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Home , Albrecht Haushofer, Baldur von Schirach, European Confederation, Herbert Backe, Max Josef Metzger, New Order (Nazism)

Full Table of Contents: List of Documents

General Introduction (WALTER LIPGENS) 1 The decline of 1 The 'European idea' in the inter-war period 4 The Second World War and Hitler's Europe 8 Aims of the resistance groups 14 Diffusion and limitation of the 'European idea' 23 Principles of selection and editing 30

Part One National Socialist and Fascist Ideas on Europe

I. Ideas of the National Socialist Government and Party (MICHAEL SALEWSKI) 37 Introduction 37 1. Note for the Reich Foreign Minister ((prob.) Sept. 1939) 55 2. Record of discussion at Gôring's headquarters, 19 June 1940 (20 June 1940) 56 3. Reich Chancery memorandum: 'Organization of the German economy' (9 July 1940) 57 4. Karl Albrecht: Gustav Schlotterer's views on the ' in Europe' (19 July 1940) 59 5. Meeting at Reich Economic Ministry: Reorganization of European economy (22 July 1940) 60 6. : The economic reorganization of Europe (25 July 1940) 65 7. Arthur Seyss-Inquart: Meeting of the Auslandsorganisation of the (26 July 1940) 71 8. : The Europe of the future (11 Sept. 1940) .... 73 9. Léon Degrelle: 's role in the new Europe (20 Oct. 1940) 76 10. Vidkun Quisling: 'Memorandum concerning Settlement of Relations between and ' (25 Oct. 1940) 78 11. Werner Daitz: The reorganization of Europe on a racial and territorial basis (second half of 1940) 80 12. Paul Otto Gustav Schmidt: record of conversation between Reich Foreign Minister and Admiral Darlan (11 May 1941) 81 XIV Contents

13. : record of meeting on Nazi aims in (16 July 1941) 84 14. Karl Megerle: positive themes for press and propaganda (27 Sept. 1941) 86 15. Paul Otto Gustav Schmidt: record of conversation between the Führer and Count Ciano (26 Oct. 1941) 89 16. Joachim von Ribbentrop: speech on the prolongation of the Anti-Comintern Pact (26 Nov. 1941) 90 17. Walter Hewel: record of conversation between Hitler and the Finnish Foreign Minister, R. Witting (28 Nov. 1941) 92 18. Karl Megerle: 'European themes' (prob, autumn 1941) 94 19. Paul Otto Gustav Schmidt: record of conversation between Reich Marshal Goring and Marshal Petain (3 Dec. 1941) 95 20. Freiherr Ernst von Weizsäcker: diary extracts (Dec. 1939-Nov. 1941) 96 21. Adriaan A. Mussert: the Dutch state in the new Europe (Aug. 1942) 98 22. : speech on the occasion of the European Youth Congress in (14 Sept. 1942) 102 23. Vidkun Quisling: Norway and the Germanic task in Europe (25. Sept. 1942) 103 24. Joseph Goebbels: the new Europe (4 Oct. 1942) 107 25. : decree (4 Nov. 1942) 108 26. Anton Reithinger: Europe's economic strength on a basis of planned cooperation (13 Nov. 1942) 109 27. Werner Daitz: Genuine and spurious continental spheres. Laws of (second half of 1942) Ill 28. Werner Frauendienst: The internal reorganization of the Reich as a contribution to European order (1942) 114 29. Arthur Seyss-Inquart: On the 10th anniversary of Hitler's accession to power (29 Jan. 1943) 116 30. Joseph Goebbels: directive on the treatment of European nations (15 Feb. 1943) 117 31. Franz Alfred Six: The shape of twentieth-century Europe (3 March 1943) 119 32. Wipert von Blücher: Goebbels' 'Principles' for the reorganization of Europe (16 March 1943) 121 33. Joachim von Ribbentrop: (21 March 1943) 122 34. Joachim von Ribbentrop: establishment of a 'European Commit- tee' (5 April 1943) 127 35. Hans Frohwein: 'Basic elements of a plan for the new Europe' (7 Juni 1943) 132 36. Cecil von Renthe-Fink: Note on the establishment of a European confederation (August 1943) 138 37. Carl Clodius: principles of the new economic order in Europe (20 Aug. 1943) 145 Contents XV

