SIRKE MÄKINEN Russian Geopolitical Visions and Argumentation Parties of Power, Democratic and Communist Opposition on Chechnia and NATO, 1994–2003 ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Tampere, for public discussion in the Lecture Room A1 of the Main Building, Kalevantie 4, Tampere, on February 23rd, 2008, at 12 o’clock. UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE ACADEMIC DISSERTATION University of Tampere Department of Political Science and International Relations Finland Distribution Tel. +358 3 3551 6055 Bookshop TAJU Fax +358 3 3551 7685 P.O. Box 617
[email protected] 33014 University of Tampere www.uta.fi/taju Finland http://granum.uta.fi Cover design by Juha Siro Layout Marita Alanko Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 1293 Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis 696 ISBN 978-951-44-7219-0 (print) ISBN 978-951-44-7220-6 (pdf) ISSN 1455-1616 ISSN 1456-954X http://acta.uta.fi Tampereen Yliopistopaino Oy – Juvenes Print Tampere 2008 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 15 2 RESEARCH AGENDA 22 2.1 Geopolitical tradition 22 2.2 Critical geopolitics concepts 24 2.3 Comparison of previous research 26 2.4 General research questions 31 3 BOOM IN (EURASIAN) GEOPOLITICAL THINKING 34 3.1 Modern geopolitical imagination 34 3.2 Geopolitical thinking in Russia/Soviet Russia 36 3.3 Geopolitical thinking in the Russian Federation: Westernism vs. Eurasianism? 40 3.3.1 Aleksandr Dugin as an example of extreme New Eurasianism 44 3.4 Impact of (Eurasian) geopolitical thinking 47 4 POLITICAL CONTEXT AND PARLIAMENTARY