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Download Full chemistrychemistry September–November 2020 in Australia Fertile future for sustainable fuel chemaust.raci.org.au • The pressing concern of water security • Louis Pasteur, father of microbiology and virology • The problem of patenting polymorphs www.rowe.com.au Online 24 hours 7 days a week, by phone or face to face, we give you the choice. INSTRUMENTS - CONSUMABLES - CHEMICALS - SERVICE & REPAIRS A 100% Australian owned company, supplying scientific laboratories since 1987. South Australia & NT Queensland Victoria & Tasmania New South Wales Western Australia Ph: (08) 8186 0523 Ph: (07) 3376 9411 Ph: (03) 9701 7077 Ph: (02) 9603 1205 Ph: (08) 9302 1911 ISO 9001:2015 LIC 10372 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] SAI Global REF535 X:\MARKETING\ADVERTISING\CHEMISTRY IN AUSTRALIA September–November 2020 36 cover story Towards the hydrogen–ammonia economy The race towards sustainable synthesis of ammonia is underway. 16 Used mainly in fertilisers, this simple molecule is predicted to become a big player in renewable energy exports and energy security, as a liquid fuel replacement for fossil fuels. iStockphoto/Petmal 20 High and dry: priorities for our water insecurity 4 Editorial For the driest inhabited continent on the planet, water security is a pressing 5 Your say concern. news & research 24 Louis Pasteur: his chemistry and microbiology 7 On the market After making landmark discoveries in optical isomerism, tireless chemist Louis 8 News Pasteur progressed to work that would mark him as the father of microbiology 12 Research and virology. members 29 New Fellow 29 Obituaries 38 views & reviews 32 Books 34 Technology & innovation 36 Environment 38 Science for fun 40 Grapevine 41 Letter from Melbourne 42 Cryptic chemistry 42 Events chemaust.raci.org.au editorial A visual treatment This year is the World Health Organization’s International Year of the Nurse and Midwife, which includes the 200th anniversary of Florence Nightingale’s birth. The familiar story goes that, working in 19th-century Turkey in a medical facility overwhelmed by sick and injured British and allied soldiers, the ‘lady with the lamp’ established order, greatly improving sanitation and being responsible for significant reductions in the mortality rate. Less well known is her use of visuals to push for change both during and after the Crimean War. The years leading up to Nightingale’s work in the Crimea saw some pertinent events in statistics and science. In 1837, the UK’s General Registry Office began to One of Florence’s polar area diagrams, from Notes on matters affecting the health of the British keep systematic records of births, deaths Army (1858), a confidential report prepared by Nightingale for the British Government in 1858. and marriages, which made valuable statistics available. (Registrar-General that war were casualties of preventable collection for the royal commission William Farr would later be an important disease, and that the death rate declined changed her view. In a chapter she wrote ally to Nightingale in her statistical significantly when hygiene practices were in the late 1870s for Quain’s medical analysis.) In 1848, across the Channel, implemented. dictionary, Nightingale advised antiseptic French chemist Louis Pasteur had begun In the 1860s, surgeon Joseph Lister, precautions: his studies, starting with crystals of after reading a paper by Pasteur on food Always have chlorinated soda for nurses tartrates, and perhaps giving the earliest spoilage, had proposed the use of carbolic to wash their hands, especially after demonstration of molecular chirality. You acid (phenol) to reduce surgical infection dressing or handling a suspicious case. It can read more about Pasteur and his work rates, but unlike Nightingale’s his data was may destroy germs at the expense of the with tartrates and fermentation in Alf limited and the medical fraternity was cuticle, but if it takes off the cuticle, it Larcher’s feature on page 24 of this issue. largely unconvinced, partly because germ must be bad for the germs. Nightingale was key adviser to Sidney theory was still a matter for speculation, If you haven’t visited already, reddit’s Herbert, who as Secretary of War during despite ideas about it being in existence Data Is Beautiful (reddit.com/r/ the Crimean War sent Nightingale and a since Avicenna in the 11th century. By this dataisbeautiful) is worth a look. It’s a team of volunteer nurses to the Turkish time, Nightingale had founded professional data-lover’s dream. Alongside the copious barracks at Scutari. Having witnessed the nursing with her newly established St quantities of COVID visuals are subgroups horrific reality of armed conflict, she Thomas’ Hospital in London. with themes for infographics, word clouds, returned to Britain and