38. Cecil von Renthe-Fink: Note for the Foreign Minister (16 Nov. 1943) 148 39. Draft memorandum on the establishment of a European confederation (autumn 1943) 150 40. Adolf Hitler: speech on the 11th anniversary of his accession to power (30 Jan. 1944) 162 41. Final protocol of the working session of the Institute of Labour Studies of the Deutsche Arbeitsfront (19 March 1944) 164 42. : the future of European agriculture (29 June 1944) 166 43. Karl Heinz Pfeffer: European consciousness (Oct./Dec. 1944) . . . 171 Bibliography to Chapter I 172

II. Ideas of the Fascist Government and Party on Europe (DINO COFRANCESCO) 179 Introduction 179 43a. Mario Mantovani: 'On the European idea: enemy No. 1' (May 1940) 184 43b. Alberto De Stefani: 'The reorganization and pacification of Europe' (Oct. 1941) 187 43c. Camillo Pellizzi (?): 'The idea of Europe' (Dec. 1942) 190 43d. Camillo Pellizzi: two letters to Ugoberto Alfassio-Grimaldi (12 Aug. and 4 Sept. 1943) 194 43e. Carlo Borsani: 'The Discovery of Europe' (18 June 1944) .... 196 Bibliography to Chapter II 197

Part Two The Resistance Movements' Plans for European Union

I. Ideas of the Austrian Resistance on Postwar Europe (WOLFGANG NEUGEBAUER) 203 Introduction 203 44. Draft programme of the (legitimist) 'Austrian People's Front' (autumn 1939) 206 45. Josef Fleischhacker: plan for world union (Dec. 1939) 207 46. Programme of the (legitimist) 'Osterreichische Arbeiterpartei' (Austrian Workers' Party) (29 Jan. 1940) 209 47. Attitude of the underground ACP journal Hammer und, Sichel (Hammer and Sickle) to Nazi slogans for Europe (Dec. 1940) . . . 209 48. Ludwig Reichhold: Guidelines for a future German trade union movement (1943/4) 210 49. Declaration of the Trotskyists at Buchenwald (20 April 1945) . . . 212 50. 'Theses on 10 April 1945' of the (Trotskyist) Karl-Liebknecht- Bund (21 April 1945) 213 Bibliography to Chapter I 214 XVI Contents

II. Views of the on the future of Europe (JOSÉ GOTOVITCH) 215 Introduction 215 51. Paul Struye: 'After seven months of occupation' (15 Dec. 1940) . . 221 52. La Voie de Lénine: editorial (spring 1941) 222 53. La Voix des Belges: 'Europe' (10 Aug. 1941) 223 54. Review of the situation in Belgium since 10 May 1940 and pros- pects for the future (17 Oct. 1941) 225 55. Parti Beige: 'International policy of liberated Belgium' (Feb. 1942) 226 56. Paul Struye: 'After two and a half years of occupation' (1 Dec. 1942) 227 57. Positions: 'International order' (spring 1943) 228 58. Vrank en Vrij ('Frank and Free'): 'A Union or a Confederation of States?' (Aug. 1943) 229 59. Tony Herbert: 'Idea of the state and civic education' (5 Sept. 1943) 231 60. Programme of the Belgian (fan. 1944) 232 61. Paul Struye: 'After 44 months of occupation' (1 Feb. 1944) .... 234 62. Programme of the Liberal-Democratic Walloon Party (Feb. 1944) 235 63. ' revived in 1940' (Feb. 1944) 235 64. La Légion Noire: 'For Europe! Everyone into the fight!' (April 1944) 236 65. La Wallonie Libre: ' as an element of European reconstruc- tion' (spring 1944) 238 66. Le Peuple: 'A Socialist peace' (4 Sept. 1944) 239 67. Groupement d'Etudes Economiques: 'Problems of economic union' (Oct. 1944) 240 Bibliography to Chapter II 242

III. Views of the Danish Resistance on the future of Europe (HENNING NIELSEN) 244 Introduction 244 68. Erling Foss: 'From passive to active resistance' (25 April 1943) . . 248 69. Arvid Mailer: letter to Lt.-Gen. Erik With, editor of Det frie Nord (May 1943) 250 70. The Danish Freedom Council: When Denmark is free again (Nov. 1943) 252 71. Arne Sarensen: letter to Christmas M0ller (17 Dec. 1943) 253 72. Frit Danmark: 'Finland, Scandinavia and Ourselves' (April 1944) . 255 73. Arne Sarensen: 'The New Lesson' (May 1944) 257 74. Arne Sarensen: 'International obligations' (June 1944) 258 75. Barge Houmann and Frode Jakobsen: To the Cooperating Parties (Dec. 1944) 259 76. Free Denmark: 'An historical turning-point in Danish foreign policy' (March. 1945) 261 Bibliography to Chapter III 262 Contents XVII

