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The Influence of Grammatical Alterations and Transpositions on the Meaning of a Translated Text: a Comparative Study Between « L’Étranger » by A

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The Influence of Grammatical Alterations and Transpositions on the Meaning of a Translated Text: a Comparative Study Between « L’Étranger » by A The influence of grammatical alterations and transpositions on the meaning of a translated text: a comparative study between « L’Étranger » by A. Camus and « The Stranger » by S. Gilbert This research aims to study the link between grammar and semantics in relation to translation. The objective is to conduct a comparative study between the French novel “L’Étranger” by Albert Camus (1942) and the first English translation of the same novel by Stuart Gilbert (1946), in order to list different grammatical alterations that could be considered as meaning changing factors that could affect the interpretation of the novel. Introduction Many factors can be considered when evaluating the accuracy of a translation. Grammar is one of these factors that could considerably affect the semantics in a text or the interpretation of the complete text. (Lee-Jahnke, 2001 : 267, 270). The degree of influence that grammar can have on the text meaning depends on the translation approach and on the type of the text being translated. While some theories can permit grammatical alterations, others limit it. Moreover, some text types are more likely to be influenced by grammatical alterations or transpositions than others. In this research, I will be studying the influence of grammar on semantics in Stuart Gilbert’s The Stranger in comparison with Albert Camus’ L’Étranger, to illustrate the link between these two notions in this specific literary work. 1. Research statement and question: Translation can be defined as the process of transferring a source text (ST) from a source language to a target text (TT) in a different language, whereby the TT is expected to be as close as possible to the ST in meaning and in style (Nida,1975: 33) . This definition that appears to be simple, explains a complex process. To perform the translation of a text, the translator should have a deep knowledge of both of the languages he/she are translating from and to, in addition to an ability to understand the denotation as well as the connotation of words and sentences, and the ability to take into consideration cultural aspects or contexts that surrounds both of the source and the target text. The norms and rules as well as different theories on how to translate or why we sometimes choose a certain way to translate is what the modern translation science is about. The first translation theories introduced in the modern era are the linguistic theories introduced by J. Vinay et J. Darbelnet between 1950 and 1960. Modern Translation Science was first introduced officially in 1964 (Oustinoff, 2015 :25). Ever since, researchers have started to introduce different theories and approaches about translation other than the linguistic theories of translation. The study of different translation theories shows different aspects of the process of translation: some theories are meaning-based like in the interpretative theory, while others are structure-based, like the linguistic theories. Moreover, there are theories that are based on the function of the text (functional theory) or the purpose beyond the translation (Skopos theory), etc. (Raková, 2014). The different approaches can lead to the following conclusion : a study and/or an analysis conducted on a translated text, is not limited to the accuracy of lexicology, but it could also, depending on the scope or the purpose of translation, include a comparative analysis on sentence structure and word order, grammatical usages, context, co-text and pragmatics. This leads to the main question I am studying in this research: the influence of grammar and grammatical choices made by a translator in a translated text, how they could influence the meaning of a text and to what extent. In order to demonstrate the link between grammar and semantics, I will be studying the grammatical alterations that occurred in the Stranger, by Stuart Gilbert (1946) in comparison with the source text by Camus (1942), and see to what extent they changed the meaning, as I explained earlier. I plan my Master’s thesis as follows: after a general introduction, a first chapter that includes the theory and the methodology of the research, a second chapter with a presentation of the analyses and their results and a third chapter with a discussion on those results, discussing how Gilbert’s version covers some themes and sub-themes differently, followed by a conclusion. In order to provide a theoretical framework for my study, it is necessary to consider the diversity of the theories involved. On one hand, the analysis itself is a descriptive grammatical analysis. The grammatical scope of the study is descriptive because the latter does not aim to approve the grammatical usage by Camus nor by Gilbert, and so the grammatical scope cannot be prescriptive. The study aims to point to the level