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FOURTH RELIGIOUS AND SOCIALRELIGIOUSANDIDENTITY - CENTURY EPI CENTURY MAThesisin MedievalStudies CentralUniversity European Dora IvaniševićDora May2010 Budapest
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Central European University, Budapest, inCentralUniversity, European partial requirementsBudapest, of fulfilmentthe ______FOURTH Thesisto Department the ofsubmitted Medieval Studies, Accepted in Accepted withconformancesta the of the Master Master ofthein ofdegreeArts Medieval Studies RELIGIOUS AND SOCIALRELIGIOUSANDIDENTITY - CENTURY EPI CENTURY Chair,ExaminationCommittee ThesisSupervisor Dora IvaniševićDora May2010 Examiner Exami Budapest ( Croatia by
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CEU eTD Collection May25 Budapest, 2010 degree. education higher of institution other any to form this in submitted been has thesis the of part no declarethat also institution.I or personany of copyright the on infringes no that declare I bibliography. unidentifie and notes in credited information external such only and research my on based work, own my exclusively is thesis present the that herewith declare undersigned, the I,
d and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis the of part no and others, of work the of made was use illegitimate and d oa Ivanišević Dora
, candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies, Studies, Medieval in degree MA the for candidate ,
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CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAP APPENDIX CONCLUSION 4. SOCIAL 3. IDENTITY RELIGIOUS IDENTITY2. INTRODUCTION 1. OF ABBREVIATIONSLIST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1.4 Theoretical 1.4 methodology andapproach Survey late1.3 basedinscriptionsfromstudiesantique the of on Salona Justification 1.2 the and topic sources of the Introduction 1.1 2. Figures 2. Catalogue 1. Conclusion 3.5 Social 3.3 identityasthe displayed on isWhat in3.2 name? TheAurelii Flavii the and Introduction 3.1 Christian 2.4 epitaphs Salona‘s 2.3 cemeteries Christianity 2.2 infourththe century before Salona Threemajor 2.1 in religious groups Salona Salona 1.5
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ArchaeologyHistory]andVjesnik archeologza Ar di Bulletino Roman Empire Roman R. J. M, H. A. Jones GmbH, Zeitschrift R The RecherchesI Salone à Brøndst Humanities Archaeologica Opuscula MCMXLet repertaeannosMCMII sunt editae et Šašel, Marusinac. Egger, Manastirine. Egger Berlin: Latinae L Illyrici Graecarum, Europae Provinciarum Inscriptionum Corpus Split oman J : Narodna tiskNarodna : ournal of Roman S Roman of ournal ,
n ad Jaroslav and Ana
WalterGruyter de S ed, Johannes. ―La basilique des cinq martyrs à Kapljuč.‖ In In Kapljuč.‖ à martyrs cinq des basilique ―La Johannes. ed, Rudolf 1967 Rudolf tudies
ü Pprlge n Epigraphik und Papyrologie für and Socialand Sciences Wien:undvon Druck Verlag
- LISTOFABBREVIATIONS Wien:undR Druck VerlagM. von Rudolf 2006. . . .Vol. AD1 260 ,
1911 oshne i Sln II Dr lcrsiih Friedhof altchristiliche Der III: Salona in Forschungen helgc e tra amt / [B / Dalmata Storia e chaeologica oshne i Sln I: e athitih Friedhof altchristliche Der II: Salona in Forschungen ara
Martindale and J. Morris J. and Martindale - . Copenhague: . Rask ,
1878 tudies . . , 1873 (impr.1958).iter.,1873
Zagreb: Inscriptiones Latinae quae in Jugoslavia inter inter Jugoslavia in quae Latinae Inscriptiones ii atinarum -
.
. -
, 395. London:
1956 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of of Faculty Archaeology, of Department
Vl III Vol. . - .
T Rudolf M. Rohrer,1939. RudolfM. - Orsted, 1928. Orsted, he
S . . ociety for the the for ociety ijuihistorijud Prosopography of the Later Later the of Prosopography Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt Habelt Rudolf Dr. Bonn: . Ljubljana:1986
. Inscriptiones Asiae, Asiae, Inscriptiones ulletin of Dalmatian Dalmatian of ulletin
d Th. Ed. ohrer, 1926 ohrer,
P almatinsku. romotion of of romotion Mommsen. .
.
CEU eTD Collection (London:Routledge, 2001) 6 2000). médiévales et antiques Sève, Michel and Rousset, Denis Petitmengin, 5 4 ―FuneraryEpigraphy and Spreadthe of Christianity West,‖the in Antiquity 3 9. 2 Soldiers,andSlaves, 1 post the of study the however, ―virtually as described aptly been has their which from epigraphy, disassociated also were they non analysis, contemporary scholarly such in ones ―Roman‖ inscriptions. non the from separately studied consequently, and, published were inscriptions material. epigraphic antique late of study the distorted has that lateinvaluablefor studyantiquesource the society.of CE. century fourth the of half second the from during decline ofperiod a after production, their since sources. socio investigatio for and provinces Roman of study the for particularly true holds This period. the of society and history the exploring for source indispensable an represent G Introduction 1.1
Trout, Dennis E. Trout, E. Dennis LawrenceKeppie, Civilians,Principate:the in Family RelationsRoman ―Tombstones Shaw, D. and Brent Saller,and P. Richard For
John P. Bodel, ―Preface,‖ in in ―Preface,‖ Bodel, P. John ek n Ltn ncitos f lsia Atqiy two Antiquity, classical of inscriptions Latin and reek a thorough and up and thorough a -
cnmc ag o a omnt, oh f hc ae nerpeetd n literary in underrepresented are which of both community, a of range economic InscribingIdentity: The Latin Epigraphic Habit inLate Antiquity The distinction between the Christian and non TheChristianbetweenanddistinctionthe e. hlp Rousse Philip ed. , 2
The ratio of late antiquelateThe inscriptionsratio of in in epitaphsisto relation evengreater general 5
oevr nt ny ee hs inscript these were only not Moreover, ―Inscribing Identity: The Latin Epigraphic Habit in Late Antiquity,‖Latein ―Inscribing LatinIdentity: Habitin Epigraphic The Understanding Roman InscriptionsRoman Understanding
JRS -
hita isrpin. hs eutd n h dvlpet f Christian of development the in resulted This inscriptions. Christian (Troisième edition en edition (Troisième -
dated survey of bibliography on epigraphy, see François Bérard, Denis Feissel, PierreFeissel, Denis Bérard, François see epigraphy, on bibliographyof surveydated 74(1984)
, , xviii. u Ofr: lcwl Pbihn Ld 20) 172; 2009), Ltd, Publishing Blackwell (Oxford: au pgahc vdne Acet itr fo Inscriptions from History Ancient Evidence: Epigraphic
: 124. :
- osata pro hs en salse a a independent an as established been has period Constantian
1. INTRODUCTION 1. tièrement refondue) (Paris: Preses de l‘École normale supérieure, normale l‘École de Preses (Paris: refondue) tièrement Guide de l’épigraphiste: bibliographie choisie des épigraphies des choisie bibliographie l’épigraphiste: de Guide 1
(Baltimore: The John Hopkins UniversityHopkins1991), (Baltimore:Press,John The 3
Given their sheer number, they represent an represent they number, sheer their Given - Christian inscriptioChristian
Athenaeum the third the os e aat rm h previous the from apart set ions
- ,17 hrs f hc ae epitaphs, are which of thirds fed no itself.‖ unto field a - 0
century CE, flourished again again flourished CE, century 83(1995), 434 - 4 1.
aey te ―Christian‖ the Namely, als Galv Carlos ns has caused a splita nshas caused A Companion to LateCompanion to A e. on . Bodel P. John ed. , - 5. ns of the broad the of ns
6 ão
- Christian Christian Recently Recently - Sobrinho, 1
CEU eTD Collection s pagans the address themselves. (Cambridge: toCUP, 2004), designate 35. to scholars Romans by pagan by used used terminology was term Latin equivalent the teachings. that philosophical implication of adherents and world Roman 8 aspectsof culturesociety of and selectedthe area. a 2003), 300 AD Spain, and Gaul in Epitaphs and Inscriptions Culture: of process the of analysis provides turn in which aristocracy,senatorial Roman the ofprosopography a establish in 2002) Press, 7 affected developmentofgenerallythea formul set ofuniformepitaphic act deliberate a such how shown be will it case, the was this that justification with argued Sal fourth early the whether of question the and discussed, be will cemeteries Christian pagans, the Salona: in communities be rememberedwished byto posterity. fourth understand the identification,how thismodesof aimsto their thesis the analyzing by words, other In society. in roles their to respect with them, commemorated b understood were or themselves, defined they how and city ofthe Christian community the to affiliationtheir expressedSalona inhabitantsof the how answers: fourth the of corpus the which for questions put be will Emphasis society. Salonitan the into insight unique a provide city, this from sources written only the as which, epitaphs, analyzing by done be will This Dalmatia. socie and inscriptions. antique late of study the on reflected has this that unsurprising therefore is It possibilities. pr epoch, the on perspective re fresh academic a offered This studies. antique late as to referred often discipline
For the sake of simplicity,ofsake the For example, For onitans aimed to separate themselves and create their own burial grounds. Since it shall be shall itburial Since grounds. theirown separate create andthemselves to aimed onitans The re this withcontinue to intends thesis This regional y f fourth of ty 7 second Michele
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Salzman, hpe ses o eosrt te co the demonstrate to seeks chapter
- Christianization. For another good example, seeexample, good another For Christianization. century population of Salona, the capital of the Roman province of of province Roman the of capital the Salona, of population century the term ―pagan‖ will ―pagan‖ term the
The Making The hc deals which
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- d etr eiah poie h ms suitable most the provide epitaphs century e ila Clark, Gillian ee to denominate the worshippers of all the cults ofthe cults the all ofworshippers the denominate to - a fu tosns inscriptions, thousands four han h uae f uh tr i ti tei hs no has thesis this in term a such of usage The evaluation, seeking to to seeking evaluation, - 750
(Oxford: BAR International Series 1135, Series International BAR (Oxford: et das n ncitos n re to order in inscriptions on draws West,
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard UniversityHarvard MA:(Cambridge, - Mark Handley Mark xsec o tre religious three of existence hitaiy n Rmn Society Roman and Christianity y the family members who memberswho family ythe ae. ae.
examine the culture examinethe - her with a basis for basis a with her -
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CEU eTD Collection Cultureand 14 TheIdentity: Latin EpigraphicHabit inLate Antiquity 13 12 11 10 Handley, 9 written were which of majority the of generalinscriptions.comebackofpracticeof writingthe part not was and habit, epitaphic to confined fourth predominantly the was habit that epigraphic say to fair is it this, From majority. great epitaphs the which present of approximately, 000 50 at gauged been have inscriptions antique Late Lat earlier, said 000, 600 at approximately BCE (800 antiquity from inscriptions of number total The Justificationand of sourcesthe 1.2 topic the assessedhavingdepth greater after reachedofaco be then will CE, century fourth the of period formative the during place a took which process members, their of identification collective the through Salona in community Christian puzzlingcouldquestion ofsocialhaveaffordedwhich strata funeraryepitaphicmonument. a to level, local a on contribute, to aims chapter This used. be will onomastics categories, th defined not was deceased the When expressively. deceased the of occupation or office rank, mention which epitaphs those on placed be will Attention epitaphs. erecting
Seeespecially,
http://www.mdc.hr/split Saller,andShaw, Ibid. Bodel, Galv ão
to identification modesof two these bring will conclusion A third The aoa ils prxmtl 6000 approximately yields Salona ―Introduction,‖ Death, Societyand Culture - Sobrinho, .
Galvão in epitaphs present around 170 000 170 around present in epitaphs
Tombstonesand RomanFamily Relations in Principatethe chapter aims to understand which levels of society were commemorated by commemorated were society of levels whichunderstand to aims chapter ueay pgah ad h Sra o Crsint i te West the in Christianity of Spread the and Epigraphy Funerary - Sobrinho, in - arheoloski/hr/FS
EpigraphicEvidence: Ancient History from Inscriptions 10
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431 As it was it As h great the - Inscribin thirds. - 468; 9
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CEU eTD Collection (Zagreb:Latina et Graeca, 1988), grada transformaciji i antiquepublished 18 17 Carroll, 16 inscriptionsfrom Salona, butit has notyet been published, isnor accessible manuscript. in Croatia inscriptions. unpublished 1994), Split, 15 pr of state the was criteria selection the in Important Appendix. the in selec careful this of 80 of comprises result a As CE. century fourth the of end the at put was analysis this for considered be to those for limit upper the Therefore, century. a of span time a within approximately them dated scholars so recorded), been not has death of date epita Many study. for Salona. in appear to begun epitaphs Christian antique late the when time the was which CE, century fill ga this Thisintends to middlethesis ages. classical betweenofantiquitytheitstransition and period as a culture antique and late society stunning.is epigrapits Salonaand to attributed attentionoflack complete almost the studies, fragmentaryinscriptionswhichscholarly little texts helpare of to are research. Carthage. and Rome by only beaten inscriptions, antique late of number largest third the has Salona s early the through fourth the from (i.e., antiquity late to dated been have epitaphs, to pertains number largest farthe by inscriptions, Latin 1100 ca. number, total ofthat Out asextantwell. eventh century CE). There are approximately 100 Greek late antique inscriptions as well. as inscriptions antique late Greek 100 approximately are There CE). century eventh
Handley, ―Civitassplendida Salona,‖in EmilioMarin, The above The inscrip antique late of concetration largest the farthest by has Rome Spiritsof Deadthe Before beginning the analysis, comment is required on the sources and their selection selection their and sources the on required is comment analysis, the beginning Before T
kn it cnieain h brenn nme o pbiain i lt antique late in publications of number burgeoning the consideration into aking 16 Death,Society and Culture
- 64. These numbers are, though, recently established on the basis of the revision of published and published of revision the of basis the on established recentlythough, are, numbers These 64.
mentioned corpus of late antique inscriptions has not yet been published, thus the number of number the thus published, been yet not hasinscriptions antique late ofcorpus mentioned 17 oee, s t s h cs wt te pgahc aeil a large a material, epigraphic the with case the is it as However,
Being the only written sources from this area, they offer unique insight intothe insight unique offer they area, fromthis sources written only Beingthe epitaphs
published epitaphs; published
Ery hita Sln: tde o gnss poie n tasomto o te cit the of transformation and profile genesis, on studies Salona: Christian [Early
phs do not offer information on the time of their production (i.e., the (i.e., production their of time the on information offer not do phs ,260. is approximat
n 61.
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rnh em f coas ae en rprn te ops f ae antique late of corpus the preparing been have scholars of team French , 17. , elyEmilio 300. Marin, 18
77 are in Latin and three and Latin in are 77 Salona ChristianaSalona p by providing an analysis concerning the fourth analysisprovidingbythe concerning an p 4
StarokršćanskaSalona:studije genezi,profiluo , ed. , tions, which ar which tions, Arheološki(Split:EmilioMarinmuzej
in Greek. These are collected are These Greek. in e estimated at 30 at estimated e
eservation: those those eservation: tion, this study study this tion,
hic evidence evidence hic number of of number - 3 5 000. 5 late y] 15 – -
CEU eTD Collection altchristilicheFriedhof Marusinac S à Recherches 64 1926), Rohrer, M. Rudolf von 21 in centuries], seventh the through Marin(Split: Arheološki m early third on the works of the end of the [Bibliography from stoljeća‖ Salona VII. Christian početka do III. kraja od Saloni starokršćanskoj o radova 20 spisiIzabrani 19 follow discussion a with waspublished Each filled. parts missing and expanded abbreviations had required, when and, transcribed, cemeteries. Christian early the on studies various the field. Salona, (1846 Indispensa nineteenth nineteenth with flourish beganto Salonafrom epitaphsantique late concernedwith publications, and Studies, Survey ofstudies1.3 epitaphic of number sarcophagi. largest the yielded cemetery Manastirine the three, the Of chapter. subsequent the in discussed be will which Manastirine, and Marusinac, Kapljuč, Salona: been had sarcophagi These workshops. local mad was which sarcophagus, a of type Salonitan called so the on i.e., sarcophagi, on inscribed were epitaphs the study, the in noted be will which exceptions, few a With out. left were two, or word a or letters, few of consisting epitaphs
Nenad Nenad Cambi, ―Predgovor: Frane Buli For the bibliography of works on late antique Salona, see Silvana Matković, and Hanja Buble, ― Buble,Hanja Matković, and Silvana seeSalona,antique late on works bibliographyof the For Rudolf Egger, Egger, Rudolf 20 - 1934). Though he produced neither a monograph nor a lengthy study on late antique antique late on study lengthy a nor monograph a neither produced he Though 1934).
The late antique epitaphs were published, along wi along published, were epitaphs antiquelate The 19
i nmru atce ae tl te trig on fr suet makn o this on embarking student a for point starting the still are articles numerous his - ble archaeological field work and scholarly study was carried ou carried was study scholarly and work field archaeological ble century
[FraneBulić: Selected articles] (Split: Knjiţevni krug, 1984), 7 alone Forschungen in Salona II: Der altchristliche Friedhof Manastirine Friedhof altchristliche Der II: Salona in Forschungen - century archaeological excavations. These excavations. archaeological century
scholars Cpnau: 12) 156 1928), (Copenhague:,
based on the lateonantiquebased the inscriptions from Salona uzej –
Split,1994), 323
– (Wien:Druck undVerlag von Rudolf Rohrer, M. 1939), 149
-
0; oans rnse, L bslqe e cn mrys Kpjč‖ in Kapljuč,‖ à martyrs cinq des basilique ―La Brøndsted, Johannes 109; oue o te al Crsin herita Christian early the on focused ć –
ţivot i djelo‖ [Preface: Frane Bulić ing the text itself. Since generations have passed since since havepassed generationsitself. Since text ingthe -
354. - 176; Rudolf Egger, Egger, Rudolf 176; 5 e u o tre early three on up set
21 e of local limestone and produced by produced and limestone local of e
th other archaeological material, in material, archaeological other th Epitaphs were individually dated, dated, individually were Epitaphs –
to use the terminology of these these of terminology the use to oshne i Sln II Der III: Salona in Forschungen - 52. –
aoa Christiana Salona life and work],life and in - Christian cemeteries of of cemeteries Christian ge of ancient Salona. Salona. ancient of ge
(Wien: Druck und Verlag und Druck (Wien:
t by Frane Bulić Bulić Frane by t - 157. Frane Bulić: Bibliografija e. Emilio ed. ,
- CEU eTD Collection Universitätsverlag,1969). 24 (Budapest:Akadémiai Kiadó, 1965). 23 editaesunt 22 moderninquiry deserving funeraryofinto updated, extantan the texts. is Solana that clear is it material, epigraphic antique late on studies previous of survey this indispensiblecontextualizeantiqueliteraturelate representinscriptions fro to they as elsewhere cited be however will They inscriptions. of body the on based not are they arguments. certain support to necessary when Salona antique late on studies historical and historian, site. the recor inscriptionsinwere theywhich the all with study, thorough a is Alföldy.bytimes the through occurred that changes omnastic the tracing names, antiq late of investigation an is publication chapter. brief rather a in discussed is period antique late the antiquity, classical during Dalmatia with deals text the of bulk main the As work. the in position prominent a frinscriptions ofnumber sheer The Mócsy. András Alföldyand Géza by Dalmatia of province Roman the of study social a is first The Dalmatia. on focus larger thanpreviothe accessible more case, any in is, which corpus, epigraphic an in reprinted been has material same The obsolete. are epitaphs of interpretations certain studies, these of publishing the
Ana, andJaroslav Šašel, Géz éa Alföldy, Géza Afly wt Ada Mócsy, Andraś with Alföldy, a n bodr cl, ige ncitos r icue i vros rhelgcl art archaeological, various in included are inscriptions single scale, broader a On the importantpublicationsconcernedwith in appears from Epigraphicmaterial Salona
(Ljubljana: 1986). There is no need, though, to point them out at this moment in the thesis, because thesis, the in moment thisat out them point to though, need, no is There usstudies. i Proenmn n e rmshn rvn Dalmatia Provinz römischen der in Personennamen Die
InscriptionesLatinae quaein Jugoslaviainter an
22
eökrn ud eelcat e rmshn rvn Dalmatien Provinz römischen der Gesellschaft und Bevölkerung ded. As such, it provides assistance to both and topic theit Asprovides ded. to such,assistance gentilicia 6 ue Dalmatia approached through analysis of of analysis through approached Dalmatia ue
and cognomina nosMCMII MCMXLet repertae et
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om Salona give the site site the give Salona om Hilbr: al Winter Carl (Heidleberg:
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CEU eTD Collection 28 (Oxford:BAR InternationalSeries 960, 2001), 62 27 245 26 2006),23. 25 an preserve to purposes: familial their through deceased the of identity achievements. social the complement to served civic of fulfilment the expressed hand, one the on relationships, familial whereas, death; at identity their creating in aided and socialgroups with certainassociated was age) rounded inscribingoften identity:(and age channel were matters these of both that argued been has It well. as questioned been has structure familial of analysis for source a as epitaphs utilizing dead. the of sample representative a present not do monuments funerary d of ages and commemoration, of customs cultural the by driven are death of ages of patterns the that proven been has It features. problematic specific for criticised graphs.‖ and tables in numbers as represented are lives human individual de quite somethingis ―There noted, Maureen hasCarroll archaeologist British The criticism. valid under come have however analysises avera the with concerned calculations demographic, onomastic, angles: such few a mention to worthwhile is It perspectives. various from studied been have epitaphs of bodies society, Roman into fun of number vast the Given Theoretical methodology1.4 and approach
Ibid.,19, 62 Mauree et Hpis ―nte rbbe g Srcue f h Rmn Population,‖ Roman the of Structure Age Probable the ―On Hopkins, Keith aei M Hope, M. Valerie - 246. n ptp, tx witn n l tps f ueay ouet, a to main two had monuments, funerary of types all on written text a epitaph, An
n Carroll, n
- 73. 28
e g a dah ad nlss f aiil eainhp. hs statistical These relationships. familial of analysis and death, at age ge
Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe Western in CommemorationFunerary Roman Dead: the of Spirits osrcig Ident Constructing
d perpetuate the memory of the deceased and to define and display display and define to and deceased the of memory the perpetuate d
erary texts and the opportunity they offer at getting a glimpse glimpse a getting at offer they opportunity the and texts erary and personal obligations toward the dead, and on the other, other, the on and dead, the toward obligations personal and t: h oa Fnrr Mnmns f qiea Miz ad Nîmes and Mainz, Aquileia, of Monuments Funerary Roman The ity: - 73;Carroll,
7
- humanising in cold, hard data ... especially ifespecially ... data hard cold, in humanising The
Spirits ofDeadthe s for constructing the deceased‘s deceased‘s the constructing for s ouain Studies Population , 180 , 25 26 - 2.
They have been have They eath on Roman Roman on eath The validity of of validity The
(Oxford: OUP,(Oxford:
0 (1966): 20 27
CEU eTD Collection 1987),25 Bec H. C. der bei Kommission in Wissenschaften: der Akademie Bayerischen 28. vom München S and ―Tomb Purcell, 37 36 NewPerspectives,‖ heads portrait unfinished 35 34 33 32 31 30 Identity Hope, 32; Earlythein Empire,‖ SocietyRoman of ExpansiontheWriting in theWoolf, ―Monumentaland in Mainz,‖ Roman 29 centur fourth the of beginning the from graves holy the around develop to began Salona of earlycentury Christiancemeteries CE, fourth from thebeginning of model. thisHowever, the alo arranged were antiquity classical of cemeteries Roman towns. Roman the of suburbs the in developed that literarcy. fun the of audience the concerning throughsocialization. created identitiesare with. deals one whom with those of not) (or confirmation requires it but identity, an ―internal of model the through constructed are Identities upon. touched be to have identification of process the reassessed...‖ be can reputation or identity picture: t freezes death even Not matter. settled or final a never is ... identity One‘s ‗becoming‘. well, as identity one‘s a Moreover, levels, several on identity displayed society. in place one‘s establish and identity/identities individual‘s
On the On Jenkins, Ibid.,18. Jenkins, ValerieM.Hope, RichardJenkins, Carroll, aei M Hp, Isrpin n Supue te osrcin f dniy i Identity of Construction the Sculpture: and ―Inscription Hope, M. Valerie ae Hsisn fr xml, ees o hs necinl prc i a atce n hc se interprets she which in article an in approch inteactional this to refers example, for Huskinson, Janet ,170 Funerary monuments thus have to be set in their original environment original their in set be to have thus monuments Funerary
- development and
41. SpiritsofDeadthe
SocialIdentity SocialIdentity Constructin
- 186.
funerary monument and an epitaph epitaph an and monument funerary
SocialIdentity Papersof Britishthe School at Rome i 3. koe 1985 Oktober 30. Bis Death inAncient Rome:ASourcebook h Eirpy f Death of Epigraphy The ng the roads approaching the town; the approaching roads the ng - uburb,‖ in uburb,‖ external dialectic of identification.‖ of dialectic external Identity g , 17 , 5. , Jnt ukno, ‗niihd otat ed‘ n ae Rmn Sarcop Roman Later on Heads‘ Portrait ―‗Unfinished Huskinson, Janet .
nature ofclassical Roman necropolises 32
- , , 26.
