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LOVERS RETREAT PERIOD IV, TOBAGO Peter Harris Trinidad And

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LOVERS RETREAT PERIOD IV, TOBAGO Peter Harris Trinidad And EXCAVATION REPORT: LOVERS RETREAT PERIOD IV, TOBAGO Peter Harris Trinidad and Tobago Historical Society INTRODUCTION Unpublished data suggests that Lovers Retreat is an important site spanning all four Tobago Ceramic Periods. Plans to erect a condominium in 1976 made a survey urgently necessary. Sample 1 m2 pits made in August 1976 failed to show the expected sequence of Periods I - IV. But one showed a shallow apparently single component of Period IV pottery. In 1977, I proposed that Caribbean pottery analysis should be based on vessel-shape/decoration combinations, to track cultural development and influence. This method has been applied to the pottery recovered. LOCATION - Lovers Retreat is a coastal site in southwest Tobago (Fig. 7). It lies some 10 m above sea-level, at the northeast end of a coral plateau, which is a feature of the coastline for 6 km to the southwest. The site itself more or less covers a small north-facing promontory with cliffs on three sides (Fig. 8). A small stream to the south, suitable for beaching canoes, flows into the bay immediately to its west. HISTORY - In the past, the site has also been called Plymouth or Jaegers Hall. In 1948, Tom Cambridge salvaged a five skeleton burial with mainly Period II (Barrancoid) pottery (Barr 1950, Harris 1976, both unpublished). Much of this material is on display at the Museum of Tobago. The burial was located just south of the promontory (Fig. 2.). Around 1963, Gloria Gilchrist dug a testpit in the southern part, finding three phases: '(1) Palo Seco-like, (2) Los Barrancos-like, (3) late crude material scored like Grenada' (Rouse pc) . She also found charcoal at 80-90 cm, which was dated at AD 650 (Y-1336). Good collections of surface and eroded material may be seen at St. Mary's College, Trinidad; Tom Cambridge collection at the Museum of Tobago; and Humphrey Almandoz, Tobago. SURVEY - For many years the site was used for manioc gardens. When permission was given for development, surface dozing started in March 1976 (PI 1) and revealed sherds covering the northeast, northwest, and southwest quarters of the promontory. The southeast quarter may have been bulldozed some 10 years earlier (Almandoz pc). 1967 aerial photographs suggest about one-third of the surface was undisturbed at that time (Fig. 8, shaded area). In August, three 1 m testpits were dug (Fig. 8: A,B,C) across the center of the promontory. In the east, A produced a carpet of Period IV sherds at 14-22 cm, and then bedrock at 30 cm. In the center, near a tree which should have protected the surface from bulldozing, B produced 524 virtually no material, with bedrock at 37 cm. In the west, in an area thick with surface sherds, also probably unbulldozed, C produced some mixed pottery, a piece of historic pipestem, and a piece of human armbone; and then petered out into lumps of coral rock at 15-20 cm. DATA ANALYSIS STRATIGRAPHY - The final trench comprised in west-east order units, F,E,A,D. A and D were dug by 10 cm layers. E was dug stratigraphi- cally. F was simply a 50 cm extension to increase the material sample. In E, topsoil, sherd carpet, and subsoil thicknesses averaged respectively 11.25, 5.25 and 4 cm; and contained 172, 547 and 63 sherds. The sherd carpet is, therefore, only just above bedrock. A slight thick­ ening of the deposit is noted towards the north, suggesting the center should lie this way. For vessel analysis, sherds were divided into two groups. In the well finished group, few sherds joined together; 'packets' of 3-4 sherds were occasionally found. Well finished sherds were widely scattered on discard, whereas coarse vessels were broken and dropped more or less in one place. Except for D, the deposit reflects layers of refuse, suggesting discard over a period, but not ruling out discard at a single moment of time. D may represent jumbling at the deposit edge; or subsequent disturbance, but no evidence for the latter was noted. Both well finished and coarse sherds were thoroughly intermingled. POTTERY - 2869 sherds were collected varying in size 1.5-18 cm. Most of them are easily divided into the two categories: a well finished Barrancoid-type paste (38 percent); and a coarse gritty paste, typically with exterior brushing (62 percent); these are considered separately below. A small number of sherds form a transitional group. For 1172 sherds given: 27 percent were well finished, 16 percent were transitional, 57 percent were coarse. WELL FINISHED VESSELS PASTE - Some 75 percent of the sherds are brown, varying from a typically Barrancoid ginger with a polished surface, to an unpolished red-brown showing small evenly ground particles of white temper. A few ginger sherds show traces of a possible black or dark brown slip. Some 25 percent are yellow-grey, mostly unpolished. However, some are exceptionally well-baked and polished, and a few show traces of ginger slip. Normal thickness is 5-7 mm. Generally, sherds are rather small. Several unpolished exteriors have a rough unfinished interior. RIMS - In the majority the cross-section is square, but rounded, tapered and triangular also occur. 