began to collect Nightingale grew up at a time when maths and charts. Browse through the evidence before a royal commission. Galen’s ancient theory of ‘miasma’ was selection to find out such gems as what Drawing on large amounts of war data, she still a dominant idea about the origin of percentage of Hey Jude’s lyrics were ‘na’, or was able to make a convincing case for the disease. However, many sources suggest make your own, more useful, visual. benefits of good sanitation. One of her that she discarded this idea in favour of visuals was a polar area diagram (pictured) germ theory. It is thought that initially Sally Woollett to indicate sources of patient mortality she believed that soldiers were dying in ([email protected]) during the war. This was an effective way the Crimea due to poor nutrition and to show that most of the men who died in overwork, but that her subsequent data 4 | Chemistry in Australia September–November 2020 your say Saving Chemistry in Australia Reply from the CEO It was with great regret that I learnt Chemistry in Australia will Chemistry in Australia is recognised by the RACI Board as a become a quarterly magazine (July/August, p. 4). valuable member benefit to a cohort of RACI members; however, I have no doubt the management committee was asked to the demand for the magazine is nowhere near the levels it was explore a multitude of options that might allow the magazine to in Ann Mihkelson’s period, and in this time of financial hardship continue to be published more frequently. However, before a cost–benefit approach is needed. reducing Chemistry in Australia to a quarterly publication, it Today, only 20% of the membership is willing to pay for a would have been beneficial if the RACI Board had chosen to physical copy of the magazine even though the cost, at just share the reasons for their drastic action with the magazine’s over $3 an edition, is minimal. readers. With the online edition, the take-up is worse, with a smaller It is not my intention to undermine the Board’s decision, number of users accessing the magazine than those who because I can understand that when faced with a significant purchase it. financial shortfall, they might respond in the classical way – by The bottom line is the percentage of members who regularly cutting costs and raising prices. Unfortunately, their unilateral view the magazine is less than 40%. decision does not necessarily reflect what the RACI membership This low readership has a detrimental effect on the expects. And that should not be ignored. magazine’s attractiveness as an advertising medium to the When Ann Mihkelson took over from me as editor of commercial world. The advertiser’s goal is to reach as many Chemistry in Australia in 1985, one of the first actions she took potential customers as possible and most advertisers do not was to carry out a survey of readers (Mihkelson A. Chem. Aust. believe the reach of the magazine warrants their using it as an 1986, vol. 53, p. 332). It found in that year, ‘99% of members advertising vehicle. Currently, we only have two regular read the magazine’ and ‘76% rated it as a moderately to very advertisers. We have recently employed a new marketing important part of their subscription’. I think that the response specialist and one of their key tasks is to market the magazine was remarkably clear and positive. But, of course, that was to potential clients. 34 years ago. Creating the online platform, charging a token amount for By all means, try the quarterly magazine option. But at the the hard copy and reducing the number of editions over the same time, conduct another survey of readers, to discover what past four years has reduced the magazine’s cost to the RACI by they expect in 2020. The survey should include two more 60%, but this still represents a significant amount and the questions: ‘What is the optimum number of issues of the Board took the prudent decision in this financially difficult time magazine readers would like to receive each year?’ and ‘How to move to a quarterly edition. If advertising improves and the many readers would now be happy to receive and read an financial position strengthens, then the decision can be electronic version of the magazine?’ revisited. The Committee also needs to urgently identify more paid Roger Stapleford CEO RACI advertising for the magazine and it is imperative the Board continues to promote expansion of the membership of the Editor’s note: This September–November issue is the first of Institute, perhaps with more incentives. Both will contribute to our quarterly publications. The new month spans are on a Chemistry in Australia’s survival. seasonal basis, with the aim to publish highly relevant content Peter G. Lehman FRACI CChem (such as Nobel Prize news) in as timely a manner as possible.
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