21. since ―identity can only be understood as process, as ‗being‘ or or ‗being‘ as process, as understood be only can ―identity since Carroll, throughout; , Römische Gräberstrassen: Selbstdarstellung, Status, Standard: Kolloquium in KolloquiumStandard: Status,Selbstdarstellung,Gräberstrassen: Römische
,5.
erary monuments, which, in turn, raises the question of of question the raises turn, in which, monuments, erary e. enr o Hsegad al akr Mnc: elg der Verlag (Munich: Zanker Paul Hesberg,and von Henner ed. , 30 e. rhm . lvr Lvrol LP 20) 155 2000), LUP, (Liverpool: Oliver J. Graham ed. ,
o ―h w ae s las iglr n plural.‖ and singular always is are we ―who for 36
This interactional approach leads to questionthe leadsinteractionalto This approach 8 h Siis f h Dead the of Spirits The
66 (1998):129
(London:Routledge, efre a active an performed 33
37 To understand this, the mechanisms of mechanisms the this, understand To 34 ,
and theirand relationship with a city, seeNicolas Salonitan classical cemeteries follow cemeteries classical Salonitan
Namely, - 158.
it is not sufficient to assert to sufficient not is it 2007),3. ‘ce Verlagsbuchhandlung, k‘schen 18 , te iiay obtns of Tombstones Military the n 29 -
0 2; Trout, 26; 20,
Namely, an epitaph epitaph an Namely, oe n constructing in role
– JRS
cemeteries ai Some hagi: -
86 (1996):86 Greg 187; Inscribing 35
Thus, he 31 y
CEU eTD Collection 41 40 LaurieBrink, andDeborah Green (Berlin: Walter deGruyter, 2008), 107. Commemorating Dead:the Textsand ArtefactsinContext: Studies inRoman, Jewish, Christianand Burials 39 ChicagoPress, 1981), 8. 38 this, do to order In context. its in analysed be will it entirety, funerary its in examined the is monument when interpreted properly and understood be only can text inscribed Since havehad andbasicreadthe knowledge requiredunderstand to texts. the would level lowest the even general, in inscriptions and epitaphs, the of nature formulaic read epitaphs. havebeenthe However, existsliterto there ableseverallevels of not could population the of majority vast the that mean would this estimations, these Given nohave might literacy that presumed Harris antiquity, late For percent. ten to five reached barely literacy Latin the in further moves one 20 below was literacy male Italy and Rome in empire, high and principate the during that estimated besafelysaidtha can it established, this With dead. theirof honour in practices interned regularlyobserved the of membersfamily the that remembered be to hasit themselves, monuments funerary the are dead.‖ the for as well as living the for places ―gathering were tombs private addition, In them. around pilgrims of swarming which judgingbyconstruction further ther fifthprojects, CE, century sanctos burials the and cemeteries at activity building as century, that of middle the Around CE.
Carroll, WilliamV.Harris, Peter Brown, Peter oi M Jensen, M. Robin
ee Bon ald h fudn o ―iis n h cemetery,‖ the in ―cities of founding the called Brown Peter The question of the literacy of this audience must now be addressed. William Harris Harris William addressed. be now must audience this of literacy the of question The The main focus of this analysis will be the texts inscribed on the funerary m inscribedfunerary be the texts on the will focusanalysisthis main of The
suggest, the cult of Salonitan martyrs was already flourishing. By the first half of the the of halffirst the By flourishing. already was martyrs Salonitanof cult the suggest, SpiritsofDeadthe - 30 per cent and female litfemale and cent per 30 The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin ChristianityLatin Function in and Rise ItsSaints: the of Cult The t drastically declined in the most areas until the end of the fourth century CE. centuryfourth the of end the untilareas most inthe drastically declined t t epitaphslackthe not audience.t did then an AncientLiteracy Dnn wt te ed Fo the From Dead: the with ―Dining
, , 55.
39
(Cambrid -
speaking West, he asserted that for the western provinces provinces western the for that asserted he West, speaking Though all Though eracy well below ten per cent. Arguing that it declines as as declinesit that Arguingcent. per ten below well eracy ge,MA: Harvard University 1989),Press, 259, 272.
that we are left with in the twenty the in with left are we that 9
Mensa
o h Atr n Ch in Altar the to
e occurred in occurred e
(Chicago: The Universityof (Chicago:The 38 ita Lt Atqiy‖ in Antiquity,‖ Late ristian 41
n te subsequent the and Salona a situation situation aSalona acy. Given theGiven acy. - first century first onuments. onuments.
, ed. , ad ad 40
CEU eTD Collection 47 100 Arheološkimuzej 46 45 muzej 44 43 42 Salonitana colony the as known became s a granted 60during 000 000 to Diocletianreign the284 emperor ofthe (r. Regarding CE). (12 Dolabella Cornelius governor the the under built with were which connected roads, five was by itselfhinterland city The Mosor. and Kozjak mountains the by protected Epeti the and West (the Salona of territory The harbour. natural a with Salona provided bay The Trogir). and Split (today b in zaljev), Kaštelanski (today bay Manios ancient the of end east the at and Jadro), (today Salon river the mouth of nearthe Solin), (today Salona Ancient Salona 1.5 itwhenwillintroduced be for relevant the be will identity collective and individual constructing and monuments funerary of nature the location. the and physical, pectoral, considethe into taken be will monument funerary the of aspects four
Wilkes,―A Roman Colony Its People,‖and 90. EmilioMarin, ―Grad Salonae‖ [The city of Salonae],in EjnarDyggve, J.JohnWilkes, ―A Roman Colony Its People,‖and SeeAppendixfigure 1. Thesecategories taken from: Hope, - 1. -
Split,1994)
Salona began its life as the principal settlement of the Illyrian Delmatae. The city was was cityThe Delmatae. Illyrianthe of settlement principal the as lifeits began Salona
tatus of colony during the time of Caesar or during the reign of Augustus, and it it and Augustus, of reign the during or Caesar of time the during colony of tatus on iscriptions.on gr Salonitanus ager HistoryofSalonitan - Spl ,90.
population of the city with its with city the of population it, 1994), it, 12; u m (modern Stobreč) and Aspalathos in the East. the in Aspalathos and Stobreč) (modern m
47
Alföldy,
) comprised of fertile land extending from Tragurium in the the in Tragurium from extending land fertile of comprised ) Martia Iulia Salona Iulia Martia 43
etween the ancient settlements of Aspalathos and Tragurium Tragurium and Aspalathos of settlements ancient the etween Christianity ConstructingIdentity
h aia fte oa rvneo amta i situated is Dalmatia, of province Roman the of capital the Bevölkerungund Gesellschaft römischender Provinz Dalmatien 42
Other specific points regarding the understanding of of understanding the regarding specificpoints Other
(Oslo:Aschehoug, 1951):27 analysis sources. ofthe in 10 LongaeSalonae I ager
Longae SalonaeI ,7. ; 46 , it reached its acme with an estimated 40 estimated an with acme its reached it ,
it is, however, generally called generally however, is, it ,ed. Emi , ed. , EmilioMarin (Split: - 305CE).
- 8. Marinlio (Split: Arheološki ration: the verbal, the the verbal, the ration: 44
h osa li is plain coastal The 45
colonia - , 20 CEU eTD Collection 49 48 caninhabitant city‘sbegin. periodtheD of the expansion.of urban point greatest its reaching Salona with city, the for prosperity of period a was This Licinius. by then and Dalmatia. newly of province large the the of capital in the remained Salona included and Praevalitana), beprovince established to Dalmatia, from off cut was southeast the in territory small
Marin,―Civitas splendida Salona,‖ 24. J.JohnWilkes, With these points addressed and the context established, this inquiry concerned the the concerned inquiry this established, context the and addressed points these With provin Diocletian‘s the by affected little was Dalmatia 48
During the Tetrarchy, Dalmatia was Dalmatia Tetrarchy, the During Dalmatia iocletian‘sbe reign cameto
(London:Routledge,1969), 417.
49
Indicative of the city‘s the Indicative of 11
Martia Iulia ValeriaMartia SalonaIulia Felix
ruled first by the eastern Caesar Galerius, Caesar eastern the by first ruled
floruit il eraiain ol the (only reorganisation cial , the full name of the city in city the of fullname the .
CEU eTD Collection 53 52 51 grecaelatina 50 neo a Longinianus, of letter the to refers themselves.‖ for word a have not did ‗pagans‘ literarydiscussionthe drawsupon sources. i there knowledge, my of best the self the regarding issue important an such being this, Yet solution. possible other any on discussion no raises and him Latin a how of question the raises it Namely, difficulty. a poses Latin in restoration its but pagans, the to refers apparently word first the Christians the to warning tomb. the of desecrators potential the to threats bear which requires whichonlyre word a one Croatian the Nevertheless, uncertainties. some poses inscription the of restoration missing, are it of parts dama is itself text the Accordingly, preserved. been have pieces major Christians. and Jews, pagans, city: fourth A Three 2.1 majorreligiousSa in groups G Branimir Clark, BranimirGabričević, Here -
or herself and others of the same persuasion. persuasion. same the of others and herself or si qu[issi ex]asciare volverit habe[at ir]ata numina Reg h Biih nin hsoin ila Cak tts ht te epe hitas called Christians people ―the that states Clark Gillian historian ancient British The Christianityand Roman Society - century pagan epitaph from Salona mentions three religious groups present in the the in present groups religious three mentions Salona from epitaph pagan century biei, Uanoa srzoe salonitana,‖ iscrizione nuova ―Una abričević, rig h cnet ti eiah eog t te ru o fnrr inscriptions funerary of group the to belongs epitaph this content, the arding
(1957),Rome, 1959: 71 archaeologist Branimir Gabričević generally offered a plausible reading, of of reading, plausible a offered generally Gabričević Branimir archaeologist .ai ie ue sv Crissi[ani] sive Iudei sive ...ani Unanuova iscrizione salonitana
- understanding of pagans, is worthy is pagans, of understanding
- 2. RELIGIOUS 2. IDENTITY 77. , 35. , - examination. 50
The original gravestone slab has been broken, but two but broken, been has slab gravestone original The n aaoos pgahc xml, h following the example, epigraphic analogous no s lona - ltns pioohr h rt o uutn in Augustine to wrote who philosopher, Platonist
12 53 .
,
Nevertheless, in a subsequent a in Nevertheless, 79 Pt n h opsto t te es and Jews the to opposition the in Put . - ti e II oges itrainl d epigrafia di internazionale congresso III del Atti 80. Gabričević renders the word as word the renders Gabričević
- speaking pagan would have called called have would pagan speaking
of closer examination closer of
51
h dcae adesd his addressed deceased The ged and, since some some since and, ged
paragraph she paragraph . Since, to Since, pagani 52
CEU eTD Collection Optimus 58 (Oxford:Willey 57 Journalof ChristianEarly Studies 56 55 2010). homine percontationibus, tuis hocsubet temporeintalibus explicandis,per meaeopinionis sententiam, 54 self of statement a asbe taken not should ( of expression loaded the of connotations word Latin the of meaning original the account into takes one when sense ironical full a acquires antithesis given The sentence. next the ..., 234.1 man of excellent most the ―you truly expression the with opposed is (Aug., man‖ pagan a ―by himself to applied Longinianus irony.‖ exquisite this applied have may Longinianus Furthermore, pagans. educated other and as seen be might this appe when vocabulary‖ ―Christian a of usage conscious their and pagans of strategy rhetorical self seen be shouldrather Longinianus of seem―pagan‖ termpart andinterpretationaconvincingthethis usagequite onnot theof does is explainedHowever, herebyClarkprocess hints asocial(label) reactiontheory. probably at ha that name disparaging a of acceptance deliberate be may ( ―pagan‖ a himself called he which
Clark, This letter is not included in the Loeb edition of the selected letters of Augustine, so translations are mine. are translations so Augustine, of letters selected the of edition Loeb the in included not is letter This e rv mh ou e dfiilmm epned poica, oie eead, ai ipns praecipue imponis, satis venerande, domine provinciam, respondendi difficillimam et onus mihi grave Sed lfod And Clifford Neil McLynn, ―Pagans in a Christian Empire,‖ in in Empire,‖ Christian a in ―Pagans McLynn, Neil - understanding. aling to Christians. alingto
. The American classicist Clifford Ando in his article on pagan apologetics discusses a a discusses apologetics pagan on article his in Ando Clifford classicist American The is a commonis a laudatoryLewis epithet. Short, and 244. s.v. Christianityand Roman Society uutn, psua 234.1 Epistula. Augustine, Romanorum vir vere optime,… vere vir Romanorum - , Pgn plgtc ad hita Itlrne n h Ae o Teitu ad Augustine,‖ and Themistius of Ages the in Intolerance Christian and Apologetics ―Pagan o, Blackwell,2009), 573. 57
hs s hgl poal raig seily hn h expression the when especially reading probable highly a is This
part of the rhetorical set of ―Christian expressions‖ employed by him him by employed expressions‖ ―Christian of set rhetorical the of part 56
Alth
4,No.2 (1996): 171, 187
ough Ando does not not referdoes the Ando to ough
http://www.augustinus.it/latino/lettere/index2.htm
, 35. , Ep
as a rhetorical device and hence not as an expression of of expressionanas not hence and devicerhetorical a as . 234.1). . ) - understanding, and since it is the only instance of a a ofinstance onlyis the it since and understanding, 58
optimus with which Longinianus addresses Augustine in Augustine addresses Longinianus which with 13 Cmain o ae Antiquity Late to Companion A
54
- Clark‘s explanation goes as follows: ―this follows: as goes explanation Clark‘s 207. paganus ) i Romanus vir
bonus Ep , . . 234.1 ..., 234.1 .
d entered Roman law.‖ Roman entered d
namely, ―a hick,‖ and all the the all and hick,‖ ―a namely, particularcase . Therefore, this example example this Therefore, . the Romans‖ (Aug., (Aug., Romans‖ the a pagano homine, ... homine, pagano a
e. hlp Rousseau Philip ed. , acse Arl 30, April (accessed
ofLonginianus, ida est, pagano em ―with term 55
What Ep ) .
CEU eTD Collection 61 TheologicalR 60 317. 59 by recognized and members their by defined clearly were Christians, and Jews pagans, the fourth in that indicates Gabričević, by dated beyondis doubt. of rendering the that assures context the epitaph given the In inscription. the of name. proper a as final Judaism,and to convert pagan a of or Judaea) from (someone origin geographic a of indicator an as stood have could it religion, and ethnicity of terms in inscriptions.miscellaneous ten and epitaphs 34 in only occurs preserved 1700 Greek in either around Jew, term the inscriptions, Jewishancient of out Namely, medium. epigraphic an in found when had have asbe restored opposite, the attest would which evidence themselves calling stopped have would Romans pagan well. as terms religious in ―Romans‖ were empire), the of inhabitants free all were these CE 212 after (and terms civic in ―Romans‖ waspreserved state the identityand uniqueof thereligiousreligion choices, despite Namely, it.need not did leasttheybecause the not identity,religious ofLatina self beingpagan
Ibid., Mary Beard, John North, an North, John Beard, Mary os . ree, O te enn o te em Jw i Greco in ‗Jew‘ Term the of Meaning the ―On Kraemer, S. Ross
35 Asho their denominate to word a forged have not could Empire Roman the of Pagans This epitaph, provide epitaph, This - - 6. speaking paganasGabričević speaking did.
eview rt note has to be madetermbethehas noteon to rt Romani -
82, No. 82, 1 (Jan.,1989): 37. described as such, ther such, as described
61
Therefore, the interpretation of the word ―Jew(s)‖ depends on the contextthe ―Jew(s)‖on depends word interpretationthe ofTherefore, the
not as not d Simon Price, Simon d d with no information on the time of its production but roughly but production its of time the on information no with d pagani
.
Religions of Rome of Religions e are no grounds to put this expression into the mouth into the put expression this to grounds no are e I think this damaged word in the epitaph should to to should epitaph inthe word damaged this think I 59
- 14 Therefor century Salona these three co three these Salona century Iudei
and several shades of meanings it mightit meanings severalandof shades e, a logical question is when and why why and when is question logical a e, ,
V ol ( 'Iouda‹oj oai ( Romani 1 : A History A : - 60 oa Inscriptions,‖ Roman
Apart from designating Jews designatingfrom Apart ly it could have been used beenused have couldit ly / a - ) or in Latin ( Latinin or ) ae) (Cambridge: CUP, 1998), CUP, (Cambridge: Sne hr i no is there Since . . T
- all the variety of varietyof allthe existing groups, groups, existing hose who were hosewho Iudei Iudei h Harvard The Iudaeus as Jews as /a ) CEU eTD Collection 67 studieson genesis, profil 66 65 (Autumn,No.3 1982): 244 64 63 BARInternational Series 960,2001), 4, 22. 62 in atpersisted century. fifth the of beginning the at found be still can paganism of evidence some and century fourth whole other to reference with only assessed T evidence. literary and archaeological be must matter this and Christianity of rise the s the rarely century half of a thanmore for pagans 313, inreligion tolerated a became Christianitybefore t this but century), sixth fourth the of half second the from (especially century fourth the in again once drastically. decreased epitaphs h second the In century). second the middle of the around fell production of peak (the CE century third the of beginning the to up and two first the over constantly grew gravestones inscribing of practice the Namely, production. epitaph lie it for reason the and inscriptions funerary century fourth the among site inviolable deceased the of preferences only others the
ValerieHope, Ibid.,30. EmilioMarin, Dennis Trout,―Inscribing Identity: Latin EpigraphicHabit,‖ 171 Carroll, RamseyMacM ame fact holdsforfact ame century.true fourththe be possible to analyze possiblebe to self the – First of all, all, of First However, this pattern of epitaph production should not be misinterpreted in terms of of terms in misinterpreted be not should production epitaph of pattern this However,
in comparison to the first two centuriesfirst two thein comparisonto CE SpiritsofDeadthe
with boundaries set between them. Yet out of these three religious groups it will will it groups religious three these of out Yet them. between set boundaries with
Co Starokršćanska Salona:studije genezi,o profilu i transformaciji grada least the first half of the fourth century:fourth firsthalf the least the of ullen, ―The Epigraphic Habit in the RomanEmpire,‖ the ―TheHabitin Epigraphic ullen, – nstructingIdentity: The RomanFunerary Monumentsof Aquleia,Mainz and Nîmes 66
a
As for the variety of pagan cults, oriental ones are also attested and they and attested also are ones oriental cults, pagan of variety the for As Latin Latin eand transformationofcit the ou religiosus locus
- 6. , , 4,79.
m i ws rdmnnl a hita practice. Christian a predominantly was it ime pagan epitaphs epitaphs pagan 62
(the burial ground was nevertheless considered as a sacred and sacred a as considered nevertheless was ground burial (the 64
The habit of setting of habit The - understanding of the Christiansofthe several for understanding reasons.
). 63 hus, in Salona pagan cult places functioned during the the during functioned places cult pagan inSalona hus,
Furthermore, pagans are hardly ever documented documented ever hardly are pagans Furthermore, generally do not reveal not do generally 15 y](Zagreb:Latina et Graeca, 1988), 29
alf and later third century the production of of production the thirdcentury later alfand – -
up inscribed grave monument increased monument graveinscribed up commemoratedthemselves by epitaphs; 67
- the cult of Cybele, of Isis and Serapisand ofofCybele,cultIsis the 2.
The AmericanJournalThe the
religious and religious
[EarlySalona:Christian s in the pattern of of pattern the in s 65
hrfr, even Therefore, - 30. of Philology of
through the through
spiri
(Oxford:
tual tual 103, CEU eTD Collection 73 in BCE (300 Epigraphy Horst, der van V. 2%bilinguasomedialects), Latinareofand 12% Aramaic in are 72 DalmatRoman 71 70 69 in Dalmatia],ancient 68 important how assess to seek society,displaya will among this identity one‘s ancientepitaphsscholarschapter to theaimed that to opinion prevailing the Given epitaphs. Christian with operate to left is thesis funerary this pagan of feature general a which inscriptions to Salona, in epitaphs Jewish and pagan Jewish of representations symbols( with objects small several by documented epitaph, discussed above the from apart is, city the in Jews of presence the Salona, in found were monuments well. as failed Greek in written those among inscription(s) Jewish recognize to attempt my surprisingly, not and, cemetery.smallJewish damaged. was it hence Roman but the thisperiod, Roman found was It wall. perimeter Salona‘s from outside Gosp of site the on unearthed been has menorah the of relief a bearing sarcophagus a of fragment one only Namely, monuments. funerary the of lack the to due severalare (there reliefsMithra, depicting Maxima), Aurelia and Satrius Aurelius of (sarcophagus
scription(s) followedI derHorst‘s van handbook. Ibid., EjnarDyggve, FraneBulić, ―Quattro bassorilievi diMitra aSalona,‖ Nenad Cambi, ―Nove potvrde egipatskih kultova u antičkoj Dalmaciji‖ [New Evidence of the Egyptian Cults Egyptian [Newthe ofEvidenceDalmaciji‖antičkoj kultova u Cambi, ―Noveegipatskih potvrde Nenad Out of all published Jewish inscriptions 68% are in Greek, 18% are in a Semitic language (either Hebrew orHebrew (eitherlanguage Semitic a in are 18% Greek, in are 68% inscriptionsJewishpublished all of Out m [Jewish Solinu,‖ u jevrejskogrobište i Dalmaciji rimskoj u ―Jevrejskispomenici Bulić, Frane
118 Therefore, due to the objective limitations imposed by the lack of the fourth the of lack the by imposed limitations objective the to due Therefore, assessed be can nothing likewise, Jews, Salonitan of identity religious the Regarding menorah, Judean date palm).menorah, Judean date - 119. – ia andJewish cemetery Solin at
that they do not reveal spiritual preferenc spiritual reveal not do they that HistoryofSalonitan Christianity nin Je Ancient VAHD –
700 CE) 700 72
71
The Yet it has to be stressed that, although basically no Jewish funerary Jewish no basically although that, stressed be to has it Yet 65
Among Salona‘s epitaphs none has been interpreted as a Jewish one Jewish as a interpreted been hasnone Among epitaphs Salona‘s ih ptps A Itoutr Sre o a M a of Survey Introductory An Epitaphs: wish - 67(1963 (Kampen: Kok Pharos Publishing House, 1991), 22. In a search for the Jewish the forsearch a In 22. House,1991), Publishing PharosKok (Kampen: archaeologist archaeologist
aspect of the self the of aspect - - 1965),1971: 85 period layer period wasbysuperseded tenth a 73 ] VAHD
69 Bulić argues that this might have been a place of a of place a been have might this that argues Bulić (Oslo:Aschehoug, 1951):27.
and at leastfive andin placesat cult were
16 49 (1926 BAHD
- - 112. understanding of a fourth a of understanding
in situ in 32 (1909): 50
- 27):120 l withGreek l languages.Pieteronebeing of the es of the deceased deceased the of es 68 together with some material from material some with together
n aoe l te ihac cult Mithraic the all above and - 22. -
53.
lenu o Jws Funerary Jewish of illennium in Otok, about 100 m 100 about Otok, in - century church and centuryand church - – century Salonitan Salonitan century
has to be added, be to has
function onuments inonuments - century 70 ).
- CEU eTD Collection bishops](Zagreb: Tiskara hrvatskogkatoličkog društva, 1912), 12 78 pontificatdeGrégorie le Grand(304 77 Krautheimer, Richard 260. (Baltimore:Penguin Bo in destroyed and 230 around built 76 centre hrvatsko o izvještajcentar episkopalni ―Preliminarni Saloni: Chevalier, Pierre and Mardešić, Jagoda century. third 75 Epigraphic Evidence 74 martyr‘sindiedduringTrajan‘s CE death aemperor 107 the persecutions. fourth the apost the of one with bishopric its connect to indirectly least at and times, apostolic the from dated that Christianity city‘s the of origins the establish to had itself, legitimize to order in and Ravenna, and Aquileia in in times. apostolic during Dalmatia evangelization the about positively assessed be can nothing that hence and value face Timothy Paul‘s are Salona in Christianity is archaeologicalthat recognizablylate.evidence in Christianappears rather general century. fourth the to prior Christian archaeological remains other no are furthermore, there century; fourth early With ChristianityinSalona before 2.2 fourth the century Christianthe community was expressed. to belonging which by meansanalyze to seek will it andChristianity to affiliation one‘s was Ibid., 15 Ibid., For discussionFor inscriptionswhether archaeologicalare sources Bodel,historical or seeJohn ―Introduction,‖ in The earliest and the only certainly attested onlyattestedthecertainly andearliest The archae Revisional Marjorie Gaultier, Marjorie - century
– epc t eirpi evidence, epigraphic to respect
oratoriumA], ieay sources Literary
- (4, 10), but recently it has been warned that these accounts should not be taken at taken be not should accounts these that warned been has it recently but 10), (4, 6. Do 6. - century martyr Domnio, a namesake martyr was invented: a pupil of St. Peter who Peter St. pupil of a invented: was martyr namesakea martyrDomnio, century ou ecclesiae domus n
Frane Bulić and J. Bervaldi, J. and BulićFrane ological excavations have shown that the so the that shownologicalexcavations have (London:Routledge, 2001), 1 La diffusion du christianisme dans la cité de Salone: De la persécution de Dioclétien auDioclétien de persécution la De Salone: de cité la dans christianisme du diffusion La VAHD 75 oks,1965),27.
hs hwvr de nt en ht hr wr n Christ no were there that mean not does however, This, –
oratorij A‖ [Preliminary report on Croatian on report [Preliminary A‖ oratorij
95(2002): 375
culy a o fntoe a a hita gteig lc aray i already place gathering Christian a as functioned not has actually ae it cnieain when consideration into taken
- les, in this case with St. Peter himself. Therefore, by doubling doubling by himself.Therefore, Peter St. with case this inles, 604)
77 The
in tradition medieval Local (Doctoratd'histoire ancienne,Université deParis XII 2006), 11
- Letter to the Romans the to Letter 74 386. domusecclesiae
Kronotaksa solinskih biskupa solinskihKronotaksa hitaiy n aoa a b tae ol fo the from only traced be can Salona in Christianity
- 57. 17
was found in Dura Europos on Euphrates; it was Euphrates;Durait Europos on in found was - called Oratory A that has been interpreted asinterpreteda been has that OratoryA called
- al Crsin n Bznie Architecture Byzantine and Christian Early 19.