IV. Ideas of the French Resistance on the postwar international order (WALTER LIPGENS) 264 Introduction 264 77. Jacques Maritain: 'On political justice' (spring 1940) 274 78. Léon Blum: 'On the human scale' (July 1941) 277 79. Henri Frenay: appeal to Christian resistance (Sept-Dec. 1941) . . 284 80. Philippe Viannay: 'The future of Germany' (20 March 1942) ... 286 81. Maxime Blocq-Mascart: European economic unity (June 1942) . . 287 82. Libérer et Fédérer: 'Winning the war and winning the peace' (14 July 1942) 289 83. Claude Bourdet, Henri Frenay and André Hauriou: the Combat manifesto (July-Sept. 1942) 291 84. Libération: 'To all ' (10 Jan. 1943) 293 85. Comité d'Action Socialiste: 'Our programme' (Jan. 1943) 295 86. Léon Blum: warning from prison (5 Feb. 1943) 296 87. Maurice Lecroix: 'Europe' (17 Feb. 1943) 298 88. Paul Bastid: Trance and the idea of Europe' (April 1943) 300 89. Executive Committee of the SFIO: Manifesto of the Socialist Party {June 1943) 304 90. Daniel Villey: 'Note on the principles of the coming peace' (July 1943) 306 91. Libération-Sud: 'Our task: beyond the ' (1 Sept. 1943) . . . 308 92. Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vigerie: 'Taking stock' (25 Sept. 1943) . 311 93. Jean-Daniel Jurgensen: 'The problem of international political organization' (Sept. 1943) 313 94. : 'Yesterday . . . tomorrow' (Sept. 1943) 315 95. Volontaires de la Liberté: 'Europe' (8 Oct. 1943) 318 96. Émile Janvier: 'Pan-Europe' (20 Nov. 1943) 320 97. Francis Gérard: 'What is to be done with Germany?' (Nov. 1943) 322 98. René Courtin: 'Report on postwar economic policy' (Nov. 1943) . 324 99. Ernest Pezet and Robert Buron, 'Defence of the federal principle' (Dec. 1943) 328 100. Socialist Party (SFIO): draft of a joint programme for the Resistance (11 Dec. 1943) 332 101. Philippe Viannay: 'For a free civilization' (Jan. 1944) 334 102. Joseph Hours: 'France in tomorrow's Europe' (Jan. 1944) .... 337 103. Le Franc-Tireur: 'Our socialism' (1 March 1944) 339 104. Combat: 'We have had enough . . .' (March 1944) 341 105. Claude Bourdet: 'The Future of Germany?' (March 1944) .... 342 106. Central Committee of the French Communist Party: comments on SFIO draft programme (25 April 1944) 344 107. Manifesto by Libérer et Fédérer and L'Insurgé (April-May 1944) . 346 108. Comité Français pour la Fédération Européenne: 'Declaration' (June 1944) 347 109. André Colin and Maurice-René Simonnet: 'Lines of action' (June 1944) 350 XVIII Contents

110. La Marseillaise: 'Our Europe' (14 July 1944) 351 111. Mouvement de Libération Nationale (Région Lyon), 'Programme' (Aug. 1944) 353 Bibliography to Chapter IV 354

