DOCSLIB.ORG

C a P I T O L O Xi ° Il Mese Dell'aprile *

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
C a P I T O L O Xi ° Il Mese Dell'aprile * CAPITOLO XI ° IL MESE DELL'APRILE * - "APRILIS liB9 INDICE DEL CAPITOLO XI° 92 = Il mkme del mese di Aprile - Il mese solare - Il mese lunare - Il mese so_ lare-lunare - L'"APRILIS" dei "Meno_ logia" rustici o coloniali - Giorna__ te lavorative, semilavorative e di riposo ed altre caratteristiche urba_ ne nel mese lunare dell1 "APRILIS" Pag. JOO^ 93 = 1° giorno del mese lunare.dell'"Apri_ lis" - Lavori per il filo di rame da avvolgere e rafforzare gli arnesi in_ deboliti e per i rafforzamenti a lega ture con stanghette di rinfianco 94 = 2° giorno del mese lunare dell'"Apri_ lis" - Cammino notturno al calar del_ la luna - Varie qualità delle forze di natura nelle loro applicazioni tecniche 95 = 3° e 4° giorno del mese lunare del_ 1'"Aprilis" 96 = 5° giorno del mese lunare dell'"Apri_ lis" - Ciclo sociale delle industrie accollate per appalto « 4 025 ÌO0O 97 = 6°-10° giorno del mese lunare del_ l'"AprilisM Pag. JOZZ 97 bis - 11° giorno del mese lunare del_ l,wAprilis" - Tecnica dell'accen_ sione del fuoco " ^ 98 = 12° giorno del mese lunare del_ l'"AprilisM - -Commercio e lavora zìone del grano 99 = 13° giorno del mese lunare del_ l'"Aprilisw - Lavori straordina ri per il fuoco saldatore e dis n -/PS-/ saldatore 100 = 14° giorno del mese lunare del_ l,nAprilis" B 101 = 15° giorno del mese lunare del_ l'"Aprilisw - Lavori straordinari per la battitura,spezzatura e fran_ turnazione dei metalli - Per la ventilazione e per i mantici delle fucine 102 = 16°-18° giorno del mese lunare del l,wAprilis" • 401) 1001 103 = 19° giorno del mese lunare dell'"Apri_ lis" - Lavori straordinari per il com_ mercio e la pesatura del grano - La tecnica della panificazione Pag. 40k~{ 104 = 20° giorno del mese lunare dell'"Apri lis" » 4 0tf 105 = 21° giorno del mese lunare dell"'Apri_ lis" - Lavori straordinari per la frantumazione e per la raccolta dei rottami metallici - Preparazione e fondazione di "Roma" per iniziativa di un appaltatore di piccole fusioni a getto " AO^f 106 = 22° giorno del mese lunare dell'"Apri_ lis" " A OFF 107 • 23° giorno del mese lunare dell'"Apri_ lis" - Fusione del metallo ed alcool di vino usato per avvivare le fiamme.... 108 = 24° giorno del mese lunare dell'"Apri_ lis» " 40 109 = 25° giorno del mese lunare dell'"Apri_ lis" - Lavori straordinari per la eliminazione della ruggine e del ver_ derame « J060 110 = 26°-29° giorno del mese lunare dell'nApri_ lis» ~'M<* .002 CAPITOLO XI° IL MESE DI APRILE - "APRILIS" 21=-_Jl_g2Ì|_^|J_g|l|=M=Agrile^_Il_mese l£lf^|_-=^J3ese_lunaj;e_ lavorative e_di_riposo ed altre caratteri- stiche urbane nel mese lunare dell'"APRILIS". a) - Il nome dell' '"APRILIS" Ovidio, nella sua trasfigurazione poetica, interrogando la musa dei congiungimenti (Erato da££<*o> = unire, collegare) si sente rispondere che il mese dei lavori al crogiuolo (Cythereius da XVTOS, Xodcfoì = crogiuolo) lasciò predomi- hare (cessit) quelli che si attengono alle nor• me (nomen) per le unioni continuative e tenaci (ataoris teneri da amare = unire + tenere'« = SBOZZI, £ 1666 leg_are_= =) cioè per le legature a lunghi avvolgimenti di fili di rame, delle quali trat• tano ampiamente, come vedremo, le notizie rela• = Confr. § 93 tive alle "Kalendae" d'Aprile = "Erato"aggiunge che questa era in fondo la stessa corda, la stessa funicella (sors da ser• = VARRONE, De 1.1.6,64-65 - ta; sororiare = iungere = =) delle primiti• BROZZI, 759, ve legature degli arnesi di pietra ai manubri 760, 1108 di legno CSàturnus) = = OVIDIO, Pasti,4,195-198 Ma, su questa particolare visione dei lei- - Confr. j 1 g. 1003 gami apparenti delle "legature", predomina il ricordo delle invisibili ed occulte leghe