Livestock through open grazing adopting domestic  2nd Trimester of Services Services/ (found to be) habituated of animal cattle through the 10th Year; PCTMCDB stall-feeding- husbandry open grazing  2nd Trimester of  4,800 farmer groups turned into the 15th Year; and within the first 5-year stall-feeding  2nd Trimester of period; the 20th Year.  9,800 farmer groups within the first 10 years;  11,000 farmer groups within the first15 years; and  11,000 farmer groups within 20 years.  The agriculture lands with The 51,000 ha Area of the  2nd Trimester of Department of Check-list DoA/ 19 degrees or more slope agriculture transformed the 5th Year; Agriculture PCTMCDB transformed into the lands land with 19 agriculture  2nd Trimester of (DoA)/ Survey for the production of degrees or land the 10th Year; multi-year grass, fruits, more slope  2nd Trimester of and the plants producing transformed the 15th Year; and NTFPs, fodder and so on into the one  2nd Trimester of without ploughing (the with multi- the 20th Year. lands) annually; year  7,265 ha within the first cultivation 5-year period; system  16,000 ha within the first 10 years;

237

 25,000 ha within the first 15 years; and  30,600 ha within 20 years. nd 1.2 Stabilization  The forests being managed Managed To be Chure-Tarai  2 Trimester of Records of the Check-list DoF/ st of the under suitable silviculture forest under determined Madhesh the 1 Year concerned PCTMCDB environment system- suitable (on the basis Landscape (Baseline); DFOs and increase in  165,675 ha forest silviculture of the DoF  2nd Trimester of the within the first 5-year system record) the 5th Year; productivity. period;  2nd Trimester of  300,000 ha forest the 10th Year; within the first 10  2nd Trimester of years; the 15th Year; and  400,000 ha forest  2nd Trimester of within the first 15years; the 20th Year. and  500,000 ha forest within 20 years.  The average annual The average To be Chure-Tarai  2nd Trimester of Action- Action- DoF/ increment rate (of the annual determined Madhesh the 1st Year oriented oriented PCTMCDB wood) of the forests, increment rate (on the basis Landscape (Baseline); Research Research situated on the slope below of the of the  2nd Trimester of Report 19 degrees and managed managed Preliminary the 5th Year; under suitable silviculture forests Action-  2nd Trimester of systems, found to be 5 cu oriented the 10th Year; m per ha. Research  2nd Trimester of Report) the 15th Year; and  2nd Trimester of the 20th Year.  Eleven ecosystems outside The programs To be Chure-Tarai  2nd Trimester of Forest Check-list DoF/ the Chure Conservation and status determined Madhesh the 5th Year; Management PCTMCDB System (found to be) concerning the (on the basis Landscape  2nd Trimester of Action Plans, protected after being protection of of the the 10th Year; Records of the streamlined in the forest the 11 Preliminary  2nd Trimester of concerned management plans; ecosystems Action- the 15th Year; and DFOs/ Survey oriented  2nd Trimester of 238

Research the 20th Year. Report)  The species (both plants The programs To be Chure-Tarai  2nd Trimester of Forest Check-list DoF/ and animals) that are and status determined Madhesh the 5th Year; Management PCTMCDB outside the PAS, but concerning the (on the basis Landscape  2nd Trimester of Action Plans, falling under the Protected protection of of the the 10th Year; Records of the List are found to be the species Preliminary  2nd Trimester of concerned streamlined in the forest falling under Action- the 15th Year; and DFOs/ Survey management plans for the Protected oriented  2nd Trimester of their protection. List Research the 20th Year. Report)  The no. of wetlands that No. of Not needed The regions  2nd Trimester of PCTMCDB Check-list PCTMCDB are outside the PAS, but managed of the Chure- the 5th Year; are considered to be wetlands Tarai  2nd Trimester of important in the Madhesh the 10th Year; biodiversity conservation Landscape  2nd Trimester of point of view or falling the 15th Year; and conservation of cultural outside the  2nd Trimester of heritage point of view PAS the 20th Year. found to be managed –  85 in the first 5-year period;  160 in the first 10 years;  250 in the first 15 years; and  340 in 20 years.  The rainwater collected, No. of the Not needed Chure  2nd Trimester of Records of the Check-list Dept. of Soil protected and used, and the surface water Conservation the 5th Year; concerned Conservation sub-surface water harvesting region and  2nd Trimester of DSCOs and Watershed harvesting structures Bhavar the 10th Year; Management structures(found to be) (outside the  2nd Trimester of (DSCWM)/ fully utilized- PAS) the 15th Year; and PCTMCDB  980structures in the  2nd Trimester of first 5-year period; the 20th Year.  2,000 structures in the 239