V. Ideas of the German Resistance on the future of Europe (WALTER LIPGENS) 362 Introduction 362 112. Hermann Brill and others ('Neu Beginnen' group): comments on the 'Ten-point programme' (Feb. 1938) 371 113. Reinow: Song of the Westwall ('Siegfried Line') (winter 1939^0) 373 114. Adam von Trott: notes written by hand in the USA (winter 1939-40) 374 115. Ulrich von Hassell: statement (23 Feb. 1940) 375 116. Albrecht Haushofer: Union with Britain (Sept. 1940) 376 117. Carl Goerdeler: 'Principles of a peace-time economy' (Oct. 1940) . 379 118. Helmuth von Moltke: 'Initial Situation, Aims and Tasks' (24 April 1941) 381 119. Helmuth von Moltke: 'Assumptions and Problems' (9 June 1941) 388 120. Adam von Trott: letter to Prof. Percy E. Corbett (16 June 1941) . 391 121. Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Willem Visser't Hooft: memorandum on 'The Church and the new order in Europe' (12 Sept. 1941) .... 395 122. Carl Goerdeler: from the memorandum 'Das Ziel' ('The Aim') (end of 1941) 397 123. Adam von Trott: memorandum for Sir Stafford Cripps (end of April 1942) 400 124. Helmuth von Moltke: letter to Lionel Curtis ([middle of May f] 1942) 402 125. Hans Schonfeld: Report on the German resistance movement (31 May 1942) 405 126. Hans Schonfeld: 'Explanatory Notes and References' ([June?] 1942) 407 127. George K. A. Bell: report to Foreign Secretary Eden on the Stock- holm conversations ([c. 20] June 1942) 409 128. : Preconditions and Principles (June 1942) 412 129. Hans and Sophie Scholl and others: first 'White Rose' leaflet (June 1942) 413 130. Hans and Sophie Scholl and others, fifth leaflet: 'Appeal to all ' (Nov. 1942) 414 131. Gerhard Ritter: from the memorandum of the 'Freiburger Arbeitskreis' (Nov. 1942) 416 132. Kurt Schumacher: 'A wood-carver's testimony' (27 Nov. 1942) . . 418 133. Carl Goerdeler: Statement on the Atlantic Charter (13 Dec. 1942) 419 134. Wilhelm Leuschner: 'The question of the working class' (c. winter 1942/3) 421 Contents XIX

135. The aims of 'Europäische Union', (first half of 1943) .... 423 136. Max Josef Metzger: memorandum to the (fune 1943) 424 137. Helmuth von Moltke: 'Questions on the relationship between economic and foreign policy' (14 June 1943) 425 138. The Kreisau circle's 'Basic Principles of Reconstruction' (9 Aug. 1943) 427 139. Carl Goerdeler: Peace plan (late summer - autumn 1943) 430 140. Ernst Jünger: 'Peace' (Oct. 1943) 432 141. Adam von Trott: comments on the peace programme of the American churches (Nov. 1943) 436 142. Carl Goerdeler: 'Practical Steps towards the Reorganization of Europe' (early 1944) 440 143. Theodor Steltzer: memorandum to English friends (15 July 1944) . 442 144. Carl Goerdeler: 'Germany's future tasks' (1-8 Aug. 1944) 444 145. : New Year meditation on Europe (1 Jan. 1945) . . . 446 146. The 'Buchenwald manifesto' (13 April 1945) 449 Bibliography to Chapter V 450

VI. Ideas of the Italian Resistance on the postwar order in Europe (KLAUS VOIGT) 456 Introduction 456 147. The 'first manifesto of Liberal Socialism' (summer 1940) 469 148. The 'Ventotene Manifesto' (Aug. 1941) 471 149. Altiero Spinelli: 'The of Europe and the various political trends' (1941-2) 484 150. Altiero Spinelli: 'Marxist policy and federalist policy' (1941-2) . . 489 151. The Action Party's 'Seven Points' (4 June 1942) 492 152. Letter from the federalists interned in Ventotene to Count Sforza (Dec. 1942) 493 153. Tancredi Galimberti and Antonino Rapaci: 'Draft of a confederal European and internal constitution' (April 1943) 497 154. 'Reconstructive ideas of Christian ' (July 1943) .... 503 155. The 'Milan Programme' of Christian Democracy (25 July 1943) . . 505 156. Eugenio Colorni: 'Character of the European federation' (Aug. 1943) 506 157. Guglielmo Usellini: 'A movement or a party?' (Aug. 1943) .... 508 158. (Ernesto Rossi): 'Federalist tendencies' (Aug. 1943) 510 159. Eugenio Colorni: 'Declaration' (mid-Aug. 1943) 511 160. 'Political declaration of the PSIUP' (25 Aug. 1943) 513 161. Movimento Federalista Europeo: 'Political Theses' and 'General Directives' (27-8 Aug. 1943) 514 162. Movimento Federalista Europeo: 'Working Directives' (27-8 Aug. 1943) 518 163. Luigi Einaudi: 'For an economic federation of Europe' (1 Sept. 1943) 520 XX Contents