o misture metalliche (amores da amare = unire) che nella massa metallica fusa (Venus da vena) identificano la distributrice e ripartitriee (mater) della duplice colante sostanza da unire = OVIDIO, Fasti,4,1 (mater geminofum amorum) = = Infatti tutte le incertezze degli antichi autori sulla etimologia del nome di questo me• se, se pendono verso il tardivo concetto cosmi- co-naturalistico e misteriosofico di un aprirsi = VARRONB, primaverile dei mari e delle terre, di un ri• De 1.1.,6,33 - prodursi delle piante, dei fiori e degli anima• C.I.L.,Pasti pre- li all'alito primaverile » = pure sfociano nestini,al mese - MICROBIO,Saturna quasi sempre, nei ricordi che il metallo di lia,1,12,8-14; vena (Venus), unito alla lega (Anchises da 1.21,6 ecc. /6w^>. angefe), produsse il bronzo (Àéneas da aes, = PERALI, aeneus) = =, che "Venere" fu congiunta e De fabrilibus, XXXVII-XXXVIII consorte del "fuoco della fornace e della fuci• = Confr., na^ (Vulcanus)= =che infine, essa - madre del as 9,3. ,PBTTAZZONI, Filoktetes-Hephai_ bronzo (matef~.ieneaé) , il quale aveva guidato stos,in "Riv. di i lavori delle laminature (regis latinorum) - Filol. e d'istruz. classica" KXXVII, si era congiunta col martello (cum Marte jungi- 2(1909),170-189 tur), da cui aveva avuto origine l'assemblea dei fonditori a.getto ( a quo populus romanus — =C.T»L.j Fasti prenestini, ortus est) = al mese. Ovidio tanto profondamente aderisce a questa visione nella sua trasfigurazione poe• tica, che coglie qui,11 destro per dare le genealogie - ossia la serie ordinata (òTdTne sorjEem) delle lavorazioni metallurgiche - "troiane" ed "albane" risalendo al trasformato• re martello fMars) che fu la prossima causa 100 4 (proxima causa) delle lavorazioni per le fusio• ni a getto (fero Marti primàm~dedit ordine sor• te e;) e, risalendo ancora più indietro, (gradii bus murtl¥~r"épèrVam)al primordiale metallo di = OVIDIO, vena (Venus), che ne fu il primo principio Fasti,4,25-27 Nel ricercare le successioni (saecula da segui) ossia le successive operazioni della produzione (generis) si giungeva sino ai pri• mordiali (principium) collegamenti (cognatds) di forze naturali (déos). Dopo la faticosa e responsabile scelta ("Eieetra'Ha eligere) delle pietre che sostengo• no e contengono il metallo (Atlantis &&«>t3~Xzuj ^TA^TOC ,affileta) mettendo a giacere sul fuo• co le pietre scelte("filectraro concubuisse lovi) se ne otteneva la prima spezzatura (Dardanon da J*pd*iTTur) e si strappavano via dalla terra = OVIDIO, le parti metalliche (Erichthonius dal^^^ = Fasti,4,29-33 Attraverso i cunicoli o canali sotterra• = FERALI, nei della miniera (Troia da trua = cunicolo) = = Introduzione, cavalli da tiro sotterraneo (Tro s,trossuli) XVIII (26) portavano fuori il materiale scavato e lo affi• davano ad un infuocatore dei rottami (Assaracus - OVIDIO, da £ ^ . axare r~assare = abbruciare + paixoj Fasti,4,33-34 racemari = frantume.raccattare frantumi) • Per questa operazione si adoperavano re• cipienti fumosi o crogiuoli (Capys da X *TT JU> F capis), finche veniva tirata appresso (proximus da procus^procax) HMMB la lega (Anchises daoCy^w ) e veniva unita al metallo (Venus) e ne derivava il "legato" (satus da Saturnus, 1005 = BROZZI, satura, consitura, sàtor.cònsitor ecc. = =) 1124 - WALDE, "Saturnus","sero" (hinc satus Aeneas) cioè il bronzo (Aeneas = = OVIDIO, aes, aeneus) = = Fasti,4,34-37 Il bronzo (Aeneas), esaminata attraverso i fuochi la sua "gig^iabilità", ossia le sue possibilità di utilizzazione (pietas spectata = PERABI, per ignes da pi.jus, p_ijare, pigliare) = = Le origini di Roma, § 64 sostenne una seconda lavorazione industriale (altera "sacra), avendo alle spalle il padrone = OVIDIO, che l'incitava (patrem humeris) = Pasti,4,37-38 A questo punto l'impresa, l'azienda delle filature (domus Iulia