(15, 19) and 19) (15, - French Research in Salona: episcopalSalona: in Research French the city of Split, having rivals having Split, of city the icsig pre discussing
[The chronotaxis of the Salonitan the ofchronotaxis [The The - raukm aoia u radovima frnacuskim 78
Seco - Diocletian nd as since ians, 76
te third the n Letter to Letter
- 15. ‘s
CEU eTD Collection (Oxford:BAR InternationalSeries 960, 2001), 7. 80 Arheološkimuzej Salone in Salonitani,‖ martiri 79 one.locational a and monu funerary the of aspects four Therefore, entirety. its in examined is monument funerary the when interpreted properly they Nevertheless, wi monuments, funerary on inscribed texts Epitaphs, Salona’scemeteries 2.3 creatingenhaand in playedfactors these role the on put be will Focus church. Salonitan by organised saints of cult the to withmartyrsarranged localrespect wereand burials of of developedwhich around the thirdcentury. of end the at least at existing community Christian a of favour in speak indirectly CE 304 in Diocletian indiedthe with who certainty attested martyrsSalonitan but Salona, Salona.to related be can figures three these of none that shown has sources archaeological and literary the knownSalonita first the considered was who Venantius, Bishop and origin, Salonitan of be to claimed was figures: three
aei M Hope, M. Valerie o Fae ui, S Aatso atr d Sln, ―. nsai Floe S Aatso C Anastasio S. e Fullone Anastasio ―S. Salona,‖ di Martire Anastasio ―S. Bulić, Frane Don 17 , The f The existencthe for Evidence - 19. ollowing sub ollowing Emilio Marin, ―Civitas splendida Salona,‖ in in Salona,‖ splendida ―Civitas Marin, Emilio the – n bishop and dated in ca. midin ca. dated bishopand n
Split, 19 79 ncing the corporate Christianncingcorporate thefourth identity of
osrcig dniy Te oa Fnrr Mnmns f qiea Miz n Nîmes and Mainz Aquileia, of Monuments Funerary Roman The Identity: Constructing military martyr Anastasius the Cornicularius, Rome‘s Bishop Gaius, who who Gaius, Bishop Rome‘s Cornicularius, the Anastasius martyr military
BAHD
are All in all, there is no evidence for a thirda for evidenceno is there all,in All 80
In this sub this In onl can texts inscribed context: their in analyzed 94), 30
21 (1898): 57 (1898): 21 - chapter will deal w deal will chapter ment are ment -
31. e of a Christian community in the third century has relied on has relied century third inthe community Christian a of e
- chapter the lo the chapter - 72, 85 72,
be taken into account: a verbal, a pictorial, a physical physical a pictorial, a verbal, a account: into taken be
- 101. - 18 third century. Nevertheless, the revision of both of revisionthe century.Nevertheless, third ith the early Christian cemeteries of Salona, all Salona, of cemeteries Christian early the ith Gaultier,
cational dimension of two bodies of funerary bodiesof two of cationaldimension aoa Christiana Salona l e h mi focus main the be ll La diffusion du christianisme dans la cité de cité la dans christianismedu diffusion La - century Christian com Christiancentury - centurySalonitans. e. mlo ai (Split: Marin Emilio ed. , y be understood and understood be y
of my analysis. analysis. my of ‘s
persecution persecution munity in in munity orniculario,
CEU eTD Collection CompanionLate to Antiquity Church―The Rebillard, Éric grave. martyr‘s the at preformedthose especially, banquets,funeral against preached Augustine) Ambrose, Brescia, of Gaudentius example, (for bishops the and pagan the to similar too was practice a Such it. against officials church the pagan 84 83 82 willtake place. 81 mi earlyfourth to respect member. its familydeceased for the of part funerarythe on rituals privately celebrated enhanced corporate their was of anddifference sameness andthe Thedisplayed. of sense both constructed identity was where place essential an community Christian a to presented cemeteries constitue principal the of ―one were dead, their of cult the accordingly, and, community Christian the inliving the and dead e for As cultures. most rituals, allthe ofand self group of construction the of parts understanding. are place the of labelling the and identifying inused epitaphsunderlined.shouldbe symbols and expressions of set uniform a with cemetery Christian communal homogenous a touched be willthemselves fourth early issuethe whether the examined, be will Christian, and pagan monuments,
RobertA.Markus, Judith Spatial relationshipbetween individual monuments willbe accountintowhentaken analysis of With respect to this fact two things ca things two fact this to respect With h hv be o get motne o it for importance great of been have ght
funeral practices on the part of Christians, as consummation of the food and drinks, and the struggle of struggle the and drinks, and food the ofconsummation as Christians, of part the on practices funeral
h rl o pae n osrcin f n dniy a t b exam be to has identity an of construction in place of role The Lieu, hog both through ChristianIdentity inthe Jewish Graecoand
82
utemr, ru asrs tef hog te ie i sae ad performs, and shares it rites the through itself asserts group Furthermore, TheEnd ofAncient Christianity burial ones are among the most stabl most the among are burial ones
- century Christian community of Salona, it has to be emphasized that it that emphasizedbe hasto it Salona, ofcommunity Christian century Robert Christianity, arly , ed. Philip, Rousseau (Oxford: Wiley
the collectively performed rites at the martyrs‘ tombs and the the and tombs martyrs‘ the at rites performed collectively the upon
. W - t o ter es o ter w group own their of sense their of nts century Christian community in Salona sought to segregate to sought inSalona communityChristian century n be expected to happen and they did occur: the preservation of the of preservation the occur: did they and happen to expected be n ith respect to this, a connection between establishment of of betweenestablishment connection this,a to ithrespect
(Cambridge:CUP, 1990), 21 19 o make to
Markus pointed out that the fellowship of the of fellowship the that out pointed Markus - RomanWorld 81
- and their spatial relationship. Namely, Namely, relationship. spatial their and the cemeteries exclusively their own, own, their exclusively cemeteries the Blackwell,2009), 225 e and the most important aspects of importantaspectsof most the and e
( Oxford:OUP, 2004)
Parentalia , the Living and the Dead,‖ in in Dead,‖ the and Living the , - 22.
- (the feast for the dead) the for feast (the 7. - ined because the the because ined identity.‖
,211
social identitysocial .
83 84
With Thus A - CEU eTD Collection Zadruu Ţeljko―Sjeverna Miletić, salonitanska nekropola‖ [No Zadru u fakulteta 86 early phasethiseither had defensive in orrole served backas a centre Episcopal the in A oratory the that shown haveexcavations revisional said, already was it so becomethe would later what in oratories century. sixth building ofhalfphasefirst twoamphitheatre the the ofStructuresoratories the are within two and the century,3. fifth the of beginning the 2. century, 85 south north The necropolis. largest the was this Tragurium; towards direction western Metrodori Hortus the approaching roads the along manner, Roman plausible. to declined least at or ceased either ground burial pagan earlier which centur fourth the of beginning the at Christians Salonitan that assumption an severalpoints general by underlining lyingThus, abandoned. monumentswere years tomb hundred a than more something for words, other the in material: building as used been have CE 170 in( slabs grave repaired was when wall city Salona‘s example, For monument. the for care taken have would and deceased tomb. the at performed rituals are Ther identity enhancing for burial important overall the equally of part custom: just were they said, was it as but, monuments, funerary stone wasit probably the Namely, enough. not is that just state grounds. burial Christian and pagan the between continuity the out memberswherecommunityofhavethe gathered. could existed places public small few a only century given the of decades first the during since
Marin summarizes four major periods of building activity: 1. the end of the third/the beginning of the fourth the ofbeginning third/the the ofend the 1. activity:building ofperiods major foursummarizes Marin For example: Nenad Cambi, ―Salona i ―Salona Cambi, Nenad example: For fr,te usin s asd f o ln dsedns ol hv cmeoae the commemorated have would descendants long how of raised is question the efore, - atr necropolises eastern – When discussing the deve the discussing When Salona was surrounded by four pagan burial zones which were located, inburialpaganfourlocated, by Salonawhichsurrounded classical zones the was were
Razdiopovijesnih znanosti
– impossibl
Razdio povijesnih znanostipovijesnihRazdio ) is situated along the main city‘s road ( road city‘s main the along situated is )
e to find available land findavailable to e r stae aog h sm ra ( road same the along situated are
16(1989/90): throughout. lopment of Christian cemeteries in Salona, scholars point point scholars Salona, in cemeteries Christian of lopment
njene nekrop njene - called Episcopal centre. Marin, centre. Episcopal called
12 (1985 12 - upfor an aqueduct.
space in proximity of the town wa town the of proximity in space end of fifth/the beginning of the sixth century, and 4. first 4. and century, sixth the ofbeginning fifth/the of end stelae rthern Salonitanrthern necropo 20 ole,‖ [Salona and its necropolises], its and [Salona ole,‖ -
6): throughout. Marin,throughout. 6):
anywhere. Secondly, all we are left with are are leftwith are we allSecondly, anywhere. city. )
produced at the ca. mid ca. the at produced
85 The w The
via principalis via estern necropolis (the so (the necropolis estern E i principalis via arly Christianarly lis], lis], Early Christian SalonaChristian Early 86 RadoviFilozofskog fakulteta
This holds true, but to but true, holds This be in function in be ) that heads in the the in heads that ) y used territory in in territory used y - Radovi Filozofskog Radovi
first century CE century first Salona ta entered that ) lmtd and limited s - eastern and eastern , 33, 36. As 36. 33, ,
- , 39 , seem called - 46. s
CEU eTD Collection 94 93 92 91 Marin, the in found 90 Salona 89 88 87 century. fifth the of beginning the at pav mosaic the in inserted inscription votive by certainty Telius. and Paulinianus Gaianus, Antiochianus, martyrs military four and Asterius presbyter martyrs: five to dedicated was it 365 (ca. bishopLeontius underthe century fourth the of middle the around built was basilica cemeterial earliest the Here wall. Diocletian the after from trace to possible is Salona in cemeteries Christian early the of development acco and monuments funerary Christian Recognizably holy. was believed they grave followed ce ManastirineMarusinac.and regi northern in died all withandmain reconnected then the road vertical that directions. respective the at then and city the traversed West, the from Salona
RSI, RSI,N.5. RSI Ibid., Miletić,―Northern Salonitan necropolis:‖ 163. Cam In addition to these three Salona's cemeteries, two more burial grounds burial twocemeteries,more Salona's three theseto addition In meteries, and were not developed along the roads. roads. the along developed not were and meteries, codn t Mrn hs to uil rud hv t b ta be to have grounds burial two these Marin to According , , 40. bi,―Salona andits necropolises Early ChristianSalona 33 , 127 48;Dyggve, Kapljuč and ―16 sarcophagi cemetery‖ are situated closely to the northern perimetric northern the to closely situated are cemetery‖ sarcophagi ―16 and Kapljuč martyrslocalplacescult of Christiancemeteries who Allearly were Salonitanof three -
h b the - 186 ‘s
128.
ager Salonitanus ager the ly branched from the main road ( road main the from branched ly
persecutions ini.e., century.fourthCE, firstdecadesthe persecutions 304 ofthe . n usd te iy Kpjč with Kapljuč city: the outside on
sc principle asic Di History ofSalonitan Christianity ocletian 87
Fourth, ,40. ; finally, individual burials can be found scattered through scattered found be can burials individual finally, ; ‘s
90 persecutions in 304 CE. The cemeteries were established in the the in established were cemeteries The CE. 304 in persecutions
to
Regarding their arrangement, they differentiate from pagandifferentiate the they Regardingarrangement, their the :‖ 61 :‖ bury 92 - 381). communication the along developed zone burial northern - eetees a Kpjč ny seis s tetd with attested is Asterius only Kapljuč at Nevertheless, 88.
the deceased deceased the 94
91 east
itr ae age aant uhniiy f four of authenticity against argued Saxer Victor According to interpretation JohaAccordingofto ,68.
ofthe 21 via principalis via
h so the Portacaesarea d sanctos ad e a oe eeey Marin, cemetery. one as ken The - ald 1 srohg cemetery,‖ sarcophagi ―16 called ement; ot caesarea Porta
), bypassed northern city‘s walls walls city‘s northern bypassed ), hita cmuiy n Salona in community Christian – , i.e., in the proximity of the the of proximity the in i.e., ,
at Rupotina and at Crikvine at Rupotina and at 93
it was dated by Brøndsted by dated was it . 88
the city‘s hinterland. city‘s the branched in two two in branched nnes Brøndsted nnesBrøndsted
al Christian Early rdingly –
were 89
CEU eTD Collection 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 cemetery; 95 this at venerated also was sources, literary few in Manastirine. at Telius and Paulinianus Gaianus, Antiochianus, martyrs militaryand martyrs five of cult the that testifies it and Lateran in Venantius St. of preserved, fifth been have might bishop Salonitan a offunction whose but sources, iconographic and literary funerary his by attested well is authenticity whose Domnio was here worshipped martyr principal The cemetery. Salonitan Christian early significant most the and largest the is it Klis; and Rupotine towards heads that road the off developed principalthe martyrinwas Kapljučobservedhonour cult the whose remains at anonymous. mar main the considered he whom Asterius, to it assigned Brøndsted it. above placed were altar mid by respected was and holy places two were Asterius, cult their and buried with along they, that argued plausibly and martyrs, military given the of authenticity the confirmed Gaultier Marjorie archaeologist ancient French recently most and Cro Nevertheless, Asterius. martyr of cult onlythe cemeterialKapljuč basilicawasto dedicated that at militarymartyrsthought and
FSII,N. 82. FSII,N. 81. Gaultier, RSI, Marin,―Civitas splendida Salona,‖ 48
FSII,N. 157. Gaultier, FSII,N. 156a,N.285. Gaultier, tyr venerated at Kapljuč. at venerated tyr - etr invention. century
38,179. The cemetery of Manastirine is situated north situated is Manastirine of cemetery The Ladiffusion du christianisme dans lacitéde Salone
101 Ladiffusion du christianisme dans lacitéde Salone Ladiffusion du christianisme dans lacitéde Salone –
at at displays five names that are reconstructed with a he a withreconstructed are that names five displays
102 Kapljuč and Manastirine. andKapljuč
Finally, the third fun thirdtheFinally, was worshipped at Manastirine. Thus the latter martyr was venerated at venerated was martyr latter the Thus Manastirine. at worshipped was
100
96 aae funerary Damaged
Yet, as said above, Asterius‘ burial was at Manastirine, thus Manastirine, at was burial Asterius‘ above, said as Yet, - fourth - 9;Gaultier, atian ancient archaeologist Emilio Marin, Noël Duval Duval Noël Marin, Emilio archaeologist ancient atian erary erary - etr bslc, aey fnrr xdawt an with exedra funerary a namely, basilica, century 95
The so The La diffusionLa du christianisme dans mensa 22
- mensa called tomb with columns was considered was columns with calledtomb testifies that martyr Septimius, mentionedmartyrSeptimius, that testifies ,51. ,36 ,32 - western of the perimetric wall perimetric the of western
- - 7. 4. o wih w famns are fragments two which of ,
mensa lp of a mosaic of the chapel chapel the of mosaic a of lp 103 98 –
and was certainly observed observed certainly was lhuh ieay and literary although
– la cité deSalone
other presbyter Asterius Asterius presbyter
epigraphic, s and it and s ,38 - 41. 97 99
CEU eTD Collection 108 chapelsII,III, X,XI, XII). Duval, Marin, with Jeremić, ―Conclusions,‖ in wereSomeofthem CE.430s until thecontinued 107 SalonaIII Jeremić, Miroslav Duval, Noël proximity. Penđer the Branko in Marin, placed Emilio been have might soldiers four of tomb original the Asterius; of relics the initiallykept which tombgiven the in afterwards placed were soldiers four of relics that ofburial for example.Primus, Asfor wastomb the too46, it G narrow toreceive fivep is itcorpses, thus worshipped later burialDomnio‘ssame andwas as was to him assigned Domnio‘s grave 106 636 (Rome Marin Emilio et Duval Noël Salone EmilioMarin avec MiroslavJeremić, ―Conclusions,‖ in 105 104 a by century sixth late the in only attested is Marusinac at cult Anastasius‘ of veneration fifth the in mentioned first is He here. worshipped martyr north m 500 ca. bishops‘incorporated. graveswere and martyrs‘ both which of transept a in built, was basilica cemeterial a 430s the in Finally, above and superstructure family radiating ofthe namely,that finalits shape, took building phase first the centuryfourth ofthe subsequent midd by the Around progressed. preserved quickly cemetery the of and Development well. as grave constructions Domnio‘s of proximity the in placed CE), 325 ca. been sanctos ground; of case the in as been, lateraddition.Domnio, have might this deacon, a as him qualify sources iconographic
Domnio in sothe Gaultier, Ibid.,645 Gradually, t ant e rvd ih etit wehr hs wr te rgnl lcs f hi bras I te ae of case the In burials. their of places original the were these whether certainty with proved be cannot It - 8.
found – mausolea The third and the furthest early Christian cemetery of Salona was Marusinac, situated Marusinac, was Salona of cemetery Christian early furthest the and third The Mart
105 and later building activity which respected them (funerary martyrs‘ (funerary them respected which activity building later and , , 4 aatrn: tbismn péoan ncooe t aiiu plohéine Salone à paléochrétienne basilique et nécropole préromain, Établissement Manastirine:
14 Ladiffusion du christianisme dans lacitéde Salone - 50. ht hs tre uil wr cniee hl i cnimd oh y burials by both confirmed is holy considered were burials three these that in situ in r wr poal bre i te led eitn tms f pgn burial pagan a of tombs existent already the in buried probably were yrs eleven - 428,430.
an assumptionsuch is
- - (chapels), called tombcalledfive O, tomb the martyrs46 in G etr o te eierc al. nsais a ms poal te local the probably most was Anastasius walls. perimetric the of western
). family 106
104 Among the first such burials was that of Salonitan bishop Primus (d. Primus bishop Salonitan of that was burials such first the Among mausolea -
ae Psae hvle e Jgd Mrei, L cmlx acietrl‖ in architectural,‖ complexe ―Le Mardešić, Jagoda et Chevalier Pascale avec ,
etoe funerary mentioned 107
which surrounded three holy graves at that time provided with provided time that at graves holy three surrounded which –
most Spli were built were 108 t: École française de Rome de française École t: probablethe due to factal that
destroyed when a cemeterialerectedwaschurchexample,(fordestroyed a when ; their construction ceased around 360 CE, although buryingalthough CE, 360 around ceased construction their ; 23 SalonaIII: Recherches archéologiques franco mensae
,42 ad ee cov were and , andSeptimius intombthe 45.G - 3.
- – century literary sources, whereas whereas sources, literary century consideredholy indicates as
Musée archéologique de Split, 2000), Split, de archéologique Musée SalonaIII ready two decades after death,his ,638 ered with an aedicule. aedicule. an with ered - 644. mensae
NoëlDuval
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CEU eTD Collection 113 112 Christianity 111 Universityof Chicago Press, 1981), scholarship.Salona recent more in accepted is interpretation His 141. III, FS Marusinac. Anastasius‘ 110 109 inscriptionsfound 83 of Out epitaphs. with provided those upon drawnburials, of typesall among be, will it Salona, of necropolises pagan other of context the in cemeteries Christian land. ground pre given the that proved be cannot it archaeologically since Manastirine to with respect Thus, burial grounds. frequented least and occupied least the in them buried have would community Christian of members the that assume to plausible is it and CE, 304 in died who those of burials by initiated was cemeteries Salonitan three all of establishment shown, was it As pagans. the from separation their conversely, and, Christians Salonitan of boundedness a of sense the strengthened have creat the in practice southbasilicain andoffront an placed apse. the into translated martyrwere the of relicsthe complex, the constructing upon Nevertheless, 426 (ca. Paschasius the of complex a in integrated burials Furthermore, cult. martyr‘s of the example, (for arrangement fourth Iohannes. presbyter of epitaph
FSIII, 35. Duval,Marin avec Lieu, Gaultier, Rudolf Egger Egger Rudolf 113 , -
etr fml muoem te so (the mausoleum family century
7 Ptr Brown, Peter 57. Lieu, following Pierre Bourdieu, emphasized the role of a shared experience and of a a of and experience shared a of role the emphasized Bourdieu, followingPierre Lieu, In order to put the pre the put to order In
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h Cl o te ans Is ie n Fnto i Ltn Christianity Latin in Function and Rise Its Saints: the of Cult The ―Conclusions,‖in
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Thus, Diocletian Thus, ,147 49 , - , 150.
Duval and Marinand Duval - 0 Dyggve, 50; - ma xset third existent
trona
it was probably neutral probably wasit Cf 110
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century burial burial century conclude that, that, conclude Early Christian Early
Ciao The (Chicago: - century
holy. lace at CEU eTD Collection 118 117 116 1965),20. (Budapest: Dalmatien Provinz römischen der Gesellschaft und Bevölkerung Mocsy, András centuries. third through first the from dated epitaphs,predominantly inscriptions, Salonitan firs arheoloski/hr/FS 115 fourth early 114 that infer to plausible seems it Therefore, forgotten. be not should deceased the with interaction its and community the monuments, funerary examining when Namely, and pagan the between continuity of statement possibility. Marinthat excludes there, built been have must church cemeterial small a that assumed Dyggve although and largest the Moreover, century. fifth the of beginning the or fourth the of end very the at only appear to begun and durin are attested burials pagan Metrodori) (Hortus cemetery western the in whereas onwards, century function. pre these that i.e. abandoned, were them of many that suppose to probable is it and centuries third the to first thefrom period inthe dated are epitaphs The pagans. by extensivelyemployed not were cemeter Christian from inscriptions funerary century Salona.necropolisespagan other of to belonged had that epitaphs of thousands several of number the with comparison in evaluated CE. centuries three first the to belong 22 and 72 of number respective the Marusinac, at found 35 and Manastirine at unearthed inscriptions 288 ofout centuries, third firstthrough thefrom dated andpagan are 40 Kapljuč,
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o te rsn proe te i o ti sub this of aim the purpose, present the For EarlyChristian Salona EarlyChristian Salona 116
History ofSalonitan Christianity
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No epitaph prior tothe centurythird be can definedaChristian. as sarcophagusThe offreedman the Aurelius Egger, FSII,NN. 74, 75,76, 77,78. Ibid.:35 aphs which displays generally uniform and distinctive set of expressions and symbols by symbols and expressions of set distinctive and uniform generally displays which aphs . Carroll, 123 120
Thesub thisaim of FS
- Christian epitaphs arose from a new set of commemorative formulae that intended that formulae commemorative of set new a from arose epitaphs Christian 48.
II,64 Spirits ofthe ; Handley e, a favourable environment in which rapid development of the cults of local of cults the of development rapid which in environment favourable a e, e: de l‘epigraphie païenne à l‘épigraphiechrétienne,3 païenneà l‘epigraphie dee: - 66.
Death, SocietyDeath, and Culture
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dated to 217 CE. CE. 217 datedto ,8. 26 - century
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ptps ifrnit fo te pagan the from differentiate epitaphs their religious group identity. Also, it Also, identity. group religious their Charles Pietri, ―La mort en Occidentdansen―LaCharles mort Pietri, - 6 siècles,‖ 6 119
anization of the funerary the of anization 121 La Maison La - centuryThis epitaphs.
