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Élaboration D'un Outil D'aide À La Décision Pour La Conception De Élaboration d’un outil d’aide à la décision pour la conception de verger agroécologique Marie Rothé To cite this version: Marie Rothé. Élaboration d’un outil d’aide à la décision pour la conception de verger agroécologique. Agronomie. Université de Lorraine, 2017. Français. NNT : 2017LORR0394. tel-01896389 HAL Id: tel-01896389 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01896389 Submitted on 16 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm THESE présentée et soutenue publiquement pour l'obtention du grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE LORRAINE Spécialité : Sciences agronomiques Elaboration d’un outil d’aide à la décision pour la conception de verger agroécologique par Marie Rothé le 4 décembre 2017 devant le jury composé de : Bruno Chauvel Directeur de recherche HDR, INRA AgroSup Dijon Rapporteur Elena Kazakou Maître de conférence HDR, Montpellier SupAgro Rapporteur Anne-Marie Cortesero Professeur, HDR, INRA Université de Rennes 1 Examinateur Sylvain Plantureux Professeur, HDR, Université de Lorraine Examinateur Philippe Tixier Chercheur HDR, CIRAD - CATIE UR GECO, Montpellier Examinateur Christian Bockstaller Ingénieur de recherche, HDR, INRA Colmar Directeur de thèse Fabrice LeBellec Chercheur, CIRAD – PERSYST UR Hortsys, Réunion Codirecteur de thèse (Invité) CIRAD, UR HortSys - Station de Bassin-Plat, BP 180 97455 Saint-Pierre Cedex, Réunion Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Christian Bockstaller, mon directeur de thèse. Merci d’avoir été présent malgré la distance, mais aussi merci d’être venu jusqu’à nous te confronter à la réalité du terrain de La Réunion. Merci pour ton soutien et tout particulièrement lors la conception du modèle et la course de la dernière ligne droite. Tes encouragements et tes remarques toujours constructives m’ont beaucoup aidée à améliorer mon travail et à continuer. Merci à Fabrice LeBellec, co-directeur de ma thèse, pour m’avoir permis de réaliser ce travail au sein de son équipe. Merci d’avoir permis le financement de ces trois années par le biais du projet Agrum’Aide dans lequel il s’insère, et de m’avoir permis de bénéficier du verger expérimental ainsi que du réseau de producteurs et de chercheurs. Merci aux membres du jury Elena Kazakou, Bruno Chauvel, Sylvain Plantureux, Anne-Marie Cortesero et Philippe Tixier d’avoir accepté d’évaluer ce travail de thèse. Un grand merci à Rose-My Payet, les relevés fastidieux chez les producteurs ont un été plaisir avec toi, merci d’avoir tenu bon pendant les longues journées à passées à trier les plantes.. Un immense merci aussi à toi et à Serge Kreiter pour le travail d’identification des Phytoseiidae que vous avez réalisé et qui ont permis d’alimenter ce travail de thèse. Merci Serge d’avoir également participé à l’élaboration de l’article ainsi qu’à mes comités de thèse. Je tiens à remercier Alain Ratnadass. Merci d’avoir participé à la deuxième session de l’essai coccinelles et de t’y être autant investi. Merci beaucoup pour ton soutien, tes relectures de mon chapitre et ton implication dans la soumission de l’article associé. Je tiens à remercier également Jean-Pierre Sarthou, grâce à qui nous avons pu utiliser les pièges cornets, et Pierre-Francois Duyck pour les discussions intéressantes lors de mes comités de thèse. Merci à Frédéric Chiroleu pour son coup de pouce au début de ma thèse quand R n’y mettait pas du sien. Je tiens aussi à remercier les stagiaires qui ont travaillé sur le projet pendant ma thèse : Mélodie Ollivier, Eve Audoin, Nina Pelletier et Anna-Morgane Touneji-Catouaria avec qui j’ai eu beaucoup de plaisir à travailler. Tous les échanges ont été très riches, ces rencontres humaines et scientifiques m’ont conforté dans le gout du travail en équipe. Merci à Christian Soria pour ses nombreuses heures de mesures sur les espèces végétales, à Léo Santurette pour la qualité de son travail avant le début de ma thèse qui m’a permis de commencer dans les bonnes conditions et à Anne-Gaelle Laterrière qui a initié le travail sur la base de données des espèces végétales. Je vous souhaite de trouver votre voie. Bien sûr merci aux agents de la station de Bassin-Plat. On m’avait dit que c’était une petite famille et c’est vrai, c’est un microcosme avec son fonctionnement propre que je vais avoir bien de la peine à quitter après ces 6 années. Merci pour les discussions, les repas partagés, la météo, le chocolat.. Merci à Mathilde, Elo et Marie Dupré pour vos relectures, à Séverine aussi pour le coup de pouce de mise en page de la fin. Des remerciements tout spéciaux avec trop de choses à dire qui ne tiendraient pas ici à Marie, Marie, à Elodie, Rose-My.. Merci Tiphaine, Céline, Seb… C’était bien en fait cette thèse. Table des matières Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Etat de l’art et problématique ............................................................................................. 2 1.1. Auxiliaires, ravageurs et lutte biologique en verger d’agrumes sous climat tropical ..... 2 1.1.1. Les ravageurs du verger d’agrumes............................................................................. 3 1.1.2. Les auxiliaires du verger d’agrumes ............................................................................ 6 1.1.3. La lutte biologique par conservation ......................................................................... 11 1.2. Approche fonctionnelle du couvert végétal en vue de soutenir la lutte biologique .... 14 1.2.1. Diversité fonctionnelle du couvert végétal ............................................................... 14 1.2.2. Fonctionnalité du couvert végétal dans la lutte biologique par conservation des habitats ................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.3. Structuration des communautés et sensibilité aux modes de gestion de l’enherbement ............................................................................................................................... 19 1.2.4. Liens entre traits d’effet et traits de réponse ........................................................... 23 1.3. Problématique et déroulement de la thèse .................................................................. 26 Annexe ............................................................................................................................................ 29 Sites d’études et dispositif expérimental ...................................................................................... 31 1. Les sites producteurs ......................................................................................................... 31 1.1. Petite-Ile (230m) ........................................................................................................ 31 1.2. Grand Tampon, Tampon (870m) ............................................................................... 32 1.3. Piton-Bloc, Petite-Ile (980m) ..................................................................................... 32 2. Le verger expérimental de Bassin-Plat .............................................................................. 33 2.1. Station expérimentale de Bassin-Plat, St Pierre (150 m) : ........................................ 33 2.2. Le dispositif expérimental ......................................................................................... 34 2.3. Bordure de la parcelle expérimentale ....................................................................... 35 2.4. Zone habitat spontanée ............................................................................................ 35 Chapitre I : Stratégies écologiques des plantes............................................................................. 40 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 40 2. Matériels et méthodes .......................................................................................................... 42 2.1. Sites d’études ................................................................................................................ 43 2.2. Suivis du comportement individuel et en communauté des espèces végétales .......... 43 2.2.1. Croissance et phénologie
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