da iulus, .jnhilles,.juhles) = Confr. £ 85 b = viene ad inserirsi (tangit) tra gli operai (avos da avere, apcre,"aSipIsci) fabbri• = OVIDIO, canti metallurgi (Teucros darC-u*^ ) = Fasti, 4,39-40 E comincia allora la serie dei "Silvii" ossia dei diversi "tagli" (STLvius da siIva = vA*\ ; ti Ài \CO = separare) della produzione (gente da generare) dei laminatori (Latia. = OVIDIO, Fasti,4,41-42 - Latine) = Confr. § 32 IX Il padrone (pater) che tagliava le varie parti (Silvius)ne aveva dei lingotti o dei laminati (Latine da later). Dal "laminato" o "lingotto" (Latinus) si ridiscende (subit) alle rifusioni in appositi recipienti (suoTt^Albà~ Latinum da alvus,alveus) e vien tirato appresso (proximus da procns, pjroeax) con le martellature (proximus est ti- tulis da Titius. tudes)il soprarrafforzato o pudellato o temprato metallo (Epitus da crr» + »S = VIS ; = ben saldo). 1006 Con questo vien fabbricato prima il reci• piente concavo ("CapyB da capis =_vaso) poi il recipiente ancor più convesso e panciuto (Cal- petus da calpar), lavoro anch'esso dell'operaio favus da avere, apere, adipisci). Ed infine la fabbricazione di colli tubola• ri fTiberinus da tibia,tubus) attraeva l'atten• zione (habebat) della direzione (regnum) del padrone (patria) e la mescita (mersus) della acqua contenuta nel recipiente (tuscae aquae da tescùm) veniva condottata (dicitur; ma leg^- gi: duci tur da doccia^ nella gorgogliante gola (in gurgife) = Qui cambia l'angolo visuale del poeta (....iam tamen....viderat....) = . =,e,dai recipienti metallici,si passa agli arnesi. Il primo e più elementare è.lo scalpello fatto a forma di piede (Agrippa = Acrota da k\<poT-'\\ ' "agrippae appellati quorum in nascendo non caput sed pedes primi extiterant" = =); lo segue il giavellotto ad alette che è ottenu• to in piccole fusioni a getto (Romulus) e che si attacca pungendo (nepotem da nepa = scorp_ioz ne}.. La tradizione ricordava che da esso eran sprizzati fulmini o scintille. Poi la società (mons da munflus =~~ =) o l'accollo (collis) dei lavori (Aventinus da àvereVapere,adipisci) aveva prodotto le falci che tagliano attirando (Pròcas da procax) ed, infine, l'arco regolatore (Numitor davo^s ) che trattiene e butta fuori (germanus da gjir- menT la rigida freccia (duri Amull da Aemilius ,\e v-'.lv* . -x y> A X cL = che va. ad_ at t ac car s_i ) ; ar c o = OVIDIO, e freccia destinati a contendere sempre fra Fasti,4,49753 loro = = OVIDIO, E, mentre "Amulius" andrà spezzato (cadit) Fasti.3.67 - Con e verrà rifuso in forma (traiéctus = = : fr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tinctoris's Minimum Opus
    Tinctoris’s Minimum Opus ROB C. WEGMAN (Princeton University) he story has long been known and often been told: as a student at the TUniversity at Orléans, Johannes Tinctoris made a fool of himself.1 Proud of his accomplishments, and pleased especially with his literary prowess, he allowed his vanity to slip through and leave a permanent record, in full view of all posterity, in a document that would survive the centuries. That document, which is still kept at Orléans today, is precious for several reasons – not the least of which is that it is the only surviving text written in the theorist’s own hand. Yet what makes it truly invaluable is what he reveals about himself, intentionally and, perhaps, unintentionally. The text has been transcribed and edited by several modern scholars, and the facts of the case are well known.2 Yet the story they tell remains a footnote to the larger story of Tinctoris’s life. My aim in the pages that follow is to take another close look at the text, and to give it more of the interpretive scrutiny that we are accustomed to give to other documents from this period. Like so many medieval texts, the Orléans document raises questions that may not be obvious in a face-value reading. Indeed, upon sustained scrutiny we may soon find ourselves wondering what, exactly, is the story it tells, how much of a fool Tinctoris really made of himself, and who, ultimately, has the last laugh. Before delving into those questions, however, let us begin by recapitulating the story, and providing some of the context necessary to analyze it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of the Roman Calendar Dwayne Meisner, University of Regina