164. Avanti!: 'European union' (3 Sept. 1943) 525 165. Leone Ginzburg: 'The conference' (11 Nov. 1943) .... 526 166. Mario Alberto Rollier: 'Draft constitution of a European Federal Union' (Jan. 1944) 528 167. Giorgio Peyronel: 'Federalism, local autonomy and self-govern- ment' (June 1944) 534 168. Il Popolo: 'We must unite or tear ourselves apart' (20 Aug. 1944) . 536 169. Altiero Spinelli: 'The ways of Italian foreign policy' (Oct. 1944) . 538 170. Open letter from the Secretariat of the Action Party of Upper to the Executive Committee of the Action Party in South Central Italy (Oct. 1944) 539 171. 'The Action Party appeals to the Italians' (22 Nov. 1944) 541 172. 'Open letter from the Italian Communist Party to the parties and mass organizations affiliated to the Committee of National Liberation for Upper Italy (26 Nov. 1944) 543 173. Il Partigiano Alpino: 'Partisans of all Europe, unite!' (Dec. 1944) . 545 174. 'Working plan' of the Action Party (Dec. 1944) 546 Bibliography to Chapter VI 548

VII. Ideas of the Dutch Resistance on the postwar order in Europe (WALTER LIPGENS) 556 Introduction 556 175. (Willem A. Visser't Hooft): letter to Pieter S. Gerbrandy (12 Nov. 1941) 561 176. Vrij Nederland: 'Our international responsibility' (Dec. 1941) . . 564 177. 'Germany will be beaten - and what then?' (Sept. 1942) 566 178. 'Pieter't Hoen' (Het Parool): 'Three years of war' (25 Sept. 1942) 568 179. F. M. van Asbeck: 'Create a supranational community' (Sept. 1942) 569 180. 'Political Convention': reply to enquiry on the future structure of Europe (Oct. 1942) 571 181. G. J. van Heuven Goedhart: 'On the coming peace' (12 Dec. 1942) 572 182. H. M. van Randwijk: 'The battle for Europe' (21 March 1943) . . 574 183. G. J. van Heuven Goedhart: 'For the new freedom' (28 May 1943) 576 184. Vrij Nederland: 'Order in liberated Europe' (Sept. 1943) 577 185. Jan Romein: 'How can we bring peace to the world?' (10 Sept. 1943) 579 186. Het Parool and Vrij Nederland: Manifesto (15 April 1944) .... 583 187. Je Maintiendrai: ' and Belgium' (1 May 1944) .... 584 188. Trouw: 'International solidarity' (Aug. 1944) 585 189. De Ploeg: 'a European vacuum' after the war (Aug. 1944) 587 190. F. M. van Asbeck, J. Tinbergen, J. H. W. Verzijl and others: 'Postwar questions' (Aug. 1944) 588 191. C. L. Patijn: 'International relations' (autumn 1944) 591 192. Hans-Dieter Salinger: 'The Rebirth of Europe' (autumn 1944) . . 593 Contents XXI

193. Het Parool: 'West European union first' (14 Nov. 1944) 601 194. A. J. van der Leeuw: 'Annexations or European order?' (Jan. 1945) 603 Bibliography to Chapter VII 606

VIII. East European plans for the future of Europe: the example of (WALTER LIPGENS) 609 Introduction 609 195. Socialist Party (PPS): 'On the march towards a new Europe (Sept. 1940) 622 196. Wiadomosci Polskie: 'An important step towards the new Europe' (15 Nov. 1940) 625 197. The Programme of People's Poland (Aug. 1941) 628 198. Peasants' Party (SL): extracts from Przebudowa (Reform) (Nov.-Dec. 1941) 632 199. Socialist Party (PPS): 'The idea of a federation' (Feb. 1942) .... 633 200. Wiadomosci Polskie: 'A Central European Confederation' (15 July 1942) 635 201. Rzeczpospolita Polska: Guiding principles of the Delegacy (17 Dec. 1942) 637 202. Biuletyn Siowianski: 'Why a Greater Yugoslavia?' (5 April 1943) . 639 203. Wiesci (organ of the Peasants' Party, SL): 'A new era' (20 July 1943) 640 204. Krajowa Reprezentacja Polityczna (KRP: 'National Political Representation') : Four-Party Declaration of Political Understand- ing (15 Aug. 1943) 641 205. Wolnosc (Socialist Party, PPS): a European 'Commonwealth' (Aug. 1943) 642 206. Declaration by Headquarters of the Peasants' Party (Dec. 1943) . 643 207. Council of National Unity (RJN): 'What the Polish People is fighting for' (15 March 1944) 644 208. Blok Srodkowo-Europejski: 'Aims and elements of Soviet policy' (6 April 1944) 646 209. Blok Srodkowo-Europejski: 'Two blocs' (6 April 1944) 649 210. Wiadomosci Polskie: 'Poland among the nations' (9 June 1944) . . 651 Bibliography to Chapter VIII 653