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144 (1980):144 - - - chapter, chapter, cen century tury tury 122
CEU eTD Collection 133 132 131 130 129 128 païenne à l‘épigraphiechrétienne, 3 127 126 Occidentdans l‘epigraphielatine: de l‘epigra 125 Community,‖ 124 faithful baptized religious communal memoriae ( memory‖ happy the ―of epigraphs, Christian among phrase common otherwise An Salonitana ( Churchthe fineto shouldpaywho basicdesecrator forms: a intwo appears feature this differences, slight With tombs. the of violators potential against directed formulation F Salona. for specific rather be to appears ( ―buried‖ are epitaphs), earliest from the instance foundvirtuallycommoninappearingepitaphs,everySalonitanexpressions (apart on expectation an in sleep temporarily a as grave, a in peacefully ( t in Rome. epitaphs century third in appeared salvation regarding sentiments ( peace‖ ―in was recorded was that expressions Christian earliest the of One viewpoint. communal a implies phrases typical of frequency identityofChristians wascreated. community. quiescit in pace in quiescit Handley, FSII,NN. 85, 86,101, 114, 116,117, 126, 133, 136,146, 153;FS III,14, 17;CIL III,2654. FSII,NN. 82, 83,84, 91,103, 104, 110a, 110b, 125, 127,128, 134, 145;RS III, 123. BAHD(1950 53 FSII,NN. 103, RS III,123. FSII,NN. 115, 118. FSII,NN. 103, 112; CILIII,Suppl. 8742. FSII,NN. 91, 94,95, 102, 109,114, 123, 130,131, Orazio Marucchi, Orazio n Mre ai, Fnrr Mnmns and Monuments ―Funerary Yasin, Marie Ann 125 hs omnt i cery iil we te et tesle ae examined. are themselves texts the when visible clearly is community This
, per rrl i fourth in rarely appears ), Death, Societyand Culture Death, h epeso cn e on a pr o to te st hae: rs i peace‖ in ―rest phrases: set other two of part as found be can expression The e TheArt Bulletin ) 124 130
rm hs fnrl et, t a b acrand ht chrn collective coherent a that ascertained be can it texts, funeral these From and a viol a and - ), ―buried in peace‖ ( peace‖ in ―buried ), 1):A 5401;RS III, 123. ( niofitas Christian Epigraphy Christian
eif, he eirps tn ot to ocre wt te recently the with concerned two out: stand epigraphs three beliefs,
, 87,No. (2005):3 433. ator who should pay fine to the fisc ( fisc the to fine pay should who ator
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Pietri, ―La mort enPietri,―La l‘epigraphiemort Occidentdans del‘epigraphielatine: 133 (Cambridge: At the Univerity Press, 1912), 86; Pietri, ―La mort en mort ―La Pietri, 86; 1912), Press, Univeritythe At (Cambridge: phiepaïenne àl‘épigraphie chrétienne, 3
depositus in pace in depositus
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olcie dniy Fo Rmn aiy o Christian to Family Roman From Identity: Collective 27
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and ―burial‖and( 126
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) 127 ; 129
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ecclesia the latterthe
bonae ). The 131 e
CEU eTD Collection (1995 136 135 134 Christianfrom deliberatelyspaces,in seperated paganthe inhabited. theyenviroment which ce three the sentiments, typical and patterns, formulaic shared and Christians between pagans.‖ distinctions sharp making in ―insisted which world ambiguous clai he This, stood. they where clearly marked Christians which Galvão a of indication clear a as communitybyunited a interpreter the to themselves present however phrases these of repetition frequent The small. is expressions Christian of range the formulae; Christian agai the formulae and of death, of identity date the deceased, the of name offices,the formulaic or ranks attributes, parents), the or (typicallyspouse commemorator the the features: same the contain typically T pattern. same the follow and consistent are called fourth centuryfourth Salona. in identity Christianized collective, coherent, a of existence the show clearly expressions, visib ( baptism after long how
FSII,N. 90,104, 110a. FSII,N. 86. Carlos Galvão Carlos ly articulating a Christian belief, when placed together with a large number of formulaic formulaic ofnumber large a with together placed when belief, Christian a articulating ly ),457. - carmina epigraphica carmina century epitaphs stand out among the contemporary funerary texts these are the so the are these texts funerary contemporary the among out stand epitaphs century -
n n motn atce ocre wt Crsin pgah, t epigraphy, Christian with concerned article important an In th examining when also reached is conclusion This
Sobrinho 136
h Slntn eeeis upr hs ruet Wt ter eetd phrases, repeated their With argument. his support cemeteries Salonitan The
- Sobrinho, ―Funerary Epigraphy and the Spread of Christianity in the West,‖ the in Christianity ofSpread the and Epigraphy―Funerary Sobrinho,
argued that the revival of late antique, Christian epigraphy was a means by means a was epigraphy Christian antique, late of revival the that argued
shared identity. shared atsu sanctum baptismum , texts written in verse in written texts ,
s voain f h tm. oal asn ae elaborate are absent Notably tomb. the of violation nst
28 se a lived. had she ) og nt l cnan l te lmns they elements, the all contain all not hough
. 135
The majority of the epitaphs however epitaphs the of majority The fr o te pgah. few A epigraphs. the of form e 134
meteries were homogenous homogenous were meteries hs idvda epigraphs individual These e, a cuil n an in crucial was med, he historian Carlos Carlos historian he Athenaeum
83
- CEU eTD Collection Rome 140 139 Hope, 138 137 sesterces.ofhave000 hiswould60 beenca. career, primipilaris of perspective the to appears cost price average the that calculated CE, centuries two first the to approximately dated Italy from epitaphs 90 in not could empire inscriptions.‖ the throughout classes poorer ―...the against polemicizes groups. professional specific have could epitaph an Buying elite well the to confined not was monument funerary a purchasing that antiquity classical Shaw D. Brent and Saller P. Richard Thus, matter. monument. a such by commemorated found be can strata social of fourth in identity social of analysis An Introduction 3.1
SallerShaw, and J.C.Mann, LawrenceKeppe, Richard Duncan Richard t he , but that but ,
33(1965): 198 ConstructingIdentity: RomanFunerary Monuments affordability of affordability When it comes to an exact sum of burial costs, Richard burialcosts, of sum exactan to comesit When
paid 100 paid ―EpigraphicConsciousness,‖ 139 modestmonuments middlewithinmeanswere of the was 10 000 sesterces. F sesterces. 000 10 was have
- Tombstonesand Roman Family Relations inPrincipatethe
Jones, - UnderstandingInscriptionsRoman 199. the approximate income of the of income approximate the be
h above the 000 sesterces 000
―An Epigraphic Survey of Costs in Roman Italy,‖ Roman in Costs of SurveyEpigraphic ―An a en stone funerary monument provided with an epitaph; namely, what what namely, epitaph; an with provided monument funerary stone
1 380 sesterces. These prices in certain instances can be gauged in gauged be can instances certain in pricesThese sesterces. 380 1 138
-
In contrast to this view this to contrast In etoe analysis mentioned en leitd hog a through alleviated been 3. SOCIALIDENTITY 3.
for his tomb, whereas his annual salary, in the final stages finalstages insalary,thehis whereashisforannual tomb, JRS - o century Salona begins with posing a general question question general a posing with begins Salona century oprsn i oa Arc h vrg funeral average the Africa Roman in comparison, r
75 (1985),75 204. 29
(Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1991), 81UniversityHopkins(Baltimore:1991),John Press, ,105 deceased. F deceased. 140
. of
have
, J. C. Mann, in an articl an in Mann, C. J. ,
alr n Shaw and Saller
argued burial or example, or Duncan , -
Papers of the British School at School British the of Papers class, workingRomans. class, 127 club, ht during that coas ifr pn this upon differ Scholars any case afford stone stone afford case any - 12 - Jones, on the on Jones,
8. often frl sae that states firmly ,
a first
raie for organised e in which he which in e the period period the - century CE CE century
basis of - to - 137 do of of ;
CEU eTD Collection 149 148 147 disertation)(Zagreb: Filozofski fakultet Zagreb, 1975), 435. 146 145 144 143 142 141 the sarcophagus C 325 to Cambi Magnianus. surroundings( scarce. generally is epitaph an Empire. inferences low from primarily came epitaphs by commemorated have arguments counter and scale.‖ antiquity epitaphs Furthermore, elite.‖ the among nor destitute the among neither belonging groups social to belonged has view Shaw‘s and Saller‘s following
Nenad Cambi, BAHD(1878):1451 = CIL III,Suppl. II 8742 Ibid.,39. MarkA.Handley, Ibid. CarlosGalv Cambi, FSII,135. BAHD(1911):33.34
fact that the epitaph is severely damaged and the restoration is far from faris restoration the and severely isepitaphdamagedfactthe that argued that ―in the late empire and in the Christian times the majority of epitaphs still epitaphs of majority the times Christian the in and empire late the ―in that argued , 142
From late antiquity evi antiquity late From Galvãohistorian Carlos ancient the habit, epigraphicantique late thefor As h ms expensive most The 437. 143 , Sarcophagion Easternthe Adriatic C
Mark A. Handley A. Mark
―when the epigraphic habit seems to have spread further down on the social social the on down further spread have to seems habit epigraphic the ―when
rw fo te oa eiec cno b asge t ohr ra o the of areas other to assigned be cannot evidence Roman the from drawn 145 - ão ar probably
agerSalonitanus - ud oe f i raoig Frhroe Hnly concluded Handley Furthermore, reasoning. his of some gued Sarkofazina istočnoj jadranskojobali a offer not does It Sobrinho, yet Death, E. 146
been proposed to demonstrate that the population of Christian Rome Rome Christian of population the that demonstrate to proposed been
cost
ie nih it te riay ra population urban ordinary the into insight give
FuneraryEpigraphy and the Spread Societyand Culture h scn ms expensive most second The
six lodged a valid criticism about criticism valid a lodged
144 dence for the for dence solidi cost ) provideaboutinformation ) theirprice.
Nevertheless, five late antique epitaphs from Salona and Salonafrom epitaphs antique late five Nevertheless, precise date of date precise
, o , , 15 148 n the n
which Cambi does not take into take not does Cambi which oast ,35 solidi
- ,247. basis of the epitaphs from the Roman catacombs catacombs Roman the from epitaphs the of basis exact cost of erecting a funerary monument with monument funerary a erecting of cost exact 6. 30
[Sarcophagion the eastern Adriatic coast] (Doctoral
n i belonged it and
production ofChristianity inWestthe cost er
oil taa ad ht generally, that, and strata, social
Galvão ten ,
but is approximately dated by dated approximately is but
solidi o the to - Sobrinho‘s methodology Sobrinho‘s
. 147
priual in particularly , consideration due to considerationdue
certain. protector fourth A ,436. that that
149 - Sobrinho,
o valid no
- Finally, century Flavius late
141 its
CEU eTD Collection 154 153 152 151 150 below a Taurus, Antonius husband her sarcophagus inscribed. decorations without limestone, this of sarcophagus Nevertheless, type. same a of sarcophagi of figure mentions epitaphs given the of none However, with perspective in put be should was centuries fifth early the and fourth the throughout Salona in sarcophagus of type simplest the material. same t of produced are they that assessed be can it them, of rest the Regarding ornaments. no solidi beand haveas14 restored 13. to is text the tear and wear the to due since the Thaedocertain a to belonged it and CE 425 to dated preciselyis one latter The CE. century fifth early or fourthlate the to approximately dated is it and preserved two
BAHD20 FSII,74; Cambi, Ibid.,244 Cambi, BAHD(1914) 37 presbytera sancta matrona sancta presbytera almost constant, i.e.,constant, almost four sarcophagicost . Both are made of local limestone and they are of almost the same dimensions and haveofsame almostthedimensions limestonemade localand andare Both are they . of , but for the present purpose it shall suffice to note t note to suffice shall it purpose present the for but , To a To these Of
Sarcophagion Easternthe Adriatic Coast payment is known, nor does such a case exist amon exist case a such does nor known, is payment 154 - 5. (1897):89. ssess
Aelia Saturnina, a a Saturnina, Aelia 153 five sarcophagi only two are c are two only sarcophagi five
:107 SalonaIII Thus, if Cambi‘s analysis is to be accepted, it would mean that the price ofprice the that mean wouldit accepted, be to is analysis ifCambi‘s Thus, which social strata strata social which
ye ie, f h smls fr o lcl rdcin n md of made and production local of form simplest the of i.e., type, -
10=ILCV 3791. 150 betweenandtengolden 15 , 244 ,
and three and
- 246. , Flavia Vitalia. For these last two epitaphs Cambi argued that, that, argued Cambi epitaphs two last these For Vitalia. Flavia
woman of of woman but provided with a with provided but 152
151 ol aeafre uha item an such afforded have could h ana icm o a commemorated a of income annual the
solidi
either incomplete or barely or incomplete either parallels can be drawn with an early fourth early an with drawn be can parallels senatorial rank ( rank senatorial , 246 31 , ducenarius respectively. Of the first, only one fragment isfragment onlyone first, the Ofrespectively. ompletely preserved: those costing 15 and 15 costing those preserved: ompletely
- 247. the
solidi occupation of the deceased for which a a which for deceased the of occupation tabula ansata tabula . .
The man‘s ra man‘s The clarissima femina clarissima hat he belonged to the equestrian the to belonged he hat g the others commemorated on commemorated others the g
on which an epitaph was was epitaph an which on
readable, these numbers these readable, from it bought who sius hssmo money of sum this , nk
will be will ) ,
buried in that that in buried
purchaser. discussed discussed - century
local 13 he CEU eTD Collection 155 as Namely, significance. social and legal its lost name this that be might reasons the of One centuries. two from of disappearance gradual the was step next The people. differentiating of means diversityof greater i of onomasticsyst citizen Roman a or adopted freedman/freedwoman, slave, a was person a whether reveal may period Imperial stat social and legal n A 3.2 ―wouldepitaphmeanshavebeenmajoritybeyond theof population.‖ofthe the cows one cow a and pric seventh a of price the compared corroborate is money of sum sarcophagus order te al Ipra pro. u t te iie nme of number limited the to Due period. Imperial early the n
Handley, praenomen Whati es mentioes ame
Tu, n hs case this in Thus, . in cost in Thesuggestion The first phase in the change of the three the of change inthephase first The
is a fundamental mode of identifying individuals. Roman names may indicate the indicate may names Roman individuals. identifying of mode fundamental a is - Death,Society and Culture ae ytm ( system name sintheAureliiThe name? Flavii and gentilicium . This an This . valued at ned in the law code oflawthat code in the ned , em designated social individualsembystandingdesignated ofachievedprogress. career their nomen solidus - cognomina
so a esn Tu, h ooatc o te ae eulcn n early and Republican late the of onomastics the Thus, person. a of us d certain other examples led examples other certain d o eto sm eape. n ae niut, seii two specific a antiquity, late In examples. some mention to
and and 10 , which , that for a simple sarcophagus with an epitaph one needed a substantial neededa oneepitaph an with simplesarcophagusafor that
was a sign of Roman citizenship, after the after citizenship, Roman of sign a was - 15 a member of of member a u nomina duo cognomen solidi d when compared to compared when d
, the , means that a sarcophagus equalled a equalled sarcophagus a that means - century sarcophagus from Lyon that cost elevencost that Lyonfrom sarcophagus century , 38 , . praenomen - 9. , was the was ,
),
region. Thus, a ship is said to saidisto shipregion. Thus,a the local elite was the purchaser of such a simple simple a such of purchaser the was elite local the hc to pae vr h tid n te fourth the and third the over place took which 32 praenomen
became disfunctional and thus unnecessary as unnecessaryas thus and becamedisfunctional
- name system ( systemname
Handley‘s conclusions regarding Gaul. He He Gaul. regarding conclusions Handley‘s Handley to the conclusi the to Handley
falling into disuse, which occurred which disuse, into falling praenomina tria nomina tria Co ship or a herd of eleven eleven of herd a or ship have nstitutio Antoniana nstitutio on that erecting an an erecting that on
), whichconsisted ), cost twelve cost n t te much the to and 155 solidi
gentilicium
- to solidi name
the
of
CEU eTD Collection 161 160 Aureliiare attested; duethis is toageneral inflationary tendency in ranks.Ibid. 159 centuries 158 2) 157 Colloquesinternationaux du C.N.R.S. N.564 156 the century, seventh the through all emperor, certaindecurions lower included ―Flaviate‖ the whereas Flavius, name the acquired not had who curiales involve could ones forth. of holders the by predecessors their century a of office an occupied who decurions those among consistent most is pattern (the decurions prominent most the and veterans, and grant two these status. social of designations standas to but exception, another which among aristocracy, significantlylonger. the of system onomastic the gen a was This function. distinctive their of of number small a inflationof the by explained also be display needwasno CE, there it 212 to through ‖
In Egypt all other allEgypt In James G. Ii Ibid., Ibid. This refers particularly to the toparticularly refers This ZP ro Kajanto,―Thero Emergence Late of the ed to provincial governors, members of their their of members governors, provincial to ed 160 E ,
utemr, n ae niut te imperial the antiquity late in Furthermore, Therefore, from ca. 325 CE, namely, after Constantine I (r. 306 (r. I Constantine after namely, CE, 325 ca. from Therefore,
13(1974) 290. 301.
CE decurions remained decurions lal,teeeitdagaainaogte Fait‖ad Arlae‖te latter the ―Aureliate:‖ and ―Flaviate‖ the among gradation a existed there Clearly, Keenan, gentilica
the populationthe became divided intwo groups
- :302 h nm Fais Tu, hy ee farme were they Thus, Flavius. name the ak odes wo ee soc were who soldiers, rank Aurelii gentilica ― The
. 156
ee h ms widespread, most the were
the
names Flaviusnames Aurelius and as status thedesignations latertheRoman in Egypt (Part they ceased to function as as function to ceased they .
161 disappeared during the fourth centuryfourthdisappeared duringthe Constitutio Antoniana Constitutio
fourth century CE, whereas in the fifth and the sixth centuries, a few curialesfew a centuries, sixth the and fifth the in whereas centuryCE, fourth Aurelii
, 159 Single Name System,‖Name in Single –
curator rei publicae rei curator those who bore the bore who those L‘onomastiquelatine 157
A study based on the evidence from Egypt, where Egypt, from evidence the on based study A eral pattern, although one of the exceptions was was exceptions the of one although pattern, eral 33 ially and economically on a lower level than than level lower a on economically and ially gentilicium
gentilicium 158 , were on average of average on were , –
gentilicia Flavii
officia the that showed gentilicia
gentilicia and
: CE
, other high civil officials, soldiers soldiers officials, civil high other , 421
gentilicium . / Aurelii
Flavius was used as a mark of a a of mark a as used was Flavius L’onomastiquepériode dela chrétienne rs, craftamen, merchants and so so and merchants craftamen, rs,
civitati in the traditional sense and came came and sense traditional the in Moreover,may this development , and from the fifth through the sevenththroughthe fifth fromthe and , - 430.
gentilicium ueis n Flavius and Aurelius , which led to a diminishing a to led which , . ,
Ibid.,301. 290,294. s). Alt s). gentilicium inferior social status to status social inferior
Aurelius, bestowed on bestowed Aurelius, - 337) became the sole sole the became 337) hough many fourth many hough
was preserved preserved was
lvu was Flavius
were - : CEU eTD Collection 170 2654=CILIII,Suppl. 86 83) N. II, (FS Emeria Aurelia and Iulius Flavius 131), N. II, as but Terentius, Flavius was husband Her contrast In usual rule. the Another epitaph, that of Iulia,Aurelia whowas a and Peregrinus, was name son's his Namely, hereditary. not was 169 168 167 166 165 164 (1994):137 163 (Part1) 162 analogy byassume isto plausible It Flavius.name the bear to right the enjoyed ranksvarious centinarius protector epitaphs: in mentioned post their have six Flavius name the with those Of here. omitted be to have thus, and CE, century fourth the occupation: or rank their beneficiarius mention two only Aurelius name the bear who those Among Spurius equestrianofandSaturnina,the Maximianusthose Hermogenia.order: Valeria and birth their retained who miscellaneouspersonswith names. Aurelius, name first the with persons two the of examples 45 of Out examples. Egyptian the from Aurelii were who soldiers of sons the that shows evidence the whereas officials, office military and civil appointing of procedure the during name imperial the dispensed seems, it government, dignity
Ibid.; Ibid.; FSII,N. 75;CILIII, Suppl. 8251. In samethe order: FS II,N.110b; A FSII,NN. 74, 78,80, 87,89, 91,92, 132. RS III,N.30. FSII,NN. 80, 83,102, 112, 114,130, 131, 132;CIL III,Suppl. II 8742, CILIII 2654(=Suppl. II 8652). FSII,NN. 75, 76,77, 83,97, 121, 122, Benet CILIII 2654=CIL III,Suppl. The ,‖ curator rei publicae rei curator . nmsi eiec fo fourth from evidence Onomastic James G. 163 designating the class of imperial officials, high municipal officials, and soldiers. The The soldiers. and officials, municipal high officials, imperial of class the designating Salway, ZPE , -
8.
. beneficiarius 170
11(1973)
and
― Evidently, ecclesiastical and prominent municipal officials, and soldiers of of soldiers and officials, municipal prominent and ecclesiastical Evidently, Keenan, Keenan, What'sina name?SurveyA of OnomasticRoman Practice from700 BC to700 AD magister conquiliarius magister - holders. 52) :56 , it seems that Flavia Talasia inherited the status name from her father (FS II (FSfather fromher statusinheritedname Flavia theTalasia seemsthat it ,
― -
- The names Flavius and
Flavius Theodotus provides an example of how the status name Flavius generallyFlavius name status the how ofexample an providesTheodotus Flavius 62.
suggest,women didderive not consularis
gentilicium II8652, CILIII 8741, CIL III 8742;FSII,NN. 80,106; ILCV507. 162
Finally, it seems that it was hereditary onlyhereditary was it that seems it Finally,
E1912 (Salona); FSII, 74,NN, 89,92. 166 123,125, 131,135; FSIII,N.16; CIL III 8251. , three
Amonglatterare,example,for senatorialthe aristocrats : 164 uao ri publicae rei curator zaconus als Consta Paulus
, daughter ofdaughter Flavius Iulius (FS II, N. 83) - 168 married couples married century Salona confirms the conclusions deduced deduced conclusions the confirms Salona century 2 esn wt te is nm Flavius, name first the with persons 12 Aurelius as status the designations the in later Roman Egypt
but b but 34
(=
oth of them are dated to the first quarter of quarter first the to dated are them of oth
their nameFlaviae from their husbands. diaconus , and Flavius Iulius and Aurelia Ianuaria (CIL III (CIL Ianuaria Aurelia and Iulius Flavius and ,
tu, plois heais Aelia Phoebadius, Apollonius ntius, - he he
Flavius Virgilianus and Aurelia Ursilla (FS Ursilla Aurelia and Virgilianus Flavius was ba was ), ), , ex protectore et ex praepositis ex et protectore ex 169 ptized as Domnio (FS II, N. 114). N. II, (FS Domnio as ptized
-
n e ueo sagittario numero de m sse, hr ae 18 are there system, ame ,
among the highest the among confirms Flavii 165
that
remained remained , N. 112).N. ,
,‖ n 13 and thi JRS
s was rum
167 84 ,
CEU eTD Collection The ―The Stendahl, Krister conscience.‖introspective is JewishGraeco and sixteenth and fifteenth 174 173 172 attestedare on the epitaph of anonymous: an 171 of. part were they society the identificationand self death. but deceased, the of remembered. and perceived be to wanted they how revealed individuals life, deceased‘s the on information selected inscribing By perfoidentity,for but displaymeanstheone‘s of society.‖ within identity and place definingone‘s ―aidedin deceased, the memory of from the perpetuating Epitaphs, apart Socialasidentity 3.3 thedisplayedfourth on impressionanassess deceasedofandin theand deceased‘sto role theplace society. us. meaningfully Thesefor inhabitantsantiqueto namesthegetlate thansufficed of to Salona soldiers. clergy,or kind.havebeencivil posts officemight theThus,of they that o the that
an an Ibid, Carroll, Projecting in one no now, byevident is As H arvardTheological Review ncrnsi approach anachronistic 173
19; To the fourth the To Inhabitants of the world of antiquity understood themselve understood antiquity of world the of Inhabitants
ther 13 persons (excluding females) were of equal social standing and employed in in employed and standing social equal of were females) (excluding persons 13 ther SpiritsofDeadthe
hs cmtre ad otay ouet apa t b a ae wee social where area an be to appear monuments mortuary and cemeteries Thus, Hope, individual self individual Deathin - RomanWorld
etre, on centuries, - century Salonitans the names of Flavius andFlavius ofnames the centurySalonitans it can al can it -
representation mayrepresentation overlap. Ancient Rome - conscio , , 19. sn the using
56 (1963),56 199 ,
179.KristerStendahl shows so project an project so
172 174 the fourth the to usness, which appears to be to appears which usness,
h wrd f niut i anachronistic. is antiquity of world the Nevertheless, funerary commemoration was not only the the only not was commemoration funerary Nevertheless, By setting By
,3; xml o Aote Paul Apostle of example decurialibusmeis Hope, - century epitaphs designated himselfdesignated epitaphscentury - 215.
Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West,‖ the of ConscienceIntrospective the and Paul Apostle A s A
ConstructingIdentity idealised or indeed ―corrected‖ image created at created image ―corrected‖ indeed or idealised -
up an epitaph, individuals made an attempt ―to attempt an made individuals epitaph, an up 35 epulchral monument may reflect the real status real the reflect may monument epulchral - centuryepitaphs Salonitan
rmed an active role in constructing itrmed asinwell. constructing activerolean
(FSII, 94). t
hat hat a rather modern rather , the
who ―has been hailed as a hero of the the of hero a as hailed been ―has who se - ,6. arch for individualself arch holdersdecurions,of Salona,
Aurelius spoke much moremuch spoke Aurelius
s only in relationship with relationship in only s Lieu,
discovery traceable from the from traceablediscovery as a a as hita Iett i the in Identity Christian decurio
, but decurionsbut , - consciousness
171
CEU eTD Collection 179 Social, Economicand Administrative Survey Jones, M. H. A. emperor. an bybestowed and won be to prize a as but ter two 178 177 176 175 honorary. Thus, havebeenactualor clarissimus by established hierarchica was an CE century fourth the During was magistra highest the by qualified fifthCE) century CE) 375 (d. Constantius females. mentiona oftheir order equestrian and senatorial holders, 13 two men, which of it, recorded explicitly Regar deceased. the of rank social and/or post administrative inde deceased the categories whichusedto conform theirsocialcompetewithto equals.‖ to theirand rivals
Latin technical Latin forterms administrative wereposts AE1912 (Salona); PLRE 1. FSII,110b; Carroll, Jones, r sclr n fv ecclesiastical, five and secular are
spread rather w rather spread a ms are rather indicative of how the given office was perceived, namely, not as an office bearing duties bearing office an as not namely,perceived, was office given the how of indicative rather are ms rcnu o Arc i 34 CE 374 in Africa of proconsul Five of80 Out TheLater Roman Empire will be discussed be will
SpiritsofDeadthe have their post recorded along with their rank. alongtheir withrecorded post theirhave gae wr fre wti the within formed were grades l
(listed from highest to lowest to highest from (listed persons recorded recorded persons PLRE1.
emperor Valentinian I (r. 364 (r. I Valentinian emperor
177 epitaphs included in this analysis, 28 offer informationon offer 28 analysis, inincludedthis epitaphs
honour
idely advancedofinherited rank the to or
; gradually, it came to lose its mark of the highest the of mark its lose to came it gradually, ; , , 19. s
, in and lastly,andclergy the
,528. the
their belonging to to belonging their s , next those those next , five
176 following manner: first manner: following inflation of the grade of grade the of inflation cy
178 the and Apollonius Ph Apollonius and
men and five and men vol.
all hy ee pone t i their in to appointed were they post ofp post n Aolnu Ph Apollonius and 1 ), were ),
(Baltimore:JohnThe Hopkins University 1986),Press, 383. finesocial their roles. refer identified by identified - dignitates CE) 375 36 eaoil re, ai srcue f which of structure basic order, senatorial
ring .
roconsul determined by determined
senat
wom
to men. These persons, office and title title and office persons, These men. to , . T . honores orial oebadius (late fourth/beginning of the of fourth/beginning (late oebadius en viriclarissimi
hree grades, hree Of the rest rest the Of
their post or occupation or post their those those brought the titlethe of brought
vir clarissimus vir commemorated are oebadius oebadius aristocracy, two males and three and males two aristocracy, The Later Roman Empire 284 Empire Roman Later The , a
nd nd 175 defined by defined imperial offices, which might might which imperial offices,
ig ak ten rank, ding
rarely Thus, this chapter explores Thus,this chapter 1 illustris 8 a . Each was furthermoreEach was .
administrationes recorded occupations,recorded praeses
career occurred, so that so occurred,
their belonging to belonging their distinction. Thus, distinction. the , spectabilis spectabili . s
occupation or or occupation : Of these five these Of of Dalmatia. Dalmatia. of
Constantius but but individuals . first. The without - 602: A A 602: . s 179
was was and
A it
CEU eTD Collection 185 Empire284 184 183 182 181 180 a for offices other of case the in than time longer a for ofbe designation a p eventhe adminis imperial the in largely senators employing i.e., change, of direction another of indicative order. equestrian the for significance of loss the entailed order senatorial the and equestrianorder beenand preciselyhadelaborated Festus‘, than later of been and origin his on discussion inscriptions; example. be of l ower grade was nevertheless bestowed nevertheless was grade ower erfectissimus
CILVI Timothy Michael Jones, Arnheim, senatorial birth. Yet Africa, landaristocraticforYet senatorialnoted birth. provinceasa The highest The allotted to to allotted vir clarissimus vir praeses T t em ta the that seems It tration, even in lower offices. Furthermore, Furthermore, offices. lowerin even tration, noble birth. noble TheLater Roman Empire , e ot of post he praesides
1736. - T. W.T. Arnheim, He D. Barnes, D. ―Proconsuls of 337 Africa 602 TheSenatorial Aristocracy 181
, 525. , one was one was
or or governors was was one of them designates him both as both him designates them of one - clarissimus
the rank ofrank the , the provincialthe lowestof, rank,thegovernors
a , may indicatemay , senatorialorigin. not had arrangement introduced recently the that explainable be may it 183 perfectissimus praeses praeses rcnu o Arc f Africa of proconsul to eminentissimus
Thus The hc mn o te non the of many which
of
Senatorial Aristocracyinthe Later Roman Empire , for the time of Constantius‘ proconsulship Constantius‘ of time the for , fie f a of office
cursus honorum cursus noble
was the only exception to the general rule that titletheto general c onlythat the the exception rule was a reserved was
perfectissimus 284 - ,17 602 the above the
yet ;
which was bestowed on praetorian prefects. Jones, Jones, prefects. praetorian on bestowed was which birth. for those those for 9. , , 528;Arnheim, In this case, the rank case, this In to to
on comeinto 180 - 392,‖ praeses
366 years the or Constantius. One rea One Constantius. -
. o te odr o the of holders the for mentioned general process, i.e., the exp i.e.,the process, generalmentioned 184 parallel a as serve can Hymetius Festus Julius , 37 Michael Arnheim conclu Arnheim Michael
Phoenix few,
On - . U . ol brh ee ditd wih i turn, in which, admitted, were birth noble
Senatorial Aristocracy full practice. vir clarissimus vir by the early fifth century CE at at CE century fifth early bythe with the one hand, a combination of a ofcombination a hand, one the p to to p h wr qualified were who
39,No.2 (1985): 150. at least 379 least at
an designate - 6 CE 368 n h ohr ad i my be may it hand, other the On copnig il o either of title accompanying hadbeco
son might be might son
and as a proconsul. a as and d second
as , , 10 , the CE bir (Oxford:OUP, 1972), 158. ed properties,ed des that he must have must he that des , th origin of its holderits originof th -
me
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clarissimi ihs gae of grade highest common clarissimi that he was not was he that The Later Roman Later The as six years six as the anding of of anding tended to tended
eased to to eased est praeses . 182 185 i is it , latest,
rank rank
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CEU eTD Collection (1996) 188 found it necessarytomention fullhis nameinthe epitaph. Constantius,which Paulus was of Constantius name full the that 187 186 history.‖ identitiesinto Thus society. city‘s the felt them of both Salona the all from him distinguished and birth by Phoebadius Apollonius For distinction. original a remained He not grades. higher the did to advance and office imperial lower the to appointed was Phoebadius Apollonius contrast, Cons of clearly spoke it nobility, genuine the to it assigning of h Constantius‘ us. to then contemporaries their to readily more spoke identification of modes ways. different in did they which emphasized, many and expanding was birtnobilityby the that concluded be can aristocracythe e the in change encompassing all otherwise the to exceptions the of was one was As aristocracy senatorial onomastics. the on above, explained based be to has nobility his assessing office, that even affected praeses origin senatorial their take to plausible igh imperial office imperial igh
Arnheim, I rg ol, Mnmna Wiig n te Expansion the and Writing ―Monumental Woolf, Greg iro Kajanto iro :39. Both of these men claimed to belong to the senatorial aristocracy. At the time when it it when time the At aristocracy. senatorial the belongto to claimedmen these of Both
at the end of the fourth or the be the or fourth the of end the at
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and
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was preserved much longer.muchwaspreserved vir clarissimus vir oie novi homines , , 11. were certainly recognized by others by recognized certainly were ouin f single a of volution
o granted. for
ginning of the fifth century CE century fifth the of ginning ee ditd o t nblt b brh a t be to had birth by nobility it, to admitted were Apollonius Phoebadius belonged to the senatorial senatorial the to belonged Phoebadius Apollonius homines 38 vir clarissimus vir
his two his
Constantius‘ of Roman Society in the Early Empire,‖ Empire,‖ Early the in Society Roman of
186 novi - also confirms his senatorial origin. He had not not He origin.had senatorial hisconfirms also 187 ae ytm Aog h senatorial the Among system. name
ic Aolnu Pobdu ws a was Phoebadius Apollonius Since -
system name indicated his nobility his indicated name system oebadius‘ Therefore, given all the evidence, itgiven Therefore, evidence,the all of the same rank. In rank. same the of , which by his time had lost its lost had time his by which , n Aolnu Phoeba Apollonius and tantius‘ senatorial birth. By birth. senatorial tantius‘ , as distinctive members of of members distinctive as
post and due to the habit the to due and post , when the change change the when , fourth - century JRS dius‘ dius‘
86 - CEU eTD Collection 192 (London:Routledge, 1999), 10. 191 190 189 for epitaph another prepared he sarcophagus same the on and Honoria, wife, his to epitaph above The virtue. define identity, social gendering by which, one different rank higher a display to chosen have might she entailed, title this prestige the given otherwise, home. paternal their to returned have might husbandthey their of death the upon marriedand they evenafter do Saturnina Aelia of rank the marriage, their on depending downwards or upwards go could father. her from inherited a Thus, birth. replaced marriage but husbands, or fathers their of that to related was rank social Women‘s a of was husband her of rank whic in AntoniusTaurus, husband, placein respected society. a them secured that factor important most the was order senatorial to belonging their that insc were death of dates and titles, apposed withnames theironlylid, the On epitaph. an of text main longer, the borne have might cases sarcophagus‘ The preserved. CE). Augustina and CE), century (fourth Deogratia CE), century fourth (early Saturnina
es not match that of her husband. Nevertheless, women remained in the the in remained women Nevertheless, husband. her of that match not es In samethe order: FS II,NN. 74, 8 Gillian Clark, Jones, Emily A. Hemelrijk, A. Emily
189 publicly.
h sm hls re o Ala aunn, h eetd n ptp fr e deceased her for epitaph an erected who Saturnina, Aelia for true holds same The Three Such a mode of social identification of aristocratic women need to be compared to a to compared be to need women aristocratic of identification social of mode a Such
TheLater Roman Empire284 ny rget o te acpai is f egai ad uutn hv been have Augustina and Deogratia of lids sarcophagi the of fragments Only t marriage a woman acquired the rank of her husband, no matter what rank she she rank what matter no husband, her of rank the acquired woman marriagea t lrsia feminae clarissimae
WomeninLate Antiquity:Pagan and ChristianLife 192
- etoe poosl f Africa, of proconsul mentioned hs Ala aunn mgt ae eand e sntra ran senatorial her regained have might Saturnina Aelia Thus, Matrona Docta: Educated women in the Roman Élite from Cornelia to Julia Domna Julia to Cornelia from Élite Roman the in women Educated Docta: Matrona
191
Given the ―social mobility‖ of women, according to which they which to according women, of mobility‖ ―social the Given
ducenarius 4,116. - 602
h she designated herself as as herself designated she h lie ter eogn t sntra aitcay Aelia aristocracy: senatorial to belonging their claimed , , 525.
. In other words, he belonged to equestrianorder. to belongedhe words, other In .
39
vir clarissimus clarissimus vir - d a noble woman by her domestic domestic her by woman noble a d st yles clarissima femina clarissima
(Oxford:OUP, 1993), 15. Constantius, erected an an erected Constantius, ribed. This suggests suggests This ribed. ara potestas patria . The highest highest The .
(d. 395 395 (d. ; or k; 190
CEU eTD Collection Suppl.I 8571.Publius Balsamius Sabinianus was the 526. of bestowal w lavish decurions the on to largely rank, due mainlyhonorary inflated became order equestrian the CE century fourth the of half first Co 196 195 194 193 servicerequirement. they Thus,mig employed. were they which in post the mentioned them of neither office, the of relevance the by determined was order the within grade the and emperor, an by bestowed a of rank the granted was ducenarius Taurus Antonius Furthermore, order. equestrian of grade CE), centry identification of modes two these Moreover, space. andcomplemented eachimage thecreated maritalother of private in her placed which male‘s, the opposite passive role sociala acquired male,and to in respect defined wasfemale ha other the On sphere. public the in him set that role by social active the defined by and was himself male A identities. social gendered illustrate plainly epitaphs two These Constan contrast, ( children of mother ( spouse Constantine‘s the as i.e., Constantius, to referring beherhavenobilitysincewould identifyher, to selected Constantius that information the among place finda not did standing a became himself.
mptes FSII,N. 75. In samethe order: FSII, N.89, CIL III 6403. In samethe order: FS II, Jean t ae noe hnrr rn, etwd n n niiul ihu a corresponding a without individual an on bestowed rank, honorary enjoyed have ht Egger - ire ale, Lapr déirpi d Sln àlhsor d l Dlai dn latqié tardive,‖ l‘antiquité - dans Dalmatie la de l‘histoire à Salone de d‘épigraphie ―L‘apport Caillet, Pierre w men, Two rendus des séances de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles inscriptionsl’Académiedes séanceset dedesrendus 193
suggests that Antonius Taurus Antonius that suggests
. femina 194 195 bir by noble a probably was Honoria
were designated with the title of title the with designated were Although the equestrian order was not hereditary but depended on the office the on depended but hereditary not was order equestrian the Although tius defined himself unreflectively: by his nobility and administrative nobilityoffice. hisand by himself unreflectively: defined tius
Septimius Maximianus (fourth century CE) and Maximinus (fourth/fifth (fourth/fifth Maximinus and CE) century (fourth Maximianus Septimius clarissima 196 avrm mater parvorum
NN.110a, 110b Moreover, Septimius Maximianus elaborated his social role byhisstating social role Septimius elaborated Moreover, Maximianus
hog hr arae Nvrhls, xlcty ttd social stated explicitly Nevertheless, marriage. her through en deduced from her husband‘s. Honoria was first defined by first husband‘s.herwasfromHonoria deduceden ho aimed to avoid their curial duties. Jones, duties. curial their avoid to aimed ho procurator of the province of Dalmatia. Cf. CIL III 1985 = CIL III, CIL = 1985 III CIL Cf. Dalmatia. of province the of procurator .
), and her proper name came only in third place. In In place. third in only came name proper her and ),
procuratorducenarius pro 40
perfectissim h s el bt vn f h ws o, she not, was she if even but well, as th - lettres 133 lettres concordia us osat coniunx Constanti , which was the second highest second the was which vinciaeDalmatiae , No. 2 (1989):450. 2 No. , .
The Later Roman Empire Roman Later The ), then as the the as then ), .
Duringthe nd, , CEU eTD Collection Consularis,‖ 203 römischenHeeres und ih 202 201 Philology of 200 199 198 AmericanPhilosophical ex an 197 fourth in attested are titles rank new a CE centuriesfourth thethird andthe lower the in employed were achieved. consularis governor‘s Superioris Pannoniae consularis beneficiarius office civil and municipaltheawas marriednobility man ofto theor equestrianorder. a usually order, equestrian the of man a to married was and property landed owned who woman a for term husb their of standings the from derived women, of status social the designate to as herself by CE) century bemunificence, andhademphasized to inenvironmenunknown an magistracy by achieved identity, social prominent his city, foreign a in buried be to was he since and alive, still while himselfand spouse hisfor epitaph an prepared He Narona. citythe the washe that
In samethe order: FS II,NN. 75, 80. Ibid.; BernardHoltheide, ―Matrona stolata In samethe order: FS II,NN. 80, 92. Princepscoloniae oci Ott, Joachim oet . ie r, Vrain n oa Amnsrtv patc: h Asgmns f Beneficiarii of Assignments The practice: Administrative Roman in ―Variation Jr., Dise L. Robert - stolata femina stolata aitae f high of magistrate The next group of persons, whose rank appears with their names, comprises military comprises names, their with appears rank whose persons, of group next The (fourth Hermogenia Valeria and husband, her by defined was CE) 300 (ca. Quintia ElizabethP.Forbis, ―Women‘s Public Image inItalian Honorary Inscriptions,‖ 202 centenaries
111,No. 4 (1990): 500,503. ZPE a te ihs rn aog h beneficiaries the among rank highest the was officium
Their functions and assignments varied greatly, but it suffices to assess that they assessthat to sufficesit but greatly,varied assignments andfunctions Their
116(1997): 294. - princeps coloniae Martiae Naronae Martiae coloniae princeps i Bnfcair Utruhne zr he Seln inrab e Rang der innerhalb Stellung ihrer zur Untersuchungen Beneficiarier: Die holders and a craftsman. craftsman. a and holders
or , in this meaning, was mainly confined to the third century CE, standing standing CE, century third the to confined mainly was meaning, this in , ; 201 Society,1953),650, s.v. municipii reFunktion
or or
rank. Adolf Berger, Berger, Adolf rank. both of them are dated to the early fourth century CE. CE. century fourth early the to dated are them of both ducenarius stolata
-
was not an administrative official but an outstanding person in a city outstanding a personadministrativean in anbut wasofficial not level structure of imperial provincial administration. provincial imperial of structure level
(Stuttgart:Steiner, 1995), 30. - century Salona; nevertheless, their precise functions cannot cannot functions precise their nevertheless, Salona; century
–
LegioXIClaudia and and
feminastolata,‖ . 199 honesta femina honesta
Honesta femina Honesta nylpdc itoay f oa Law Roman of Dictionary Encyclopedic princeps coloniae B
rank structure evolved in the army. Some of these these of Some army. inevolvedthe structure rank eneficiarius legionis XI legionis eneficiarius 41 Flavius Valens Flavius
was stationedDurostorum in inMoesia Inferior. ZPE , 197
38 (1980):38 127 , respectively. ,
namely, the most prominent perso prominent most namely,the
. refers to a w a to refers
whic were soldiers employed in the the in employed soldiers were h a legionary soldier could could soldier legionary a h - 134. t. t. 198
Aurelius A Aurelius
oman who belonged to belonged who oman 200 These terms were used were terms These
TheAmerican Journal
Piaeha The (Philadephia: lexsander and and lexsander Beneficiarius ord 203 ands. The The ands. ug des nung
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FSII,N. 104. FSIII,N. 15. CILIII 8742; CILIII 8741; Jones, FSII,N. 106; ClaudeLepelly, Survival―The andFall of Classicalthe City inLate Roman Africa,‖ in In During the third and the fourthcenturyCE the and thirdthe During - 210 commissioned the samethe order: FS
his
The , ed. John, Rich (London: Routledge, 1992) a period classical the in Whereas
either as either mrt missio emerita - holdersregionitsagenerallyand garrisoncommanded of the c
(Oxford:O rtr e publicae rei urator
Ibid. Goldsworthy, AdrianGoldsworthy,
senator
officer of the rank of a a of rank the of officer TheLater Roman Empire284
II,N. - 602
UP,2001), 126 . , 634. , 206
211 114. 208 TheComplete Roman Army or as or :
circitor
207 The Lastly, anonymous the Lastly,
protector de numero de protector h aoyos fut cnuy E, hs rn cn be can rank whose CE), century (fourth anonymous The The Com
protector , lvu Tedts 32 E eetd n ptp fr his for epitaph an erected CE) (382 Theodotus Flavius - biarchus 127. magister conquiliarius magister
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The ,634 , 202, 215. , eeal o te eaoil r equestrian or senatorial the of generally - ex , 5. dux , was either a junior non junior a either was -
ducenarius
protectore . (NewYork: ThamesandHudson, 2003), 204
(ca. 360) (ca. -
Liebeschuetz commissioned
The Aurelius Peculiaris (early fourth (early Peculiaris Aurelius , praepositus
senator and
persons in charge of the the of charge in persons was , TheDecline and Fall of ex (junior) curator
, limitanei a senior officer; the officer; senior a - primicerius praepositis TheCity in Latethe
Bassus (ca. 360 (ca. Bassus - officers are (listedofficersare commissioned commissioned , whose office office whose , . 209 .
honorati Jones,
Flavius nment, The , CEU eTD Collection utilizedGaianus‘ sixth the by made additions later been have would These shoul 216 215 in inscriptions 1987):103 with mosaics Christian early and [Roman Yugoslavia], Jugoslaviji‖ u natpisom s mozaici ranokršćanski = (1984) 214 213 212 surface plain a on inscribedis epitaph sarcophagus Salonitan of characteristic o are they thus, workshop; local a in produced were and limestone local disp overview. church mosaicfloorinscriptiona so thein andapse anof to funerary his on inscription the to confined is Sympherius of evidence epigraphic the episcopa Salonitan other whereas secure from the restoring Thus, preserved. a half around erected was funerary his that fact the from Apart caution. with taken be to has chapter, previous (391 (284? Domnio inscriptions: fourth conquiliarii the of head the at clearly was uncertain, is profession exact whose CE), century
SeeAppendixfigure 6. In samethe order: FS II,NN. 81, 82,153, 161. KristinaGlicksman, On the Salonitan funerarySalonitan the On Gaianus a ay etrswihwud indicate would which features any lay d bed resolved as - 405?). - centurybishopsSalonitan
Salona, the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia, was a seat of the of seat a was Dalmatia, of province Roman the of capital the Salona, The The f Salona. of ipttoe Salonitanae Disputationes - s ‘ 110.
rlz Ojl z ahooiu nttt z pvjse nnsi Sveučili znanosti povijesne za Instituta arheologiju za Odjela Prilozi 213
rohgs f a to ncie mngas Iae 5. n 5 o F I, 91 II, FS on 53 and 52. Images monograms. inscribed two has of arcophagus . which was connected to purplewhichto was connected extant episcopal extant O
sarcophagusforown burial.his Although Domnio is included in this survey, his episcopacy, discussed in the in discussed episcopacy, his survey, this in included is Domnio Although f four of them, only Primus and Gaianus were Gaianus and Primus only them, of four f Natale 214 ―Internal andExternal TradeinRomanthe province of Dalmatia,‖
hs eirpi sucs r, u t ter aue lf ot f this of out left nature, their to due are, sources epigraphic These ,i.e., mensae century -
as vocativethe personalof a name Natalis, 304), Primus (305 Primus 304), sarcophagi with epitaphs epitaphs with sarcophagi
term ―of the bishop‖ ( bishop‖ the ―of term
see Noël Duval, ― Duval, seeNoël : 187 2:
are l sarcophagi seem to be anepitaphic. As in Domnio‘s case, case, Domnio‘s in As anepitaphic. be to seem sarcophagi after his death, his after
attested in literaryattested sources, - , and , 2. n h msi isrpin e Mrj Bzv ―nik i ―Antički Buzov, Marija see inscription mosaic the On 226.
Marin, rdcin Te hv n decorations. no have They production.
- Gaianus‘ sarcophagus is provi is sarcophagus Gaianus‘
dye p dye their distinctive social status. Both are Both status. social distinctive their 43 Mensae - ―
325?), Gaianus (38 Gaianus 325?), Civitassplendida Salona roduction. - etr Slntn ihp Natalis bishop Salonitan century
only one fragment with fragment one only - called episcopi
funéraires de Sirmiu funérairesde –
of Primus and Gaianus and Primus of basilica urbanabasilica 212 ), ),
based on a single l single a on based
of whom four are recorded inrecorded arefour ofwhom and and otthe commemorated by commemorated 1 , - ‖ 391?)
57 m et de Salone,‖ de et m t u Zagrebu u šta her her as - 5 ded with ded 8. , i.e., cathedralthe , OA , the text has been has text the
and Sympherius and te ye most type the f ,
tertioIdus Aprilis
29(2005): 215. O . h wud have would who 215 ne monogram ne 216 bishop. S bishop.
etter, is far far is etter, a collegium
3
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77 ix s , - , .