    The Evolution of the Roman Calendar Dwayne Meisner, University of Regina Abstract The Roman calendar was first developed as a lunar | 290 calendar, so it was difficult for the Romans to reconcile this with the natural solar year. In 45 BC, Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, creating a solar year of 365 days with leap years every four years. This article explains the process by which the Roman calendar evolved and argues that the reason February has 28 days is that Caesar did not want to interfere with religious festivals that occurred in February. Beginning as a lunar calendar, the Romans developed a lunisolar system that tried to reconcile lunar months with the solar year, with the unfortunate result that the calendar was often inaccurate by up to four months. Caesar fixed this by changing the lengths of most months, but made no change to February because of the tradition of intercalation, which the article explains, and because of festivals that were celebrated in February that were connected to the Roman New Year, which had originally been on March 1. Introduction The reason why February has 28 days in the modern calendar is that Caesar did not want to interfere with festivals that honored the dead, some of which were Past Imperfect 15 (2009) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487 connected to the position of the Roman New Year. In the earliest calendars of the Roman Republic, the year began on March 1, because the consuls, after whom the year was named, began their years in office on the Ides of March.
    [Show full text]
  • 0 Contents.Qxd
    Chronology Chart 1-6 Roman Calendar Explanation At the time of Christ, the Roman calendar and dating system were used throughout the Roman Empire. The calendar derived from the old lunar calendar of the Etruscans, which was designed to keep record of times for religious observances and festivals, and which retained as principal days of the month the kalends (first), nones (fifth or seventh), and ides (thirteenth or fifteenth), based originally on the phases of the moon. The months had been restructured by the Romans into a solar calendar of twelve months with several intercalary days at the end of February. March was the first Roman month, making September the seventh, October the eighth, etc. These names derive from the Latin words for seven (septem), eight (octo), and so on. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 B.C., which version operated in New Testament times and still forms the basis of our own modern calendar today. Roman years were numbered ab urbe condita, “from the founding of the city.” The year we call 753 B.C. was the Roman year 1, the year that Rome is believed to have been established. References John F. Hall, “March Gods and the Etruscan New Year,” in By Study and Also By Faith (Provo, Utah: FARMS, 1990), 1:643–58. A. K. Michels, The Calendar of the Roman Republic (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967). Charting the New Testament, © 2002 Welch, Hall, FARMS Roman Calendar Kalendae First day of the month Named for Mars, Martius the god of the New Year Named for Aprilia, Aprilis Idus The fifteenth of March, a goddess of spring May, July, and October, but the thirteenth of all Named for Maia, other months.
