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Management of Black-Grass (Alopecurus Myosuroides Huds.) in Winter Wheat and Taking Into Account the Soil Activity of Post-Emergence Herbicides

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Management of Black-Grass (Alopecurus Myosuroides Huds.) in Winter Wheat and Taking Into Account the Soil Activity of Post-Emergence Herbicides Ingo Meiners Management of black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) in winter wheat and taking into account the soil activity of post-emergence herbicides MANAGEMENT OF BLACK-GRASS & SOIL ACTIVITY OF HERBICIDES Inaugural Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the partial requirements for a doctoral degree in agriculture (Dr. agr.) édition scientifique VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG to the Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, and Environmental Management of the VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG STAUFENBERGRING 15 ISBN: 978-3-8359-6319-1 Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany D-35396 GIESSEN INGO MEINERS Tel: 0641-5599888 Fax: -5599890 [email protected] www.doktorverlag.de 9 783835 963191 édition scientifique VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG VVB Photo cover: INAUGURALDISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Medizin des Fachbereichs Medizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Das Werk ist in allen seinen Teilen urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die rechtliche Verantwortung für den gesamten Inhalt dieses Buches liegt ausschließlich bei den Autoren dieses Werkes. Jede Verwertung ist ohne schriftliche Zustimmung der Autoren oder des Verlages unzulässig. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung in und Verarbeitung durch elektronische Systeme. 1. Auflage 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Authors or the Publisher. 1st Edition 2015 © 2015 by VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG, Giessen Printed in Germany édition scientifique VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG STAUFENBERGRING 15, D-35396 GIESSEN Tel: 0641-5599888 Fax: 0641-5599890 email: [email protected] www.doktorverlag.de Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Fachbereich 09 Agrarwissenschaften, Ökotrophologie und Umweltmanagement Institut für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzüchtung I Management of black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) in winter wheat and taking into account the soil activity of post-emergence herbicides Management von Ackerfuchsschwanz (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) in Winterweizen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bodenwirkung von Nachauflauf-Herbiziden Inaugural Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the partial requirements for a doctoral degree in agriculture (Dr. agr.) to the Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, and Environmental Management of the Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany by Ingo Meiners aus Bad Soden am Taunus Gießen 2014 With permission of the Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, and Environmental Management of the Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany Examination Commission Chairman: Prof. Dr. Rod Snowdon Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Bernd Honermeier Co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Schwarz Examiner: Prof. Dr. Rainer Waldthardt Examiner: Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Kogel Date of defense: April 10, 2015 Table of contents I Table of contents List of figures .................................................................................................. VI List of tables ................................................................................................... VII List of abbreviations..................................................................................... XIII 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 2 Literature overview .................................................................................... 4 2.1 Black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) as a weed........................................ 4 2.1.1 Biology and Importance of black-grass (A. myosuroides) .................. 4 2.1.2 Chemical control of black-grass ......................................................... 6 2.1.3 Herbicide Resistance ......................................................................... 7 2.1.4 Management of herbicide- resistant black-grass (chemical and non-chemical)................................................................................... 11 2.2 HRAC Classification System of Herbicides ................................................. 14 2.2.1 Inhibitors of the Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase) ........................ 16 2.2.2 Inhibitors of the Acetolactate synthase (ALS) .................................. 17 2.3 Soil activity of herbicides ............................................................................. 19 2.3.1 Factors affecting the soil activity of herbicides ................................. 19 2.3.2 Chemical properties of herbicides which determine soil activity ....... 19 2.3.3 Environmental factors affecting the soil activity ................................ 20 3 Material and methods .............................................................................. 25 3.1 Description of experimental locations .......................................................... 25 3.1.1 Experimental station Wicker ............................................................. 25 3.1.2 Experimental station Gießen ............................................................ 27 3.1.3 Experimental station Rauischholzhausen ........................................ 28 3.2 Monitoring the emergence pattern of black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) during the growing seasons 2009/10, 2010/11 and 2011/12 ....................... 30 3.3 Trial set up and herbicide applications of pot experiments .......................... 31 3.4 Trial set up and herbicide applications in field experiments ........................ 31 3.5 Herbicides used in experiments .................................................................. 32 3.6 Experimental designs of experiments on the soil activity of herbicides against A. myosuroides ............................................................................... 33 3.6.1 Pot experiments on the activity of different herbicides against A. myosuroides plants via root uptake in aqueous solution .................. 33 3.6.2 Effect of herbicide application modes on the efficacy of herbicides . 34 3.6.2.1 Effect of different application modes on herbicidal efficacy of ACCase-inhibitors ........................................................... 34 3.6.2.2 Effect of application modes on herbicidal efficacy of ALS- inhibitors ............................................................................. 35 3.6.3 Soil activity of herbicides in pot experiments .................................... 36 Table of contents II 3.6.3.1 Soil activity of different ACCase-inhibitors in a pot experiment .......................................................................... 36 3.6.3.2 Soil activity of post emergence herbicides in an outdoor pot experiment .................................................................... 36 3.6.3.3 Soil activity of different herbicides at different rates against A. myosuroides in a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions ........................................................................... 38 3.6.3.4 Soil activity of different herbicides against A. myosuroides in a pot experiment using different watering methods in the greeenhouse ....................................................................... 39 3.6.3.5 Effect of soil moisture regime, sowing depth and watering type on soil activity of different herbicides against A. myosuroides under greenhouse conditions ........................ 40 3.6.4 Soil activity of herbicides in field experiments .................................. 41 3.6.4.1 Experiments on the soil activity of post-emergence herbicides against A. myosuroides under field conditions . 41 3.6.4.2 Field experiments in winter wheat on the soil activity of post-emergence herbicides using natural infestations with A. myosuroides ................................................................... 43 3.6.5 Residual soil activity of post-emergence herbicides against A. myosuroides ..................................................................................... 44 3.6.5.1 Lab study on the Soil-degradation (DT50) of mesosulfuron, pyroxsulam and pinoxaden in different soils at 10 °C............................................................................... 44 3.6.5.2 Residual soil activity of post-emergence herbicides against A. myosuroides in pot experiments under greenhouse conditions ........................................................................... 46 3.6.5.3 Residual soil activity of post-emergence herbicides against A. myosuroides under field conditions ................................ 48 3.7 Management of A. myosuroides ................................................................. 49 3.7.1 Greenhouse experiments ................................................................. 49 3.7.1.1 Effect of application timing on the herbicidal efficacy of ALS- and ACCase-inhibitors against different populations of A. myosuroides in pot experiments ................................. 49 3.7.1.2 Effect of application timing on the herbicidal efficacy of pre-emergence herbicides (flufenacet, pendimethalin) against different populations of A. myosuroides in pot experiments ........................................................................ 51 3.7.2 Field experiments on black-grass control in winter-wheat ................ 52 3.8 Study parameters ........................................................................................ 55 Table of contents III 3.9 Statistical Analysis .....................................................................................
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