first 10 years;  3,000 structures in the first 15 years; and  5,000 structures in 20 years. nd 1.3 Mitigation in  Secured management of No. of houses Not needed Flood-  2 Trimester of Records at the Check-list PCTMCDB th the impacts of the settlements/houses susceptible the 5 Year; local-level risk. within the areas highly areas in the  2nd Trimester of susceptible to landslide, Chure hills the 10th Year; flood and inundation- and the Tarai  2nd Trimester of  20,651 houses in the Madhesh the 15th Year; and first 5-year period; region  2nd Trimester of  36,000 houses in the the 20th Year. first 10 years;  40,000 houses in the first 15 years; and  All the 43,423 houses in 20 years.  The trend of forest fire in No. of forest To be Forest areas 3rd Trimester, NASA- GIS PCTMCDB the forest fire-susceptible fire determined in the Chure- every year FIRMS1 areas- occurrence (on the basis Tarai Forest Fire  the existing 1,498 within a year of the Madhesh Records wards situated in the NASA- Landscape Chure Conservation FIRMS region in the first 5-year Forest Fire period; and Records)  All the existing 2,324 wards situated in the Chure in the first 10 years. Objective 2: To mitigate the damage likely to be caused by the water-induced disasters in the Chure hills, Dun and Tarai Madhesh Landscape, and to continue the flow of the environmental services. nd 2.1 Integrated  Preparation of the No. of the - River  2 Trimester of Records of Check-list PCTMCDB integrated Systems of the 5th Year; the

1 https://earthdata.nasa.gov/earth-observation-data/near-real-time/firms 240

river system integrated river system river system the Chure-  2nd Trimester of PCTMCDB resource resource management resource Tarai the 10th Year; management action plans of- management Madhesh  2nd Trimester of infrastructure.  64 river systems in the action plans Landscape the 15th Year; and first 5-year period;  2nd Trimester of  104 river systems in the 20th Year. the first 10 years;  134 river systems in the first 15 years; and  All the 164 river systems in 20 years.  The local mechanism i.e. No. of the - River  2nd Trimester of Collaborative Check-list PCTMCDB network(found to be) integrated Systems of the 5th Year; NGOs/Recor engaged in the river system the Chure-  2nd Trimester of ds of the management of- resource Tarai the 10th Year; River System  64 river systems in the management Madhesh  2nd Trimester of Network first 5-year period; networks Landscape the 15th Year; and  104 river systems in  2nd Trimester of the first 10 years; the 20th Year.  134 river systems in the first 15 years; and  All the 164 river system in 20 years.  The integrated river No. of the - River  2nd Trimester of Records of Check-list PCTMCDB system resource integrated Systems of the 5th Year; the management action plans river system the Chure-  2nd Trimester of concerned implemented in- resource Tarai the 10th Year; DSCOs  64 river systems in the management Madhesh  2nd Trimester of first 5-year period; action plans Landscape the 15th Year; and  104 river systems in implemented  2nd Trimester of the first 10 years; the 20th Year.  134 river systems in the first 15 years; and  All the 164 river systems in 20 years. nd 2.2 Stabilization  The landslide-susceptible Managed and Not needed Managed  2 Trimester of Records of Check-list PCTMCDB 241

of the areas in the upper Protected River the 5th Year; the landslide- watershed region Areas; Systems in  2nd Trimester of concerned susceptible stabilized, and the water Quantitative the Chure the 10th Year; DSCOs areas in the from the protected water details on the Conservati  2nd Trimester of upper springs, run-off water and established on Area the 15th Year; and watershed groundwater used within- and the water and Bhavar  2nd Trimester of region  64 river systems in the conservation region the 20th Year. first 5-year period; structures  104 river systems in being used the first 10 years;  134 river systems in the first 15 years; and  All the 164 river systems in 20 years. nd 2.3 Mitigation in  The rivers and the green- Length- of the Not needed Managed  2 Trimester of WIDPDOs/ Check-list PCTMCDB th the damage belts together with the protected river the 5 Year; Records of caused by river- settlements (found to be) rivers and systems in  2nd Trimester of the cutting and secured from river-cutting green-belts; the Tarai the 10th Year; concerned inundation and inundation within- No. and area Madhesh  2nd Trimester of DFOs  64 river systems in the of the cities region the 15th Year; and first 5-year period; and  2nd Trimester of th  104 river systems in settlements the 20 Year. the first 10 years; secured from  134 river systems in the river- the first 15 years; and cutting and  All the 164 river inundation systems in 20 years.

242

 20,000,000 within the green-belts PCTMCDB first 10 years;  30,000,000 within the first 15 years;  40,000,000 in 20 years. nd 3.2 Extension of  No. of households No. of Not needed Tarai  2 Trimester of Partner Check-list DoF/ th renewable covered by the extension households Madhesh the 5 Year; and NGOs/ PCTMCDB energy-related of the renewable energy- having dung- region  2nd Trimester of Records of technologies related technology - gas plants the 10th Year. the Dung-gas plant: PCTMCDB  81,000 within the first 5-year period; and  121,000 within the first 10 years. nd  No. of households No. of Not needed Tarai  2 Trimester of Partner Check-list DoF/ th covered by the extension households Madhesh the 5 Year; and NGOs/ PCTMCDB of the renewable energy- having solar region  2nd Trimester of Records of related technology - system the 10th Year. the Solar system: PCTMCDB  38,000 within the first 5-year period; and  57,000 within the first 10 years.