    [Show full text]
  • Precincts of Venus: Towards a Prehistory of Ovidian Genre Joseph Farrell University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (Classical Studies) Classical Studies at Penn 2005 Precincts of Venus: Towards a Prehistory of Ovidian Genre Joseph Farrell University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Farrell, J. (2005). Precincts of Venus: Towards a Prehistory of Ovidian Genre. Hermathena, 177/178 27-69. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/158 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. http://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/158 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Precincts of Venus: Towards a Prehistory of Ovidian Genre Disciplines Arts and Humanities | Classics This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/158 Precincts of Venus: towards a prehistory of Ovidian genre by Joseph Farrell 1. Introduction One of the characteristically Ovidian themes in contemporary Latin studies is the plasticity of genre and the inventiveness with which Roman poets address generic concerns. Coming to terms with this problem has greatly advanced recent work on Latin poetry. In particular, our heightened ability to appreciate the shimmering ambiguity of Ovidian genre has led to a much more productive model for practising the hermeneutics of indeterminacy than had been current in Latin studies. Another recent gain has been an increased understanding of Ovidian genre in its historical
    [Show full text]
  • Durham Research Online
    Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 10 May 2021 Version of attached le: Accepted Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Ziogas, I. (2021) 'Etymological Law.', Incontri di lologia classica, 19 . pp. 179-200. Further information on publisher's website: http://hdl.handle.net/10077/32056 Publisher's copyright statement: c Copyright 2021 EUT EDIZIONI UNIVERSITA DI TRIESTE Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Incontri di Filologia classica Rivista annuale - Classe di valutazione ANVUR: A ISSN: 2464-8752 – eISSN: 2464-8760 http://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/handle/10077/3528 direzione Gianfranco Agosti, Lucio Cristante, Luca Mondin, Giovanni Parmeggiani direttore responsabile Stefania De Vido comitato di redazione Lucio Cristante, Vanni Veronesi comitato scientifico Alberto Cavarzere (Verona), Carmen Codoñer (Sala- manca), Paolo De Paolis (Verona), Jean-Luc Fournet (Paris), Massimo Gioseffi (Milano), Stephen J. Harri- son (Oxford), Wolfgang Hübner (Münster), Claudio Marangoni (Padova), Marko Marinčič (Ljubljana), Philippe Mudry (Lausanne), Giovanni Polara (Napoli) redazione Vanni Veronesi Gli articoli pubblicati sono sottoposti a valutazione di referee interni ed esterni.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Calendar
    History of the Calendar The premise of the earliest Roman calendar is the meshing of a thirty-day lunar cycle with an eight-day market week (the interval required for the processing of goat’s cheese). Four months of thirty days each was the soonest these two units can be integrated. 120 days also roughly corresponds with the gestation period of a pig. The first month of the Roman year was March, followed by April, May, and June. March is named after the god of war, Mars. April is derived from the word aper, a boar. May is probably related to an old word for a sow, and June is named after the queen of the gods, Juno. There is evidence to suggest that March and June were originally named Caprotinus and Fabarius, words also related to the raising of pigs. According to tradition, around 738 B.C. Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome, added six months to the calendar. He unimaginatively named them the fifth through tenth months. An additional day was added to March, May, July, and October to maintain the eight-day market week –304 days. Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, added January (29 days) and February (28 days), and he took away one day each from the thirty-day months – 355 days. This calendar does not maintain the eight-day market week, but it does roughly coincide with twelve cycles of the moon, a lunar year. Initially intercalary days were added at the end of February to keep the calendar in line with the eight-day market week; later an intercalary month (Mercedonius) was added in alternate years to bring the lunar year into accord with the solar year and the changes in the seasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendars from Around the World
    Calendars from around the world Written by Alan Longstaff © National Maritime Museum 2005 - Contents - Introduction The astronomical basis of calendars Day Months Years Types of calendar Solar Lunar Luni-solar Sidereal Calendars in history Egypt Megalith culture Mesopotamia Ancient China Republican Rome Julian calendar Medieval Christian calendar Gregorian calendar Calendars today Gregorian Hebrew Islamic Indian Chinese Appendices Appendix 1 - Mean solar day Appendix 2 - Why the sidereal year is not the same length as the tropical year Appendix 3 - Factors affecting the visibility of the new crescent Moon Appendix 4 - Standstills Appendix 5 - Mean solar year - Introduction - All human societies have developed ways to determine the length of the year, when the year should begin, and how to divide the year into manageable units of time, such as months, weeks and days. Many systems for doing this – calendars – have been adopted throughout history. About 40 remain in use today. We cannot know when our ancestors first noted the cyclical events in the heavens that govern our sense of passing time. We have proof that Palaeolithic people thought about and recorded the astronomical cycles that give us our modern calendars. For example, a 30,000 year-old animal bone with gouged symbols resembling the phases of the Moon was discovered in France. It is difficult for many of us to imagine how much more important the cycles of the days, months and seasons must have been for people in the past than today. Most of us never experience the true darkness of night, notice the phases of the Moon or feel the full impact of the seasons.