CEU eTD Collection 219 218 wasprovided witha date (FS II,155). F Egger,unfinished. left was text the later, that and alive was date the but 217 fathers somechurch of works attitude general the by whichmonumentsenjoyed.treatment protected andexhibited In displayed. burials. ground upper, the connect to constructed were surrounding i monuments been had funerary burials martyrs‘ privileged the death, his of time the by that, possible style type, of terms in modest which means C Christian the CE) 325 (ca. death his of time the by that been have might reasons the of one Primus, Regarding situationfor during Salonitanoccurred the that Church in is which feature letters‘ the i.e., text, of execution the of craft the matter: significant one to respect with differ epitaphs two these Nevertheless, belief. Christian of notion any symbolically, as function deceased‘s death. of date the and deceased ansata tabula terval of about of terval
For exampleFor Augustine, Gregory Nyssenus,John Chrysostom. Galvão Duval,Marin Due to the fact that the exa the that fact the to Due Furthermore, restraint in funeral monument funeral in restraint Furthermore, Different 218
on a rather higher level in level higher rather a on
itself hs Gins srohgs ih hv nt en nedd o be to intended been not have might sarcophagus Gaianus‘ Thus,
would . and compari
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65 years, so th so years, 65 Jeremić, atr my have may factors also also uc i Sln hd ny eu establishing begun only had Salona in hurch
o, i funerary his son, of bishops of
), Egger suggested that Gaianus prepared a sarcophagus with an epitaph while he while epitaph an with sarcophagus a prepared Gaianus that suggested Egger ), ―Conclusions,‖638. bishop. ct date of death wa death ofdate ct have been ref been have ncluded in the martyrs‘ aedicule. If this If aedicule. martyrs‘ the in ncluded ,
who preached against funeraryostentation. preachedagainst who 217 ,
is difference may be explained be may differenceis
n eeuin I te ae f aau‘ acpau, t is it sarcophagus, Gaianus‘ of case the In execution. and
Worth Worth towards thes towards In addition In
G fetd the affected aianus‘ epitaph. epitaph. aianus‘ lected in lected mensa s not inscribed not s oig s ht oe di none that is noting
44 , Domnio‘s epitaph conveys information conveys epitaph Domnio‘s , e matters, for which parallels can be found in found be can parallels which for matters, e
a md o marble of made was its bishop‘s funerary monument funerary bishop‘s its ,
s level S II, 90 II, S sml: hy record they simple: r
simplicity of the bishops‘ sarcophagi. sarcophagi. bishops‘ the of simplicity and epitaph content may be explainable explainable be may content epitaph and
(the formula begins with temporal ablativetemporal with begins formula (the thisperiod The
ih h lwr ee rsre for reserved level lower the with - 91. In contrast, Gaianus‘ funeraryGaianus‘contrast, In 91. epitaphs were produced with an with produced were epitaphs - Sobrinho,
in terms terms in . splays, either verbally or or verbally either splays,
itself and acquiring acquiring and itself was ―FuneraryEpigraphy,‖ 448.
indica of a of
219 the case, the stairs the case, the
the name of the the of name the
notably changed changed notably Thus, AugustThus, ting ting , which , a different different a
publicly
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was was the the ine die s ,
CEU eTD Collection additionalepitaph is internally dated t in time second the 223 Anthropology 222 221 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1316.htm s quam solatia, 220 rectum T expensive. that onlydeaconofsarcophagusFlaviusthe luxuriousthe somewhat Iulius was sarco vo their cases a Honorius, presbyter taste. manners funerary sumptuous of think may associate they contrary, to erroneous potentially with behaviour be sepulchral elaborate can unreservedly it confirm, monuments funerary bishops‘ the in crypt a as preserved martyrsManastirine. at worshipped other and Domnio of holy graves housethe w as well as Gaianus, and Primus of sarcophagi Thus, cemetery. the in place prominent most the itself for secured indeed, Salona, of hierarchy later and bishops, Gaianus to particularly refers which position, their reflect not Salonitan does of sarcophagi dimension pictorial or physical verbal, the if even Nevertheless, – nonethese of that wrote
hose sarcophagi were anepitaphic, were found in the so the in found were anepitaphic, were sarcophagi hose
r hlfl o te de the for helpful are Marin,―Civitas splendida Salona,‖ 56 In the same order: FS II, NN. 133, 140. CIL III 2654 (=8652).2654 CILIII 140. 133,NN. II, FS order:same the In rid it ona i et crto uei,cnii splua, op esqirm mgs ut vivorum sunt magis exsequiarum, pompa sepulturae, conditio funeris, curatio est, id omnia, ista Proinde Aubre 222 phagi, according to the extant the to according phagi, ) and then by then and ) E
y Cannon, Cannon, y
pitaphs of three lower ecclesiastical officials are da are officials ecclesiastical lower three of pitaphs th e
30 (1989): 437
he inscription field was was field inscription he oainl set pas ot biul aot t Te ek f h Church‘s the of peak The it. about obviously most speaks aspect locational bii mortuorum. ubsidia ain to i apsto with apposition in stood cation e it cnuy CE century fifth he Te itrcl ieso i Mrur Epesos f tts n Sentiment,‖ and Status of Expressions Mortuary in Dimension Historical ―The
a
anonymous n tabula ansata tabula
- things things 447. esd bt ht hy r ―oe o te ofr o te living.‖ the of comfort the for ―more are they that but ceased, chancel
,by consuls, the to408, or411 415 CE. Egger, –
Augustine ―care for funeral,for ―care - sgetd y a by suggested , 5 7. fifth the of
pieces, were of a standardised Salonitan type. It seems It type. Salonitan standardised a of were pieces, .(accessed May 22,2010). ecn ad f h dao Fais Iulius. Flavius deacon the of and deacon, with relief decorations: reliefwith
is bree b mudn (h so (the moulding by bordered first e ua r mr. ger. mort. pro cura De 45 - century cemeterial church cemeterial century
eod ptp, ncie by inscribed epitaph, second bestowal inbestowal the epe from people ir personal names. Their limestone limestone Their names. personal ir Honorius'sarcophaguswas those those - called chapel 1, originally built to to built originally 1, chapel called
as ostentati as
ted to the fourth century CE: CE: century fourth the to ted a
f te fifth other of rosette and a flower, garlands, flower, a and rosette sepulture, pomp of obsequies‖ ofobsequies‖ pomp sepulture, pe sca srt. n the On strata. social upper
. rnlto tkn from taken Translation 4. FS ous
II, 92 .
221 dfeet hand. different a and a sign of bad of sign a and - - called
- century bishops bishops century 3 As examples of examples As
probably used forprobablyused and thus more thusand C 223 hapel 1 was was 1 hapel
cymatium cymatium n l the all In episcopal Current
The the the 220
CEU eTD Collection VAHD 224 ofte are The deceased. themselves the about messages epitaphs verbal partial the just convey and else, preserved fragmentarily everything besides therefore, and missing, pieces their with broken, found often are monuments funerary that is reality The completely. interpreting when considered be all should cemetery the in location original monuments‘ funerary the and execution, quality of elements, medium,material, pictorial Thus,the context. within their that epitaphs the to Approach incontext Epitaphs officialswhereas last (5). clergy(7), comes cle and staff military dignitaries, municipal aristocracy, equestrian and senatorial by the commemorated epitaphs: those of all among identified be can society of groups three spouses, wh through categories the Regarding vocation. their or appointed, were they which to post highest the rank, their through themselves defining by society in role and position their stated explicitly epitaphs colle his among out stood succeededinto movingup Iulius Flavius deacon the that seems it together, clergy. the of member a as remembered be to wanted and deacon, a as himself identified still Iulius Flavius Yet, name. that to him entitled which de the decorationscompared a amte n a dolphin. a and palmette
rgy. The first group is represented in the largest number (9) and it is followed by military by followed is it and (9) number largest the in represented is group first The rgy. io eihl, Priu e rpru: h Srohgs f ecn Flav Deacon of Sarcophagus The repertum: et ―Perditum Demicheli, Dino
102(2009): 133 acon‘s A little less than one third of the of third one than less little A ncie txs I patc ti i a iel hc i rrl psil t achieve to possible rarely is which ideal an is this practice In texts. inscribed gentilicium - 134.
–
ich the deceased chose to identify themselves, or were defined by their their by defined were or identify themselves, to chose deceased the ich to physical,pictorial locationalofaspectfunerary and monuments
sarcophagi of the second half of the fourth centurysarcophagifourth Furthermore,half second ofthe CE. the of
224 Flavius
a highera sociallevel.
hs onmns rte sifly edrd se t b lavish be to seem rendered, skilfully rather ornaments, These
s ehdlgcly ot ai rqie ter examination their requires valid most methodologically is
indicates that he had occupied certain municipal office office municipal certain occupied had he that indicates
persons commemorated in fourth in commemorated persons
46
hs wt tee w fcs brought facts two these with Thus, u Jlu (d I II 2654),‖ III CIL (ad Julius ius - century Salonitan Salonitan century agues and and agues
n CEU eTD Collection 227 Identit of 226 Construction the Rome Sculpture: and in ―InscriptionMainz,‖ Roman of Tombstones Hope, Valerie necropolis. Vatican 225 understandingto contributes identificationofdeceased.of socialthe funeraryof aspects theseFinally, consideration. into taken be will place original their in found were that monuments funerary exceptions the all and monuments, funerary of body a visualrep and type material, their in uniformgenerally fourth nineteenth earliest, the and cultivation land by disturbed were layers archaeological the times, modern In discarded. and ea the untilit wasintensivelyburials,forseventh century older beingexploitedCE, theup ones often dug CE century fourth by the from antiquity Furthermore, in reconstruction. already and demolition disturbed was unearthed, were monuments funerary epitaphic Nevert settlement. modern a by superseded been not have they houses, small few a from apart that, advantage the have surroundings its and Salona view, of point archaeological the From andwerelooked. theirhow environment monuments funerary of relations spatial the what of glimpse a get to opportunity the offer re or ground foundmonuments funeraryare some Furthermore, message. deceased‘s the of dimension pictorial the for true holds same
Such examplesSuch fromLatinthe West ofRoman periodthe are necropolises of Pompeii,IsolatheSacra and the Duval,Marin, with Jeremić, ―Concl Dyggve, , ed. G., J. Oliver (Liverpool: LUP, 2000), 158. - heless, the stratigraphy of the largest cemetery of Manastirine, incemeterylargestmajorityheless,stratigraphy the which of Manastirine, the of the of century materialcenturyin examinedcondition.thesisin thissurvived generally poor All of the ab the of All Because sarcophagi, the most common fourth commonmostBecause sarcophagi, the History ofSalonitan Christianity - used as building material for later construction. Few cemeteries from antiquity from cemeteries Few construction. later for material building as used ove
- said holds true for the material from Salonitan cemeteries as well. well. as cemeteries Salonitan from material the for true holds said - century archaeological excavations archaeological century The Epigraphy of Death: Studies in the History and Society of Greece and Greece of Society and History the in Studies Death: of Epigraphy The
in situ in usions,‖in monuments will be connected with their epitaphs when that that when epitaphstheir with connected bewill monuments ,23. , but more often they are foundscattered are theymore often but , 225
Salona
47
III,636, 658. - century mediumcenturyepitaphfor are writing, resentations, they will be discussed as as discussed be will they resentations,
shall be pointed out. Locations of of Locations out. pointed be shall
. 227
For all these reasons, the reasons, these all For
over the burial burial the over i Military in y
rly rly 226
CEU eTD Collection ( 232 231 230 229 104). N. Egger, B the ofepitaph The 75). N. II, (FS stela a on written wasNesibis from Antoninosof epitaph The 4. 228 This deceased. the of portrait a bearing example second the for true holds also same The inspection. visual through representation their of manner the about assessed be can nothing Petronia. presentSophroniaand to bustssupposed were relief These acroteria. the in rendered portraits relief female two show and scales fish in carved vege and floral type.sarcophagiSalonitanofcentury the epitaphic fourth decorated lavishly most the of one be to seems buried were Nereus and Sophronia, sho they dimension: pictorial serveindicators moremight expensive.asof which was sarcophagus ima figurative tree palm rams a two and between shoulders his on lamb a with Shepherd Good depicting reliefs visuals: o both strigils, and doves lastly and polyp, devouring dolphin of motive a or dolphins and motives, floralvegetable other rosette, reliefs: figurative rare and decorations of set uniform rather a to sarc when cases the in Nevertheless, images. figurative with provided not were average, on and, limestone local of out workshops local the in made were they i.e., sarcophagi, of type Salonitan the to belonged exceptions, fourth these Furthermore, sarcophagi. third assus
FSII,NN. 80, 90,96, 104, 109,120, 123, 134;CIL III 2654. FSII,N. 134. FSII,N. 77. The epitaphs of Dulcitius Peleger and Valentinus were inscribed on limestone slabs.limestone on wereinscribedValentinus and Pelegerof Dulcitius epitaphs The Cambi, –
was inscribed on a limestone slab which was found near mausoleum 9 and probably stood on it (FS II, (FS it on probablystood and 9 mausoleum near found was which slab limestone a on inscribed was seventhcenturies CE)],535 w srohg o te aoia tp sad u poiety ih epc t their to respect with prominently out stand type Salonitan the of sarcophagi Two exceptions, few With Sarkofazi na Sarkofazi FS
ges are of no help for the analysis of an identity of the deceased. They only only They deceased. the of identity an of analysis the for help no of are ges hc cu noe instance. one in occur which f table ornaments, and strigils occupied fields next to the to next fields occupied strigils and ornaments, table
II,106
ee edrd n h acroteria. the on rendered were jadranskoj istočnoj obali (III obali istočnoj jadranskoj -
7.
w images of the deceased. The sarcophagus in which Petronia, Petronia, which in sarcophagus The deceased. the of images w -
228 6.
l eiah icue i ti tei wr witn n the on written were thesis this in included epitaphs all ophagus contained pictorial elements, these were limited were these elements, pictorial contained ophagus - etr e century 48 – 229
VII st. n. e.) n. st. VII
One sarcophagus displayed more elaborate more displayed sarcophagus One
231 pitaphic sarcophagi, apart from two two from apart sarcophagi, pitaphic
230 Namely, the case was embellished withwasNamely, embellished case the
eetees sc onmns and ornaments such Nevertheless,
[Sarcophagi on the eastern Adriatic coastAdriatic eastern the on [Sarcophagi 232
They are badly damaged a badlydamaged are They
Brøndsted, ansae ; the lid was was lid the RS praepositus
III, 1 III, 2 nd 3 - -
CEU eTD Collection 238 237 are panels Side aedicule. an of side 236 each on arcades the under providedwiththe sam dead pediment the a represent on presumably centre. stands that features them the of portrait with Each at womancouple. a placed and is man a an gable) of whereas consist triangular corners, they thehomogenous; a on standing supporting columns columns two with (two divided aedicule is panel front the cornice, and base simple arcades and columns oriental the of influence the under c displayssarcophagi columnar marbleof group Italian North andDalmatian the Although Salona. ofworkshops 235 (third 234 233 epitaph the male‘siconographicdeceasedThewillfeaturesbe furthercouple. discussedbelow. the represent to meant probably are figures these said, was As Italy. northern from examples an of basis the on assumed be can represented was she how it but preserved, not was woman. a and man adepicting front the on figurativereliefs with reliefs, figurative with commemorationreveals frompresent that arose anto manner oneselfincertainagenda a provided was sarcophagus a when higher even was which price, a sarcopha that estimated Cambi Yet, one. marble the of cost the on information provide epitaphs fragmentsextant.few other ofare theone sarcophagus. columnar man. bearfull a as ityet seems previoustheto sameis thedesignone, as of married MarasAureliusthe Phileta andsarcophagus, to donated couple ertain common traits and represents a specific group, it originated around the middle of the third century CE century third the of middle the around originated it group, specific a represents and traits common ertain
FSII,N. 123. FSII,N. 73. FSII,N. 91 Ibid., Cambi, acpai f rcnsin abe ee motd n orey edrd lcs n supe i te local the in sculpted and blocks rendered coarsely in imported were marble Proconessian of Sarcophagi 234 –
seventhcenturies CE)],536. ieta n Vlru Flx ee uid n srohgs f rcnsin marble Proconessian of sarcophagus a in buried were Felix Valerius and Viventia 10 ca. was type Salonitan the of sarcophagus a of price the Whereas Finally, a funerary stela of Antoninos from Nisibis is a notable except notable a is Nisibis from Antoninos of stela funerary a Finally,
250. These two sarcophagi were made of Proconessian marble; they present a type of of type a present they marble; Proconessian of made were sarcophagi two These gus of Proconessian marble might have cost at least 50 least at cost have might marble Proconessian of gus Sarkofazi na jadranskoj istočnoj obali (III obali istočnoj jadranskoj na Sarkofazi
as a as
;
Ibid., 494.
medium. hs sarcophag This . eaedicule. Ibid., 287
SeeAppendix figure 5. 235 238
h aeo n srohgs is sarcophagus one of case The
I t closely resembles the limestone funerary slabs with funeraryslabs limestone closelythe resembles t
sarcophagi
us presents a standardised type of the group: it has a large case with a with case large a has it group: the of type standardised a presents us - 8,490 with
-
5.
rhtcual elaborated architecturally 49 –
VII st. n. e.) n. st. VII
[Sarcophagi on the eastern Adriatic c Adriatic eastern the on [Sarcophagi partially preserved, while only a only while preserved, partially - 60 237 panels
The image of the of image The solidi - size figured sizeofadult an h fgrtv iae are images figurative The
by ie, mainly i.e., , .
236 AureliusTegris,
This significant This - ion regarding regarding ion 15
relief
solidi iie by divided
alogous alogous woman
. busts no ,
oast 233
CEU eTD Collection 243 242 IdentitiesinLate Antiquity S in Identity and Gender Learning: remodel be could which 241 240 239 The hand. the in scroll a holds and ( mantle a wears century CE, fourth the of decade second the to dated approximately ... through couldone‘sconvey reflect or social how status d defined the be to came identity and images.‖ commemorative position social lifetime‘s a ... death in full Felix‘ Valerius the of and bust relief Antoninos‘ the of both part lower the only detail; personalany nor preserved, of details. certain and heads portrait through traits individual with provided were they generic, basically are reliefs displa they rendered, were Antoninos and Felix Valerius of memorials on reliefs figurative tradition art inwhich terms is means other aided through himself characteristicsarcophaguso stelaor either of type thefrom Palmyra. from
from Nisibis from Cf.Carroll, MihovilAbramić, ―Grčki iznatpisi Solina‖ [Greek inscriptionsfromSalona], Ja Ibid. ie te at ht acpai were sarcophagi that fact the Given profession. and status indicate which gesture or dress ś Elsner, . 240
ept te at itne ewe tee w gorpia aes i te manner the in areas, geographical two these between distance vast the Despite The full The
Imperial Romeand Christian Triumph The Spiritsof th 239
- ( size male figure on the sarcophagus of Viventia and Valerius Felix, which is which Felix, Valerius and Viventia of sarcophagus the on figure male size Nesibh the the
hs fr h slcin f i mmra, noio cncosy departed consciously Antoninos memorial, his of selection the for Thus, 241 –
l ed language (the (the language iul seto hs ueay monument. funerary his of aspect visual
ter omn oa clua iett. lhuh uh figurative such Although identity. cultural Roman common their y ,ed. Richard Miles (London: Routledge, 1999), 191. Otherwise, they are equipped with specific attributes and follow codes follow and attributes specific with equipped are they Otherwise, to [ nÕ
- 243 customer's demand or re or demand customer's eDead size relief figure has survived. Yet, as J as Yet, survived.has figure relief size ] j )
Even the given set of the conventional iconographical features iconographical conventional the of set given the Even –
cenes of Intellectual life on Late Roman Sarcophagi,‖ in in Sarcophagi,‖ Roman Late on life Intellectual of cenes in de in ,9. mass
epitaph fining pallium
rdcd fgrs ee cltd n ihy ovninl form conventional highly a in sculpted were figures produced,
is written in Greek) in written is himself as the ―other‖ in geographical in ―other‖ the as himself
(Oxford: OUP,1998),145.
50 was originally a Greek garment. According to According garment. Greek a originally was - cut for subsequent use. subsequent for cut
eceased wanted to beeceasedto remembered. wanted 242 f Salona, and aimed to distinguish to aimed and f Salona,
Neither of two portrait heads are heads portrait two of Neither
hrfr, its Therefore, and and aś Elsner put it, ―especially it, put Elsneraś
Janet Huskinson, ―Women and ―WomenHuskinson, Janet VAHD
content (he states that he that states (he content
47 - 48(1924
form and style style and form Constructing and ethnic ethnic and - 5): 10 pallium
- 11. )
CEU eTD Collection 250 249 248 247 CaliforniaPress, 1995), 281 246 2007 Coxe. 325 A.D. Clevelend to down Fathers Arthur the of Translations and Donaldson James Roberts, Alexander four my by covered is studies angles.‖ in liberal is that All birdgazer. the and astrologer, the timebeater, musical the th arithmetic, of rudiments the in trainer 245 Historyof Dress,‖Roman civilized, publicmaleand Romanhis activityduties. Caroline Vout,―The Mytand 244 ofpurpose emphasizingpraise the deceased.ofthe the had honours, public recalling by which, pedestals on placed are figures female and male pursuits. these accompanied which socialstatus impliedhigherand the thus education, studiesone‘s andactivity deceased, ofthe forth. so and certaina manmarriage example,forconveyedprofession severalacontract, meanings: with becamethis symbol.‖ status kind a of also criterion itinimportant imperialwasinbureaucracyrecruiting ofhigh officials theand,… the that fact thereflects in change aristocracy.‖ Roman the for prescribed virtues of catalogue ―the in toga the equalled intellectual. professional ambience. domestic 160 (ca. Tertullian
― Zanker, Ibid.;Zanker, Huskinson, Ibid.,282. Paul Zan Paul oe hn garment, a than More From myFromclothed storeare firstthe ofteacherforms offirstthe explainerthe letters, ofsounds, firstthe their ),12. h s The Tertullian, ―On the Pallium,‖ in in Pallium,‖ the ―On Tertullian,
TheMask of ker,
the embedded Womenand Learning 248 rl, rte cmo attribute common rather a croll, The Mask of Socrates of Mask The The MaskofSocrates
clothing Yet, by the middle of the third century CE, a scroll indicated the intellectual the indicated scroll a CE, century third the of middle the by Yet, - 220 CE), a CE), 220 , Socrates
in the ―Late Empire, a good education, includingeducation, philosophy, good a Empire, in―Late the
Greeceand Rom oevr the Moreover,
the inthe -
2. f h Rmn elite, Roman the of 245
oa a a utrl ybl eintn Rmn iiesi ad dniyn a identifying and citizenship Roman designating symbol cultural a was toga , 281. ,
uig th During
cultural valuecultural 247
,199. pallium
,277,282. : The Image of the Intellectual Life in Antiquity in Life Intellectual the of Image The : Thus, the iconography of the Roman sarcophagiiconographytestifies Roman the Thus,the of e grammarian, the rhetorician, the sophist, the medical man, the poet, the man, medical the sophist, the rhetorician, the grammarian, e 249
e43,No. (1996):2 213 h Ante The
The latter notion latter The tid etr, oee, t oe n tts n even and status in rose it however, century, third e , in the contrast to a toga, a to contrast the in , pallium 2 volumes 24 ,
system ofRomanurbansystem society. - iee Fathers Nicene
51 tetd on attested
ntal ascae wt mls mgt have might males, with associated initially a a amn o a hlspe, .. a i.e., philosopher, a of garment a was 250 .
asml reprint, Facsimile
- is enhanced is 4.
Vl I Vol. , the reliefs of of reliefs the
h Ante The V, tr. tr. V, 244
( by the composition. Both composition. the by designated a relaxed and relaxed a designated e Yr: omo Classics, Cosmio York: New h ofUnderstanding Toga: theh - yny Thelwall, Sydney iee hita Library: Christian Nicene
oa sarcophagi Roman ( Berkley: University ofUniversity Berkley:
became an becamean 246 d Rev. ed.
This that ,
CEU eTD Collection Hope, 254 253 252 Universitätsverlag,1969), 202, 140 1991), 251 values social and cultural the met who man a ofimage an project to aimedattributes the that mayitbe Thus, concluded socialhisstanding.means exploringforofferepitaph the a content identity. personal his about said be can nothing damaged, is head portrait the Since well. as hand his in scroll a holds legitimizingandesand past slave their negating of medium as monument funerary their used have might Viventia explained. be may practice funerary in simplification status and status of display slave typical were Viventia slave manumitted a was he that indicate 306 284 (r. Diocletian from emperors Roman the by used was Valerius infrequent Dalmatia freedmen,rather was andslaves and the background; his about hint a give might namehis life However, achievements. or origin his byneither defined he image: social the explicitly confirm not does Felix Valerius of epitaph The one. verbal the with correlates message projected visually this how of arises question The status. socialhigh enjoys who man learned ahimself aspresent to wishedfigure, male a with
Cannon, Frederick For d Clb Limentani, Calabi Ida - 337). Thus, the name of Valerius Felix, who died at the age of 65 in the 310s CE, might CE, 310s the in 65 of age the at died who Felix, Valerius of name the Thus, 337). ConstructingIdentity a
Thus, Valerius Felix, as the selection of his memorial suggests, through identificatio through suggests, memorial his of selection the as Felix, Valerius Thus, h prri ml rle bs ta rpeet Atnns s lte i a in clothed is Antoninos represents that bust relief male portrait The similar phenomenon in the case of freed men at Aquileia and N and Aquileia at men freedof case the phenomenon in similar - -- 1; Géza Alföldy,Géza 1; TheHistorical Dimension inMortuary ExpressionsofStatus andSentiment
F.Bruce,
ih speak might - names. ―LatinParticiples Slaveas
tablishing their newly acquired socialnewly theirtablishingacquired identity. pgai Latina Epigrafia ,34 Die Personennamen in der römischen Provinz DalmatiaProvinzrömischen der Personennamen in Die
in favour of this interpretation, since Latin participal[sp?] names names participal[sp?] Latin since interpretation, this of favour in 252 s.v.Felix. - 6.