243

Assumptions Monitoring

Assumptions Duration Source Responsibility The Chure Conservation  2nd Trimester of the National periodical RCTMCDB Program will be unchanged 5th Year; and plans; when the state is restructured  2nd Trimester of the Sectoral policies and 10th Year. laws

The priority for the  2nd Trimester of the National periodical RCTMCDB integrated resource 5th Year; and plans; management system and the  2nd Trimester of the Sectoral policies and environmental priority will 10th Year. laws not be less than now  2nd Trimester of the 15th Year. The future policy for the  2nd Trimester of the Forest Policy, Act RCTMCDB private forest management 5th Year; and Rules will not be negative as  2nd Trimester of the compared to the existing one 10th Year; and  2nd Trimester of the 15th Year. The subsidy provided by the  2nd Trimester of the Energy policy of the RCTMCDB GoN will not be curtailed 5th Year. GoN

Estimation of Risks/Uncertainties and Mitigation Measures

Risks/Uncertainties Mitigation Measures There could be difficulty in managing the integrated Develop similar concept amongst all the river system resources incorporating the upstream and concerned stakeholders in positive awareness downstream regions subject to extreme ethnic together with public security and the violence in the Tarai Madhesh region. importance of Chure conservation in the livelihood of the local communities. There could be difficulty in implementing these Pre-inform the Members of the Legislature programs subject to the argument in sharing the rights Parliament about the possible adverse situation over the natural resources between the central and caused by such difficulties. federal governments. There could be rapid deterioration in the natural Go on strengthening the local-level resources (especially in the forest and river resources) communities, and making them more of the Chure region at the time of the political protest responsible. from the main political parties.

244

Officials of the President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board directing the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation and Management Master Plan Preparation Team:

Up to Marga, 2072 From Falgun, 2072 Mr. Rameshwor Khanal, Chairperson Mr. Birndra Yadav, Chairperson Mr. Bijaya Kumar Singh Danuwar, Member Mr. Ram Dayal Yadav, Member Dr. Nagendra Prasad Yadav, Member Ms. Deepa Pradhan, Member Ms. Sunita Singh Thakuri, Member Mr. Bidur Bharati, Member Mr. Phurpa Tamang, Member Dr. Annapurnanand Das, Member Secretary Late Mr. Bharat Prasad Pudasaini, Member Dr. Deepak Kumar Kharal, Member Secretary th th Secretary (up to Jestha, 2072) (17 Marg, 2073 − 20 Falgun, 2073) t Dr. Annapurnanand Das, Member Secretary (from Mr. Hemlal Aryal (from 21s Falgun, 2073) Asar, 2072)

Officials of the President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board coordinating the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation and Management Master Plan Preparation Process:

 Mr. Bijaya Kumar Singh Danuwar, Member (up to Marg, 2072)  Dr. Annapurnanand Das, Member Secretary (From Marga to Fagun, 2072)  Mr. Ram Dayal Yadav (from Fagun, 2072)

List of the Experts involved in the Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation and Management Master Plan Preparation Team:

S. N. Name Expertise 1. Dr. Binod Bhatta (Team Leader) Forest and Natural Resource Management, Policy Formulation and Planning 2. Mr. Bhavani Prasad Kharel Watershed Management 3. Mr. Ravin Bogati Climate-friendly Agriculture System 4. Mr. Shyam Bajimaya Biodiversity, Protected Area and Wildlife Conservation 5. Mr. Chhote Lal Choudhary Non-timber Forst Products 6. Dr. Moti Lal Ghimire Remote Sensing and GIS 7. Ms. Kanta Singh Gender Equality, Social Inclusion and Social Studies 8. Dr. Pradeep Poudyal Geology 9. Mr. Narayan Belbase Policy and Legal Affairs 10. Mr. Bishnu Das Singh Dongol Demography and Statistics 11. Mr. Govind Prasad Kaphle Natural Resource Economics, Forest Management 12. Mr. Pradip Raj Pande Irrigation and River Management 13. Mr. Govind Prasad Devkota Alternate Energy Development

245

14. Mr. Upendra Phunyal Communication and Extension 15. Ms. Ibha Manandhar Natural Resource Planning and Management 16. Mr. Niroj Timilsina Geographic Information System 17. Mr. Nisham Maharjan Geographic Information System 18. Mr. Kashi Ram Dahal Geographic Inforamation System 19. Mr. Ashok Kumar Raut Geographic Inforamation System 20. Ms. Laxmi Basnet Geographic Inforamation System 21. Mr. Dil Kumar Rai Geographic Inforamation System

Expert Review Team Members of the President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation and Management Master Plan:

 Dr. Bal Govind Vaidya  Mr. Hahihar Sigdel  Dr. Mohan Prasad Wagle  Mr. Sharada Prasad Sharma  Dr. Braj Kishor Prasad Shah  Mr. Shambhu Prasad Dangal  Dr. Ram Chandra Lamichhane

246