    [Show full text]
  • The Christian Almanac 1867
    Disciples of Christ Historical Society Digital Commons @ Disciples History All Yearbooks Yearbooks 1867 The Christian Almanac 1867 L H. Dowling Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.discipleshistory.org/all_yearbooks THE LEADING MUSIC HOUSE OF INDIANA r ~E7=[-+=-'-1*£~_il 2 2 2 2 tl_i-u~~-.... -= •• -.--"=-= '~L A. BUTTERFIELD & CO. NO. 22 WEST WASIII~GTON STP.tET, MUSIC PUBLISHERS! WHOLESALE A~D RETAIL DEALEUS IN PIANOS, ORGA~S, -AND- • Ever~ Variety .of lYIusicalInstruments. Sole Agents for the Unrhal('u Pianos 01 Geo. Steck & Co., J iDdeman~s Cycloid. and The Parlor Gem. "WlIO'LT.SAIIr, .\GE"XTS 'FOR BURDETT'S COTTAGE ORGANS, The most bE"tl.Utifulin tono, have tll(' most power and facility of cxpreesion of any lwgal\ noW made. "The Harmonic Attachment," and the bt\antifnl "Vocal Tremolo," arlO features of this organ which surpass all others. TIH'Y fifC vcry tiurable, and where great powtJr, combined with facility for dclicrtto shading, is required, the'y stand with'" • out a rintl. Agents wanted in every town in Indiana. Music Engraved, Titles Designed and Engraved, Music Printed, etc. £Fnrthcl' information on musica.1 mattcn cheerfully given by addl"('ssing .J. A. BUTTERFIELD & CO., India.napolis, Ind. Send for specimen copy of" MUSICAL VISITOR," the cheapest and best Musical 'Mouthly n(lW published. One dollar a year, in adn\Dce. THE CHRISTIAN ALMAN AO· FOR 1'UE YEAR OF OUR LORD AND SAVIOUR 1867. BEING THE THIRD A.FTER BESSEXTLLE AND ',rHE NINETY-FIRST YEAR OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES. INDIANAPOLIS. IND.: I.. H. DOWLING, PUBLISHER. JOVRSA.L OFFICE paINT.
    [Show full text]
  • Renaissance Scholarship and the Athenian Calendar Paul Botley
    Renaissance Scholarship and the Athenian Calendar Paul Botley HERE WERE MANY calendars in use in the ancient Greek world. That the Athenian calendar survived them all T was principally due to the enduring attractions of her literature. Subsequently, this calendar was used by writers who did not fully understand its complexities, and the surviving references to it in ancient texts are often difficult to reconcile. The fifteenth century saw the first attempts since antiquity to reconstruct this ancient system of reckoning. The first part of this paper draws attention to a lost work of Manuel Chrysoloras on the months. It examines what the Greek and Latin reference works available to contemporaries had to say on the subject of the Athenian calendar, and it as- sesses their value in establishing the correct sequence of the months. It looks at a number of versions of this calendar which were used by fifteenth-century translators. Finally, it details the production and diffusion of Theodore Gaza’s influential treat- ise on the Athenian calendar, De mensibus. This first part touches on the erratic and inconsistent ap- pearances of the Athenian months in a number of fifteenth- century lexica. The second part provides a detailed account of the Athenian calendar as it appeared in all the Greek-Latin lex- ica printed between 1478 and 1530. This calendar, very widely diffused, was quite different from that promulgated in Gaza’s De mensibus. These surveys were conducted in the belief that the history of scholarship is a subject worth studying for its own sake.1 In this 1 Three works are valuable for the periods before and after this study: P.