of accuracy of semantics in the English text compared to the French text, by comparing the grammatical choices of both texts, and detect those that have different semantic interpretations in the French text than in the English text. On the other hand, the result of the analysis is going to be the semantic difference found between the excerpts from the English text and their matching French excerpts. Given that semantics is a branch of linguistics, the discussion that I will undertake on the result of the study could be considered of linguistic nature. Finally, the comparative nature of my study can be described as Translation Science interfering with comparative grammar. I have chosen The Stranger as a corpus in order to highlight the link between grammar, semantics and text interpretation. 1. About the Corpus: The choice of The Stranger as a corpus and specifically the version of Stuart Gilbert, was not random, as a matter of fact, there are multiple reasons why I made this choice specifically. First, although the translation of Gilbert was the one and only translation of L’Étranger that existed, between 1946 and 1982, it was followed by four other translations : the translation of Joseph Laredo in 1982, followed by the translation of Kate Griffith also in 1982, then Matthew Ward’s in 1989, and finally the translation of Sandra Smith in 2012. These numerous re- translations of the same novel must mean that every translator thought they had something additional to offer other than what Stuart Gilbert had offered in his translation, or otherwise, why re-translate a novel that seemed to be already accurately and faithfully translated the first time? « The first translation by Stuart Gilbert in 1946 […] firmly established Camus’ reputation in the English- speaking world, and yet the four subsequent translators (Laredo 1982; Griffith 1982; Ward 1988; Smith 2013) obviously felt that Gilbert’s version was lacking in some way, that it was possible to produce a version which provided English-speaking readers with what the subsequent translators presumably felt would be a better sense of the meanings being made in the French original.” (White, 2016 :2) This conclusion is the synthesis of several articles criticizing the translation of L’Étranger by Gilbert, not only White’s. For example, Jonathan Kaplansky explains that the translation of Gilbert is “domesticating” the text in a way that the personality of Meursault, the main character and the narrator of the novel, can be read differently by an English reader compared to a French reader. (Kaplansky, 2004 : 187). Moreover, James Campbell said that Gilbert took the liberty to add, re- arrange or shift sentences meanings, which led to major changes in the meaning. « As I read, I occasionally compared a sentence of the French text with the Gilbert version. The results were startling. Gilbert, a friend of James Joyce in Paris in the 1920s, adds phrases and changes the meaning of others. Some of his interference is trivial, but any re-arrangement of a hero’s attributes, his way of speaking, of responding to questions, shifts perceptions of who that character is, however minutely.” (Campbell, 2011 : 35) As for Ryan Bloom, he judged the translation of Gilbert as a “colored translation” (Bloom, 2012), and Helen Sebba explains that Gilbert rationalizes what was expected to remain “irrational” or “unexplained”, it is a property of Meursault’s character that he doesn’t think about the consequences or the reason beyond his actions, while Gilbert chose to add explanations on his own to rationalize some actions and reactions made by Meursault. (Sebba, 1972 : 334, 335). Like in the following example: « J’ai décidé d’aller me baigner » (p. 31). A literal translation of this sentence would be “I decided to go swimming”, what Gilbert proposed as a translation was “ …and decided that a swim would do me good” (p.14), as if Meursault thought about whether this swim would do him good or not, a meaning that Camus did not include, intentionally, in the source text. 1. Theoretical Framework: This change of meaning in Gilbert’s Stranger, could be explained by Gilbert’s translation approach. The examination of the translation approach and what resulted from it, has proven to be a contradiction between the aims and the results of this approach in The Stranger. This contradiction is what forms the question of my research : the approach aims to present “a close equivalent in meaning” to the disadvantage of making “grammatical alterations and transpositions”, however, these alterations result a change in meaning, and as a result, the equivalents are sometimes hardly “close equivalents”. Researchers explain that Gilbert’s translation is the result of a free translation and a domestication approach, whereas “free translation” and “domesticating” are not synonyms, but rather two different notions whose definitions and properties overlap on many levels (Yang, 2010). While a literal translation is a word by word translation, a free translation is a translation that does not respect following the same sentence structures or sentence components of the source text (Yang, 2010).
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