Neither is Antoninos‘ role in society defined explicitly nor does does nor explicitly defined society in role Antoninos‘ is Neither
Mortuary behaviour is considered a means for the competitive the for means a considered is behaviour Mortuary
aspirations, and it is in these terms that ostentation and and ostentation that terms these in is it and aspirations, cognomen
Blga Ittt Eioil Univeristario Editoriale Istituto (Bologna: - names,‖ f the of
ei ws n o te ot omn ae for names common most the of one was Felix 52
Glotta aii caesaris familia
25(1936): 42
253 as well. as
îmes hrfr, aeis ei and Felix Valerius Therefore, 251 in - . The name of his wife wife his of name The . 50.
the first two centuries CE, seeCE, centuriestwo first the The imperialThe - 254
standing implied by the the by implied standing 305) to Constantine (r. (r. Constantine to 305)
(Heidelberg: Carl WinterCarl(Heidelberg: , , 437. –
odzi Editore, Monduzzi
pallium gentilicium
and – n
CEU eTD Collection 255 sarcophag 255 burial as well as unearthed, been c that dead the burying of ways the all of some just however, present, They monuments. funerary through methodreliableoflearnedrecognizing elite. fourth other of context the in seen epitaphs, their of orthography the and language the Moreover, s were which of letters the Constantius, and Honoria of epitaphs The panel. front the of centre a with decorated thei on designs and Honoria and couple noble a of sarcophagus contrast In family. his and freedman fourth these seems becannot of unreservedlydeceased‘smemorialthat It social the andstatus established. di above, noted itwasimage.and As byword identitythe inextantfuneraryfourmonuments are was construct an whichto deceased‘s attempt the there only Namely, extent. great a to exploited not was memorials these of dimension pictorial the identitysocialbyisaspects means ethnicand created ofthese funeraryhis two of monument. o kilfully cut as well, were placed in the frame and on an empty field next to it respectively. it to next field empty an on and frame the in placed were well, as cut kilfully f the Roman world. The pictorial dimension serves to complement the text and Antoninos‘ and text the complement to serves dimension pictorial The world. Roman the f
oevr fourth Moreover, SeeAppendixfigure 7. - century funerary inscriptions from Salona, are ofhigha are quality funeraryinscriptionsfrom century Salona, Fourth ptpi fourth Epitaphic i that began in Salona around the middle of the second century CE. In this context, context, this In CE. century second the ofmiddle the around Salona in began that i - etr eiahc acpai te ot aih n mgt ae eogd o a to belonged have might one lavish most the sarcophagi, epitaphic century – -
century Salonitans displayed their identities mainly through epita through mainlyidentities their displayed Salonitans century an be found at Salona‘s cemeteries; many more anepitaphic sarcophagi have sarcophagi anepitaphic more many cemeteries; Salona‘s at found be an can serve as another example of how the elite might have used modest forms modest used have might elite the how of example another as serve can aua ansata tabula r memorials. The front panel of their Salonitan their of panel front The memorials. r - etr srohg sol b se a a otnain f utilizing of continuation a as seen be should sarcophagi century
- century sarcophagi from Salona demonstrate restraint in display display in restraint demonstrate Salona from sarcophagi century
– ; a simple but nicely rendered framework is placed in the the in placed is framework rendered nicely but simple a ;
the s ―under tiles‖ or in amphorae amphorae in or tiles‖ ―under s , episcopal sarcophagi were rather simple. Moreover, the Moreover, simple. rather were sarcophagiepiscopal ,
vir clarissimus vir
53
and proconsul of Africa of proconsul and rect correlation between a luxuriouscorrelationbetween a rect - – type sarcophagus was not was sarcophagus type
h gae o te poor. the of graves the nd therefore represent a represent nd therefore -- phs, whereas whereas phs,
Constantius
CEU eTD Collection fourthcentury CE). Cambi, to (according 259 258 Group 257 Knjiţevni(Split: krug, 1988), 63. 256 cen a with break workshops CE, century fourth the of plaina afterwards halfSalonitan first the to dated are sarcophagi such Most abovelisted motifs ornamentalfigurativeand number of smallof uniformthea set limitedto be to came decorations and ceased, reliefs figurative with decorated completely are which the in traced bethe of production readily can it and CE century fourth the of course the over discernable centuryfourthend CE. the ofthe the Crossing The of sarcophagus the is exception notable A anepitaphic. both Phedra, and Hyppolitus of sarcophagus the and sarcophagus Shepherd Good the example, for CE, century fourth the of decades two first sar Luxurious ornaments. and reliefs figurative with decorated regularly were limestone and marble both of sarcophagi Local examples). fourth the than numerous more were (which marble Proconessian of or limestone locally lastly, and Minor, Asia from imported were 260s the in produced be to ceased gradually (which CE century third the from sarcophagi Attic earlierthe ones. fourth the simplicity of the
Cambi, o te thor the For Cambi, Nenad ih epc t toe hc can which those to respect With
- (Split:Arheološki muzej, 1994).
270s CE), 270s A brief survey should suffice to demonstrate this. Ther this. demonstrate to suffice should survey brief A Cambi stated that there must have been a concrete reason which made Salonitan Salonitan made which reason concrete a been have must there that stated Cambi Sarcophagion Easternthe Adriatic Coast uh study ough Atički sarkofazi na istočnoj obali Jadrana obali istočnoj na sarkofazi Atički
256 Sarcophagi on the Eastern Adriatic CoastAdriatic Eastern the onSarcophagi Salonitan type of sarcophagus. The production of those with front panels front with those of production The sarcophagus. of type Salonitan
sarcophagi produced in the workshops of Rome, a few sarcophagi that sarcophagi few a Rome, of workshops the in produced sarcophagi
of
th - century sarcophagi stands in the clear contrast with the designs of of designswith the contrast clear inthe stands sarcophagi century is - type sarcophagus isrule.almostthe sarcophagus type
tury
sarcophagus, see Nenad Cambi, Cambi, Nenad see sarcophagus,
e oe rcsl dtd F I, N 7, 0 9, 0 (6 C) 134 CE), (360 104 90, 80, 77, NN. II, FS dated: precisely more be 258 -
and Red Sea, an import from Rome which Cambi has dated to dated has Cambi which Rome from import an Sea, Red
Yet, reduction inYet, isfigurative decorationsornamental and - a - half ,480 - og rdto ad es t poue sarcophagi produce to cease and tradition long 54 cophagi could still be found in Salona in the the in Salona in found be still could cophagi
- 2. [thisis not samethe title as above]
Atc acpai nte atr Arai coast] Adriatic eastern the on sarcophagi [Attic , 573 it was produced around the middle of the the ofmiddle the aroundproduced was it 573 , rdcd acpai ihr f local of either sarcophagi produced h Go Sehr Srohgs n Its and Sarcophagus Shepherd Good The e are a significant number of of number significant a are e
259
- whereas century 257 .
CEU eTD Collection 264 263 Ibid.: 437 262 261 260 behaviour.‖ mortuary of interpretationredunda expressive on focuses interpretation social or ideological the for the forms backdrop pattern this in inherent meaning the and development, historical of pattern ―a ideologyo or the structure social of changes byeither behaviour mortuary in shift a of explanations dichotomous overcome to helps which model means―foreffective the an as serving thus ranks, lower and middle the by followed eventually and society, of levels upper the by stimulated is meanings its and symbolism funerary of Regulation prominence. rest toward shift a thus and ineffective becomes distinction social of means as memorials elaborate of function the peak, its reaches monuments funerary of decorations and shapes, material, of diversity through competition In ostentation. in reduction the stimulate also can it yet memorials, of elaboration the in force driving a is display competitive said, was as Namely, display. status of means a as memorials elaborate of function effective the of lapse the by cultures different of behaviour mortuary invariation diachronic of studies Comparative Salona. ancient regarding t etiquette. and luxuries, figurativewithreliefs. ruh otay eaiu, f hc fnrr mnmns r te ny xat evidence extant only the are monuments funerary which of behaviour, mortuary hrough
Cannon, Ibid,574. Ibid,446. Ibid.,447. studyThe Victorian included h ter o te aain rhelgs Abe Cno ofr a interpretative an offers Cannon Aubrey archaeologist Canadian the of theory The - 47. TheHistorical Dimension inMortuary ExpressionsofStatus andSentiment
262
260
261 has revealed the same cyclical patterns of change, which which change, of patterns cyclical same the revealed has control of status expression.‖ controlofstatus
infashionssameas dress,theclass be as Mortuary seen patternscan Both ostentation and restraint are inherent to the process of display of process the to inherent are restraint and ostentation Both - to -
modern English,Northeast Iroquoian raint becomes the operative expression of social social of expression operative the becomes raint ncy, and although it does not suffice to explain to suffice not does it although and ncy, 55
263 f death. His study aimed to demonstrate to aimed Hisstudyf death.
other words, when the widespread widespread the when words, other ,
andGreekancient mortuary practice : 437. :
is explained is 264
His s . CEU eTD Collection 268 267 266 265 havenarthex.ofTheythe not couldparcelholy affordedathe closerto graves. a whom to sarcopha poor the to belonged which tiles,‖ ―under burials contrast, In extent. lesser a burialground a as used was cemeterialchurchof the part western the whereas holygraves, sarcophagi in burials the of organisation spatial bythe illustrated wellis This deceased. the of wealth and standing social well. as expensive Pr martyr. a of that to proximity closest the inbe to Christian aimed dead the of burialsite early whereby the grave, holy the around developed cemeterieswhich the of context the in particularly importance in rose memorial a of place positiveofbydistinctionexpressionmembers sought Christianofcommunity. thethe a become have would restraint and Christians, Salonitan for model a provided have would displayed been had which monuments funerary of elaboration the monuments. funerary in simplicity toward shift the initiated fourth the that argues sarcophagi, episcopal the in restraint the of basis the infashion,shiftdeliberaterather forthan evidence decline.[yes thethe a been have might sarcophagi of simplicity the that suggest to and context temporal broader exceedsofth scope the ofdeath. archaeology interpretingofthe necessary a part present does approach mortuarychanges,this
Cf.Dyggve, Brown, Cambi, IanMorris, aty h lctoa ieso f ueay ouet il b will monuments funerary of dimension locational the Lastly, and study thorough more requires which discussion, brief this of intention The 265 gus presented a great expense, occupied ground outside the cemeterial church, west west church, cemeterial the outside ground occupied expense, great a presented gus Sarcophagion Easternthe Adriatic Coast The ofCult Saintsthe
―Comments‖ Historyof 267
Therefore, the locational aspect of a funerary monument indicated the indicated monument funerary a of aspect locational the Therefore,
SalonitanChristianity e thesis, was to put the fourth put the thesis,waseto : 452. : , , 34;Handley,
and ―under tiles.‖ Sarcophagi were crowded in proximity to the to proximity in crowded were Sarcophagi tiles.‖ ―under and
Death, SocietyDeath, Cultureand ,63. ,574
56
- 6.
ominent locations were likely to be more be to likely locationswere ominent - centurymedium inepitaphica Salonitan 266 ,37.
Their negative attitude toward attitude negative Their
- good point]Cambi good during ―pagan times‖ times‖ ―pagan during e touched upon. The upon. touched e - century bishops bishops century 268
, on ,
to to CEU eTD Collection Annie Sarcophagi on the Eastern AdriaticCoast of note a with and 271 270 Brink, andDeborah Green (Berlin: Walter deGruyter, 2008), 6. 269 fourth early the of context the in location prominent a occupied it, toward turned facade p sarcophagus, well. as probably 6 and 5 mausolea and extant, certainly was 4 mausoleum so the of northernpart the deceased‘s the of lens Felix,ViventiaValeriusand of the sarcophagus columnar through The mentioned. seen be however, and can, example family An contemporaries. a or deceased the by chosen enviro original their create privilegethe martyrsbeingnextthe buriedofto fi the ofchancel the by superseded was and crypt a into turned sarcophagus, Primus‘ and tombs martyrs‘ above fourth thus and burials, their respected construction of phases graves certain of importance viewer‘sdifferent response the of time the a at provoke deceasedand the messageabout different convey a to comecould commemoration site prestigious and prominent a in located memorial A posterity.‖ to left product finished the thanrather progress, in ―work the as seen be should the
FSII,N. 91. Noël Duval, Miroslav Jeremić, Emilio Marin, Branko Penđer, with Pascale Chevalier, and JagodaMardešić, Pascale and Chevalier,with BrankoPenđer, Marin, MiroslavEmilioJeremić, NoëlDuval, Richard Saller, ―Introduction,‖ in in ―Introduction,‖ Saller, Richard context of a funerary monument: it was not static. Cemeteries grew over time, and they they and time, over grew Cemeteries static. not was it monument: funerary a of context For the rest of sarcophagi, even if they have been found been have they if even sarcophagi, of rest the For the of memory the preserved Salona of community Christian Nevertheless, methodologicalRichard Moreover, the Sallerto regardinghasconcern calledattention
laced on an elevated site in the close proximity of the martyrs‘ aedicule with with aedicule martyrs‘ the of proximity close the in site elevated an on laced fth
-
century cemeterial church. As was said above, Salonitan bishops kept kept bishops Salonitan above, said was As church. cemeterial century Pralong, ―L‘Architecture du complexe chrétien,‖ in in chrétien,‖ complexe du ―L‘Architecture Pralong, - called
nment so that a funerary monument could be viewed in a setting setting a in viewed be could monument funerary a that so nment in changedaenvironment. 270
– p
ommrtn te Dea the Commemorating laced by the 320 CE lacedCE by320 the area those of the martyrs and Bishop Primus. All subsequent subsequent All Primus. Bishop and martyrs the of those ,504 ; its facade was oriented toward the south. At that time,that At south. the toward oriented was facadeits ; - 5,510 - 12. 57
for themselves.
subdivo : et ad reat i Context in Artefacts and Texts d:
on a raisedbaseaoccupying andon
- century in situ in aoa III Salona , it is difficult to re to difficult is it , memoria 546 , 271
deceased‘s deceased‘s hs this Thus, 1, erected erected 1, ed. , - ; Cambi, 7; Laurie 269 -
CEU eTD Collection 272 con Ininterpretation. nuanced more a hasrevealed investigation this Rather, assertion. Galvão of opposite the proves successfully number this office, and rank th less Though Galvão Conclusion 3.5 again:socialwhichlevelby commemorated was epitaphs. Constant and Honoria noble the of sarcophagus the ofsimplicity bythe illustrated well furthermore is This unreservedly. standing social the with monument funerary ostentatious equal to not us warn feature Those aspect. locational its freed and thecouple, belongedhaveto might marblesarcophagus,which elaborate, columnar between correlationshowthe the to given was image.exampleOne oneselfrepresentthrough and dimension pictorial the on draw to opportunity the offer examples two only images: of void were sarcophagi epitaphic the of Most dead. commemorated the of number larger the of status social approximate assess to helpful be decease the of standing social the on information offer epitaphs the of third one About texts. limitations inscribed on was objective focus memorials, of the nature the by of imposed Because spouses. often most members, family deceased‘s pr common a quite was (which alive while monument funerary their of care took if deceasedthey commemorated either by been havedone could This death. their at the to visitors all to visible cemetery. readily was it which from cemetery, Manastirine century
Galvão - This discussion sought to explore how social identity of the deceased was constructed constructed was deceased the ofidentity social how explore to sought discussionThis Sobrinho stated that ―Christian epitaphs do not display rank and social standing.‖ social and rank display not do epitaphs ―Christian that stated Sobrinho - Sobrinho,―Funerary Epigraphy the and Spread of Christianity the in West:‖ 452.
ius. In the conclusion, the question raised in the introduction will be posed posed be will introduction the in raised question the conclusion, the In ius. an one third of the fourth the of third one an
s taken together indicate the wealth of the deceased, and and deceased, the of wealth the indicate together taken s - century Salonitan epitaphs contained information on information contained epitaphs Salonitan century 58
to analyze how the deceased wanted to wanted deceased the how analyze to
d. Yet, onomastics proved to proved onomastics Yet, d. - actice), or by the the by or actice), Sobrinho‘s broad broad Sobrinho‘s
trast to trast 272
CEU eTD Collection 274 273 in stood nothing However, graves. holy the to next buried be to privileged were martyrs, the and basilicas cemeterial administered who Bishops, sarcophagi. epitaphic of majorityManastirineSalonitanyielded be cemeteries,particularlyseentheat clearly at which count the and cities the in lives their in embeddedfirmly church Christian the had which of society of level ―sub recognizemiddle ―Romanpossibleor to class‖, the were Church the isSalona fittingcommentwell. In to as of personnel the Italy in and middle unrelenting an by Africa characterized ―in that and lot,‖ dull ―a are standing. social higher of been have might they that indicates nothing however, officials, ecclesiastical other the For Iulius. Flavius deacon the by gauged be can advancement social probable similar clergy, the For soldiers. and officials epitaphs the names, compri These their mobility. of upward achieved basis who individuals the commemorate on presupposed be may status their whom for as defined were who women for presumed clarissimaefeminae be to has same The elite. the to belonged they maysafelysaiditthat be them, imperial For in administration. high relativelyoffices the wit bestowed were They birth. noble of were example, for Phoebadius, Appolonius shown wasit aristocracy, and senatorial inthe theirplace epitaphsassert existed whensuchrecord a the record that to choosing advancement, career suggests deceased‘s the display to ceased material commemorators epigraphic Christian surviving inscriptions, funerary pagan
Ibid.:339 PeterBrown, ―The Study of Eli Those In regards to the rest, including both those who overtly stated their standing and those those and standing their stated overtlywho those both including rest, the to regards In - 346.
ryside. that did present their status reveal the social strata of the society. Several Several society. the of strata social the reveal status their present did that
,issince wayno negaconfirmthere to either to or 274
This close relationship between the bishop and Salona‘s sub Salona‘sand bishop betweenthe relationship This close – tesinLate Antiquity,‖
on the highestachievementthe reached.on
- the majority of those commemorated by epitaphs, it isitmajoritybycommemorated epitaphs, ofthe those ness.‖ 59 273 Arethusa
From what has examined in this thesis, this thesis, this in examined has what From
As Peter Brown tartly noted, the clergy the noted, tartly Brown Peter As
33,N.3 (2000): 340. - elite‖ as Peter Brown them,nameda aselite‖Peter
te theirte status. that Constantius and and Constantius that
e o municipal of sed cult of the the of cult -
elite can elite h the the h –
CEU eTD Collection 275 status). recorded with others the from greatly differed have not could who yet assessed, be cannot offi municipal certain (soldiers, Salona of society of level middle and order) equestrian the of members example, (for level middle upper to belonged epitaph an erecting afforded havecould who those that concludedbe may middlingthere are also,―Init, persons death, put asBrown that, seems, it Thus sarcophagi. epitaphic the in buried faithful, the and bishops the between
Ibid.:343.
il, n ohr fr hm xc sca standing social exact whom for others and cials, 60
innumbers.‖ great 275
Therefore, it Therefore, - CEU eTD Collection 276 be epitaphsto and pagan the from distinguishable be to enough different still but ―neutral,‖ were inscriptions fourth early The sarcophagi. of designform and the on indeedand epitaphs, community Christian fourth The the during context. Salona in its emerged from Christianity of issue the extracting of trap the avoid so, doing in and, identity, Christian collective of construction the contextualize to and sameness the presupposes identities necessaryto it was difference,much boundedness, as as collective creating Since epitaphs. antique which of two For Salona. were themselvesdefinedfamily by or members. their fourth of inhabitants the which through modes analyze to sought individual identity, constructing deceased‘sidentity,the givenarethey inalso itactiverole anaswell. constructing is subtly Consequently, society. nuances their with of indealing required reflection mere a just not are monuments funerary result, a As possible. light best the in dead the present to attempts concious precisely, more de deliberate are inscriptions funerary this, to addition In mute. beenleft havesegmentswould otherwisesociety that of to it indispensiblecomes when history,‖ into Since
Woolf, ― The second chapter aimed to point out the co the out point to aimed chapter second The since anachronistic not is societies past in identities of issue the address To e pigraphy provided a device by which individuals could write their write could individuals which by device a provided pigraphy ―MonumentalWriting:‖ 39. 276
t rsns vlal suc fr nur aot oa scey I is It society. Roman about inquiry for source valuable a presents it
recognized as Christian. During the fourth century CE, a ratherauniform century fourth the set CE, During recognizedChristian. as
–
aas n Jews and pagans
and collective, is inherent to human beings. This thesis thesis This beings. human to inherent is collective, and 4. CONCLUSION 4. . Funerary monuments and epitaphs do not only not display epitaphsdo monumentsand Funerary .
century CE; a process which was reflected upon the the upon reflected was which process a CE; century 61
–
aoa ile ete vr fw r o late no or few very either yielded Salona
- existence
examine these examples that inexamine order examples that these pictions of the deceased‘s life, or, life, deceased‘s the of pictions of three religious groups in groups religious three of - etr aoa identified Salona century -
century funerarycentury public identities public
CEU eTD Collection identityand belief. religious a provide t alsoaDalmatian but into historysociety,andinsight unique only not will province, this from sources written analyse only the to These, continuing inscriptions. by Dalmatia Roman of population antique late the of culture and F temporalterms. begeographicboth and extended in to needs study the research, this upon build To studies. antique late in discourse contemporary c employed society funeraryepitaphicmonumentsmeansastheira of dead. commemorating antique late of levels which of question the to contribute to attempted third The unreservedly. drawn funerarybe cannot her the or him commemorates of that monument elaboration and deceased the of standing social the between correlation his establishnewly to means a as sarcophagus his used he since Felix, Valerius of example the by demonstrated was monuments funerary of role active The society. in role their establish memberswhichfaithfulconform to other strove to Christianofcommunity.the in identity, group homogenous a establishing the reflecting evolved, formulae ―Christian‖ of neunl, once ad pae a eiahc aeil rm h st i Cota with Croatia in site the from material epitaphic an updated and connected onsequently,
acquired identity. Despite this clear example, the investigation also noted that a direct a that noted investigationalso the example, clear this Despite identity. acquired This thesis has employed a fresh perspective on the epitaphic material of Salona, and, and, Salona, material of epitaphic the on perspective fresh a employed has thesis This thi The d hpe eaie hw fourth how examined chapter rd
62
- etr Slntn dfnd n amd to aimed and defined Salonitans century uture research shoulduture horoughunderstanding social of
explore society society explore
chapter chapter
CEU eTD Collection N.78;FS II, M N.77;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.76;FS II, centuryManastirine.fourthEarly CE. N.75;FS II, Manastirine.Earlycentury Fourth CE. N.74;FS II, centuryManastirine.fourthEarly CE. 115,N.n.73;(1889):99;FS II, BD12 Catalogue 1. anastirine. Early fourth centuryfourthEarly anastirine. CE. z»saj [ uie ueie iaa / ue ii ans XII / (niu) I dibs / II / d(iebus) VII m(ensibus) / XXVIIII annis vixit coniugiAurelius/ Hecatus castissime quae / Hilarae Aureliae Iuliae {Chris Sex Aur(elius) / [hanc] suo Claudi(a)e / XI legio]nis b(e)n(e)/[f(iciarius) Alexsander! [Aure]lius benignis/ marito Ael(ia)f(emina)/ Saturninac(larissima) Tauroe Ant(onio) ™nq ] £de
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Deogratiaf(emina)depositadiec(larissima) XVIII ] / D[... / ] CIL III 9574;N.CIL2362 III ILJug (1986), N.14897;0061;CIL III AEILJug1901, N.2360 (1986), 8754;CILIII Add. 9578;N.CIL2357 III ILJug (1986), CIL III 2233; CIL III 855 III CIL 2233; III CIL
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[... Iulianae puell(a)e inn/ocentissim(a)e qui vixit ann/os dece(m) septe(m) septe(m) dece(m) ann/os vixit qui inn/ocentissim(a)e puell(a)e Iulianae fili(a)ed( d(e)p(osita) stolat(ae) / ] ]
/ Desidiene Profutu/[...]re / coiugi incom/parabilicoiugiSeptiminus Desidiene/ / / Suellius Profutu/[...]re
udcm lais Iulius Fl(avius) duodecim p. 1510;N.2358 ILJug (1986), p. feminae,
ie)XVIII / 9 + 8563 = 13891; Add. p. 2328 (125); ILJug (1986), ILJug (125); 2328 p. Add. 13891; = 8563 + 9
Quinti 64
q(uondam) / Germani primipilar(is) filiae / / filiae primipilar(is) Germani / q(uondam)
[k(alendas)]/ !.
t Aurelia / et [kalendas...].
Ian(uarias).
Emerius arca(m) arca(m) Emerius
osuit}.
CEU eTD Collection 90;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. 89;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. 88;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.87;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.86;FS9586; N.II, CIL2364. III ILJug (1986), N.85;FS II, vix(it) ann(is) III m(ensibus) X d(iebus) VII / Flavianus et Archelais parentes filiae / / filiae parentes Depo piissimae./ Archelais et Flavianus / VII d(iebus) X m(ensibus) III ann(is) vix(it) quinque mensibus / sanctum / baptismum post vixitque super / est con[sec]uta gratiam dulc infanti Flaviae EufevieDep(ositio) kal(endas) VIIII Septembres. trit£tJ EÙseb…hj [promissa aeter]na iubent[promissaaeter]na s i]nfelix occ[idit. / aura[s] per re]/ditu[ra] a[nimas Silvia annis
CIL III 9613;CILIII Add. 9540;N.CIL2367 III ILJug (1986), +13151 CILfrg.;IIIN. 2366 ILJug(1986), ! annis LXV / depo
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kaqarÁj [quae vitam] / pro morte tulit. Nihil a[nte malorum] / vidit et ad dulcis dulcis ad et vidit / malorum] a[nte Nihil tulit. morte pro / vitam] [quae
M(artiae?) lšloipe II 9579; GVI 136;9579;II2363 ILJug GVI (1986), N.
sitioKalendasXV Septembres. Ðra©ij
b…on Maxi sia qa s/a et sltfr de aca goroi fontis glo/riosi paschae die salutifero mente sa/na quae issimae
(rne / io ii et sibi vivo / N(aronae)
p. 2141;N.2368 ILJug (1986), p.