    [Show full text]
  • About Calendars, Calendar Changes and a Tiny Bit of Astronomy
    About calendars, calendar changes and a tiny bit of Astronomy. Joana Soldado Magraner February 5, 2015 Joana Soldado Magraner About calendars, calendar changes and a tiny bit of Astronomy. Introduction. The tiny bit of Astronomy. Tropical (solar) year: time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth. Typically from vernal equinox to vernal equinox. About 20 minutes shorter than the time it takes Earth to complete one full orbit around the Sun as measured with respect to the fixed stars (the sidereal year). The approximation of 365.25 days for the tropical year: known for a long time but not used directly, since ancient calendars were not solar (except Egyptian and Iranian) Joana Soldado Magraner About calendars, calendar changes and a tiny bit of Astronomy. The Julian calendar. A little bit of history Introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. It was a reform of the Roman calendar. The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March, resulting in an intercalary year of 377-378 days. With some refinements, this system averages the length of the year to 365.25 days. However... The last years of the pre-Julian calendar were later known as "years of confusion". Joana Soldado Magraner About calendars, calendar changes and a tiny bit of Astronomy. The Julian calendar. A little bit of history Caesar's reform was intended to solve this problem permanently, by creating a calendar that remained aligned to the sun without any human intervention.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ancient Roman Civilization
    Grade 3 Core Knowledge Language Arts® • Listening & Learning™ Strand The Ancient Roman Civilization Roman Ancient The Tell It Again!™ Read-Aloud Anthology Read-Aloud Again!™ It Tell The Ancient Roman Civilization Tell It Again!™ Read-Aloud Anthology Listening & Learning™ Strand GRAde 3 Core Knowledge Language Arts® Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution — You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Copyright © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation www.coreknowledge.org All Rights Reserved. Core Knowledge Language Arts, Listening & Learning, and Tell It Again! are trademarks of the Core Knowledge Foundation. Trademarks and trade names are shown in this book strictly for illustrative and educational purposes and are the property of their respective owners.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Latin Language
    m m THE LIBRARY of VICTORIA UNIVERSITY Toronto THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BV JAMES I.OEB, I.I.. D. EDITED BV t T. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D. E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. W. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d. VARRO ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE II VAREO ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY ROLAND G. KENT, Ph.D. PBOFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IX THE UKIVEBSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA IN TWO VOLUMES II BOOKS VIII.-X. FRAGMENTS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMXXXVIII Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS PAOB De Lingua Latina, Text and Translation Book Vm. ...... 370 Book IX. ....... 440 BookX 534 Fragments ...... 598 Comparative Table of the Fragment Numbers 630 Indexes Index of Authors and . Works . .631 Index of Latin Words and Phrases . 634 Index of Greek Words .... 675 VARRO VOL. n B 369 M. TERENTI VARRONIS DE LINGUA LATINA LIBER Vll EXPLICIT ; INCIPIT LIBER VIII QUAE DICANTUR CUR NON SIT ANALOGIA LIBER I I. 1. QuoM oratio natura tripartita esset, ut su- perioribus libris ostendi, cuius prima pars, quemad- modum vocabula rebus essent imposita, secunda, quo pacto de his declinata in discrimina iermt,^ tertia, ut ea inter se ratione coniuncta sententiam efFerant, prima parte exposita de secunda incipiam hinc. Ut propago omnis natura secunda, quod prius illud rectum, unde ea, sic declinata : itaque declinatur in verbis : rectum homo, obliquum hominis, quod de- clinatum a recto. § 1. ^ Sciop.,/or ierunt. § 1. " That is, bent aside and downward, from the vertical. The Greeks conceived the paradigm of the noun as the upper right quadrant of a circle : the nominative was the vertical radius, and the other cases were radii which ' declined ' to the right, and were therefore called irraxjeis ' fallings,' which the Romans translated literalh' by casus.
    [Show full text]