IX. Transnational Contacts (WALTER LIPGENS) 659 Introduction 659 211. 'Lettre ouverte du Mouvement italien pour la Fédération européenne à tous les antifascistes' (Nov. 1943) 666 212. Ernesto Rossi: 'Tomorrow's Europe' (April 1944) 668 213. Draft of a declaration to be issued by European resistance and liberation movements (April 1944) 672 214. Geneva conference of resistance fighters: letter accompanying the Geneva declarations (20 May 1944) 674 XXII Contents

215. Geneva conference of resistance fighters: 'Declaration I, message of solidarity' (20 May 1944) 677 216. Geneva conference of resistance fighters: draft Declaration II on European federation (20 May 1944) 678 217. Willem Visser 't Hooft: letter to the Dutch Committee of the Swiss Road, covering text of the Geneva Declarations (21 May 1944) 682 218. The Saretto agreement (30 May 1944) 684 219. Reply from delegation in Switzerland of the Partito Socialista Italiano di Unità Proletaria (PSIUP) (June 1944) 685 220. Reply from Vrij Nederland to the Geneva declarations (17 Aug. 1944) 686 221. 'Political Committee of the Swiss Road': critical reply to the Geneva declaration (21 Aug. 1944) 689 222. 'Lettre ouverte du Movimento italiano per la Federazione europea (M.F.E.) au Comité français pour la Fédération européenne (C.F.F.E.)' (Aug. 1944) 691 223. Willem Visser 't Hooft: letter to the Dutch government in Lon- don, covering text of the Geneva declarations (1 Sept. 1944) . . . 694 Bibliography to Chapter IX 695

Part Three Plans for the Future of Europe in Neutral Countries

I. Swedish views on the future of Europe (FINN LAURSEN) 701 Introduction 701 224. Sten Branzell: 'Feudalism, Nationalism, Supranationalism' (9 Oct. 1939) 706 225. Karl Ekblom: 'Union Now' (23 Nov. 1939) 708 226. Halvar Khennet: 'The future of the Nordic countries' (Feb. 1941) 710 227. Gustav E. Dahlberg: 'Pan-Europe, Union, Federation or League of Nations?' (20 May 1941) 711 228. Alf Ahlberg: ' and the order' (June 1941) . . . 714 229. Birger Beckman: 'International Liberarchy' (July 1941) 716 230. Karl Petander: 'The United Nordic States' (April/May 1942) ... 718 231. 'Appeal to Swedish Non-Governmental Organizations' (15 Dec. 1942) 721 232. International Peace Campaign: 'Guidelines for a New International Legal Order' (17-18 April 1943) 723 233. Alva Myrdal: 'Postwar planning' (Sept. 1943) 725 234. Torsten Holm: 'The role of small states in war and peace' (Nov. 1943) 728 235. Allan Degerman: 'Regional unions as parts of a world organiza- tion' (Jan. 1945) 730 Bibliography to Chapter I 734 Contents XXIII

II. Swiss plans for the postwar order in Europe (WALTER LIPGENS) 743 Introduction 743 236. Swiss Committee of the International Peace Campaign: 'Principles' (Nov. 1939) 748 237. Denis de Rougemont: 'The federalist solution' (15 Jan. 1940) . . . 751 238. Europa-Union: 'Guiding principles for a new Europe' (4 Feb. 1940) 753 239. Europa-Union: 'The future of the European economy' (autumn 1940) 758 240. Europa-Union: record of a meeting of the Central Committee (23 Nov. 1940) 761 241. Mouvement populaire suisse en faveur d'une Fédération des peuples: Manifesto (May 1941) 764 242. Walter Hildebrandt: 'The preservation of Switzerland is more important than Europe' (15 Sept. 1941) 766 243. Adolf Gasser: 'Three kinds of new Europe' (Feb. 1942) 768 244. Europa-Union: draft constitution for the United States of Europe (1942) 770 245. Raymond Silva: 'Educating the masses' (May 1943) 780 246. Léon van Vassenhove: 'Outline of a federal constitution for Europe' (July 1943) 783 247. Movimento per la Federazione fra i Popoli: 'For a federation of European peoples' (c. autumn 1943) 792 248. Mouvement populaire suisse de Jeunesse pour une Fédération des peuples: Manifesto (Jan. 1944) 794 249. Europa-Union: 'European union and world union' (April 1944) . 795 250. Hans Bauer: 'Switzerland and Europe' (Sept. 1944) 796 Bibliography to Chapter II 799

Note on Contributors 803

Name Index 807 Subject Index 815