525 BASES - Six types are present: Flaring Ring, Low Ring A, Low Ring B, Concave, Flat and Conical (Fig. 9). Flaring Ring is the major type, accounting for 62 percent. It has not been possible to match base type with a particular vessel shape, but with Flaring Ring seems to be a mark of quality. Generally they are in ginger paste, presumably the best; while Concave and Flat Bases include very small, and also thicker unpolished vessels. Low Ring B appears to be closer to Concave than to Low Ring A. Conical Base (PI 9) is unique, and is tentatively allocated to Small Urn vessel shape. Two bases provide technological and stratigraphie information. One broken ring base shows brushing on the vessel bottom where the ring has come off, presumably to strengthen the join. Another ginger Flaring Ring is in two pieces; one in good condition, and the other severely damaged. The base was apparently broken, and the second part crushed and scraped by a heavy weight being dragged over it, shortly after discard. HANDLES - Only one D-shaped handle is present. It is 21 mm thick, and may belong with other exceptionally thick sherds (concave base, and two bowl sherds with a broken rimlug 11 mm thick). Also present is one very water-worn handle apparently from a Period II Basin. VESSEL REPERTOIRE - Rim sherds show six vessel shapes: Cazuela, Bowl, Small Urn, Vase, Inturned Bowl, Divided Bowl (Fig. 1). Counts were based on rimsherds with an identifiable profile, with some decorated body sherds included as queries. Sherds apparently belonging to the same vessel were counted together. Rimsherds are mostly small, varying from 1.5 cm of vessel mouth circumference to, in rare cases, 10-75 percent. Decorated rimsherds amount to 41 percent. SHAPE/DECORATION ANALYSIS - Frequency of decoration motifs per vessel shape is shown in Fig. 2. Using the Golden Grove site in Tobago as a reference (Harris, 1976), the shape/decoration combinations are allocated into a chronological framework. Details on each vessel shape follow. CAZEULA (63) - The angular inturned profile makes the body 4-8 cm wider than the mouth. Most are medium in size. Most are decorated with the same motif: a series of incised double hoops on the upper exterior (Column A). The other two decorations are: a broken stem or button (Col B); line incision plus fine punctation, perhaps done with a grass stem (Col C) (P1 3). This is the major shape/decoration of the well finished vessel group, and neither shape nor decoration are present at Golden Grove. BOWL (116) - The wall profile varies from shallow bowl to slightly open. Most are small in size. Decoration can be divided into three groups: those found at Golden Grove (Cols D,E,F,G ); a notched rim group (Cols G?,H,I); and a rimlugged group (Col J). The exterior adorno (Col K) may belong to a fourth group or the Vase vessel shape. 526 GOLDEN GROVE GROUP (PI 2) D. Interior incised (1): 3 unparallel lines incised around the interior of a large dish. This is a Period Ilia Shallow Bowl minor motif, and probably survives from Period II. E. Exterior/interior incised (3): Single line incised around vessel exterior and interior not far below the rim. This is the Period Ilia shallow bowl major motif. F. Interior incised loops (4): Shortline parallel loops incised on the interior not far below the rim. This is one of two Period III shallow bowl major motifs. G . Rim incised (2): Confident shortline incision across and along the rim of large vessels. This is the other Period Illb Shallow and Oval Bowl major motif. NOTCHED RIM GROUP (PI 6) G?. Rim incised (1): Crudely scratched short lines across and along the rim, similar in concept to indented rim (I below). H. Notched rim (6): Narrow notches are placed across a flat- topped rim. One vessel has been pulled into a rectangular shape (PI 11). I. Indented rim (4): An approximately finger width indentation across the rim is flanked by one or two lines scratched or incised along the rim. This and G_ appear to be degenerate forms of G . One similar indentation was found on a Golden Grove Shallow Bowl with interior incised loops, one of two Period Illb major shape/decorations. RIMLUGGED GROUP (PI 5) J. Rimlugged (17): The rim widens to a triangular cross-section, with a horned or square lug, often incised.
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