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CEU eTD Collection N.97;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.96;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.95;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.9 FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.92;FS II, Manastirine.Fourt N.91;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. octavo / anno octavo finitaviva ponise arcamiussit.est; suo /de quinquagesimo Iuniarum / kal(endarum) V die f(emina) h(onesta) Hermogenia Valeria Grae(?)]cina et Grae(?)]cinaProculina.et ec/clesiae d(e)b(ebit) inf(erre) voluer(it) aperire eius obit(um)/ post arc(am) eamquis si Quod LXV. vixit an/nos qui Nov(embres) idus [...] recipitte [... [... inferitr(ei)fol(les)quinquagint(a). p(ublicae) n(u)m(ero) fabrece [...ec]clesi[ae [...]lla[...]c / / [...] deci(e)s/ m[Sal(onitanae)]/ centena p u[sura debea [ ... / [adiuro / ] osata lna ueu] aetatis / suaeque] blanda Constantia lugenda]no
Viventiae / [coniugi suae dil]ectissimae / et sibi et / dil]ectissimae suae [coniugi / Viventiae 4; t ecc]lesiae argen[ti libras... argen[ti ecc]lesiae t CIL III 9567;N.CILIII ILJug (1986), 9631;N.0062;14685;CILN.III CIL2374 III ILJug AE (1986), 1901, 9582;12872;CILIIIN. CILIII ILJug (1986), 29;33;(1898):N.BAHD2372 BAHDILJug21 (1986), (1912): 35 962;N.CIL2370 III ILJug (1986), 2140;9597; CILIII Add.N.p. 2369 ILJug (1986), ost obitum]ost /[meumnatalici]orum mihifac[erent]. annuasolemnia lacteusgremioorbisematris. H / hcentury CE...... t ucmu hi man]sioni huic quicumque ut
] / ] [...d]ecurialibus meis [...d]ecurialibus 2375 66
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✳ [meae aliud] / [corpus intulerit dare dare intulerit [corpus / aliud] [meae
fol(les) mille; in qua sunt / [filiae [filiae / sunt qua in mille; fol(les) 2373 Val[er]ius Felix / depositus VII VII depositus / Felix Val[er]ius
[...] / [... / [...]
d[i ]u condita progenies / progenies/ condita ]u ]us quinque ut ex ea ex ut quinque ]us d beatorum ede
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et CEU eTD Collection N.104;FS II, CE. Manastirine.359/360 N.103;FS II, CILIII CE. Manastirine.352 N.102;FS II, FourthManastirine. centuryCE. 101; N. FS II, Manastirine. N.99;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. ..mi.. / vxt (ns .. m(ensibus)] / fol[les...][...]. ... a(nnis) (?)Ian [vixit / [...]mai[...] su/ in nostram filiam / pu
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9503; Add. p. 2139;N.9503;2381 ILJug Add.(1986), p. ϛ II!
.]/nus honores culpa[ri] / nihilum dignus set dignus /amari. /amari. dignus set dignus nihilum / culpa[ri] honores .]/nus kal(endas)
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✳
CEU eTD Collection CE. Manastirine.378 N.112;FS II, CE.Manastirine.375 N.110b;FS II, N.110a;FS II, Manastirine. N.109;FS II, CE.360 Manastirine.Ca. N.106;FS II, Ma nastirine. 360 CE. nastirine.360 ..ctm u[a sur) (rpa).] [rsni Athm e Bn[i.] [... / Bono[si...] et Ant]himi [presentia / [natalisp]restiti / om[nimei] ut anniversario] s(criptae)...] s(upra) sum[mae [...]catum mar su[nt qua sanctissi]ma [loca / iuxta] feci duar[um et centu]m [librarum [ego...] oau Spebe d(mns n(srs / aet V e V[]niin iterum Va[l]entiniano fiscivolueritdabitordinare,viribusquindecim. argenti pondo / et VI Valente / conss(ulibus). / Augg(ustis) totiusque nn(ostris) die sepulturae dd(ominis) tradita / / Septembres XXXII fide[l]itatem nonarum annos vixit mecum et inlibatae q[u]aeque meritis XVIII annos ob Ta[l]asiae posu arcam sanctitatem Fl(aviae) Terentius Fl(avius) c(larissimi). n(o d(omini) cons(ulatum) post Iul(ias) no/n(as) prid(ie) die Africae proconsul/e ex c(larissimus) v(ir) Constant/ius Depositus prrapta con/tra cuparvula cluet. adscitamartiribus / annos vixerit vitam/ quae denos ter conple(n)s una / et sempercarissima eximie / dulcibus Honoria mater / Constantiparvorum coniux et / Aug(usti)EquitiIII v(iri) c(larissimi). dec[em...] pondo argenti s(criptae) ES[...]Ianus IIT / NI[...] ali]us s[i [...q]uod
375 CE. 375 Bassus CIL III 9507; Add. p. 2139;N.9507;2390 ILJugCIL III Add.(1986), p. 21;(1907):BAHD ILJug30 (1986), N 9570;12870a;CILIII CILN.III 2384 ILJug (1986), CIL III 9506; ILJug(1986), N.CIL2388III CIL III 9506;N.2388 ILJug (1986), CILIII
.. / [...pr]epositus / [...] ius /praestat tumu/li Deposita VIIkal(endas) consortiadulcis. Apriles.
i coniugi / carissimae et sibi, quam a parentibus ipsius suscepi / / suscepiipsius parentibus a sibi,quam et carissimae / coniugii Siquis vero sup[e]r duo cor[p]ora nos[t]ra aliut / corpus corpus / aliut nos[t]ra cor[p]ora duo sup[e]r vero Siquis
[...] / [hanc mihi fabric]am ex ra[tione argenti] / / argenti] ra[tione ex fabric]am mihi [hanc / [...]
/
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volue[r]i[t det] / eklesiae s(upra) s(upra) eklesiae / det] volue[r]i[t
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CEU eTD Collection Manastirine. 118; N. FS II, 117; N. FS II, Manastir N.116;FS II, CE.393 Manastirine.386 or 115;FS II,N. CE. Manastirine.382 N.114;FS II, andCE. Manastirine.379 385 113;FS II,N. Manastirine. Bone memoriae.BoneMonimo Acame / Abun] [Dep(ositio) Si q(u)is super hunc corpus alium / corpus ponere volueret in/feret eclesiae argenti argenti eclesiae in/feret volueret ponere corpus / alium corpus hunc super q(u)is Si Ar] n(ostro) / cc(larissimorum). [...k] Olyb co Iulias non(as) IIII die f(eminae) c(larissimae) / Augustin(ae) Depositio pos(t) / memorie Bone Antonio.con(sule) / lege in filium Domnion Peregrinum/ Depostio eum. collo/cabi! christiana / sancta p(ublicae) rei curator Theodotus Fl(avius) / X p(ondo) ine. 395 CE. ine.395 leds Apr al(endas) [ri] cons(ulatum)d(omini)/ n(ostri)Arc Fourthcentury CE. CIL III 9509; Add. p. 2139; ILJug (1986), N. 23919509; (1986), N. ILJug p. Add. 2139; CIL III CIL III 8849 + 9530; CIL III Add. p. 2328 (126); ILJug (1986), N. 2394 Add.88492328 (1986),9530; N. ILJug +(126); p. CILIII CIL III Fourth century Fourth CE. o et Probino.et o CIL III 12861;N.CIL2395III ILJug (1986), CIL CIL9605;III (1986), N. ILJug 2397 CIL14306III(1986); (3); N. ILJug 2396 cadioF(lavio)et c(larissimo)Aug(usto) v(iro) Bautone conss(ulibus). III 9508;N.2393 III ILJug (1986),
dantiae infadantiae [Depositio...]
[i] [Deposit]
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CEU eTD Collection 128; N. FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.127;FS9571; II, CILIII FourtManastirine. 126; N. FS II, FourthManastirine. centuryCE. 125;FS II,N. Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.123;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.122;FS II, Manastrine.Fourthcentury CE. N.121;FS II, [Depo] ue(a Flct qa vxt nns X qu XXV an/nos F] vixit quae Felicita Aurel(ia) p[i]s [... M[a]rcianus Aurr(elii) / aliudponere...]. si S(a)l(onitano) [R]omeo Au C [...]. C hunc] qui Cres/[cens [Deposi]t(us) S / File
sitio Be
CIL III 9564 + 9646; CIL III 12868; ILJug (1986),12868;95649646; 2403 + CILIII CIL N. IIIILJug CIL III 9569;12870;CILN.III CIL2402 III ILJug (1986), N.13137;2401 CIL III ILCV 3751; ILJug(1986), 2140;N.9565;2400 ILJugCIL III Add.(1986), p. CIL9654;CILIII III (1986) 12881; ILJug CIL12865;III CIL p.2328(126); IIIAdd. ILJug 2404 12880; (1986), N.
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]
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, N. 2406 , hbu) no X / XI annos hab(ui) m u(lo Ma Aur(elio)
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N.134;FS II, Manastirine. 133;FS II,N. Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.132;FS II, Manastirine. N.131;FS II, at Found preserved. edge Upper cm. 40 x 45 wall. Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. sarcophagus of fragments Three N.130;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.129;FS II, Manastirine. [Deposi] ..i / ..ai [.h]c a[cfgm ii et] sibi sa/[rcofagum suo/ [labprop
qis voqis Fourthcentury CE. Fourthcentury C Fourthcentury CE. CIL III 13129; ILJug (1986), N. 241113129; N. CIL (1986), III ILJug tio Dulc tio
CIL III 9610;N.CIL2412 III ILJug (1986), 9587;N.CIL2410 III ILJug (1986), 9585;N.CIL2409 III ILJug (1986), 14912 N.CILILJugIII (1); (1986), 2408 12871;N.CIL2407III ILJug (1986),
C[res]centiae frater et soror / Val(erius)sororC[res]centiaeet/ frater CrescentiusValentianus qui et /
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[...] ias consul(atu) / consul(atu) ias [...]. Si quis autem voluerit super hec d/uo corpora corpora d/uo hec super voluerit autem quis Si 71
[dabit]
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CEU eTD Collection FSII Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. 140;FS II,N. 2417 N. (1986), N.139;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. 137; N. FS, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.136;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. N.135;FS II, Manastirine.Fourthcentury CE. Manastirine. ,N.141; Tu hincTu tamencaelumfidelis.spera/ mente, pia li / querel flevere tumuli bus / brevi Sofroniafunesti genetrixq(ue)/ genitor us / Nere dulc lo/quitur, kal( D Palladi,ben O Dep(o)s(i)t(io) po[e]naealiud/ ponere] min[us...]. non sol Sal[o]nitan[a c(i)be! [Ius(?)]tina Campin(us) [Au]r(elius) [ pst Ptoi die Petronia eposita ...] endas) Iul(ias). / D / Iul(ias). endas) is et longiis amoris.et pignus/
[. diaconushic CIL III 9607a;CILN.III 2415 ILJug (1986), ..
VAHD 38 (1915) 28 28 (1915) VAHD 38 Fourth century Fourth CE. ] / ] VAHD 44 (1921) 35 VAHD(1921) 44 +82,47 8 VAHD 426;(1885)p.110;(1890) cf. ILJug13 115, Nachträge, 9686 CILIII 2413 14924+;CIL III ILJug (1986) erna nomen Petronia, ke' Sýsi ke'
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[ lacrim[is]cum ferali qui hausta / fetu(m)A / abiit. depromere peremptus partu miserum nequivit / puerperio [Q e misero [infelix / rebus incommoda adversi]s nimis tulit tri] [e con]/[ficimur] [H [interveniet. / v[ixit...]. vissenos c]ognitae fidei patris arbitros apud [nobis a so/[c eam remota adq(ue) libe]ravit quae saeculo [innocensde / virgo usu eam deus quo/[niaminlustratione divin]a huius gaudet iam [erroris / humani conv]ersatione corpori]s absque pace in dormit [Hic h]oc seculo[de cum]con[fuger / rogare] n D(e)p(ositio) XIIIID(e)p(ositio)kal(endas) Apr(iles). ... ostrum ee u] gmt / gemitu / cum] dere u las[si q]uamquam eu ] buat deus omni / omni deus buat
dait ano psqa tra postquam a]nnos adraginta ut c ut
)...] Fourthcentury CE. [tra CIL III 9647;N.CIL2424 III ILJug (1986), 2139;N.2666;2423 ILJugCIL III Add.(1986), p. 12874;9635,CILIIICIL Add.III p. 2261; N. ILJug (1986), 2421 9632;N.CIL2420 III ILJug (1986),
nunc / [ia]m te possimus ut o[...continu]is / [prec]ibus tuis nobis o[b nobis tuis [prec]ibus / o[...continu]is ut possimus te [ia]m / nunc [
... [...
nstu]litA an[imas]./ hora m(emoriae) q(uondam) fratris filia post / [baptismum decessit die...]ta annis die...]ta decessit [baptismum / post filia fratris q(uondam) m(emoriae)
] / ] libera sis de ho]c iugo / [fa]cta nexali quidem nexali [fa]cta / iugo ho]c de sis libera [ iudic]io divini i... / [id ta]ntum [id i.../ iudic]io divini [ [al(endas)...S
idcircoque / hoc tib[ihoc condidimus].
[...].
dque ita tum geminas g[e geminas tum ita dque [pote]ns rex rex [pote]ns
E.
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quis] i [omn imu . lcu rnvtr n / in] renovatur luctus i / ] / [insontique an [insontique /
ouri) ue / super voluer(it) t nosm t
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nomen votum ulta sis, CEU eTD Collection (330;123.III RS voir fig. 118), salonitana.‖ grecalatinae epigrafia iscrizione nuova ―Una Gabričević. Castel inFoundKaštelat 325 Vitturi Ca. CE. Lukšić. Suppl. CILIII, Suppl. CIL8741;III, II BAHD 83 6: Manastirine.Endcenturyfourthofthe CE. N.153;FS II, Manastirine. . Fourthcentury CE. N.147;FS II, Salona.Fourthcentury CE. inFoundsecondary a at use left& rig right.1 left.1 middle.1Depostio!Gaiani / / die lai) uin e poetr e e p/eoii qi ii ans I t u / Sapriciae / Aur et LI annis vixit uxoriobsequentissi/mevixit annis qui quae XXXV. pr/aepositis ex et protectore ex Iuliano Fl(avio) H] jct uctu Plgr ii / ..eu qi ii ans X / mn(s] V [mens(es)] Arca]dio Bauton[e]c(larissimo). n(ostro) v(iro) [e]t / [d(omino) XXV / co(n)s(ulibus) Augustas annus idus VI vixit d(ie)] sub n[e]o/[fitus qui pace in [...]enus d[ep]ositus / civis Peleger Dulcitius jacet [Hi]c sibicrisis(ani)unus nonfieri/ facerevu[lt] quisquequot non debet. volu/eritir]ataEram.habe[atnumina siqu[isex]asciare q / / condi sua duo. viri/buspondo auri/ filia cum una eodem / in se permisit et tantum XV solidis eundem / conparabit sarcofagum hunc / proprio de Severa carissimo con/pari protectori Magniano Fl(avio) monogrammaincertum
monogrammaincertum ht.1 Α Ω. ht.1 CIL III 9548; Add. p. 2261;N.9548;2431 ILJugCIL III Add.(1986), p. N.242514312;ILJug CIL(1986), III / si quis vero temtaverit / in eodem sartofago ponere / aliut corpus inferet fisci inferet corpus aliut / ponere sartofago eodem in / temtaverit vero quis si / II 8742;145,IIN.55 BAHD (1878): 1 / [...ex] /
1957
propriohu]n[suo /
Salona. . Rome, . 71 1959:
Natale(?)
/
Fourthcentury CE.
74 c sarcof/[agu]mharcesiv[i]t!c - 77.
Atti del III congresso internazionale di di internazionale congresso III del Atti
uit quit / [...]aniquitvel / uit iudei sive
[...].
I CEU eTD Collection N.17 FSIII, Marusinac.Fourthcentury CE. N.16; FSIII, Marusinac.f Early N.15; FSIII, CE. Marusinac.386 14; CILI FSIII, Kapljuč. A.4931 III RS Kapljuč.CE. 382 (fig.124.III RS 119/20), Kapljuč.CE. 382 / [superstes,nun]c/ egr novissi/ mens(ibus)... inn]ocentissimaeobse/ac [Aur(elius)... [dieRecessitsena]tor/ nume[ro de kalendar]um Ori/[...... ] Iun(iarum). [.. uguta / (mn) (sr) i clarissimov(iro) [Bauto]ne con[s(ulibus)]. idus n(ostro) VI] die d(omino) / sub / eju[s v[e]ro Au[g]ust[as [Deposi]tio / IV. m[e]nsesq[ue] LI / an(nos)] vixit m(emoriae) qui b(onae) ...]ilan[us] civis quiesci[t / hic] infeli]c[is]sim[(us) Valentinu[s
Monogramme/ FlaviusChrist. jace]tInnocens du / [hicneofitus / Chr(ist)i. .]
vv(iris)/ Bau[tone] cons(ulibus) / dece[ssit(?)] / SI[...] / Agip[iti(?)] / Depos[itio] Fourth century Fourth CE. Euna/[piusemit. tit]ulumhuncVixit] su/[o de ;14915 CILIII [maclausit. 4th c. AD4th c. 14918;N.CIL2688III ILJug (1986),
II 13121II; N.+2687 ILJug (1986),
emihancmihiAur(eliae) [ domu]maeternam/ et m ourth century CE. ourth ecum habit]avit et vixit habit]avitecumet bis de/
—
nunc
egium virginius[carmenegium/ ... CIL III 14910CILIII
[cc(larissimis)c(onsulibus)]. , pr]o vulnus crudelepr]o [nimis! / , [quentissimae, quae co]ncordite [quentissimae,quae
peaoe] raio A[]ut) t Flvo / F(lavio) et] Au[g](usto) Arcadi[o] mp(eratore)] —
ILJug26 (1986) 75
[nis ann(is) et ann(is) [nis
c]um annos XXXV / [menses ... die]s[menses annos/ XXXV ... XX.
fato deceptu]shic fato coniux est tibi
[lacrimis... 89 r ann(is) [etr / X
quattu]or,quos(h)ora ... c oniugi
[Fl(avio) Arcadio] / et / Arcadio] [Fl(avio) ].
CEU eTD Collection in FoundCE. secondary358 ause. (=8652);2654 CIL8254;III ILS ILCV129 1223; Demicheli (2009): VAHD102 inFound secondarycenturyfourthEarlyuse. CE. (1950 BAHD53 inFoundsecondarycenturyfourthEarly the use. CE. 2115,8592;CILIII ILCV3840B Marusinac.Fourthcentury CE. / [que(?)...]./ Depossio!Vitalioniinnocentis,vi/xit qui / anno p[ie ourt n/ei accleie Slniaa) r/et libr[as ar]/genti Salon(itanae) aec(c)l[esiae! in]/ferit [Cera]/[le][co(n / / et] [Datia]/[no / [Novem]/[bres] / [zaco]/[nis!] / [Iuli] / voluerit quinquaginta]//[Dep(ositio)] ape[rire [vibi sarcofa]gum! h[oc! sibi eius con]/iux Ia[nuaria Aurel(ia) / et] z[aconus! Iulius Fl(avius) in(quiescit)III pacedie Constantiae / M(anibus). D(is) argenti pondo quin/quaginte. argentipondo ali/ut nostrum (obitura) obitum post autem / quis si posuerunt sibi vivi / Urbica Aurelia et conqiliarius / magister Peculiaris Aurelius - ! posuerunt] / si quis pos[t nostram pau]/sationem [hoc! sarcofa]/gum! sarcofa]/gum! [hoc! pau]/sationem nostram pos[t quis si / posuerunt] ! 1951):A 5401
)ss(ulibus)]. INonas Febr(u)arias.
quae / 76
ii cm mrt ans X / Quiesce / XX. annis marito / cum vixit
unomen/sisetdies et qu[in] quattuor
corpus ponere voluerit infe/rat ... infe/rat voluerit ponere corpus - 142,sl. 1
t CEU eTD Collection Split, 1994), 277 Figures 2.
Emilio Marin, ―Civitas Salona,‖splendidin Marin, Emilio
22 - 23.
Fig.1. Map of Salona in Late of SalonaFig.1. in Map Antiquity
Salona ChristianaSalona 77
, ed. , Emilio Marin (Split: Arheološki(Split:muzej EmilioMarin 277
–
CEU eTD Collection françaisede Rome nécropole basiliqueet paléochrétienneà Salone 278
S alona III:Recherches archéologiques franco –
Arheološkimuzej deSplit, 2000), Fig. 2.CemeteryFig. 4 of Manastirine,
, ed. Noël, Duvaland EmilioMarin(Rome - croatesà Salone: Manastirine: Établissement préromain, 78 639.
th
centuryCE 278
–
Split: École
CEU eTD Collection françaisede Rome nécropole basiliqueet paléochrétienneà Salone 279
Salona III:Recherches archéologiques franco Fig. 3.CemeteryFig. 4 of Manastirine, –
Arheološkimuzej deSplit,
, ed. Noël, Duvaland EmilioMarin(Rome 2000),637. - croatesà Salone: Manastirine: Établissement préromain, th 79
centurylocationofsarcophagiCE,
–
Split: École 279
CEU eTD Collection françaisede Rome nécropole basiliqueet paléochrétienneà Salone 280
Salona III:Recherches archéologiques franco Fig. 4.SarcophagusFig. Sofronia,of Petronia, Nereus II,N. 134) (FS –
Arheološkimuzej deSplit, 2000), 517.
, ed. Noël, Duvaland EmilioMarin(Rome - croatesà Salone: Manastirine: Établissement préromain, 80
–
Split: École 280
CEU eTD Collection 281
Nenad Cambi, Fig. 5.ColumnarandFig. of SarcophagusViventia ValeriusII,N. Felix91) (FS Antika
(Zagreb:Naklada Ljevak, 2002), 259.
81
281
CEU eTD Collection françaisede Rome nécropole basiliqueet paléochrétienneà Salone 282
Salona III:Recherches archéologiques franco –
Arheološkimuzej deSplit, 2000), 441. Fig. 6.SarcophagusII,N.Fig. 15 (FS of Gaianus
, ed. Noël, Duvaland EmilioMarin(Rome - croatesà Salone: Manastirine: Étab 82
3) 282 lissement préromain,
–
Split: École
CEU eTD Collection 283
EjnarDyggve, HistoryofSalonitan Christianity Fig. 7b. Concentrationof7b.Graves Fig. “under Tiles”
Fig. 7a.ConcentrationofSarcophagiFig.
(Oslo:Aschehoug, 1951) 83
, IV 3,, IV 4.
283
CEU eTD Collection Bérard and Mary,SimonBeard, JohnNorth, Price. Augustine Augustine. Arnheim, ______. Mocsy. András and Géza, Alföldy, Ando Mihovil. Abramić, Literature I RS OA ILJug(1986) FSIII FSII CILIII BAHD/VAHD Sources
, Clifford. ―Pagan Apologetics and Christian Intolerance in the Ages of Themistius and and Themistius of Ages the in Intolerance Christian and Apologetics ―Pagan Clifford. ,
e ’pgahse bbigahe hii ds pgahe atqe e médiévales et 2000. antiques épigraphies des (Troisième choisie bibliographie l’épigraphiste: de 1998. CUP, http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1316.htm 2010). 26, 1972. OUP, Universitätsverlag,1969. Dalmatien Augustine.‖ (1924 François, Denis Feissel, Pierre Petitmengin, Pierre Feissel, Denis François,
Michael
Die Personennamen in der römischen Provinz Dalmatia Provinz römischen der in Personennamen Die psua 234 Epistula
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e ua r mort pro cura De 5):3
. Budapest: Akadémiai. 1965. Kiadó,
- edition entièrement refondue). entièrement edition
11. . W. T. ―Grčki natpisi iz Solina‖ [Greek inscript [Greek Solina‖ iz natpisi ―Grčki Journal of Early ChristianEarly Studies Journalof
. The http://www.augustinus.it/latino/lettere/index2.htm
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AHistory - 207.
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CEU eTD Collection ______. ______. Cambi,Nenad. Caillet, M Buzov, ―S.Anastasio ______. martire di Salona.‖ salonitani.‖ martiri Corniculario, Anastasio S. e Fullone Anastasio ―S. ______. ______Bervaldi. J. and ______, Frane.Bulić, FrederickBruce, ―The in______. StudyAntiquity.‖of Elites Late Peter. Brown, Kapljuč.‖ à martyrs cinq des basilique ―La Johannes. Brøndsted, Bodel,John. Adolf. Berger, TheUniversity of Copenhagen:Rask Society, 1953. Split, 2000. Split, Salone 205 Marin, Emilio à paléochrétienne basilique et nécropole préromain, franco archéologiques Recherches III: Adriaticcoast]. belles Comptes tardive.‖ l‘antiquité zapovijesne znanosti Yugoslavia]. ZagrebuInstituta Sveučilišta u in inscriptions with mosaics Christian 85 (1898): bishops]. Solin]. at cemetery 116 1927): Jewish and Dalmatia Roman in monuments Jean . arija. ―Antički i ranokršćanski mozaici s natpisom u Jugoslaviji‖ [Roman and early early and [Roman Jugoslaviji‖ u natpisom s mozaici ranokršćanski i ―Antički arija.
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Orsted,33 Chicago Press, 1981 Chicago - 282. Rome 282. reb:NakladaLjevak,2002 rntkaslnkh biskupa solinskih Kronotaksa . London: . Routledge 2001. - 189. - rendus des séances de l‘Académie des inscriptions et et inscriptions des l‘Académie de séances des rendus –
Split: École française de Rome de française École Split:
Roman Law Roman - 461. BAHD 85 . - -
ona.‖ names.‖ croates
Arethusa 21 (1898): 57 (1898): 21 BAHD . . Philadephia: The AmericanPhilosophicalPhiladephia: The .
à Salone: Manastirine: Établissement Établissement Manastirine: Salone: à
Glotta
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